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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Pest categorisation of <italic>Toxoptera citricida</italic></title><author><name sortKey="Jeger, Michael" sort="Jeger, Michael" uniqKey="Jeger M" first="Michael" last="Jeger">Michael Jeger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bragard, Claude" sort="Bragard, Claude" uniqKey="Bragard C" first="Claude" last="Bragard">Claude Bragard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Caffier, David" sort="Caffier, David" uniqKey="Caffier D" first="David" last="Caffier">David Caffier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Candresse, Thierry" sort="Candresse, Thierry" uniqKey="Candresse T" first="Thierry" last="Candresse">Thierry Candresse</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chatzivassiliou, Elisavet" sort="Chatzivassiliou, Elisavet" uniqKey="Chatzivassiliou E" first="Elisavet" last="Chatzivassiliou">Elisavet Chatzivassiliou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dehnen Chmutz, Katharina" sort="Dehnen Chmutz, Katharina" uniqKey="Dehnen Chmutz K" first="Katharina" last="Dehnen-Schmutz">Katharina Dehnen-Schmutz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gilioli, Gianni" sort="Gilioli, Gianni" uniqKey="Gilioli G" first="Gianni" last="Gilioli">Gianni Gilioli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gregoire, Jean Laude" sort="Gregoire, Jean Laude" uniqKey="Gregoire J" first="Jean-Claude" last="Grégoire">Jean-Claude Grégoire</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jaques Miret, Josep Anton" sort="Jaques Miret, Josep Anton" uniqKey="Jaques Miret J" first="Josep Anton" last="Jaques Miret">Josep Anton Jaques Miret</name></author><author><name sortKey="Navarro, Maria Navajas" sort="Navarro, Maria Navajas" uniqKey="Navarro M" first="Maria Navajas" last="Navarro">Maria Navajas Navarro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Niere, Bjorn" sort="Niere, Bjorn" uniqKey="Niere B" first="Björn" last="Niere">Björn Niere</name></author><author><name sortKey="Parnell, Stephen" sort="Parnell, Stephen" uniqKey="Parnell S" first="Stephen" last="Parnell">Stephen Parnell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Potting, Roel" sort="Potting, Roel" uniqKey="Potting R" first="Roel" last="Potting">Roel Potting</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rafoss, Trond" sort="Rafoss, Trond" uniqKey="Rafoss T" first="Trond" last="Rafoss">Trond Rafoss</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rossi, Vittorio" sort="Rossi, Vittorio" uniqKey="Rossi V" first="Vittorio" last="Rossi">Vittorio Rossi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Urek, Gregor" sort="Urek, Gregor" uniqKey="Urek G" first="Gregor" last="Urek">Gregor Urek</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Bruggen, Ariena" sort="Van Bruggen, Ariena" uniqKey="Van Bruggen A" first="Ariena" last="Van Bruggen">Ariena Van Bruggen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Werf, Wopke" sort="Van Der Werf, Wopke" uniqKey="Van Der Werf W" first="Wopke" last="Van Der Werf">Wopke Van Der Werf</name></author><author><name sortKey="West, Jonathan" sort="West, Jonathan" uniqKey="West J" first="Jonathan" last="West">Jonathan West</name></author><author><name sortKey="Winter, Stephan" sort="Winter, Stephan" uniqKey="Winter S" first="Stephan" last="Winter">Stephan Winter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gardi, Ciro" sort="Gardi, Ciro" uniqKey="Gardi C" first="Ciro" last="Gardi">Ciro Gardi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bergeretti, Filippo" sort="Bergeretti, Filippo" uniqKey="Bergeretti F" first="Filippo" last="Bergeretti">Filippo Bergeretti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Macleod, Alan" sort="Macleod, Alan" uniqKey="Macleod A" first="Alan" last="Macleod">Alan Macleod</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">32625662</idno><idno type="pmc">7009757</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7009757</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:7009757</idno><idno type="doi">10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5103</idno><date when="2018">2018</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000649</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000649</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Pest categorisation of <italic>Toxoptera citricida</italic></title><author><name sortKey="Jeger, Michael" sort="Jeger, Michael" uniqKey="Jeger M" first="Michael" last="Jeger">Michael Jeger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bragard, Claude" sort="Bragard, Claude" uniqKey="Bragard C" first="Claude" last="Bragard">Claude Bragard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Caffier, David" sort="Caffier, David" uniqKey="Caffier D" first="David" last="Caffier">David Caffier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Candresse, Thierry" sort="Candresse, Thierry" uniqKey="Candresse T" first="Thierry" last="Candresse">Thierry Candresse</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chatzivassiliou, Elisavet" sort="Chatzivassiliou, Elisavet" uniqKey="Chatzivassiliou E" first="Elisavet" last="Chatzivassiliou">Elisavet Chatzivassiliou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dehnen Chmutz, Katharina" sort="Dehnen Chmutz, Katharina" uniqKey="Dehnen Chmutz K" first="Katharina" last="Dehnen-Schmutz">Katharina Dehnen-Schmutz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gilioli, Gianni" sort="Gilioli, Gianni" uniqKey="Gilioli G" first="Gianni" last="Gilioli">Gianni Gilioli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gregoire, Jean Laude" sort="Gregoire, Jean Laude" uniqKey="Gregoire J" first="Jean-Claude" last="Grégoire">Jean-Claude Grégoire</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jaques Miret, Josep Anton" sort="Jaques Miret, Josep Anton" uniqKey="Jaques Miret J" first="Josep Anton" last="Jaques Miret">Josep Anton Jaques Miret</name></author><author><name sortKey="Navarro, Maria Navajas" sort="Navarro, Maria Navajas" uniqKey="Navarro M" first="Maria Navajas" last="Navarro">Maria Navajas Navarro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Niere, Bjorn" sort="Niere, Bjorn" uniqKey="Niere B" first="Björn" last="Niere">Björn Niere</name></author><author><name sortKey="Parnell, Stephen" sort="Parnell, Stephen" uniqKey="Parnell S" first="Stephen" last="Parnell">Stephen Parnell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Potting, Roel" sort="Potting, Roel" uniqKey="Potting R" first="Roel" last="Potting">Roel Potting</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rafoss, Trond" sort="Rafoss, Trond" uniqKey="Rafoss T" first="Trond" last="Rafoss">Trond Rafoss</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rossi, Vittorio" sort="Rossi, Vittorio" uniqKey="Rossi V" first="Vittorio" last="Rossi">Vittorio Rossi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Urek, Gregor" sort="Urek, Gregor" uniqKey="Urek G" first="Gregor" last="Urek">Gregor Urek</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Bruggen, Ariena" sort="Van Bruggen, Ariena" uniqKey="Van Bruggen A" first="Ariena" last="Van Bruggen">Ariena Van Bruggen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Werf, Wopke" sort="Van Der Werf, Wopke" uniqKey="Van Der Werf W" first="Wopke" last="Van Der Werf">Wopke Van Der Werf</name></author><author><name sortKey="West, Jonathan" sort="West, Jonathan" uniqKey="West J" first="Jonathan" last="West">Jonathan West</name></author><author><name sortKey="Winter, Stephan" sort="Winter, Stephan" uniqKey="Winter S" first="Stephan" last="Winter">Stephan Winter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gardi, Ciro" sort="Gardi, Ciro" uniqKey="Gardi C" first="Ciro" last="Gardi">Ciro Gardi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bergeretti, Filippo" sort="Bergeretti, Filippo" uniqKey="Bergeretti F" first="Filippo" last="Bergeretti">Filippo Bergeretti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Macleod, Alan" sort="Macleod, Alan" uniqKey="Macleod A" first="Alan" last="Macleod">Alan Macleod</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j">EFSA Journal</title><idno type="eISSN">1831-4732</idno><imprint><date when="2018">2018</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><title>Abstract</title><p>The European Commission requested <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EFSA</styled-content> to conduct a pest categorisation of <italic>Toxoptera citricida</italic> (Hemiptera: Aphididae), an oligophagous aphid developing and reproducing parthenogenetically on tender leaf and flower flush of citrus (Rutaceae). <italic>T. citricida</italic> is a taxonomic entity with reliable methods available for detection and identification. It is regulated in the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content> by Council Directive 2000/29/<styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EC</styled-content> where it is listed in Annex <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">IIAI</styled-content> as a harmful organism whose introduction and spread into the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content> shall be banned. <italic>T. citricida</italic> is native to tropical regions of Southeast Asia and has spread to most citrus‐growing areas worldwide, except California and the Mediterranean basin, causing significant damage to citrus as it is the most efficient vector of the <italic>Citrus tristeza virus</italic> (<styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">CTV</styled-content>). <italic>T. citricida</italic> occurs in Madeira and, with a restricted distribution, in the north‐west of the Iberian Peninsula, mostly on backyard citrus trees. This may have hindered the effectiveness of the official control measures in these areas. There are further phytosanitary measures in place in the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content> in order to limit entry via traded commodities. Citrus plants for planting are regulated and are a closed pathway. However, there is uncertainty regarding host status of some non‐rutaceous plants on which this aphid has been recorded and so other plant genera may provide additional pathways. The <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EFSA</styled-content> Plant Health Panel concludes that the establishment of <italic>T. citricida</italic> in the main <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content> citrus growing areas around the Mediterranean would have significant impacts because of its ability to vector <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">CTV</styled-content>. Considering the criteria within the remit of <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EFSA</styled-content> to assess the status as a potential Union quarantine pest (<styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">QP</styled-content>), as a potential protected zone quarantine pest (<styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">PZQP</styled-content>) or as a potential regulated non‐quarantine pest (<styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">RNQP</styled-content>), <italic>T. citricida</italic> meets with no uncertainties the criteria assessed by <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EFSA</styled-content> for consideration as a potential Union <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">QP</styled-content>.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kindlmann, P" uniqKey="Kindlmann P">P Kindlmann</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Vacante, V" uniqKey="Vacante V">V Vacante</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">EFSA J</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">EFSA J</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="doi">10.1002/(ISSN)1831-4732</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">EFS2</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>EFSA Journal</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1831-4732</issn><publisher><publisher-name>John Wiley and Sons Inc.</publisher-name><publisher-loc>Hoboken</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">32625662</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">7009757</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5103</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">EFS25103</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="overline"><subject>Scientific Opinion</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Scientific Opinion</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Pest categorisation of <italic>Toxoptera citricida</italic></article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib id="efs25103-cr-0001" contrib-type="author"><collab collab-type="authors">EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH)</collab></contrib><contrib id="efs25103-cr-0002" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jeger</surname><given-names>Michael</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25103-cr-0003" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bragard</surname><given-names>Claude</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25103-cr-0004" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Caffier</surname><given-names>David</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25103-cr-0005" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Candresse</surname><given-names>Thierry</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25103-cr-0006" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chatzivassiliou</surname><given-names>Elisavet</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25103-cr-0007" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dehnen‐Schmutz</surname><given-names>Katharina</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25103-cr-0008" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gilioli</surname><given-names>Gianni</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25103-cr-0009" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Grégoire</surname><given-names>Jean‐Claude</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25103-cr-0010" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jaques Miret</surname><given-names>Josep Anton</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25103-cr-0011" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Navarro</surname><given-names>Maria Navajas</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25103-cr-0012" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Niere</surname><given-names>Björn</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25103-cr-0013" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Parnell</surname><given-names>Stephen</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25103-cr-0014" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Potting</surname><given-names>Roel</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25103-cr-0015" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rafoss</surname><given-names>Trond</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25103-cr-0016" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rossi</surname><given-names>Vittorio</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25103-cr-0017" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Urek</surname><given-names>Gregor</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25103-cr-0018" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Van Bruggen</surname><given-names>Ariena</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25103-cr-0019" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Van der Werf</surname><given-names>Wopke</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25103-cr-0020" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>West</surname><given-names>Jonathan</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25103-cr-0021" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Winter</surname><given-names>Stephan</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25103-cr-0022" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gardi</surname><given-names>Ciro</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25103-cr-0023" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bergeretti</surname><given-names>Filippo</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25103-cr-0024" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>MacLeod</surname><given-names>Alan</given-names></name></contrib></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="correspondenceTo"><bold>Correspondence: </bold><email>alpha@efsa.europa.eu</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>11</day><month>1</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>1</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/efs2.2018.16.issue-1</issue-id><elocation-id>e05103</elocation-id><permissions><pmc-comment> © European Food Safety Authority </pmc-comment>
<copyright-statement content-type="article-copyright">© 2018 European Food Safety Authority. <italic>EFSA Journal</italic> published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.</copyright-statement><license license-type="creativeCommonsBy-nd"><license-p>This is an open access article under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/</ext-link> License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and no modifications or adaptations are made.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="file:EFS2-16-e05103.pdf"></self-uri><abstract id="efs25103-abs-0001"><title>Abstract</title><p>The European Commission requested <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EFSA</styled-content> to conduct a pest categorisation of <italic>Toxoptera citricida</italic> (Hemiptera: Aphididae), an oligophagous aphid developing and reproducing parthenogenetically on tender leaf and flower flush of citrus (Rutaceae). <italic>T. citricida</italic> is a taxonomic entity with reliable methods available for detection and identification. It is regulated in the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content> by Council Directive 2000/29/<styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EC</styled-content> where it is listed in Annex <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">IIAI</styled-content> as a harmful organism whose introduction and spread into the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content> shall be banned. <italic>T. citricida</italic> is native to tropical regions of Southeast Asia and has spread to most citrus‐growing areas worldwide, except California and the Mediterranean basin, causing significant damage to citrus as it is the most efficient vector of the <italic>Citrus tristeza virus</italic> (<styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">CTV</styled-content>). <italic>T. citricida</italic> occurs in Madeira and, with a restricted distribution, in the north‐west of the Iberian Peninsula, mostly on backyard citrus trees. This may have hindered the effectiveness of the official control measures in these areas. There are further phytosanitary measures in place in the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content> in order to limit entry via traded commodities. Citrus plants for planting are regulated and are a closed pathway. However, there is uncertainty regarding host status of some non‐rutaceous plants on which this aphid has been recorded and so other plant genera may provide additional pathways. The <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EFSA</styled-content> Plant Health Panel concludes that the establishment of <italic>T. citricida</italic> in the main <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content> citrus growing areas around the Mediterranean would have significant impacts because of its ability to vector <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">CTV</styled-content>. Considering the criteria within the remit of <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EFSA</styled-content> to assess the status as a potential Union quarantine pest (<styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">QP</styled-content>), as a potential protected zone quarantine pest (<styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">PZQP</styled-content>) or as a potential regulated non‐quarantine pest (<styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">RNQP</styled-content>), <italic>T. citricida</italic> meets with no uncertainties the criteria assessed by <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EFSA</styled-content> for consideration as a potential Union <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">QP</styled-content>.</p></abstract><kwd-group kwd-group-type="author-generated"><kwd id="efs25103-kwd-0001">European Union</kwd><kwd id="efs25103-kwd-0002">pest risk</kwd><kwd id="efs25103-kwd-0003">plant health</kwd><kwd id="efs25103-kwd-0004">plant pest</kwd><kwd id="efs25103-kwd-0005">quarantine</kwd><kwd id="efs25103-kwd-0006">black citrus aphid</kwd><kwd id="efs25103-kwd-0007"><styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">CTV</styled-content></kwd><kwd id="efs25103-kwd-0008">Tristeza</kwd></kwd-group><counts><fig-count count="2"></fig-count><table-count count="7"></table-count><page-count count="22"></page-count><word-count count="10068"></word-count></counts><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>source-schema-version-number</meta-name><meta-value>2.0</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>cover-date</meta-name><meta-value>January 2018</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>details-of-publishers-convertor</meta-name><meta-value>Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:5.7.5 mode:remove_FC converted:21.01.2020</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta><notes><p content-type="self-citation"><mixed-citation publication-type="self-citation" id="efs25103-cit-1001"><bold>Suggested citation: </bold><collab collab-type="authors">EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH)</collab>, <string-name><surname>Jeger</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Bragard</surname><given-names>C</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Caffier</surname><given-names>D</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Candresse</surname><given-names>T</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Chatzivassiliou</surname><given-names>E</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Dehnen‐Schmutz</surname><given-names>K</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Gilioli</surname><given-names>G</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Grégoire</surname><given-names>J‐C</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Jaques Miret</surname><given-names>JA</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Navarro</surname><given-names>MN</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Niere</surname><given-names>B</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Parnell</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Potting</surname><given-names>R</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Rafoss</surname><given-names>T</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Rossi</surname><given-names>V</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Urek</surname><given-names>G</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Van Bruggen</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Van der Werf</surname><given-names>W</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>West</surname><given-names>J</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Winter</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Gardi</surname><given-names>C</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Bergeretti</surname><given-names>F</given-names></string-name> and <string-name><surname>MacLeod</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <year>2018</year><article-title>Scientific Opinion on the pest categorisation of <italic>Toxoptera citricida</italic></article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">EFSA Journal</source> 2018;16(1):5103, 22 pp. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5103</pub-id></mixed-citation></p><fn-group id="efs25103-ntgp-0001"><fn id="efs25103-note-1001"><p><bold>Requestor:</bold> European Commission</p></fn><fn id="efs25103-note-1002"><p><bold>Question number:</bold> EFSA‐Q‐2017‐00323</p></fn><fn id="efs25103-note-1003"><p><bold>Panel members:</bold> Claude Bragard, David Caffier, Thierry Candresse, Elisavet Chatzivassiliou, Katharina Dehnen‐Schmutz, Gianni Gilioli, Jean‐Claude Grégoire, Josep Anton Jaques Miret, Michael Jeger, Alan MacLeod, Maria Navajas Navarro, Björn Niere, Stephen Parnell, Roel Potting, Trond Rafoss, Vittorio Rossi, Gregor Urek, Ariena Van Bruggen, Wopke Van der Werf, Jonathan West and Stephan Winter.</p></fn><fn id="efs25103-note-1004"><p>Adopted: 23 November 2017</p></fn><fn id="efs25103-note-1005"><p>Reproduction of the images listed below is prohibited and permission must be sought directly from the copyright holder:</p><p>Figure 1: © Original figure: CABI; Figure 2: © Boletín de sanidad vegetal. Plagas</p></fn></fn-group></notes></front><body id="efs25103-body-0001"><sec id="efs25103-sec-0002"><label>1</label><title>Introduction</title><sec id="efs25103-sec-0003"><label>1.1</label><title>Background and Terms of Reference as provided by the requestor</title><sec id="efs25103-sec-0004"><label>1.1.1</label><title>Background</title><p>Council Directive 2000/29/EC<xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs25103-note-1006">1</xref> on protective measures against the introduction into the Community of organisms harmful to plants or plant products and against their spread within the Community establishes the present European Union plant health regime. The Directive lays down the phytosanitary provisions and the control checks to be carried out at the place of origin on plants and plant products destined for the Union or to be moved within the Union. In the Directive's 2000/29/EC annexes, the list of harmful organisms (pests) whose introduction into or spread within the Union is prohibited, is detailed together with specific requirements for import or internal movement.</p><p>Following the evaluation of the plant health regime, the new basic plant health law, Regulation (EU) 2016/2031<xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs25103-note-1007">2</xref> on protective measures against pests of plants, was adopted on 26 October 2016 and will apply from 14 December 2019 onwards, repealing Directive 2000/29/EC. In line with the principles of the above mentioned legislation and the follow‐up work of the secondary legislation for the listing of EU regulated pests, EFSA is requested to provide pest categorizations of the harmful organisms included in the annexes of Directive 2000/29/EC, in the cases where recent pest risk assessment/ pest categorisation is not available.</p></sec><sec id="efs25103-sec-0005"><label>1.1.2</label><title>Terms of Reference</title><p>EFSA is requested, pursuant to Article 22(5.b) and Article 29(1) of Regulation (EC) No 178/2002,<xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs25103-note-1008">3</xref> to provide scientific opinion in the field of plant health.</p><p>EFSA is requested to prepare and deliver a pest categorisation (step 1 analysis) for each of the regulated pests included in the appendices of the annex to this mandate. The methodology and template of pest categorisation have already been developed in past mandates for the organisms listed in Annex II Part A Section II of Directive 2000/29/EC. The same methodology and outcome is expected for this work as well.</p><p>The list of the harmful organisms included in the annex to this mandate comprises 133 harmful organisms or groups. A pest categorisation is expected for these 133 pests or groups and the delivery of the work would be stepwise at regular intervals through the year as detailed below. First priority covers the harmful organisms included in Appendix 1, comprising pests from Annex II Part A Section I and Annex II Part B of Directive 2000/29/EC. The delivery of all pest categorisations for the pests included in Appendix 1 is June 2018. The second priority is the pests included in Appendix 2, comprising the group of <italic>Cicadellidae</italic> (non‐EU) known to be vector of Pierce's disease (caused by <italic>Xylella fastidiosa</italic>), the group of <italic>Tephritidae</italic> (non‐EU), the group of potato viruses and virus‐like organisms, the group of viruses and virus‐like organisms of <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Fragaria</italic> L., <italic>Malus</italic> Mill., <italic>Prunus</italic> L., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L., <italic>Ribes</italic> L., <italic>Rubus</italic> L. and <italic>Vitis</italic> L.. and the group of <italic>Margarodes</italic> (non‐EU species). The delivery of all pest categorisations for the pests included in Appendix 2 is end 2019. The pests included in Appendix 3 cover pests of Annex I part A section I and all pests categorisations should be delivered by end 2020.</p><p>For the above mentioned groups, each covering a large number of pests, the pest categorisation will be performed for the group and not the individual harmful organisms listed under “such as” notation in the Annexes of the Directive 2000/29/EC. The criteria to be taken particularly under consideration for these cases, is the analysis of host pest combination, investigation of pathways, the damages occurring and the relevant impact.</p><p>Finally, as indicated in the text above, all references to ‘non‐European’ should be avoided and replaced by ‘non‐EU’ and refer to all territories with exception of the Union territories as defined in Article 1 point 3 of Regulation (EU) 2016/2031.</p><sec id="efs25103-sec-0006"><label>1.1.2.1</label><title>Terms of Reference: Appendix 1</title><p>List of harmful organisms for which pest categorisation is requested. The list below follows the annexes of Directive 2000/29/EC.</p><p><table-wrap id="nlm-table-wrap-1" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="anchor"><table frame="void" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><tbody><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><underline underline-style="single"><italic toggle="yes"><bold>Annex IIAI</bold></italic></underline></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Aleurocantus</italic> spp.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Numonia pyrivorella</italic> (Matsumura)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Anthonomus bisignifer</italic> (Schenkling)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Oligonychus perditus</italic> Pritchard and Baker</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Anthonomus signatus</italic> (Say)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pissodes</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Aschistonyx eppoi</italic> Inouye</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Scirtothrips aurantii</italic> Faure</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Carposina niponensis</italic> Walsingham</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Scirtothrips</italic> citri (Moultex)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Enarmonia packardi</italic> (Zeller)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Scolytidae</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Enarmonia prunivora</italic> Walsh</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Scrobipalpopsis solanivora</italic> Povolny</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Grapholita inopinata</italic> Heinrich</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Tachypterellus quadrigibbus</italic> Say</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hishomonus phycitis</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Toxoptera citricida</italic> Kirk.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Leucaspis japonica</italic> Ckll.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Unaspis citri</italic> Comstock</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Listronotus bonariensis</italic> (Kuschel)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(b) Bacteria</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Citrus variegated chlorosis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Xanthomonas campestris</italic> pv. <italic>oryzae</italic> (Ishiyama) Dye and pv. <italic>oryzicola</italic> (Fang. et al.) Dye</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Erwinia stewartii</italic> (Smith) Dye</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(c) Fungi</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Alternaria alternata</italic> (Fr.) Keissler (non‐EU pathogenic isolates)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Elsinoe</italic> spp. Bitanc. and Jenk. Mendes</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Anisogramma anomala</italic> (Peck) E. Müller</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Fusarium oxysporum</italic> f. sp<italic>. albedinis</italic> (Kilian and Maire) Gordon</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Apiosporina morbosa</italic> (Schwein.) v. Arx</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Guignardia piricola</italic> (Nosa) Yamamoto</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ceratocystis virescens</italic> (Davidson) Moreau</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Puccinia pittieriana</italic> Hennings</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cercoseptoria pini‐densiflorae</italic> (Hori and Nambu) Deighton</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Stegophora ulmea</italic> (Schweinitz: Fries) Sydow </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cercospora angolensis</italic> Carv. and Mendes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Venturia nashicola</italic> Tanaka and Yamamoto& Sydow</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(d) Virus and virus‐like organisms</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Beet curly top virus (non‐EU isolates)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Little cherry pathogen (non‐ EU isolates)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Black raspberry latent virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Naturally spreading psorosis</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Blight and blight‐like</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Palm lethal yellowing mycoplasm</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cadang‐Cadang viroid</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Satsuma dwarf virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Citrus tristeza virus (non‐EU isolates)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tatter leaf virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leprosis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Witches’ broom (MLO)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><underline underline-style="single"><italic toggle="yes"><bold>Annex IIB</bold></italic></underline></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insect mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Anthonomus grandis</italic> (Boh.)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ips cembrae</italic> Heer</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cephalcia lariciphila</italic> (Klug)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ips duplicatus</italic> Sahlberg</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dendroctonus micans</italic> Kugelan</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ips sexdentatus</italic> Börner</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gilphinia hercyniae</italic> (Hartig)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ips typographus</italic> Heer</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gonipterus scutellatus</italic> Gyll.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Sternochetus mangiferae</italic> Fabricius</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ips amitinus</italic> Eichhof</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(b) Bacteria</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens (Hedges) Collins and Jones</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(c) Fungi</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Glomerella gossypii</italic> Edgerton</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hypoxylon mammatum</italic> (Wahl.) J. Miller</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gremmeniella abietina</italic> (Lag.) Morelet</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></p></sec><sec id="efs25103-sec-0007"><label>1.1.2.2</label><title>Terms of Reference: Appendix 2</title><p>List of harmful organisms for which pest categorisation is requested per group. The list below follows the categorisation included in the annexes of Directive 2000/29/EC.<table-wrap id="nlm-table-wrap-2" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="anchor"><table frame="void" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><tbody><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><underline underline-style="single"><italic toggle="yes"><bold>Annex IAI</bold></italic></underline></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Group of Cicadellidae (non‐EU) known to be vector of Pierce's disease (caused by <italic>Xylella fastidiosa</italic>), such as:</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1) <italic>Carneocephala fulgida</italic> Nottingham</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3) <italic>Graphocephala atropunctata</italic> (Signoret)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2) <italic>Draeculacephala minerva</italic> Ball</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Group of Tephritidae (non‐EU) such as:</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1) <italic>Anastrepha fraterculus</italic> (Wiedemann)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12) <italic>Pardalaspis cyanescens</italic> Bezzi</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2) <italic>Anastrepha ludens</italic> (Loew)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13) <italic>Pardalaspis quinaria</italic> Bezzi</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3) <italic>Anastrepha obliqua</italic> Macquart</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14) <italic>Pterandrus rosa</italic> (Karsch)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4) <italic>Anastrepha suspensa</italic> (Loew)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15) <italic>Rhacochlaena japonica</italic> Ito</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5) <italic>Dacus ciliatus</italic> Loew</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16) <italic>Rhagoletis completa</italic> Cresson</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6) <italic>Dacus curcurbitae</italic> Coquillet</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17) <italic>Rhagoletis fausta</italic> (Osten‐Sacken)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7) <italic>Dacus dorsalis</italic> Hendel</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18) <italic>Rhagoletis indifferens</italic> Curran</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8) <italic>Dacus tryoni</italic> (Froggatt)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19) <italic>Rhagoletis mendax</italic> Curran</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9) <italic>Dacus tsuneonis</italic> Miyake</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20) <italic>Rhagoletis pomonella</italic> Walsh</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10) <italic>Dacus zonatus</italic> Saund.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21) <italic>Rhagoletis suavis</italic> (Loew)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11) <italic>Epochra canadensis</italic> (Loew)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(c) Viruses and virus‐like organisms</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Group of potato viruses and virus‐like organisms such as:</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1) Andean potato latent virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4) Potato black ringspot virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2) Andean potato mottle virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5) Potato virus T</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3) Arracacha virus B, oca strain</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6) non‐EU isolates of potato viruses A, M, S, V, X and Y (including Yo, Yn and Yc) and Potato leafroll virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Group of viruses and virus‐like organisms of Cydonia Mill., Fragaria L., Malus Mill., Prunus L., Pyrus L., Ribes L., Rubus L. and Vitis L., such as:</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1) Blueberry leaf mottle virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8) Peach yellows mycoplasm</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2) Cherry rasp leaf virus (American)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9) Plum line pattern virus (American)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3) Peach mosaic virus (American)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10) Raspberry leaf curl virus (American)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4) Peach phony rickettsia</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11) Strawberry witches’ broom mycoplasma</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5) Peach rosette mosaic virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12) Non‐EU viruses and virus‐like organisms of <italic>Cydonia Mill., Fragaria L., Malus Mill., Prunus L., Pyrus L., Ribes L., Rubus L</italic>. and <italic>Vitis L</italic>.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6) Peach rosette mycoplasm</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7) Peach X‐disease mycoplasm</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><underline underline-style="single"><italic toggle="yes"><bold>Annex IIAI</bold></italic></underline></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Group of <italic>Margarodes</italic> (non‐EU species) such as:</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1) <italic>Margarodes vitis</italic> (Phillipi)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3) <italic>Margarodes prieskaensis</italic> Jakubski</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2) <italic>Margarodes vredendalensis</italic> de Klerk</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></p></sec><sec id="efs25103-sec-0008"><label>1.1.2.3</label><title>Terms of Reference: Appendix 3</title><p>List of harmful organisms for which pest categorisation is requested. The list below follows the annexes of Directive 2000/29/EC.<table-wrap id="nlm-table-wrap-3" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="anchor"><table frame="void" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><tbody><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><underline underline-style="single"><italic toggle="yes"><bold>Annex IAI</bold></italic></underline></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Acleris</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Longidorus diadecturus</italic> Eveleigh and Allen</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Amauromyza maculosa</italic> (Malloch)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Monochamus</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Anomala orientalis</italic> Waterhouse</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Myndus crudus</italic> Van Duzee</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Arrhenodes minutus</italic> Drury</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Nacobbus aberrans</italic> (Thorne) Thorne and Allen</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Choristoneura</italic> spp. (non‐E<underline underline-style="single">U</underline>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Naupactus leucoloma</italic> Boheman</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Conotrachelus nenuphar</italic> (Herbst)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Premnotrypes</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dendrolimus sibiricus</italic> Tschetverikov</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pseudopityophthorus minutissimus</italic> (Zimmermann)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diabrotica barberi</italic> Smith and Lawrence</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pseudopityophthorus pruinosus</italic> (Eichhoff)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi</italic> Barber</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Scaphoideus luteolus</italic> (Van Duzee)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diabrotica undecimpunctata undecimpunctata</italic> Mannerheim</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Spodoptera eridania</italic> (Cramer)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diabrotica virgifera zeae</italic> Krysan & Smith</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Spodoptera frugiperda</italic> (Smith)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diaphorina citri</italic> Kuway</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Spodoptera litura</italic> (Fabricus)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Heliothis zea</italic> (Boddie)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Thrips palmi</italic> Karny</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hirschmanniella</italic> spp., other than <italic>Hirschmanniella gracilis</italic> (de Man) Luc and Goodey</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Xiphinema americanum</italic> Cobb sensu lato (non‐EU populations)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Liriomyza sativae</italic> Blanchard</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Xiphinema californicum</italic> Lamberti and Bleve‐Zacheo</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(b) Fungi</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ceratocystis fagacearum</italic> (Bretz) Hunt</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Mycosphaerella larici‐leptolepis</italic> Ito et al.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Chrysomyxa arctostaphyli</italic> Dietel</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Mycosphaerella populorum</italic> G. E. Thompson</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cronartium</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Phoma andina</italic> Turkensteen</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Endocronartium</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Phyllosticta solitaria</italic> Ell. and Ev.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Guignardia laricina</italic> (Saw.) Yamamoto and Ito</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Septoria lycopersici</italic> Speg. var. <italic>malagutii</italic> Ciccarone and Boerema</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Thecaphora solani</italic> Barrus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Inonotus weirii</italic> (Murril) Kotlaba and Pouzar</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Trechispora brinkmannii</italic> (Bresad.) Rogers</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Melampsora farlowii</italic> (Arthur) Davis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(c) Viruses and virus‐like organisms</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tobacco ringspot virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pepper mild tigré virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tomato ringspot virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Squash leaf curl virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bean golden mosaic virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Euphorbia mosaic virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cowpea mild mottle virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Florida tomato virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lettuce infectious yellows virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>(d) Parasitic plants</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Arceuthobium</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><underline underline-style="single"><italic toggle="yes"><bold>Annex IAII</bold></italic></underline></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Meloidogyne fallax</italic> Karssen</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Popillia japonica</italic> Newman</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Rhizoecus hibisci</italic> Kawai and Takagi</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(b) Bacteria</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Clavibacter michiganensis</italic> (Smith) Davis et al. ssp. <italic>sepedonicus</italic> (Spieckermann and Kotthoff) Davis et al.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ralstonia solanacearum</italic> (Smith) Yabuuchi et al.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(c) Fungi</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Melampsora medusae</italic> Thümen</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Synchytrium endobioticum</italic> (Schilbersky) Percival</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><underline underline-style="single"><italic toggle="yes"><bold>Annex I B</bold></italic></underline></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Leptinotarsa decemlineata</italic> Say</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Liriomyza bryoniae</italic> (Kaltenbac</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(b) Viruses and virus‐like organisms</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Beet necrotic yellow vein virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></p></sec></sec></sec><sec id="efs25103-sec-0009"><label>1.2</label><title>Interpretation of the Terms of Reference</title><p><italic>Toxoptera citricida</italic> is one of a number of pests listed in the Appendices to the Terms of Reference (ToR) to be subject to pest categorisation to determine whether it fulfils the criteria of a quarantine pest (QP) or those of a regulated non‐quarantine pest (RNQP) for the area of the EU excluding Ceuta, Melilla and the outermost regions of Member States (MSs) referred to in Article 355(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), other than Madeira and the Azores.</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25103-sec-0010"><label>2</label><title>Data and methodologies</title><sec id="efs25103-sec-0011"><label>2.1</label><title>Data</title><sec id="efs25103-sec-0012"><label>2.1.1</label><title>Literature search</title><p>A literature search on <italic>T. citricida</italic> was conducted at the beginning of the categorisation in the ISI Web of Science bibliographic database, using the scientific name of the pest as search term. Relevant papers were reviewed, and further references and information were obtained from experts, from citations within the references and grey literature.</p></sec><sec id="efs25103-sec-0013"><label>2.1.2</label><title>Database search</title><p>Pest information, on host(s) and distribution, was retrieved from the EPPO Global Database (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25103-bib-0005" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>).</p><p>Data about the import of commodity types that could potentially provide a pathway for the pest to enter the EU and about the area of hosts grown in the EU were obtained from EUROSTAT.</p><p>The Europhyt database was consulted for pest‐specific notifications on interceptions and outbreaks. Europhyt is a web‐based network launched by the Directorate General for Health and Consumers (DG SANCO), and is a subproject of PHYSAN (Phyto‐Sanitary Controls) specifically concerned with plant health information. The Europhyt database manages notifications of interceptions of plants or plant products that do not comply with EU legislation, as well as notifications of plant pests detected in the territory of the MSs and the phytosanitary measures taken to eradicate or avoid their spread.</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25103-sec-0014"><label>2.2</label><title>Methodologies</title><p>The Panel performed the pest categorisation for <italic>T. citricida</italic>, following guiding principles and steps presented in the EFSA guidance on the harmonised framework for pest risk assessment (EFSA PLH Panel, <xref rid="efs25103-bib-0003" ref-type="ref">2010</xref>) and as defined in the International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures No 11 (FAO, <xref rid="efs25103-bib-0007" ref-type="ref">2013</xref>) and No 21 (FAO, <xref rid="efs25103-bib-0006" ref-type="ref">2004</xref>).</p><p>In accordance with the guidance on a harmonised framework for pest risk assessment in the EU (EFSA PLH Panel, <xref rid="efs25103-bib-0003" ref-type="ref">2010</xref>), this work was initiated following an evaluation of the EU's plant health regime. Therefore, to facilitate the decision‐making process, in the conclusions of the pest categorisation, the Panel addresses explicitly each criterion for a Union QP and for a Union RNQP in accordance with Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 on protective measures against pests of plants, and includes additional information required as per the specific ToRs received by the European Commission. In addition, for each conclusion, the Panel provides a short description of its associated uncertainty.</p><p>Table <xref rid="efs25103-tbl-0001" ref-type="table">1</xref> presents the Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 pest categorisation criteria on which the Panel bases its conclusions. All relevant criteria have to be met for the pest to potentially qualify either as a QP or as a RNQP. If one of the criteria is not met, the pest will not qualify. A pest that does not qualify as a quarantine pest may still qualify as a RNQP which needs to be addressed in the opinion. For the pests regulated in the protected zones only, the scope of the categorisation is the territory of the protected zone, thus the criteria refer to the protected zone instead of the EU territory.</p><p>It should be noted that the Panel's conclusions are formulated respecting its remit and particularly with regard to the principle of separation between risk assessment and risk management (EFSA founding regulation (EU) No 178/2002); therefore, instead of determining whether the pest is likely to have an unacceptable impact, the Panel will present a summary of the observed pest impacts. Economic impacts are expressed in terms of yield and quality losses and not in monetary terms, while addressing social impacts is outside the remit of the Panel, in agreement with EFSA guidance on a harmonised framework for pest risk assessment (EFSA PLH Panel, <xref rid="efs25103-bib-0003" ref-type="ref">2010</xref>).</p><table-wrap id="efs25103-tbl-0001" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Pest categorisation criteria under evaluation, as defined in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 on protective measures against pests of plants (the number of the relevant sections of the pest categorisation is shown in brackets in the first column)</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Criterion of pest categorisation</bold></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding Union quarantine pest</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding protected zone quarantine pest (articles 32–35)</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding Union regulated non‐quarantine pest</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Identity of the pest (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25103-sec-0016" ref-type="sec">3.1</xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the identity of the pest established, or has it been shown to produce consistent symptoms and to be transmissible?</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the identity of the pest established, or has it been shown to produce consistent symptoms and to be transmissible?</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the identity of the pest established, or has it been shown to produce consistent symptoms and to be transmissible?</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Absence/ presence of the pest in the EU territory (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25103-sec-0022" ref-type="sec">3.2</xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Is the pest present in the EU territory?</p><p>If present, is the pest widely distributed within the EU? Describe the pest distribution briefly!</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the pest present in the EU territory? If not, it cannot be a protected zone quarantine organism. </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the pest present in the EU territory? If not, it cannot be a regulated non‐quarantine pest. (A regulated non‐quarantine pest must be present in the risk assessment area).</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Regulatory status (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25103-sec-0026" ref-type="sec">3.3</xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">If the pest is present in the EU but not widely distributed in the risk assessment area, it should be under official control or expected to be under official control in the near future.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>The protected zone system aligns with the pest free area system under the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC).</p><p>The pest satisfies the IPPC definition of a quarantine pest that is not present in the risk assessment area (i.e. protected zone).</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the pest regulated as a quarantine pest? If currently regulated as a quarantine pest, are there grounds to consider its status could be revoked?</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Pest potential for entry, establishment and spread in the EU territory (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25103-sec-0030" ref-type="sec">3.4</xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the pest able to enter into, become established in, and spread within, the EU territory? If yes, briefly list the pathways!</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Is the pest able to enter into, become established in, and spread within, the protected zone areas?</p><p>Is entry by natural spread from EU areas where the pest is present possible?</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Is spread mainly via specific plants for planting, rather than via natural spread or via movement of plant products or other objects?</p><p>Clearly state if plants for planting is the main pathway!</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Potential for consequences in the EU territory (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25103-sec-0040" ref-type="sec">3.5</xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Would the pests’ introduction have an economic or environmental impact on the EU territory? </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Would the pests’ introduction have an economic or environmental impact on the protected zone areas?</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Does the presence of the pest on plants for planting have an economic impact, as regards the intended use of those plants for planting?</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Available measures (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25103-sec-0046" ref-type="sec">3.6</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Are there measures available to prevent the entry into, establishment within or spread of the pest within the EU such that the risk becomes mitigated? </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Are there measures available to prevent the entry into, establishment within or spread of the pest within the protected zone areas such that the risk becomes mitigated?</p><p>Is it possible to eradicate the pest in a restricted area within 24 months (or a period longer than 24 months where the biology of the organism so justifies) after the presence of the pest was confirmed in the protected zone?</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Are there measures available to prevent pest presence on plants for planting such that the risk becomes mitigated? </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Conclusion of pest categorisation (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25103-sec-0047" ref-type="sec">4</xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A statement as to whether (1) all criteria assessed by EFSA above for consideration as a potential quarantine pest were met and (2) if not, which one(s) were not met.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A statement as to whether (1) all criteria assessed by EFSA above for consideration as potential protected zone quarantine pest were met, and (2) if not, which one(s) were not met.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A statement as to whether (1) all criteria assessed by EFSA above for consideration as a potential regulated non‐quarantine pest were met, and (2) if not, which one(s) were not met.</td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap><p>The Panel will not indicate in its conclusions of the pest categorisation whether to continue the risk assessment process, but, following the agreed two‐step approach, will continue only if requested by the risk managers. However, during the categorisation process, experts may identify key elements and knowledge gaps that could contribute significant uncertainty to a future assessment of risk. It would be useful to identify and highlight such gaps so that potential future requests can specifically target the major elements of uncertainty, perhaps suggesting specific scenarios to examine.</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25103-sec-0015"><label>3</label><title>Pest categorisation</title><sec id="efs25103-sec-0016"><label>3.1</label><title>Identity and biology of the pest</title><sec id="efs25103-sec-0017"><label>3.1.1</label><title>Identity and taxonomy</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25103-blkfxd-1001" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Is the identity of the pest established, or has it been shown to produce consistent symptoms and to be transmissible? (Yes or No)</italic></p><p><bold>Yes, </bold><italic>Toxoptera citricida</italic> is a well‐defined taxonomic organism for which species‐specific keys exist.</p></boxed-text></p><p>The black citrus aphid, <italic>T. citricida</italic> (Kirkaldy, 1907) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), which had been previously known, among other names, as <italic>Aphis citricidus</italic>,<italic> Aphis tavaresi</italic>,<italic> Myzus citricidus</italic> and <italic>Paratoxoptera argentiniensis</italic> (Michaud, <xref rid="efs25103-bib-0014" ref-type="ref">1998</xref>; CABI, <xref rid="efs25103-bib-0001" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>), is one of the more than 25 aphid species recorded from citrus worldwide (Hermoso de Mendoza, <xref rid="efs25103-bib-0010" ref-type="ref">1994</xref>). Although the genus name, <italic>Toxoptera</italic> Koch, is feminine, the feminine/masculine genus/species combination <italic>Toxoptera citricidus</italic> has been widely used in the literature (CABI, <xref rid="efs25103-bib-0001" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>). In the EU, <italic>T. citricida</italic> can be found in Madeira and the Northwest of the Iberian Peninsula, where the pest was detected in 1994 and 2002, respectively (Fernandes and de Cruz Boelpaepe, <xref rid="efs25103-bib-0008" ref-type="ref">1994</xref>; Ilharco et al., <xref rid="efs25103-bib-0012" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>). All aphid species occurring in citrus in the EU (nine species in total) can be distinguished using available taxonomic keys for adult aphids both wingless (apterae) and winged forms (alatae) (Michaud, <xref rid="efs25103-bib-0014" ref-type="ref">1998</xref>; Ilharco et al., <xref rid="efs25103-bib-0012" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>; Uygun et al., <xref rid="efs25103-bib-0017" ref-type="ref">2012</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="efs25103-sec-0019"><label>3.1.2</label><title>Biology of the pest</title><p><italic>Toxoptera citricida</italic> lives almost exclusively on plants of the family Rutaceae, especially on <italic>Citrus</italic> spp. (Uygun et al., <xref rid="efs25103-bib-0017" ref-type="ref">2012</xref>). This aphid feeds on expanding tender shoots, leaves and flower buds of citrus plants, which remain suitable for its growth and reproduction for a period of 3–4 weeks (Michaud, <xref rid="efs25103-bib-0014" ref-type="ref">1998</xref>). Although <italic>T. citricida</italic> has been sporadically reported on different plants (Michaud, <xref rid="efs25103-bib-0014" ref-type="ref">1998</xref>; see Appendix <xref rid="efs25103-sec-0049" ref-type="sec">A</xref>), their host status is uncertain. This is due to the fact that parthenogenetically reproducing aphids, such as <italic>T. citricida</italic>, are born with the embryos of their granddaughters. Therefore, without specific assays aimed at proving the suitability of these plants to sustain reproducing populations of <italic>T. citricida</italic>, the host status of these plants cannot be proven. In the infested areas of the EU, it has been mostly found on lemons (Ilharco et al., <xref rid="efs25103-bib-0012" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>) although this may simply reflect the most abundant <italic>Citrus</italic> species grown in the north‐west of the Iberian Peninsula, where no commercial citrus orchards exist. Except for isolated cases in Japan, this species is always anholocyclic (= parthenogenetic reproduction throughout the year) (Uygun et al., <xref rid="efs25103-bib-0017" ref-type="ref">2012</xref>) with wingless (apterae) colonies producing winged forms (alatae) as the feeding substrate either deteriorates or becomes unsuitable (=mature) for aphid development. Therefore, colonies have a relatively narrow time window within which to mature and disperse prior to the demise of its food resource (Michaud, <xref rid="efs25103-bib-0014" ref-type="ref">1998</xref>). In an outdoor experiment in Argentina, daily fecundity of adult apterae ranged from 5 to 6 nymphs per female per day, and total fecundities between 73 and 81 nymphs (Galatoire, <xref rid="efs25103-bib-0009" ref-type="ref">1983</xref>). In the laboratory, Komazaki (<xref rid="efs25103-bib-0013" ref-type="ref">1982</xref>) determined that the maximum intrinsic rate of increase for <italic>T. citricida</italic> occurs at 27°C, although the fecundity and net reproductive rate of individual apterae was maximal at 21.5°C. Because cool winters and hot summers limit the aphid's ability to survive and reproduce, <italic>T. citricida</italic> populations usually peak twice per year in subtropical regions, in spring and autumn (Michaud, <xref rid="efs25103-bib-0014" ref-type="ref">1998</xref>; Qureshi, <xref rid="efs25103-bib-0016" ref-type="ref">2010</xref>). Taking advantage of thermal updrafts and tropical storms, winged forms can be carried long distances (hundreds of kilometres). However, human‐assisted dispersal most likely plays a key role in the spread of this aphid (e.g. by movements of infested hosts plants for planting). Furthermore, most colonies survive within the same orchard at low densities on asynchronous citrus leaf flush and root sprouts until a new flush cycle provides sufficient food for a population outbreak (Michaud, <xref rid="efs25103-bib-0014" ref-type="ref">1998</xref>). This aphid is considered the most efficient vector of <italic>Citrus tristeza virus</italic> (CTV), which is transmitted in a semi‐persistent mode in which the virus is acquired and transmitted by aphids with feeding times ranging from several minutes to several hours, but usually not by brief probing (Michaud, <xref rid="efs25103-bib-0014" ref-type="ref">1998</xref>). It can also transmit the <italic>Citrus vein enation virus</italic>, the <italic>Papaya ringspot virus</italic> and the <italic>Watermelon mosaic virus</italic> (Panno et al., <xref rid="efs25103-bib-0015" ref-type="ref">2014</xref>; CABI, <xref rid="efs25103-bib-0001" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="efs25103-sec-0020"><label>3.1.3</label><title>Detection and identification of the pest</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25103-blkfxd-1002" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Are detection and identification methods available for the pest?</italic></p><p><bold>Yes,</bold> detection and identification methods for adult <italic>T. citricida</italic> are available.</p></boxed-text></p><p><italic>Toxoptera citricida</italic> can be detected by periodic visual inspection of new shoot growth of citrus. In addition, winged forms can be monitored by yellow traps or suction traps (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25103-bib-0004" ref-type="ref">2006</xref>; CABI, <xref rid="efs25103-bib-0001" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>).</p><p>Diagnostic characters<italic>: T. citricida</italic> adult apterae (1.5–2.8 mm in length) are dark, same as the closely related species <italic>Toxoptera aurantii</italic> (Boyer de Fonscolombe), which also occurs in the EU in citrus. However, their antennae do not present the white and black bands seen in <italic>T. aurantii</italic> apterous forms. Adult alatae (1.1–2.6 mm in length) can be separated from co‐occurring winged aphids in citrus by the presence of a pale pterostigma in their forewings, which also present a twice branched media vein. Remarkably, the antennal segment III of these alatae is dark and contrasts with segment IV, which is partially pale (Uygun et al., <xref rid="efs25103-bib-0017" ref-type="ref">2012</xref>; EPPO, <xref rid="efs25103-bib-0004" ref-type="ref">2006</xref>; CABI, <xref rid="efs25103-bib-0001" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>).</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25103-sec-0022"><label>3.2</label><title>Pest distribution</title><sec id="efs25103-sec-0023"><label>3.2.1</label><title>Pest distribution outside the EU</title><p><italic>Toxoptera citricida</italic> is probably native to the citrus area of origin in southeast Asia (CABI, <xref rid="efs25103-bib-0001" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>). At present, it occurs throughout Oceania, eastern and southern Asia, Africa south of the Sahara, and the Americas (Figure <xref rid="efs25103-fig-0001" ref-type="fig">1</xref>).</p><fig fig-type="Figure" xml:lang="en" id="efs25103-fig-0001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Global distribution map for <italic>T. citricida</italic>. (Source: CABI, <xref rid="efs25103-bib-0001" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>, modified)</p></caption><graphic id="nlm-graphic-1" xlink:href="EFS2-16-e05103-g001"></graphic></fig></sec><sec id="efs25103-sec-0024"><label>3.2.2</label><title>Pest distribution in the EU</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25103-blkfxd-1003" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Is the pest present in the EU territory? If present, is the pest widely distributed within the EU?</italic></p><p>Yes, the pest is present in the EU: in Madeira, as well as in the coastal areas of northern Portugal and Northwest Spain (Galicia to the Basque Country).</p></boxed-text></p><p>After detection in Madeira in 1994 (Fernandes and de Cruz Boelpaepe, <xref rid="efs25103-bib-0008" ref-type="ref">1994</xref>), in 2002, <italic>T. citricida</italic> was discovered in the north of Spain (Asturias) and later, in 2003, in continental Portugal (Ilharco et al., <xref rid="efs25103-bib-0012" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>). Nowadays, the pest can be found in continental EU in the coastal area of the northwest quadrant of the Iberian Peninsula, extending from the north of the Portuguese province of Beira Litoral (Região Norte) to the Basque province of Bizkaia (Hermoso de Mendoza et al., <xref rid="efs25103-bib-0011" ref-type="ref">2008</xref>) (Figure <xref rid="efs25103-fig-0002" ref-type="fig">2</xref>).</p><fig fig-type="Figure" xml:lang="en" id="efs25103-fig-0002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Distribution of <italic>T. citricida</italic> in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula in 2007 (source: Hermoso de Mendoza et al., <xref rid="efs25103-bib-0011" ref-type="ref">2008</xref>). Red dots represent positive detection points</p></caption><graphic id="nlm-graphic-3" xlink:href="EFS2-16-e05103-g002"></graphic></fig></sec></sec><sec id="efs25103-sec-0026"><label>3.3</label><title>Regulatory status</title><sec id="efs25103-sec-0027"><label>3.3.1</label><title>Council Directive 2000/29/EC</title><p>The organism subject to pest categorisation is listed in Council Directive 2000/29/EC as <italic>Toxoptera citricida</italic>. Details are presented in Tables <xref rid="efs25103-tbl-0002" ref-type="table">2</xref>–<xref rid="efs25103-tbl-0004" ref-type="table">4</xref>.</p><table-wrap id="efs25103-tbl-0002" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p><italic>Toxoptera citricida</italic> in Council Directive 2000/29/EC</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Annex II, Part A</bold></td><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>Harmful organisms whose introduction into, and spread within, all member states shall be banned if they are present on certain plants or plant products</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Section I</bold></td><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>Harmful organisms not known to occur in the community and relevant for the entire community</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(a)</td><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Species</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Subject of contamination</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Toxoptera citricida</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plants of <italic>Citrus</italic> L., <italic>Fortunella</italic> Swingle, <italic>Poncirus</italic> Raf., and their hybrids, other than fruit and seeds.</td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap></sec><sec id="efs25103-sec-0028"><label>3.3.2</label><title>Legislation addressing plants and plant parts on which <italic>T. citricida</italic> is regulated</title><table-wrap id="efs25103-tbl-0003" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Regulated hosts and commodities that may involve <italic>T. citricida</italic> in Annexes III, IV and V of Council Directive 2000/29/EC</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Annex III, Part A</bold></td><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>Plants, plant products and other objects the introduction of which shall be prohibited in all Member States</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>16</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plants of <italic>Citrus</italic> L., <italic>Fortunella</italic> Swingle, <italic>Poncirus</italic> Raf., and their hybrids, other than fruit and seeds</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Third countries</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Annex IV, Part A</bold></td><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>Special requirements which must be laid down by all member states for the introduction and movement of plants, plant products and other objects into and within all member states</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Section I</bold></td><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>Plants, plant products and other objects originating outside the community</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plants, plant products and other objects</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Special requirements</td></tr><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>16.1.</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruits of <italic>Citrus</italic> L., <italic>Fortunella</italic> Swingle, <italic>Poncirus</italic> Raf., and their hybrids, originating in third countries</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The fruits shall be free from peduncles and leaves and the packaging shall bear an appropriate origin mark</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Annex V</bold></td><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>Plants, plant products and other objects which must be subject to a plant health inspection (at the place of production if originating in the Community, before being moved within the Community<italic>—</italic>in the country of origin or the consignor country, if originating outside the Community) before being permitted to enter the Community</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Part A</bold></td><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>Plants, plant products and other objects originating in the Community</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>I</bold></td><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>Plants, plant products and other objects which are potential carriers of harmful organisms of relevance for the entire Community and which must be accompanied by a plant passport</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>1.6</bold></td><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Fruits of <italic>Citrus</italic> L., <italic>Fortunella</italic> Swingle, <italic>Poncirus</italic> Raf. and their hybrids with leaves and peduncles.</td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap></sec><sec id="efs25103-sec-0029"><label>3.3.3</label><title>Legislation addressing the organisms vectored by <italic>T. citricida</italic> (Directive 2000/29/EC)</title><table-wrap id="efs25103-tbl-0004" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Regulated organisms vectored by <italic>T. citricida</italic> in Annexes II of Council Directive 2000/29/EC</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Annex II, Part A</bold></td><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><bold>Harmful organisms whose introduction into, and spread within, all member states shall be banned if they are present on certain plants or plant products</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Section I</bold></td><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><bold>Harmful organisms not known to occur in the community and relevant for the entire community</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(d)</td><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1">Virus and virus‐like organisms</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Species</td><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Subject of contamination</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Citrus tristeza virus (non‐European isolates)</td><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><p>Plants of <italic>Citrus</italic> L., <italic>Fortunella</italic> Swingle,</p><p><italic>Poncirus</italic> Raf., and their hybrids, other than</p><p>fruit and seeds</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Section II</bold></td><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><bold>Harmful organisms known to occur in the community and relevant for the entire community</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(d)</td><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1">Virus and virus‐like organisms</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Species</td><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Subject of contamination</td></tr><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Citrus tristeza virus (European isolates)</td><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><p>Plants of <italic>Citrus</italic> L., <italic>Fortunella</italic> Swingle,</p><p><italic>Poncirus</italic> Raf., and their hybrids, other than</p><p>fruit and seeds</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p><bold>Annex II</bold></p><p><bold>Part B</bold></p></td><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><bold>Harmful organisms whose introduction into, and whose spread within, certain protected zones shall be banned if they are present on certain plants or plant products</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(d)</td><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1">Virus and virus‐like organisms</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Species</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Subject of contamination</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Protected zone(s)</td></tr><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Citrus tristeza virus (European isolates)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruits of <italic>Citrus</italic> L., <italic>Fortunella</italic> Swingle, <italic>Poncirus</italic> Raf., and their hybrids, with leaves and peduncles</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EL (except the Regional Units of Argolida and Chania), M, P (except Algarve and Madeira) </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p><bold>Annex IV</bold></p><p><bold>Part A</bold></p><p><bold>Section II</bold></p></td><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><bold>Plants, plant products and other objects originating in the community</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plants, plant products and other objects</td><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Special requirements</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plants of Citrus L., Fortunella Swingle, Poncirus Raf., and their hybrids, other than fruit and seeds</td><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><p>Official statement that:</p><p>(a) the plants originate in areas known to be free from <italic>Spiroplasma citri</italic> Saglio et al., <italic>Phoma tracheiphila</italic> (Petri), Kanchaveli and Gikashvili and Citrus tristeza virus (European strains),</p><p>or</p><p>(b) the plants derive from a certification scheme requiring them to be derived in direct line from material which has been maintained under appropriate conditions and has been subjected to official individual testing for, at least, Citrus tristeza virus (European strains), using appropriate tests or methods in line with international standards, and have been growing permanently in an insectproof glasshouse or in an isolated cage on which no symptoms of <italic>Spiroplasma citri</italic> Saglio et al., <italic>Phoma tracheiphila</italic> (Petri) Kanchaveli and Gikashvili and Citrus tristeza virus (European strains) have been observed,</p><p>or</p><p>(c) the plants:</p><p>— have been derived from a certification scheme requiring them to be derived in direct line from material which has been maintained under appropriate conditions and has been subjected to official individual testing for, at least Citrus tristeza virus (European strains), using appropriate tests or methods in line with international standards, and has been found in these tests, free from Citrus tristeza virus (European strains), and certified free from at least Citrus tristeza virus (European strains) in official individual tests carried out according to the methods mentioned in this indent,</p><p>and</p><p>— have been inspected and no symptoms of <italic>Spiroplasma citri</italic> Saglio et al., <italic>Phoma tracheiphila</italic> (Petri) Kanchaveli et Gikashvili, and Citrus tristeza virus (European strains) have been observed since the beginning of the last complete cycle of vegetation.</p></td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap></sec></sec><sec id="efs25103-sec-0030"><label>3.4</label><title>Entry, establishment and spread in the EU</title><sec id="efs25103-sec-0031"><label>3.4.1</label><title>Host range</title><p><italic>Toxoptera citricida</italic> is largely restricted to Rutaceae and specifically to the genus <italic>Citrus</italic>. However, it has been sporadically reported on different hosts in 27 different botanical families including Rutaceae (see Appendix <xref rid="efs25103-sec-0049" ref-type="sec">A</xref>) (Michaud, <xref rid="efs25103-bib-0014" ref-type="ref">1998</xref>; Uygun et al., <xref rid="efs25103-bib-0017" ref-type="ref">2012</xref>). There is no verification that these additional records are hosts capable of sustaining a population of the aphid (CABI, <xref rid="efs25103-bib-0001" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>). Interestingly, colonies of <italic>T. citricida</italic> were found on the ornamental <italic>Chaenomeles speciosa</italic> (Rosaceae) in Asturias (northern Spain) (Hermoso de Mendoza et al., <xref rid="efs25103-bib-0011" ref-type="ref">2008</xref>), which, taken together with the list of potential hosts occurring in the EU, adds uncertainty to the actual host range of <italic>T. citricida</italic>.</p></sec><sec id="efs25103-sec-0032"><label>3.4.2</label><title>Entry</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25103-blkfxd-1004" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Is the pest able to enter into the EU territory? (Yes or No) If yes, identify and list the pathways!</italic></p><p>Yes, the pest has indeed already entered into the EU.</p></boxed-text></p><p><italic>Toxoptera citricida</italic> could re‐enter the EU:</p><p><list list-type="bullet" id="efs25103-list-0001"><list-item><p>On citrus plants for planting,</p></list-item><list-item><p>On other plants for planting which may be a host for this aphid (e.g. <italic>Ficus carica</italic>,<italic> Cotoneaster</italic> sp.), and</p></list-item><list-item><p>Using thermal updraft air currents for passive long distance dispersal (Michaud, <xref rid="efs25103-bib-0014" ref-type="ref">1998</xref>).</p></list-item></list></p><p>Current EU legislation prohibits the import of plants of <italic>Citrus</italic> L., <italic>Fortunella</italic> Swingle, <italic>Poncirus</italic> Raf., and their hybrids, other than fruit and seeds from third countries. Therefore, this pathway can be considered as closed. The relevance of the second pathway is highly uncertain because of lack of sound data supporting the host status of these plants (CABI, <xref rid="efs25103-bib-0001" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>). As <italic>T. citricida</italic> is already present in the EU (widespread in Madeira and restricted distribution in northern Portugal and northwestern Spain), the aphid could naturally disperse either actively by flying (adult winged females) or passively by air currents and storms (both Alatae and Apterae).</p><p>There are no records of interception of <italic>T. citricida</italic> in the Europhyt database.</p></sec><sec id="efs25103-sec-0034"><label>3.4.3</label><title>Establishment</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25103-blkfxd-1005" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Is the pest able to become established in the EU territory?</italic></p><p>Yes, indeed <italic>T. citricida</italic> is already established in Madeira (since 1994), and the NW of the Iberian Peninsula (since 2002).</p></boxed-text></p><p>Because <italic>T. citricida</italic> is parthenogenetic, its population threshold for establishment (Allee threshold) is extremely low, as for many aphids. In principle, one single female can start a new colony if it finds a host plant. The more abundant the host plants, the more likely this phenomenon.</p><sec id="efs25103-sec-0036"><label>3.4.3.1</label><title>EU distribution of main host plants</title><p>The main host are citrus plants for which the cultivated area is shown in Table <xref rid="efs25103-tbl-0005" ref-type="table">5</xref>.</p><table-wrap id="efs25103-tbl-0005" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 5</label><caption><p><italic>Citrus</italic> cultivation area (10<sup>3</sup><bold> </bold>ha) in the EU. Source: Eurostat (data extracted on 7 June 2017)</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Country</bold></th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>2011</bold></th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>2012</bold></th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>2013</bold></th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>2014</bold></th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>2015</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Croatia</bold></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.12</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.88</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.17</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.17</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.21</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Cyprus</bold></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.06</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.21</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.63</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.69</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.84</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Greece</bold></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">52.06</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">50.61</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">49.88</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">49.54</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">46.92</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>France</bold></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">3,77</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.89</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.34</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.16</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.21</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Italy</bold></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">160.72</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">146.79</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">163.59</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">140.16</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">149.10</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Portugal</bold></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.59</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.85</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.82</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.80</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.21</td></tr><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Spain</bold></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">317.61</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">310.50</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">306.31</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">302.46</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">298.72</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>EU (28 MS)</bold></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">558.93</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">536.73</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">548.75</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">520.99</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">524.21</td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap></sec><sec id="efs25103-sec-0037"><label>3.4.3.2</label><title>Climatic conditions affecting establishment</title><p>The life cycle of <italic>T. citricida</italic> is linked to the phenology of plants belonging to the genus <italic>Citrus</italic> (Michaud, <xref rid="efs25103-bib-0014" ref-type="ref">1998</xref>; Uygun et al., <xref rid="efs25103-bib-0017" ref-type="ref">2012</xref>). <italic>T. citricida</italic> can be found in almost all citrus‐growing regions worldwide except California and the Mediterranean. It can occur in areas with climates similar to those prevailing in the Mediterranean basin, e.g. <italic>Citrus</italic>‐producing regions of South Africa and Western Australia. Climatic conditions in the Mediterranean basin, especially in the regions with commercial <italic>Citrus</italic> production, are likely to be conducive for the establishment of this aphid.</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25103-sec-0038"><label>3.4.4</label><title>Spread</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25103-blkfxd-1006" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Is the pest able to spread within the EU territory following establishment? (Yes or No) How?</italic></p><p>Yes, the pest has indeed spread through the NW of the Iberian Peninsula.</p><p><italic>RNQPs: Is spread mainly via specific plants for planting, rather than via natural spread or via movement of plant products or other objects?</italic></p><p>Although man‐assisted dispersal via plants for planting is most likely the main dispersal mechanism of <italic>T. citricida</italic>, winged adult females can naturally disperse by themselves and both winged and wingless forms can be passively dispersed by thermal updraft currents and storms.</p></boxed-text></p><p><italic>T. citricida</italic> spread from the initial foci found in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula in 2002 (Asturias) towards the south‐west, reaching the Região Centro of Portugal (about 500 km along the Atlantic coast), and eastwards for about 300 km, reaching the Basque Country in 5 years (Ilharco et al., <xref rid="efs25103-bib-0012" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>; Hermoso de Mendoza et al., <xref rid="efs25103-bib-0011" ref-type="ref">2008</xref>). Whether this dispersal has been active (alatae can fly), passive (human‐assisted, air currents), or a combination of both is an open question. From Figure <xref rid="efs25103-fig-0002" ref-type="fig">2</xref>, it seems very likely that the pest is going to colonise the 20,000 ha of citrus plantations in Portugal, from which it can colonise the 300,000 ha citrus‐growing areas in Spain.</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25103-sec-0040"><label>3.5</label><title>Impacts</title><p><italic>Sources: impact reports and other literature</italic><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25103-blkfxd-1007" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Would the pests’ introduction have an economic or environmental impact on the EU territory?</italic></p><p>Yes, the pest would most likely have an impact especially in the citrus growing areas of the EU because this aphid vectors CTV.</p><p><italic>RNQPs: Does the presence of the pest on plants for planting have an economic impact, as regards the intended use of those plants for planting?</italic><xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs25103-note-1009">4</xref></p><p>Yes, especially because this aphid vectors CTV, an important viral disease of citrus.</p></boxed-text></p><p>Economic importance</p><p>The feeding of <italic>T. citricida</italic> on leaves and twigs can result in their deformation (leaf and twig rolling). In the case of flowers, it can cause a considerable blossom drop. Sooty mould can develop on the honeydew produced by the aphids when feeding, which may affect any plant organ, including fruit and causing direct damage. In addition, honeydew attracts ants, which may interfere with the activity of many aphid natural enemies. However, the main impact of <italic>T. citricida</italic> on citrus is due to its capacity to vector several viruses, mostly CTV, including some very aggressive CTV strains injurious even when using CTV‐tolerant rootstocks. The arrival of <italic>T. citricida</italic> into the Mediterranean basin, where most of EU citrus production is located (Table <xref rid="efs25103-tbl-0005" ref-type="table">5</xref>), would represent a risk to the EU citrus industry, especially where trees are not grafted on tolerant rootstocks (Hermoso de Mendoza et al., <xref rid="efs25103-bib-0011" ref-type="ref">2008</xref>; Uygun et al., <xref rid="efs25103-bib-0017" ref-type="ref">2012</xref>; CABI <xref rid="efs25103-bib-0001" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>).</p><p>Availability and limits of mitigation measures
<boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25103-blkfxd-1008" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Are there measures available to prevent the entry into, establishment within or spread of the pest within the EU such that the risk becomes mitigated?</italic></p><p>Yes, prohibition of movement of plant material from infested zones may delay spread within the EU.</p><p><italic>RNQPs: Are there measures available to prevent pest presence on plants for planting such that the risk becomes mitigated?</italic></p><p>Yes, production of nursery plants under physical isolation (screened houses) and application of chemical control can greatly reduce the risks associated to the movement of infested plants for planting.</p></boxed-text></p><sec id="efs25103-sec-0043"><label>3.5.1</label><title>Biological or technical factors limiting the feasibility and effectiveness of measures to prevent the entry, establishment and spread of the pest</title><p><list list-type="bullet" id="efs25103-list-0002"><list-item><p>The pest is already present in the EU.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Small populations, especially on asynchronous leaf flush in citrus, may remain undetected.</p></list-item><list-item><p>The pest can spread by natural means, either actively (winged adult females) or passively (updraft air currents, storms).</p></list-item><list-item><p>The pest is parthenogenetic and hence has a very low population threshold for establishment, provided host plants are locally available. Indeed these aphids are born with the embryos of their granddaughters.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Difficulties in applying current regulations. Although official surveys for presence of <italic>T. citricida</italic> are carried out in Portugal and Spain (both in infested and non‐infested regions), ‘only a very small proportion of the host plants and territories are surveyed. This, together with the lack of systematic checks of surroundings of the infested sites and risk areas, makes it impossible to assess the true distribution of the pest’ (European Commission, <xref rid="efs25103-bib-0002" ref-type="ref">2009</xref>).</p></list-item></list></p></sec><sec id="efs25103-sec-0044"><label>3.5.2</label><title>Biological or technical factors limiting the ability to prevent the presence of the pest on plants for planting</title><p><list list-type="bullet" id="efs25103-list-0003"><list-item><p>As a vector of CTV, very low populations of <italic>T. citricida</italic> can be highly injurious to citrus if viruliferous.</p></list-item><list-item><p>The number of active substances available against this pest in the EU is rather limited. Most authorised products have a limited efficacy on aphids.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Its small size hampers early detection.</p></list-item><list-item><p>This is a typical <italic>r</italic>‐strategist, with explosive populations when conditions are suitable (availability of young foliage, mild temperatures).</p></list-item></list></p></sec><sec id="efs25103-sec-0045"><label>3.5.3</label><title>Control methods</title><p><list list-type="bullet" id="efs25103-list-0004"><list-item><p><underline underline-style="single">Legal control</underline>: a citrus bud‐wood certification programme is essential because of the CTV‐vector status of <italic>T. citricida</italic>. Furthermore eradication/surveillance program are also essential.</p></list-item><list-item><p><underline underline-style="single">Cultural control</underline>: because of the same reason as before, only CTV‐tolerant or resistant rootstock should be used.</p></list-item><list-item><p><underline underline-style="single">Biological control</underline>: <italic>T. citricida</italic> has many natural enemies and their regulation effect on its populations can be maximised by conservation biological control, either by provision of ecological infrastructures (e.g. cover crops) or by using selective pesticides.</p></list-item><list-item><p><underline underline-style="single">Chemical control</underline>: different pesticides can be used to control <italic>T. citricida</italic> populations. However, not many active substances are authorised in citrus against this pest and their efficacy may be limited. This method is key in order to keep aphid population as close to zero in nurseries and, importantly in pest‐free facilities where mother plants are kept.</p></list-item></list></p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25103-sec-0046"><label>3.6</label><title>Uncertainty</title><p>The main uncertainties affecting <italic>T. citricida</italic> categorisation are:</p><p><list list-type="bullet" id="efs25103-list-0005"><list-item><p>The host status of many plant species not belonging to the Rutaceae family where <italic>T. citricida</italic> has been found. Whether these plant species are capable of supporting full development and reproduction of this aphid has not been verified and therefore their host status is not conclusive.</p></list-item><list-item><p>The efficacy of the official control measures against this pest, including surveillance, eradication and certification of citrus plants for planting. Almost no commercial citrus orchards exist in the infested areas of the northwestern of the Iberian Peninsula and citrus in these areas are mostly isolated backyard trees (mainly lemons). It is uncertain whether the pest‐free status of the main citrus growing regions of Portugal and Spain is the result of these official measures or to a combination of biological (low dispersal capability, lack of a continuous host distribution), geographical (existence of mountains and semi‐desert areas) and commercial (most citrus nurseries are located in the main citrus–growing areas of the Mediterranean) constraints.</p></list-item></list></p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25103-sec-0047"><label>4</label><title>Conclusions</title><p>Considering the criteria within the remit of EFSA to assess the status as a potential Union QP, as a potential PZQP or as a RNQP, <italic>T. citricida</italic> meets with no uncertainties the criteria assessed by EFSA for consideration as a potential Union QP (Table <xref rid="efs25103-tbl-0006" ref-type="table">6</xref>).</p><table-wrap id="efs25103-tbl-0006" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 6</label><caption><p>The Panel's conclusions on the pest categorisation criteria defined in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 on protective measures against pests of plants (the number of the relevant sections of the pest categorisation is shown in brackets in the first column)</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Criterion of pest categorisation</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Panel's conclusions against criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding Union quarantine pest</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Panel's conclusions against criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding Union regulated non‐quarantine pest</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Key uncertainties</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Identity of the pest (Section</bold> <xref rid="efs25103-sec-0016" ref-type="sec">3.1</xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The identity of the pest is established. Conventional taxonomic keys based on morphology of both winged and wingless adult females exist. </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The identity of the pest is established. Conventional taxonomic keys based on morphology of both winged and wingless adult females exist. </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No uncertainties</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Absence/presence of the pest in the EU territory (Section</bold> <xref rid="efs25103-sec-0022" ref-type="sec">3.2</xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The pest is present in the EU territory with a restricted distribution in Portugal and Spain. </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The pest is present in the EU territory with a restricted distribution in Portugal and Spain..</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No uncertainties</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Regulatory status (Section</bold> <xref rid="efs25103-sec-0026" ref-type="sec">3.3</xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The pest is under official control (including surveillance and eradication upon detection) in Portugal and Spain.(2000/29 EC) </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The pest is at present regulated as a quarantine pest.(2000/29 EC) Since its first detection in continental EU, these regulations (e.g., .certification, eradication) may have prevented entry/spread into main EU citrus growing areas of the Mediterranean.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Efficacy of official control measures. The fact that citrus in the infested areas are mostly isolated backyard trees may have affected the success of these measures.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Pest potential for entry, establishment and spread in the EU territory (Section</bold> <xref rid="efs25103-sec-0030" ref-type="sec">3.4</xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The pest is already present and established in the EU. It could further spread using the following pathways:
<list list-type="bullet" id="efs25103-list-0006"><list-item><p>Citrus plants for planting</p></list-item><list-item><p>Other host plants for planting</p></list-item><list-item><p>Active flying of winged adult females</p></list-item><list-item><p>Passive movement with air currents</p></list-item></list></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plants for planting is considered the main pathway for this insect rather than natural spread.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The actual status of non Rutaceae plants</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Potential for consequences in the EU territory (Section</bold> <xref rid="efs25103-sec-0040" ref-type="sec">3.5</xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Introduction into EU main citrus growing areas in the Mediterranean is considered as a high risk because of its status as the most efficient vector of CTV.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The presence of the pest on plants for planting has an economic impact, as regards the intended use of those plants for planting. </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No uncertainties</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Available measures (Section</bold> <xref rid="efs25103-sec-0046" ref-type="sec">3.6</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">There are measures available to prevent the entry into, establishment within or spread of <italic>T. citricida</italic> within the EU such that the risk becomes mitigated (e.g., sourcing plants from pest‐free areas/places of production, production under physical isolation, chemical control, etc.). </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">There are measures available to prevent <italic>T. citricida</italic> presence on plants for planting such that the risk becomes mitigated (e.g., sourcing plants from pest‐free areas/places of production, production under physical isolation, chemical control, etc.). </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No uncertainties</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Conclusion on pest categorisation (Section</bold> <xref rid="efs25103-sec-0047" ref-type="sec">4</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All criteria assessed by EFSA above for consideration as a potential quarantine pest are met. Although <italic>T. citricida</italic> is present in the EU territory, it has a restricted distribution and is under official control.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not all criteria assessed by EFSA above for consideration as a potential regulated non‐quarantine pest are met. Although <italic>T. citricida</italic> is present in the EU territory, it has a restricted distribution and is under official control. </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No uncertainties</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Aspects of assessment to focus on/scenarios to address in future if appropriate</bold></td><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><list list-type="bullet" id="efs25103-list-0007"><list-item><p>Confirm host status for non‐rutaceous plants on which <italic>T. citricida</italic> has been found.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Potential pathways (non‐citrus).</p></list-item><list-item><p>A survey to update the distribution of <italic>T. citricida</italic> in the EU would help in reducing uncertainty about the extent of the infested area.</p></list-item></list></td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap></sec><sec id="efs25103-sec-0048"><title>Abbreviations</title><p><def-list list-type="simple"><def-item><term>DG SANCO</term><def><p>Directorate General for Health and Consumers</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>EPPO</term><def><p>European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>FAO</term><def><p>Food and Agriculture Organization</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>IPPC</term><def><p>International Plant Protection Convention</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>MS</term><def><p>Member State</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>PLH</term><def><p>EFSA Panel on Plant Health</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>PZQP</term><def><p>protected zone quarantine pest</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>QP</term><def><p>quarantine pest</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>RNQP</term><def><p>regulated non‐quarantine pest TFEU Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>ToR</term><def><p>Terms of Reference</p></def></def-item></def-list></p></sec><sec id="efs25103-sec-0049"><title>Appendix A – Host records for Toxoptera citricida</title><p>Primary hosts of <italic>T. citricida</italic> are citrus and citrus relatives (Rutaceae) (Order Geraniales, Suborder Geraniineae, mostly in the Subfamily Aurantiodeae, Tribe Citreae) (CABI, <xref rid="efs25103-bib-0001" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>). However, there are many additional host records, which may offer a temporarily host when no new citrus leaf or flower flush is available. Therefore, there is high uncertainty about the suitability of these plants to support the complete development and reproduction of <italic>T. citricida</italic>. The table below has been mostly taken from Michaud (<xref rid="efs25103-bib-0014" ref-type="ref">1998</xref>).</p><table-wrap id="efs25103-tbl-0007" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table A.1</label><caption><p>Host records for <italic>T. citricida</italic> (adapted from Michaud, <xref rid="efs25103-bib-0014" ref-type="ref">1998</xref>)</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Family</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Host records</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Anacardiaceae</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Mangifera</italic> sp., <italic>Mangifera indica</italic>,<italic> Rhus</italic> sp.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bombaceae</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Bombax ceiba</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bursaceae</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Commiphora mollis</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cameliaceae</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Camellia japonica</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Caryophillaceae</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dianthus</italic> sp.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dioscuraceae</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dioscorea rotundata</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ebenaceae</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diospyros kaki</italic>,<italic> Diospyros</italic> sp.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ericaceae</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Azalea</italic> sp., <italic>Rhododendron</italic> sp.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Euphorbiaceae</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Bridelia monoica</italic>,<italic> B. obata</italic>,<italic> Clutia abyssinicum</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fagaceae</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Quercus</italic> sp.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Flacouatiaceae</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Xylosna congestum</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Juglandaceae</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Engelhardtia spicata</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lauraceae</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cinnamomum camphora</italic>,<italic> Litsia polyantha</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Malpighiaceae</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Malpighia punicifolia</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Malvaceae</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gossypium hirsutum</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Moraceae</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cudrania tricuspidata</italic>,<italic> Ficus carica</italic>,<italic> F. ingens</italic>,<italic> F. retusa</italic>,<italic> Maclura cochinchinensis</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mysinaceae</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Maesa chisea</italic>,<italic> Maesa</italic> sp.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nyctaginaceae</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Bouganvillea spectabilis</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oxalidaceae</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Oxalis pes‐caprae</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Papilionaceae</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cassia absus</italic>,<italic> Cassia</italic> sp.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Passifloraceae</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Passiflora foetida</italic>,<italic> Passiflora</italic> sp.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rosaceae</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cotoneaster</italic> sp. <italic>Crataegus</italic> sp., <italic>Eriobotrya</italic> sp., <italic>Malus domestica</italic>,<italic> M. sylvestris</italic>,<italic> Pyrus communis</italic>,<italic> Pyrus</italic> sp.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rubiaceae</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Lasianthus chinensis</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rutaceae</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Calodendron capense</italic>,<italic> Choisya trenata</italic>,<italic> Citrifortunella floridiana</italic>,<italic> C. microcarpa, Citrus</italic> spp., <italic>Clausena lanisum, Eremocitrus glauca, Evodia huphensis, Geijera parvifolia, Flindersia xanthoxyla, Fortunella</italic> sp., <italic>Fortunella maragarita, Murraya exotica, M. paniculata, Poncirus trifoliata, Severinia buxifolia, Toddalia asiática, Triphasia trifolia, Vepris undulata, Zanthoxylum fagara, Z. ornatum, Zanthoxylum</italic> sp.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ternstroemiaceae</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Schima wallichii</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ulmaceae</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ulmus procera, Trema orientalis</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Urticaceae</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Boehmeria</italic> sp.</td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap></sec></body><back><fn-group id="efs25103-ntgp-0002"><title>Notes</title><fn id="efs25103-note-1006"><label>1</label><p>Council Directive 2000/29/EC of 8 May 2000 on protective measures against the introduction into the Community of organisms harmful to plants or plant products and against their spread within the Community. OJ L 169/1, 10.7.2000, p. 1–112.</p></fn><fn id="efs25103-note-1007"><label>2</label><p>Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 of the European Parliament of the Council of 26 October 2016 on protective measures against pests of plants. OJ L 317, 23.11.2016, p. 4–104.</p></fn><fn id="efs25103-note-1008"><label>3</label><p>Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 January 2002 laying down the general principles and requirements of food law, establishing the European Food Safety Authority and laying down procedures in matters of food safety. OJ L 31/1, 1.2.2002, p. 1–24.</p></fn><fn id="efs25103-note-1009"><label>4</label><p>See section <xref rid="efs25103-sec-0011" ref-type="sec">2.1</xref> on what falls outside EFSA's remit.</p></fn></fn-group><ref-list content-type="cited-references" id="efs25103-bibl-0001"><title>References</title><ref id="efs25103-bib-0001"><mixed-citation publication-type="miscellaneous" id="efs25103-cit-0001"><collab collab-type="authors">CABI</collab>(Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences International), <year>2017</year><article-title>Toxoptera citricida (black citrus aphid). CABI Invasive Species Compendium Datasheet 54271, Last Modified 11 October 2017</article-title>. Invasive Species Compendium. 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