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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Pest categorisation of Cadang‐Cadang viroid</title><author><name sortKey="Jeger, Michael" sort="Jeger, Michael" uniqKey="Jeger M" first="Michael" last="Jeger">Michael Jeger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bragard, Claude" sort="Bragard, Claude" uniqKey="Bragard C" first="Claude" last="Bragard">Claude Bragard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Caffier, David" sort="Caffier, David" uniqKey="Caffier D" first="David" last="Caffier">David Caffier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Candresse, Thierry" sort="Candresse, Thierry" uniqKey="Candresse T" first="Thierry" last="Candresse">Thierry Candresse</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dehnen Chmutz, Katharina" sort="Dehnen Chmutz, Katharina" uniqKey="Dehnen Chmutz K" first="Katharina" last="Dehnen-Schmutz">Katharina Dehnen-Schmutz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gilioli, Gianni" sort="Gilioli, Gianni" uniqKey="Gilioli G" first="Gianni" last="Gilioli">Gianni Gilioli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gregoire, Jean Laude" sort="Gregoire, Jean Laude" uniqKey="Gregoire J" first="Jean-Claude" last="Gregoire">Jean-Claude Gregoire</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jaques Miret, Josep Anton" sort="Jaques Miret, Josep Anton" uniqKey="Jaques Miret J" first="Josep Anton" last="Jaques Miret">Josep Anton Jaques Miret</name></author><author><name sortKey="Macleod, Alan" sort="Macleod, Alan" uniqKey="Macleod A" first="Alan" last="Macleod">Alan Macleod</name></author><author><name sortKey="Navajas Navarro, Maria" sort="Navajas Navarro, Maria" uniqKey="Navajas Navarro M" first="Maria" last="Navajas Navarro">Maria Navajas Navarro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Niere, Bjorn" sort="Niere, Bjorn" uniqKey="Niere B" first="Björn" last="Niere">Björn Niere</name></author><author><name sortKey="Parnell, Stephen" sort="Parnell, Stephen" uniqKey="Parnell S" first="Stephen" last="Parnell">Stephen Parnell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Potting, Roel" sort="Potting, Roel" uniqKey="Potting R" first="Roel" last="Potting">Roel Potting</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rafoss, Trond" sort="Rafoss, Trond" uniqKey="Rafoss T" first="Trond" last="Rafoss">Trond Rafoss</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rossi, Vittorio" sort="Rossi, Vittorio" uniqKey="Rossi V" first="Vittorio" last="Rossi">Vittorio Rossi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Urek, Gregor" sort="Urek, Gregor" uniqKey="Urek G" first="Gregor" last="Urek">Gregor Urek</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Bruggen, Ariena" sort="Van Bruggen, Ariena" uniqKey="Van Bruggen A" first="Ariena" last="Van Bruggen">Ariena Van Bruggen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Der Werf, Wopke Van" sort="Der Werf, Wopke Van" uniqKey="Der Werf W" first="Wopke Van" last="Der Werf">Wopke Van Der Werf</name></author><author><name sortKey="West, Jonathan" sort="West, Jonathan" uniqKey="West J" first="Jonathan" last="West">Jonathan West</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chatzivassiliou, Elisavet" sort="Chatzivassiliou, Elisavet" uniqKey="Chatzivassiliou E" first="Elisavet" last="Chatzivassiliou">Elisavet Chatzivassiliou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Winter, Stephan" sort="Winter, Stephan" uniqKey="Winter S" first="Stephan" last="Winter">Stephan Winter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hollo, Gabor" sort="Hollo, Gabor" uniqKey="Hollo G" first="Gabor" last="Hollo">Gabor Hollo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Candresse, Thierry" sort="Candresse, Thierry" uniqKey="Candresse T" first="Thierry" last="Candresse">Thierry Candresse</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">32625584</idno><idno type="pmc">7010175</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7010175</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:7010175</idno><idno type="doi">10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4928</idno><date when="2017">2017</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000646</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000646</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Pest categorisation of Cadang‐Cadang viroid</title><author><name sortKey="Jeger, Michael" sort="Jeger, Michael" uniqKey="Jeger M" first="Michael" last="Jeger">Michael Jeger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bragard, Claude" sort="Bragard, Claude" uniqKey="Bragard C" first="Claude" last="Bragard">Claude Bragard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Caffier, David" sort="Caffier, David" uniqKey="Caffier D" first="David" last="Caffier">David Caffier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Candresse, Thierry" sort="Candresse, Thierry" uniqKey="Candresse T" first="Thierry" last="Candresse">Thierry Candresse</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dehnen Chmutz, Katharina" sort="Dehnen Chmutz, Katharina" uniqKey="Dehnen Chmutz K" first="Katharina" last="Dehnen-Schmutz">Katharina Dehnen-Schmutz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gilioli, Gianni" sort="Gilioli, Gianni" uniqKey="Gilioli G" first="Gianni" last="Gilioli">Gianni Gilioli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gregoire, Jean Laude" sort="Gregoire, Jean Laude" uniqKey="Gregoire J" first="Jean-Claude" last="Gregoire">Jean-Claude Gregoire</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jaques Miret, Josep Anton" sort="Jaques Miret, Josep Anton" uniqKey="Jaques Miret J" first="Josep Anton" last="Jaques Miret">Josep Anton Jaques Miret</name></author><author><name sortKey="Macleod, Alan" sort="Macleod, Alan" uniqKey="Macleod A" first="Alan" last="Macleod">Alan Macleod</name></author><author><name sortKey="Navajas Navarro, Maria" sort="Navajas Navarro, Maria" uniqKey="Navajas Navarro M" first="Maria" last="Navajas Navarro">Maria Navajas Navarro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Niere, Bjorn" sort="Niere, Bjorn" uniqKey="Niere B" first="Björn" last="Niere">Björn Niere</name></author><author><name sortKey="Parnell, Stephen" sort="Parnell, Stephen" uniqKey="Parnell S" first="Stephen" last="Parnell">Stephen Parnell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Potting, Roel" sort="Potting, Roel" uniqKey="Potting R" first="Roel" last="Potting">Roel Potting</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rafoss, Trond" sort="Rafoss, Trond" uniqKey="Rafoss T" first="Trond" last="Rafoss">Trond Rafoss</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rossi, Vittorio" sort="Rossi, Vittorio" uniqKey="Rossi V" first="Vittorio" last="Rossi">Vittorio Rossi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Urek, Gregor" sort="Urek, Gregor" uniqKey="Urek G" first="Gregor" last="Urek">Gregor Urek</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Bruggen, Ariena" sort="Van Bruggen, Ariena" uniqKey="Van Bruggen A" first="Ariena" last="Van Bruggen">Ariena Van Bruggen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Der Werf, Wopke Van" sort="Der Werf, Wopke Van" uniqKey="Der Werf W" first="Wopke Van" last="Der Werf">Wopke Van Der Werf</name></author><author><name sortKey="West, Jonathan" sort="West, Jonathan" uniqKey="West J" first="Jonathan" last="West">Jonathan West</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chatzivassiliou, Elisavet" sort="Chatzivassiliou, Elisavet" uniqKey="Chatzivassiliou E" first="Elisavet" last="Chatzivassiliou">Elisavet Chatzivassiliou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Winter, Stephan" sort="Winter, Stephan" uniqKey="Winter S" first="Stephan" last="Winter">Stephan Winter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hollo, Gabor" sort="Hollo, Gabor" uniqKey="Hollo G" first="Gabor" last="Hollo">Gabor Hollo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Candresse, Thierry" sort="Candresse, Thierry" uniqKey="Candresse T" first="Thierry" last="Candresse">Thierry Candresse</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j">EFSA Journal</title><idno type="eISSN">1831-4732</idno><imprint><date when="2017">2017</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><title>Abstract</title><p>The <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EFSA</styled-content> Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of Cadang‐Cadang viroid for the European Union (<styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content>) territory. <italic>Coconut cadang‐cadang viroid</italic> (<styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">CCCV</styled-content>d) is a well‐known viroid for which efficient molecular detection assays are available. It is transmitted by vegetative multiplication of infected hosts, by seed and pollen and, possibly, by the action of unknown vector(s). <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">CCCV</styled-content>d is reported from a few countries in Asia and is not known to occur in the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content>. It therefore does not meet one of the criteria for being a Union regulated non‐quarantine pest. The host range of <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">CCCV</styled-content>d is restricted to Arecaceae species (palms), in particular coconut and it is listed on all known hosts in Annex <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">IIAI</styled-content> of Directive 2000/29/<styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EC</styled-content>. <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">CCCV</styled-content>d is expected to be able to enter in the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content> and to be able to establish in the open in the southernmost regions of the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content> and elsewhere under protected cultivation. It has the potential to subsequently spread via plants for planting and possibly other mechanisms. <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">CCCV</styled-content>d is able to cause severe symptoms in some Arecaceae species while others seem less affected. The potential impact of <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">CCCV</styled-content>d if introduced in the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content> is very difficult to assess. Given that the spread potential is, as for other viroids, likely to be limited, the potential impact is estimated to be limited in extent but this judgement is affected by large uncertainties. Overall, <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">CCCV</styled-content>d meets all the criteria evaluated by <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EFSA</styled-content> to qualify as Union quarantine pest. The main knowledge gaps concern (1) the relationships between <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">CCCV</styled-content>d‐related <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">RNA</styled-content>s and <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">CCCV</styled-content>d, (2) the origin and volume of the trade in palm seeds and plants for planting imported in the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content> (3) the efficiency of natural spread under <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content> conditions and (4) host status and susceptibility of many palm species grown in the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content>.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hadidi, A" uniqKey="Hadidi A">A Hadidi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hadidi, A" uniqKey="Hadidi A">A Hadidi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">EFSA J</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">EFSA J</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="doi">10.1002/(ISSN)1831-4732</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">EFS2</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>EFSA Journal</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1831-4732</issn><publisher><publisher-name>John Wiley and Sons Inc.</publisher-name><publisher-loc>Hoboken</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">32625584</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">7010175</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4928</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">EFS24928</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="overline"><subject>Scientific Opinion</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Scientific Opinion</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Pest categorisation of Cadang‐Cadang viroid</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib id="efs24928-cr-0001" contrib-type="author"><collab collab-type="authors">EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH)</collab></contrib><contrib id="efs24928-cr-0002" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jeger</surname><given-names>Michael</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs24928-cr-0003" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bragard</surname><given-names>Claude</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs24928-cr-0004" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Caffier</surname><given-names>David</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs24928-cr-0005" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Candresse</surname><given-names>Thierry</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs24928-cr-0006" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dehnen‐Schmutz</surname><given-names>Katharina</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs24928-cr-0007" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gilioli</surname><given-names>Gianni</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs24928-cr-0008" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gregoire</surname><given-names>Jean‐Claude</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs24928-cr-0009" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jaques Miret</surname><given-names>Josep Anton</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs24928-cr-0010" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>MacLeod</surname><given-names>Alan</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs24928-cr-0011" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Navajas Navarro</surname><given-names>Maria</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs24928-cr-0012" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Niere</surname><given-names>Björn</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs24928-cr-0013" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Parnell</surname><given-names>Stephen</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs24928-cr-0014" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Potting</surname><given-names>Roel</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs24928-cr-0015" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rafoss</surname><given-names>Trond</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs24928-cr-0016" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rossi</surname><given-names>Vittorio</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs24928-cr-0017" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Urek</surname><given-names>Gregor</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs24928-cr-0018" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Van Bruggen</surname><given-names>Ariena</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs24928-cr-0019" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>der Werf</surname><given-names>Wopke Van</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs24928-cr-0020" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>West</surname><given-names>Jonathan</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs24928-cr-0021" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chatzivassiliou</surname><given-names>Elisavet</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs24928-cr-0022" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Winter</surname><given-names>Stephan</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs24928-cr-0023" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hollo</surname><given-names>Gabor</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs24928-cr-0024" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Candresse</surname><given-names>Thierry</given-names></name></contrib></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="correspondenceTo"><bold>Correspondence: </bold><email>alpha@efsa.europa.eu</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>18</day><month>7</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>7</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>7</issue><issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/efs2.2017.15.issue-7</issue-id><elocation-id>e04928</elocation-id><permissions><pmc-comment> © European Food Safety Authority </pmc-comment>
<copyright-statement content-type="article-copyright">© 2017 European Food Safety Authority. <italic>EFSA Journal</italic> published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.</copyright-statement><license license-type="creativeCommonsBy-nd"><license-p>This is an open access article under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/</ext-link> License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and no modifications or adaptations are made.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="file:EFS2-15-e04928.pdf"></self-uri><abstract id="efs24928-abs-0001"><title>Abstract</title><p>The <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EFSA</styled-content> Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of Cadang‐Cadang viroid for the European Union (<styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content>) territory. <italic>Coconut cadang‐cadang viroid</italic> (<styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">CCCV</styled-content>d) is a well‐known viroid for which efficient molecular detection assays are available. It is transmitted by vegetative multiplication of infected hosts, by seed and pollen and, possibly, by the action of unknown vector(s). <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">CCCV</styled-content>d is reported from a few countries in Asia and is not known to occur in the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content>. It therefore does not meet one of the criteria for being a Union regulated non‐quarantine pest. The host range of <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">CCCV</styled-content>d is restricted to Arecaceae species (palms), in particular coconut and it is listed on all known hosts in Annex <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">IIAI</styled-content> of Directive 2000/29/<styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EC</styled-content>. <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">CCCV</styled-content>d is expected to be able to enter in the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content> and to be able to establish in the open in the southernmost regions of the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content> and elsewhere under protected cultivation. It has the potential to subsequently spread via plants for planting and possibly other mechanisms. <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">CCCV</styled-content>d is able to cause severe symptoms in some Arecaceae species while others seem less affected. The potential impact of <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">CCCV</styled-content>d if introduced in the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content> is very difficult to assess. Given that the spread potential is, as for other viroids, likely to be limited, the potential impact is estimated to be limited in extent but this judgement is affected by large uncertainties. Overall, <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">CCCV</styled-content>d meets all the criteria evaluated by <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EFSA</styled-content> to qualify as Union quarantine pest. The main knowledge gaps concern (1) the relationships between <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">CCCV</styled-content>d‐related <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">RNA</styled-content>s and <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">CCCV</styled-content>d, (2) the origin and volume of the trade in palm seeds and plants for planting imported in the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content> (3) the efficiency of natural spread under <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content> conditions and (4) host status and susceptibility of many palm species grown in the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content>.</p></abstract><kwd-group kwd-group-type="author-generated"><kwd id="efs24928-kwd-0001">cadang‐cadang viroid</kwd><kwd id="efs24928-kwd-0002">cadang‐cadang disease</kwd><kwd id="efs24928-kwd-0003">orange spotting disease</kwd><kwd id="efs24928-kwd-0004"><styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">CCCV</styled-content>d</kwd><kwd id="efs24928-kwd-0005">palm</kwd><kwd id="efs24928-kwd-0006">coconut</kwd><kwd id="efs24928-kwd-0007">Arecaceae</kwd></kwd-group><counts><fig-count count="0"></fig-count><table-count count="5"></table-count><page-count count="23"></page-count><word-count count="11884"></word-count></counts><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>source-schema-version-number</meta-name><meta-value>2.0</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>cover-date</meta-name><meta-value>July 2017</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>details-of-publishers-convertor</meta-name><meta-value>Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:5.7.5 mode:remove_FC converted:21.01.2020</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta><notes><p content-type="self-citation"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" id="efs24928-cit-1001"><bold>Suggested citation: </bold><collab collab-type="authors">EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH)</collab>, <string-name><surname>Jeger</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Bragard</surname><given-names>C</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Caffier</surname><given-names>D</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Candresse</surname><given-names>T</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Dehnen‐Schmutz</surname><given-names>K</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Gilioli</surname><given-names>G</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Gregoire</surname><given-names>J‐C</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Jaques Miret</surname><given-names>JA</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>MacLeod</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Navajas Navarro</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Niere</surname><given-names>B</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Parnell</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Potting</surname><given-names>R</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Rafoss</surname><given-names>T</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Rossi</surname><given-names>V</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Urek</surname><given-names>G</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Van Bruggen</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Van der Werf</surname><given-names>W</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>West</surname><given-names>J</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Chatzivassiliou</surname><given-names>E</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Winter</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Hollo</surname><given-names>G</given-names></string-name> and <string-name><surname>Candresse</surname><given-names>T</given-names></string-name>, <year>2017</year><article-title>Scientific Opinon on the pest categorisation of Cadang‐Cadang viroid</article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">EFSA Journal</source> 2017;<volume>15</volume>(<issue>7</issue>):4928, 23 pp. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4928</pub-id></mixed-citation></p><fn-group id="efs24928-ntgp-0001"><fn id="efs24928-note-1001"><p><bold>Requestor:</bold> European Commission</p></fn><fn id="efs24928-note-1002"><p><bold>Question number:</bold> EFSA‐Q‐2017‐00201</p></fn><fn id="efs24928-note-1003"><p><bold>Panel members:</bold> Claude Bragard, David Caffier, Thierry Candresse, Elisavet Chatzivassiliou, Katharina Dehnen‐Schmutz, Gianni Gilioli, Jean‐Claude Gregoire, Josep Anton Jaques Miret, Michael Jeger, Alan MacLeod, Maria Navajas Navarro, Björn Niere, Stephen Parnell, Roel Potting, Trond Rafoss, Vittorio Rossi, Gregor Urek, Ariena Van Bruggen, Wopke Van der Werf, Jonathan West and Stephan Winter.</p></fn><fn id="efs24928-note-1004"><p>Adopted: 27 June 2017</p></fn></fn-group></notes></front><body id="efs24928-body-0001"><sec id="efs24928-sec-0002"><label>1</label><title>Introduction</title><sec id="efs24928-sec-0003"><label>1.1</label><title>Background and Terms of Reference as provided by the requestor</title><sec id="efs24928-sec-0004"><label>1.1.1</label><title>Background</title><p>Council Directive 2000/29/EC<xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs24928-note-1005">1</xref> on protective measures against the introduction into the Community of organisms harmful to plants or plant products and against their spread within the Community establishes the present European Union plant health regime. The Directive lays down the phytosanitary provisions and the control checks to be carried out at the place of origin on plants and plant products destined for the Union or to be moved within the Union. In the Directive's 2000/29/EC annexes, the list of harmful organisms (pests) whose introduction into or spread within the Union is prohibited, is detailed together with specific requirements for import or internal movement.</p><p>Following the evaluation of the plant health regime, the new basic plant health law, Regulation (EU) 2016/2031<xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs24928-note-1006">2</xref> on protective measures against pests of plants, was adopted on 26 October 2016 and will apply from 14 December 2019 onwards, repealing Directive 2000/29/EC. In line with the principles of the above mentioned legislation and the follow‐up work of the secondary legislation for the listing of EU regulated pests, EFSA is requested to provide pest categorizations of the harmful organisms included in the annexes of Directive 2000/29/EC, in the cases where recent pest risk assessment/pest categorisation is not available.</p></sec><sec id="efs24928-sec-0005"><label>1.1.2</label><title>Terms of Reference</title><p>EFSA is requested, pursuant to Article 22(5.b) and Article 29(1) of Regulation (EC) No 178/2002<xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs24928-note-1007">3</xref>, to provide scientific opinion in the field of plant health.</p><p>EFSA is requested to prepare and deliver a pest categorisation (step 1 analysis) for each of the regulated pests included in the appendices of the annex to this mandate. The methodology and template of pest categorisation have already been developed in past mandates for the organisms listed in Annex II Part A Section II of Directive 2000/29/EC. The same methodology and outcome is expected for this work as well.</p><p>The list of the harmful organisms included in the annex to this mandate comprises 133 harmful organisms or groups. A pest categorisation is expected for these 133 pests or groups and the delivery of the work would be stepwise at regular intervals through the year as detailed below. First priority covers the harmful organisms included in Appendix 1, comprising pests from Annex II Part A Section I and Annex II Part B of Directive 2000/29/EC. The delivery of all pest categorisations for the pests included in Appendix 1 is June 2018. The second priority is the pests included in Appendix 2, comprising the group of Cicadellidae (non‐EU) known to be vector of Pierce's disease (caused by <italic>Xylella fastidiosa</italic>), the group of Tephritidae (non‐EU), the group of potato viruses and virus‐like organisms, the group of viruses and virus‐like organisms of <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Fragaria</italic> L., <italic>Malus</italic> Mill., <italic>Prunus</italic> L., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L., <italic>Ribes</italic> L., <italic>Rubus</italic> L. and <italic>Vitis</italic> L. and the group of Margarodes (non‐EU species). The delivery of all pest categorisations for the pests included in Appendix 2 is end 2019. The pests included in Appendix 3 cover pests of Annex I part A section I and all pests categorisations should be delivered by end 2020.</p><p>For the above mentioned groups, each covering a large number of pests, the pest categorisation will be performed for the group and not the individual harmful organisms listed under “such as” notation in the Annexes of the Directive 2000/29/EC. The criteria to be taken particularly under consideration for these cases, is the analysis of host pest combination, investigation of pathways, the damages occurring and the relevant impact.</p><p>Finally, as indicated in the text above, all references to ‘non‐European’ should be avoided and replaced by ‘non‐EU’ and refer to all territories with exception of the Union territories as defined in Article 1 point 3 of Regulation (EU) 2016/2031.</p><sec id="efs24928-sec-0006"><label>1.1.2.1</label><title>Terms of Reference: Appendix 1</title><p>List of harmful organisms for which pest categorisation is requested. The list below follows the annexes of Directive 2000/29/EC.</p><p><table-wrap id="nlm-table-wrap-1" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="anchor"><table frame="void" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><tbody><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><underline underline-style="single"><italic toggle="yes"><bold>Annex IIAI</bold></italic></underline></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Aleurocantus</italic> spp.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Numonia pyrivorella</italic> (Matsumura)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Anthonomus bisignifer</italic> (Schenkling)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Oligonychus perditus</italic> Pritchard and Baker</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Anthonomus signatus</italic> (Say)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pissodes</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Aschistonyx eppoi</italic> Inouye</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Scirtothrips aurantii</italic> Faure</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Carposina niponensis</italic> Walsingham</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Scirtothrips</italic> citri (Moultex)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Enarmonia packardi</italic> (Zeller)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Scolytidae</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Enarmonia prunivora</italic> Walsh</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Scrobipalpopsis solanivora</italic> Povolny</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Grapholita inopinata</italic> Heinrich</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Tachypterellus quadrigibbus</italic> Say</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hishomonus phycitis</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Toxoptera citricida</italic> Kirk.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Leucaspis japonica</italic> Ckll.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Unaspis citri</italic> Comstock</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Listronotus bonariensis</italic> (Kuschel)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(b) Bacteria</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Citrus variegated chlorosis</td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae (Ishiyama) Dye and pv. oryzicola (Fang</italic>. et al.<italic>) Dye</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Erwinia stewartii</italic> (Smith) Dye</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(c) Fungi</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Alternaria alternata</italic> (Fr.) Keissler (non‐EU pathogenic isolates)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Elsinoe</italic> spp. Bitanc. and Jenk. Mendes</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Anisogramma anomala</italic> (Peck) E. Müller</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Fusarium oxysporum</italic> f. sp<italic>. albedinis</italic> (Kilian and Maire) Gordon</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Apiosporina morbosa</italic> (Schwein.) v. Arx</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Guignardia piricola</italic> (Nosa) Yamamoto</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ceratocystis virescens</italic> (Davidson) Moreau</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Puccinia pittieriana</italic> Hennings</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cercoseptoria pini‐densiflorae</italic> (Hori and Nambu) Deighton</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Stegophora ulmea</italic> (Schweinitz: Fries) Sydow & Sydow</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cercospora angolensis</italic> Carv. and Mendes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Venturia nashicola</italic> Tanaka and Yamamoto</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(d) Virus and virus‐like organisms</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Beet curly top virus (non‐EU isolates)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Little cherry pathogen (non‐ EU isolates)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Black raspberry latent virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Naturally spreading psorosis</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Blight and blight‐like</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Palm lethal yellowing mycoplasm</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cadang‐Cadang viroid</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Satsuma dwarf virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Citrus tristeza virus (non‐EU isolates)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tatter leaf virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leprosis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Witches’ broom (MLO)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><underline underline-style="single"><italic toggle="yes"><bold>Annex IIB</bold></italic></underline></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insect mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Anthonomus grandis</italic> (Boh.)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ips amitinus</italic> Eichhof</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cephalcia lariciphila</italic> (Klug)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ips cembrae</italic> Heer</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dendroctonus micans</italic> Kugelan</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ips duplicatus</italic> Sahlberg</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gilphinia hercyniae</italic> (Hartig)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ips sexdentatus</italic> Börner</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gonipterus scutellatus</italic> Gyll.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ips typographus</italic> Heer</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Sternochetus mangiferae Fabricius</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(b) Bacteria</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens (Hedges) Collins and Jones</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(c) Fungi</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Glomerella gossypii</italic> Edgerton</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hypoxylon mammatum (Wahl.) J. Miller</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gremmeniella abietina</italic> (Lag.) Morelet</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></p></sec><sec id="efs24928-sec-0007"><label>1.1.2.2</label><title>Terms of Reference: Appendix 2</title><p>List of harmful organisms for which pest categorisation is requested per group. The list below follows the categorisation included in the annexes of Directive 2000/29/EC.</p><p><table-wrap id="nlm-table-wrap-2" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="anchor"><table frame="void" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><tbody><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><underline underline-style="single"><italic toggle="yes"><bold>Annex IAI</bold></italic></underline></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Group of Cicadellidae (non‐EU) known to be vector of Pierce's disease (caused by <italic>Xylella fastidiosa</italic>), such as:</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1) <italic>Carneocephala fulgida</italic> Nottingham</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3) <italic>Graphocephala atropunctata</italic> (Signoret)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2) <italic>Draeculacephala minerva</italic> Ball</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Group of Tephritidae (non‐EU) such as:</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1) <italic>Anastrepha fraterculus</italic> (Wiedemann)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12) <italic>Pardalaspis cyanescens</italic> Bezzi</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2) <italic>Anastrepha ludens</italic> (Loew)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13) <italic>Pardalaspis quinaria</italic> Bezzi</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3) <italic>Anastrepha obliqua</italic> Macquart</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14) <italic>Pterandrus rosa</italic> (Karsch)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4) <italic>Anastrepha suspensa</italic> (Loew)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15) <italic>Rhacochlaena japonica</italic> Ito</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5) <italic>Dacus ciliatus</italic> Loew</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16) <italic>Rhagoletis completa</italic> Cresson</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6) <italic>Dacus curcurbitae</italic> Coquillet</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17) <italic>Rhagoletis fausta</italic> (Osten‐Sacken)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7) <italic>Dacus dorsalis</italic> Hendel</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18) <italic>Rhagoletis indifferens</italic> Curran</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8) <italic>Dacus tryoni</italic> (Froggatt)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19) <italic>Rhagoletis mendax</italic> Curran</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9) <italic>Dacus tsuneonis</italic> Miyake</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20) <italic>Rhagoletis pomonella</italic> Walsh</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10) <italic>Dacus zonatus</italic> Saund.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21) <italic>Rhagoletis suavis</italic> (Loew)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11) <italic>Epochra canadensis</italic> (Loew)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(c) Viruses and virus‐like organisms</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Group of potato viruses and virus‐like organisms such as:</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1) Andean potato latent virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4) Potato black ringspot virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2) Andean potato mottle virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5) Potato virus T</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3) Arracacha virus B, oca strain</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6) non‐EU isolates of potato viruses A, M, S, V, X and Y (including Yo, Yn and Yc) and Potato leafroll virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Group of viruses and virus‐like organisms of Cydonia Mill., Fragaria L., Malus Mill., Prunus L., Pyrus L., Ribes L.,Rubus L. and Vitis L., such as:</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1) Blueberry leaf mottle virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8) Peach yellows mycoplasm</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2) Cherry rasp leaf virus (American)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9) Plum line pattern virus (American)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3) Peach mosaic virus (American)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10) Raspberry leaf curl virus (American)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4) Peach phony rickettsia</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11) Strawberry witches’ broom mycoplasma</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5) Peach rosette mosaic virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12) Non‐EU viruses and virus‐like organisms of <italic>Cydonia Mill., Fragaria L., Malus Mill., Prunus L., Pyrus L., Ribes L., Rubus L</italic>. and <italic>Vitis L</italic>.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6) Peach rosette mycoplasm</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7) Peach X‐disease mycoplasm</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><italic><bold>Annex IIAI</bold></italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Group of <italic>Margarodes</italic> (non‐EU species) such as:</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1) <italic>Margarodes vitis</italic> (Phillipi)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3) <italic>Margarodes prieskaensis</italic> Jakubski</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2) <italic>Margarodes vredendalensis</italic> de Klerk</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></p></sec><sec id="efs24928-sec-0008"><label>1.1.2.3</label><title>Terms of Reference: Appendix 3</title><p>List of harmful organisms for which pest categorisation is requested. The list below follows the annexes of Directive 2000/29/EC.</p><p><table-wrap id="nlm-table-wrap-3" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="anchor"><table frame="void" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><tbody><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><underline underline-style="single"><italic toggle="yes"><bold>Annex IAI</bold></italic></underline></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Acleris</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Longidorus diadecturus</italic> Eveleigh and Allen</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Amauromyza maculosa</italic> (Malloch)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Monochamus</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Anomala orientalis</italic> Waterhouse</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Myndus crudus</italic> Van Duzee</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Arrhenodes minutus</italic> Drury</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Nacobbus aberrans</italic> (Thorne) Thorne and Allen</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Choristoneura</italic> spp. (non‐E<underline underline-style="single">U</underline>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Naupactus leucoloma</italic> Boheman</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Conotrachelus nenuphar</italic> (Herbst)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Premnotrypes</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dendrolimus sibiricus</italic> Tschetverikov</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pseudopityophthorus minutissimus</italic> (Zimmermann)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diabrotica barberi</italic> Smith and Lawrence</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pseudopityophthorus pruinosus</italic> (Eichhoff)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi</italic> Barber</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Scaphoideus luteolus</italic> (Van Duzee)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diabrotica undecimpunctata undecimpunctata</italic> Mannerheim</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Spodoptera eridania</italic> (Cramer)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diabrotica virgifera zeae</italic> Krysan & Smith</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Spodoptera frugiperda</italic> (Smith)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diaphorina citri</italic> Kuway</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Spodoptera litura</italic> (Fabricus)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Heliothis zea</italic> (Boddie)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Thrips palmi</italic> Karny</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hirschmanniella</italic> spp., other than <italic>Hirschmanniella gracilis</italic> (de Man) Luc and Goodey</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Xiphinema americanum</italic> Cobb sensu lato (non‐EU populations)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Liriomyza sativae</italic> Blanchard</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Xiphinema californicum</italic> Lamberti and Bleve‐Zacheo</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(b) Fungi</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ceratocystis fagacearum</italic> (Bretz) Hunt</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Mycosphaerella larici‐leptolepis</italic> Ito et al.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Chrysomyxa arctostaphyli</italic> Dietel</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Mycosphaerella populorum</italic> G. E. Thompson</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cronartium</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Phoma andina</italic> Turkensteen</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Endocronartium</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Phyllosticta solitaria</italic> Ell. and Ev.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Guignardia laricina</italic> (Saw.) Yamamoto and Ito</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Septoria lycopersici</italic> Speg. var. <italic>malagutii</italic> Ciccarone and Boerema</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Thecaphora solani</italic> Barrus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Inonotus weirii</italic> (Murril) Kotlaba and Pouzar</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Trechispora brinkmannii</italic> (Bresad.) Rogers</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Melampsora farlowii</italic> (Arthur) Davis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(c) Viruses and virus‐like organisms</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tobacco ringspot virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pepper mild tigré virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tomato ringspot virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Squash leaf curl virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bean golden mosaic virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Euphorbia mosaic virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cowpea mild mottle virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Florida tomato virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lettuce infectious yellows virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(d) Parasitic plants</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Arceuthobium spp. (non‐EU)</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><underline underline-style="single"><italic toggle="yes"><bold>Annex IAII</bold></italic></underline></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Meloidogyne fallax</italic> Karssen</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Rhizoecus hibisci Kawai and Takagi</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Popillia japonica</italic> Newman</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(b) Bacteria</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Clavibacter michiganensis (Smith) Davis</italic> et al. <italic>ssp. sepedonicus (Spieckermann and Kotthoff) Davis</italic> et al.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) Yabuuchi</italic> et al.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(c) Fungi</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Melampsora medusae Thümen</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Synchytrium endobioticum (Schilbersky) Percival</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><underline underline-style="single"><italic toggle="yes"><bold>Annex I B</bold></italic></underline></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Liriomyza bryoniae (Kaltenbach)</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(b) Viruses and virus‐like organisms</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Beet necrotic yellow vein virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></p></sec></sec></sec><sec id="efs24928-sec-0009"><label>1.2</label><title>Interpretation of the Terms of Reference</title><p>Cadang‐Cadang viroid is one of a number of pests listed in the Appendices to the Terms of Reference (ToR) to be subject to pest categorisation to determine whether it fulfils the criteria of a quarantine pest or those of a Union regulated non‐quarantine pest (RNQP) for the area of the European Union (EU) excluding Ceuta, Melilla and the outermost regions of Member States (MS) referred to in Article 355(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), other than Madeira and the Azores.</p><p>This pest categorisation covers <italic>Coconut cadang‐cadang viroid</italic> (CCCVd). RNAs that hybridise with probes representing part or all of the genome of CCCVd sequence (so called ‘CCCVd‐related RNAs’) have been reported to occur in a number of palm species and other monocotyledons in the Pacific region and South‐East Asia (Randles et al., <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0035" ref-type="ref">1980</xref>; Hanold and Randles, <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0022" ref-type="ref">1991b</xref>). However, there has generally been no unambiguous demonstration that these RNAs represent infectious CCCVd molecules. Although there are uncertainties, reports of the presence of CCCVd‐related RNAs are therefore not considered in the present opinion as an indication of the presence of CCCVd.</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs24928-sec-0010"><label>2</label><title>Data and methodologies</title><sec id="efs24928-sec-0011"><label>2.1</label><title>Data</title><sec id="efs24928-sec-0012"><label>2.1.1</label><title>Literature search</title><p>A literature search on Cadang‐Cadang viroid was conducted at the beginning of the categorisation. Further references and information were obtained from citations within the references and from the grey literature.</p></sec><sec id="efs24928-sec-0013"><label>2.1.2</label><title>Database search</title><p>Pest information, on host(s) and distribution, was retrieved from the EPPO Global Database (EPPO, 2017).</p><p>Data about import of commodity types that could potentially provide a pathway for the pest to enter the EU and about the area of hosts grown in the EU were obtained from EUROSTAT.</p><p>The Europhyt database was consulted for pest‐specific notifications on interceptions and outbreaks. Europhyt is a web‐based network launched by the European Commission Directorate General for Health and Consumers (DG SANCO), and is a subproject of PHYSAN (Phyto‐Sanitary Controls) specifically concerned with plant health information. The Europhyt database manages notifications of interceptions of plants or plant products that do not comply with EU legislation, as well as notifications of plant pests detected in the territory of the MSs and the phytosanitary measures taken to eradicate or avoid their spread.</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs24928-sec-0014"><label>2.2</label><title>Methodologies</title><p>The Panel performed the pest categorisation for Cadang‐Cadang viroid, following guiding principles and steps presented in the EFSA guidance on the harmonised framework for pest risk assessment (EFSA PLH Panel, <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0010" ref-type="ref">2010</xref>) and as defined in the International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures No 11 (FAO, <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0015" ref-type="ref">2013</xref>) and No 21 (FAO, <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0014" ref-type="ref">2004</xref>).</p><p>In accordance with the guidance on a harmonised framework for pest risk assessment in the EU (EFSA PLH Panel, <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0010" ref-type="ref">2010</xref>), this work was initiated following an evaluation of the EU's plant health regime. Therefore, to facilitate the decision‐making process, in the conclusions of the pest categorisation, the Panel addresses explicitly each criterion for a Union quarantine pest and for a Union RNQP in accordance with Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 on protective measures against pests of plants, and includes additional information required as per the specific terms of reference received by the European Commission. In addition, for each conclusion, the Panel provides a short description of its associated uncertainty.</p><p>Table <xref rid="efs24928-tbl-0001" ref-type="table">1</xref> presents the Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 pest categorisation criteria on which the Panel bases its conclusions. All relevant criteria have to be met for the pest to potentially qualify either as a quarantine pest or as a RNQP. If one of the criteria is not met, the pest will not qualify. Note that a pest that does not qualify as a quarantine pest may still qualify as a RNQP which needs to be addressed in the opinion. For the pests regulated in the protected zones only, the scope of the categorisation is the territory of the protected zone, thus the criteria refer to the protected zone instead of the EU territory.</p><p>It should be noted that the Panel's conclusions are formulated respecting its remit and particularly with regards to the principle of separation between risk assessment and risk management (EFSA founding regulation (EU) No 178/2002); therefore, instead of determining whether the pest is likely to have an unacceptable impact, the Panel will present a summary of the observed pest impacts. Economic impacts are expressed in terms of yield and quality losses and not in monetary terms, while addressing social impacts is outside the remit of the Panel, in agreement with EFSA guidance on a harmonised framework for pest risk assessment (EFSA PLH Panel, <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0010" ref-type="ref">2010</xref>).</p><table-wrap id="efs24928-tbl-0001" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Pest categorisation criteria under evaluation, as defined in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 on protective measures against pests of plants (the number of the relevant sections of the pest categorisation is shown in brackets in the first column)</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Criterion of pest categorisation</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding Union quarantine pest</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding protected zone quarantine pest (articles 32‐35)</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding Union regulated non‐quarantine pest</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Identity of the pest (Section <xref rid="efs24928-sec-0016" ref-type="sec">3.1</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the identity of the pest established, or has it been shown to produce consistent symptoms and to be transmissible?</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the identity of the pest established, or has it been shown to produce consistent symptoms and to be transmissible?</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the identity of the pest established, or has it been shown to produce consistent symptoms and to be transmissible?</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Absence/presence of the pest in the EU territory (Section <xref rid="efs24928-sec-0023" ref-type="sec">3.2</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Is the pest present in the EU territory?</p><p>If present, is the pest widely distributed within the EU? Describe the pest distribution briefly!</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the pest present in the EU territory? If not, it cannot be a protected zone quarantine organism.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the pest present in the EU territory? If not, it cannot be a regulated non‐quarantine pest. (A regulated non‐quarantine pest must be present in the risk assessment area).</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Regulatory status (Section <xref rid="efs24928-sec-0027" ref-type="sec">3.3</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">If the pest is present in the EU but not widely distributed in the risk assessment area, it should be under official control or expected to be under official control in the near future.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>The protected zone system aligns with the pest free area system under the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC).</p><p>The pest satisfies the IPPC definition of a quarantine pest that is not present in the risk assessment area (i.e. protected zone).</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the pest regulated as a quarantine pest? If currently regulated as a quarantine pest, are there grounds to consider its status could be revoked?</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pest potential for entry, establishment and spread in the EU territory (Section <xref rid="efs24928-sec-0031" ref-type="sec">3.4</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the pest able to enter into, become established in, and spread within, the EU territory? If yes, briefly list the pathways!</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Is the pest able to enter into, become established in, and spread within, the protected zone areas?</p><p>Is entry by natural spread from EU areas where the pest is present possible?</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Is spread mainly via specific plants for planting, rather than via natural spread or via movement of plant products or other objects?</p><p>Clearly state if plants for planting is the main pathway!</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Potential for consequences in the EU territory (Section <xref rid="efs24928-sec-0041" ref-type="sec">3.5</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Would the pests’ introduction have an economic or environmental impact on the EU territory?</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Would the pests’ introduction have an economic or environmental impact on the protected zone areas?</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Does the presence of the pest on plants for planting have an economic impact, as regards the intended use of those plants for planting?</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Available measures (Section <xref rid="efs24928-sec-0046" ref-type="sec">3.6</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Are there measures available to prevent the entry into, establishment within or spread of the pest within the EU such that the risk becomes mitigated?</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Are there measures available to prevent the entry into, establishment within or spread of the pest within the protected zone areas such that the risk becomes mitigated?</p><p>Is it possible to eradicate the pest in a restricted area within 24 months (or a period longer than 24 months where the biology of the organism so justifies) after the presence of the pest was confirmed in the protected zone?</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Are there measures available to prevent pest presence on plants for planting such that the risk becomes mitigated?</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Conclusion of pest categorisation (Section <xref rid="efs24928-sec-0051" ref-type="sec">4</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A statement as to whether (1) all criteria assessed by EFSA above for consideration as a potential quarantine pest were met and (2) if not, which one(s) were not met.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A statement as to whether (1) all criteria assessed by EFSA above for consideration as potential protected zone quarantine pest were met, and (2) if not, which one(s) were not met.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A statement as to whether (1) all criteria assessed by EFSA above for consideration as a potential regulated non‐quarantine pest were met, and (2) if not, which one(s) were not met.</td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap><p>The Panel will not indicate in its conclusions of the pest categorisation whether to continue the risk assessment process, but, following the agreed two‐step approach, will continue only if requested by the risk managers. However, during the categorisation process, experts may identify key elements and knowledge gaps that could contribute significant uncertainty to a future assessment of risk. It would be useful to identify and highlight such gaps so that potential future requests can specifically target the major elements of uncertainty, perhaps suggesting specific scenarios to examine.</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs24928-sec-0015"><label>3</label><title>Pest categorisation</title><sec id="efs24928-sec-0016"><label>3.1</label><title>Identity and biology of the pest</title><sec id="efs24928-sec-0017"><label>3.1.1</label><title>Identity and taxonomy</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs24928-blkfxd-0001" orientation="portrait"><p>Is the identity of the pest established?</p><p><bold>Yes</bold></p></boxed-text></p><p><italic>Coconut cadang‐cadang viroid</italic> (CCCVd) is a well characterised viroid and the type member of the genus <italic>Cocadviroid</italic> within the family Pospiviroidae. It is the smallest known viroid and the smallest known infectious pathogen (Flores et al., <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0017" ref-type="ref">2003</xref>; CABI, <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0501" ref-type="ref">2015</xref>). The genome of some isolates has been sequenced (see for example GenBank Accession numbers J02049, J02050).</p><p>CCCVd is the causal agent of the homonymous lethal disease (‘cadang‐cadang’ or ‘yellow mottling’ disease) of coconut (<italic>Cocos nucifera</italic>) palm. A different disease phenotype characterised by a distinct brooming symptom has also been attributed to CCCVd variants (Rodriguez and Randles, <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0036" ref-type="ref">1993</xref>).</p><p>CCCVd is unique in that it can develop in infected plants as a mixture of molecular forms differing by either the addition of a single nucleotide or short repeated sequences (Haseloff et al., <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0023" ref-type="ref">1982</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="efs24928-sec-0019"><label>3.1.2</label><title>Biology of the pest</title><p>CCCVd is seed‐transmitted at a low rate of about 1 out of 300 in naturally infected palms (Anon., 1982 – cited by Randles and Imperial, <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0032" ref-type="ref">1984</xref>; Pacumbaba et al., <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0508" ref-type="ref">1994</xref>). It can also be transmitted at a low rate through pollen to progeny seeds and plants (Pacumbaba et al., <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0508" ref-type="ref">1994</xref>; Manalo et al., 2000 ‐ cited by Randles and Rodriguez, <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0033" ref-type="ref">2003</xref>). Transmission at a low rate by mechanical means (e.g. via contaminated tools) cannot be excluded (Randles et al., <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0034" ref-type="ref">1977</xref>; Randles and Rodriguez, <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0033" ref-type="ref">2003</xref>). Some coleopterans have been suspected but never confirmed as possible vectors (Zelazny and Pacumbaba, <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0046" ref-type="ref">1982</xref>). In addition, as for other virus and virus‐like pathogens, CCCVd is transmitted by vegetative propagation.</p><p>In the Philippines, CCCVd epidemics occur in different times and places; however, disease boundaries expand at a low rate of about 0.5 km per year with no specific pattern of disease increase. At a localised scale, infected palms have a scattered distribution but the spread of the disease over large areas appeared somehow clustered (Randles and Rodriguez, <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0033" ref-type="ref">2003</xref>). Disease incidence is negligible in palms of pre‐bearing age (up to 10 years old), and later on it is positively correlated with the age of palm plantations up to 40 years (Pacumbaba et al., <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0508" ref-type="ref">1994</xref>) but negatively correlated with the altitude (Zelazny, <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0511" ref-type="ref">1980</xref>). Overall, epidemiological observations suggest that the principal mode of natural spread may be still unknown (Pacumbaba et al., <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0508" ref-type="ref">1994</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="efs24928-sec-0020"><label>3.1.3</label><title>Intraspecific diversity</title><p>Viroids occur in nature as complex populations of closely related sequence variants. An arbitrary cut‐off figure of 90% nucleotide sequence identity is used to demarcate different viroid species from variants of the same species (Flores et al., <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0018" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>). Specific sequence variants of CCCVd (sharing more than 90% homology with the basic form of the viroid) have been identified and are associated with different disease phenotypes in coconut and oil palm (Rodriguez and Randles, <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0036" ref-type="ref">1993</xref>; Wu et al., <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0044" ref-type="ref">2013</xref>). The lamina‐depleting ‘brooming’ disease of coconut is associated with the presence of specific point mutations (GenBank Accession Number J02049) in the pathogenicity and the central conserved domains (Rodriguez and Randles, <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0036" ref-type="ref">1993</xref>). Recently, a variant of CCCVd (GeneBank Accession Number HQ608513) with mutations in the same domains was recovered from ‘orange spotting’ (OS) affected African oil palms (<italic>Elaeis guineensis</italic>) in Malaysia (Wu et al., <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0044" ref-type="ref">2013</xref>). However, different variants of CCCVd have also been described from oil palms in Malaysia (GenBank Accession numbers DQ097183–DQ097185) with no OS symptoms (Vadamalai et al., <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0040" ref-type="ref">2006</xref>), so that the association of CCCVd with this disease remains in doubt.</p><p>In addition, the different length forms of the viroid produced disease progression have been associated with the development of the symptoms in the infected coconut plants (Hanold and Randles, <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0021" ref-type="ref">1991a</xref>).</p><p>In palms or other tropical monocotyledon plants, RNAs that hybridise with probes representing part or all of the basic 246 nt CCCVd sequence occur (CCCVd‐related or CCCVd‐like RNAs; Randles et al., <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0035" ref-type="ref">1980</xref>; Hanold and Randles, <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0022" ref-type="ref">1991b</xref>). However, no sequence information or pathogenicity data is available for those CCCVd‐like RNAs so that their relationship with CCCVd remains uncertain. Although there are uncertainties, reports of the presence of CCCVd‐related RNAs are therefore not considered in the present opinion as an indication of the presence of CCCVd.</p></sec><sec id="efs24928-sec-0021"><label>3.1.4</label><title>Detection and identification of the pest</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs24928-blkfxd-0002" orientation="portrait"><p>Are detection and identification methods available for the pest?</p><p><bold>Yes,</bold> efficient molecular assays are available for CCCVd detection.</p></boxed-text></p><p>CCCVd can be identified by analysing leaf tips using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) followed by silver staining, dot‐blot or gel electroblot hybridisation (Hanold and Randles, <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0021" ref-type="ref">1991a</xref>; Imperial et al., <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0503" ref-type="ref">1985</xref>; Mohamed & Imperial, <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0504" ref-type="ref">1984</xref>) or RT‐PCRs (Rodriguez and Randles, <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0036" ref-type="ref">1993</xref>). Improved extraction and RT‐PCR protocols are available for the sensitive detection of CCCVd and its variants and its reliable discrimination from other viroids such as <italic>Coconut tinangaja viroid</italic> (CTiVd) that produces similar symptoms (Hodgson et al., <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0024" ref-type="ref">1998</xref>; Vadamalai et al., <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0040" ref-type="ref">2006</xref>; Roslan et al., <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0037" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>). In addition, a ribonuclease protection assay (RPA) (Vadamalai et al., <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0041" ref-type="ref">2009</xref>) and a reverse transcription loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (RT‐LAMP) (Thanarajoo et al., <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0039" ref-type="ref">2014</xref>) may also efficiently detect low amounts of CCCVd‐related RNAs.</p><p>Symptoms are not reliable for the detection of CCCVd as they appear years after the initial infection (up to 6 years in the field) and they may resemble those caused by CTiVd (‘tinangaja disease’) or physiological changes due to other biotic (insect, microbes) or abiotic stresses. In addition, CCCVd mutants or variants may be associated with distinct disease phenotypes (see Section <xref rid="efs24928-sec-0028" ref-type="sec">3.3.1</xref>).</p><p>Detection results obtained using molecular hybridisation assays should be considered with caution because of the presence in some palms or other tropical monocotyledons of RNAs that hybridise with probes representing part or all of the CCCVd genome but that has never been proven to be bona fide CCCVd (Randles et al., <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0035" ref-type="ref">1980</xref>; Hanold and Randles, <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0022" ref-type="ref">1991b</xref>). These so‐called ‘CCCVd‐related RNAs’ have been suspected, but never demonstrated, to be associated with CCCVd infection and/or with the OS disorder of African oil palm (Hanold and Randles, <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0022" ref-type="ref">1991b</xref>; Hanold and Randles, <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0502" ref-type="ref">2003</xref>).</p><table-wrap id="efs24928-tbl-0002" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Global distribution <italic>Coconut cadang‐cadang viroid</italic> extracted from the EPPO Global Database (accessed 10/03/2017) and completed from other sources. Reports of CCCVd‐related RNAs were not considered</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Continent</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Country</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Status – EPPO GD</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Other sources</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Asia</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Malaysia</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Absent, unreliable record</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Present (Vadamalai et al., <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0040" ref-type="ref">2006</xref>; Wu et al., <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0044" ref-type="ref">2013</xref>; Thanarajoo et al., <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0039" ref-type="ref">2014</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Asia</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Philippines</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Present, restricted distribution</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Present, widespread (Randles and Imperial, <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0032" ref-type="ref">1984</xref>; Randles and Rodriguez, <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0033" ref-type="ref">2003</xref>; CABI, <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0501" ref-type="ref">2015</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Asia</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sri Lanka</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Absent, unreliable record</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Present (Vadamalai et al., <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0041" ref-type="ref">2009</xref>)<sup>2</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oceania</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Guam</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Absent, unreliable record</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oceania</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Solomon islands</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Absent, unreliable record</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap></sec></sec><sec id="efs24928-sec-0023"><label>3.2</label><title>Pest distribution</title><sec id="efs24928-sec-0024"><label>3.2.1</label><title>Pest distribution outside the EU</title><p>CCCVd is widely present in the central Philippines. There are a few additional reports in Asia and Oceania (Table <xref rid="efs24928-tbl-0002" ref-type="table">2</xref>). CCCVd has also been recently identified from African oil palms in Malaysia (Vadamalai et al., <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0040" ref-type="ref">2006</xref>; Wu et al., <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0044" ref-type="ref">2013</xref>; Thanarajoo et al., <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0039" ref-type="ref">2014</xref>) and, with some uncertainties,<xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs24928-note-1008">4</xref> in coconut palm in Sri Lanka (Vadamalai et al., <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0041" ref-type="ref">2009</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="efs24928-sec-0025"><label>3.2.2</label><title>Pest distribution in the EU</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs24928-blkfxd-0003" orientation="portrait"><p>Is the pest present in the EU territory?</p><p><bold>No,</bold> CCCVd is not known to occur in the EU.</p></boxed-text></p><p>CCCVd is not known to occur in the EU and as a consequence does not meet one of the criteria to qualify as a Union RNQP.</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs24928-sec-0027"><label>3.3</label><title>Regulatory status</title><sec id="efs24928-sec-0028"><label>3.3.1</label><title>Council Directive 2000/29/EC</title><p>Cadang‐Cadang viroid is listed in Council Directive 2000/29/EC. Details are presented in Tables <xref rid="efs24928-tbl-0003" ref-type="table">3</xref> and <xref rid="efs24928-tbl-0004" ref-type="table">4</xref>.</p><table-wrap id="efs24928-tbl-0003" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Cadang‐Cadang viroid in Council Directive 2000/29/EC</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Annex II, Part A</th><th align="left" colspan="2" valign="top" rowspan="1">Harmful organisms whose introduction into, and spread within, all Member States shall be banned if they are present on certain plants or plant products</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Section I</bold></td><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Harmful organisms not known to occur in the community and relevant for the entire community</td></tr><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(d)</td><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Virus and virus‐like organisms</td></tr><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Species</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Subject of contamination</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cadang‐Cadang viroid</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plants of <italic>Palmae</italic>, intended for planting, other than seeds, originating in non‐European countries</td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap></sec><sec id="efs24928-sec-0029"><label>3.3.2</label><title>Legislation addressing plants and plant parts on which on which Cadang‐Cadang viroid is regulated</title><table-wrap id="efs24928-tbl-0004" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Regulated hosts and commodities that may involve Cadang‐Cadang viroid in Annexes III, IV and V of Council Directive 2000/29/EC</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Annex III, Part A</th><th align="left" colspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000" valign="top" rowspan="1">Plants, plant products and other objects the introduction of which shall be prohibited in all Member States</th></tr><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Description</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Country of origin</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>17.</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plants of <italic>Phoenix</italic> spp. other than fruit and seeds</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Algeria, Morocco</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Annex IV, Part A</bold></td><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Special requirements which must be laid down by all Member States for the introduction and movement of plants, plant products and other objects into and within all Member States</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Section I</bold></td><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Plants, plant products and other objects originating outside the community</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Plants, plant products and other objects</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Special requirements</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>37.</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plants of <italic>Palmae</italic> intended for planting other than seeds, originating in non‐European countries</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Without prejudice to the prohibitions applicable to the plants listed in Annex III(A)(17), where appropriate, official statement that:</p><p><list list-type="alpha-lower" id="efs24928-list-0001"><list-item><p><underline underline-style="single">either</underline> the plants originate in an area known to be free from Palm lethal yellowing mycoplasm and Cadang‐Cadang viroid, and no symptoms have been observed at the place of production or in its immediate vicinity since the beginning of the last complete cycle of vegetation; or</p></list-item><list-item><p><underline underline-style="single">no symptoms</underline> of Palm lethal yellowing mycoplasm and Cadang‐Cadang viroid <underline underline-style="single">have been observed on the plants since the beginning of the last complete cycle of vegetation,</underline> and plants at the place of production which have shown symptoms giving rise <underline underline-style="single">to the suspicion of contamination by the organisms have been rogued out</underline> at that place and the plants have undergone appropriate treatment to rid them of <italic>Myndus crudus</italic> Van Duzee;</p></list-item><list-item><p>in the case of plants in tissue culture, the plants were derived from plants which have met the requirements laid down in (a) or (b)</p></list-item></list></p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Annex V</bold></td><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Plants, plant products and other objects which must be subject to a plant health inspection (at the place of production if originating in the community, before being moved within the community – in the country of origin or the consignor country, if originating outside the community) before being permitted to enter the community</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Part A</bold></td><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Plants, plant products and other objects originating in the Community</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>I.</bold></td><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Plants, plant products and other objects which are potential carriers of harmful organisms of relevance for the entire Community and which must be accompanied by a plant passport</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>2.3.1</bold></td><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Plants of <italic>Palmae,</italic> intended for planting, having a diameter of the <underline underline-style="single">stem at the base of over 5 cm</underline> and belonging to the following genera: <italic>Brahea</italic> Mart., <italic>Butia</italic> Becc., <italic>Chamaerops</italic> L., <italic>Jubaea</italic> Kunth, <italic>Livistona</italic> R. Br., <italic>Phoenix</italic> L., <italic>Sabal</italic> Adans., <italic>Syagrus</italic> Mart., <italic>Trachycarpus</italic> H. Wendl., <italic>Trithrinax</italic> Mart., <italic>Washingtonia</italic> Raf</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Part B</bold></td><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Plants, plant products and other objects originating in territories, other than those territories referred to in part a</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>I.</bold></td><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Plants, plant products and other objects which are potential carriers of harmful organisms of relevance for the entire Community</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>2.</bold></td><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Parts of plants, other than fruits and seeds, of:– <italic>Castanea</italic> Mill., <italic>Dendranthema</italic> (DC.) Des Moul., <italic>Dianthus</italic> L., <italic>Gypsophila</italic> L., <italic>Pelargonium</italic> l'Herit. ex Ait, <italic>Phoenix</italic> spp., <italic>Populous</italic> L., <italic>Quercus</italic> L., <italic>Solidago</italic> L. and cut flowers of Orchidaceae</td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap></sec><sec id="efs24928-sec-0030"><label>3.3.3</label><title>Emergency measures for <italic>Rhynchophorus ferrugineus</italic> (Olivier) (red palm weevil)</title><p>Owning the compatibility of hosts, the emergency measures currently in place to prevent the introduction and spread in the EU of the harmful organism <italic>Rhynchophorus. ferrugineus</italic> (Olivier) (Commission Decision 2007/365/EC<xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs24928-note-1009">5</xref>) should be also considered.</p><p>Commission Decision 2007/365/EC sets forth rules to prevent to introduction and spread in the European Community of the harmful organism <italic>R. ferrugineus</italic> that was amended in 2010. The emergency measures among others include to susceptible plants specific requirements for the imports into the EU and for the internal movements within the EU applicable.</p><p><list list-type="bullet" id="efs24928-list-0002"><list-item><p><bold>Specific requirements for the imports into the EU</bold></p><p>Susceptible plants originating in third countries shall be accompanied by a phytosanitary certificate, which states under the heading ‘Additional declaration’, that the susceptible plants:</p><list list-type="alpha-lower" id="efs24928-list-0003"><list-item><p>have been growing throughout their life in a country free of Red Palm Weevil; or</p></list-item><list-item><p>have been growing throughout their life in a pest‐free area; or</p></list-item><list-item><p>have, during a period of at least 1 year prior to export, been growing in a place of production:
</p><list list-type="roman-lower" id="efs24928-list-0004"><list-item><p>which is registered and supervised by the national plant protection organisation in the country of origin, and</p></list-item><list-item><p>where the plants were placed in a site with complete physical protection against the introduction of the specified organism or an application of appropriate preventive treatments takes place, and</p></list-item><list-item><p>where, during official inspections carried out at least every three months and immediately prior to export, no signs of the specified organism have been observed.</p></list-item></list></list-item></list></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="bullet" id="efs24928-list-0005"><list-item><p><bold>Specific requirements for the internal movements within the EU</bold></p><p>Susceptible plants, either originating in the Community or imported into the Community, may be moved within the Community only if they are accompanied by a plant passport and have been growing:</p><list list-type="alpha-lower" id="efs24928-list-0006"><list-item><p>throughout their life in a Member State or third country free of Red Palm Weevil; or</p></list-item><list-item><p>throughout their life in a place of production in a pest‐free area; or</p></list-item><list-item><p>in a nursery in a Member State during a period of 2 years prior to the movement, during which:
</p><list list-type="roman-lower" id="efs24928-list-0007"><list-item><p>the susceptible plants were placed in a site with complete physical protection against the introduction of the specified organism or an application of appropriate preventive treatments takes place, and</p></list-item><list-item><p>no signs of the specified organism have been observed in official inspections carried out at least every 3 months; or</p></list-item></list></list-item><list-item><p>if imported, have been growing since their introduction into the Community in a place of production in a Member State during a period of at least 1 year prior to the movement during which:
</p><list list-type="roman-lower" id="efs24928-list-0008"><list-item><p>(the susceptible plants were placed in a site with complete physical protection against the introduction of the specified organism, and</p></list-item><list-item><p>no signs of the specified organism have been observed in official inspections carried out at least every 3 months (European Commission, <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0008" ref-type="ref">2011</xref>)</p></list-item></list></list-item></list></list-item></list></p><p>However, it should be noted that due to the unreliability of symptoms for CCCVd detection (see Section <xref rid="efs24928-sec-0021" ref-type="sec">3.1.4</xref>) it is unlikely these emergency measures will completely close all pathways for entry of CCCVd in the EU.</p><p>In addition, on May 2017, the Standing Committee on Plants, Animals, Food and Feed – section ‘Plant Health’ (PAFF Committee) exchanged views on the draft Commission Implementing Decision repealing Decision 2007/365/EC so that there exist some doubts about the long term status of these emergency measures.</p><p>However, it should be noted that due to the unreliability of symptoms for CCCVd detection (see Section <xref rid="efs24928-sec-0021" ref-type="sec">3.1.4</xref>), it is unlikely these emergency measures will completely close all pathways for entry of CCCVd in the EU.</p><p>In addition, on May 2017, the Standing Committee on Plants, Animals, Food and Feed – section ‘Plant Health’ (PAFF Committee) exchanged views on the draft Commission Implementing Decision repealing Decision 2007/365/EC so that there exist some doubts about the long term status of these emergency measures.</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs24928-sec-0031"><label>3.4</label><title>Entry, establishment and spread in the EU</title><sec id="efs24928-sec-0032"><label>3.4.1</label><title>Host range</title><p>All hosts of CCCVd belong to the Arecaceae family (owing to historical usage, the family is also referred to as Palmae as in directive 2000/29/EC),<xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs24928-note-1010">6</xref> a large family of ca. 181 genera and 2,600 perennial species of trees and shrubs (Christenhusz and Byng, <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0006" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>). There is only one report of a Poaceae species (<italic>Chloris</italic>) as a host of CCCVd (CABI, <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0501" ref-type="ref">2015</xref>) but the Panel was unable to identify the source of this information and to verify it.</p><p><italic>Cocos nucifera</italic> (coconut palm) is the main host of CCCVd, with all commercial varieties cultivated in the Philippines being susceptible. A wide number of Arecaceae species such as <italic>Aiphanes horrida, Aiphanes minima, Allagoptera arenaria, Arenga pinnata, Borassus flabellifer, Caryota mitis, Caryotaurens, Corypha umbraculifera, Corphya utan, Dictyosperma album, Elaeis guineensis, Gaussiaattenuata, Howea belmoreana, Howea forsteriana, Latania lontaroides, Livistona australis, Livistonarotundifolia, Metroxylon sagu, Neodypsis decaryi, Neodypsis leptocheilos, Ravenea rivularis, Syagrusschizophylla, Trachycarpus fortunei</italic> are natural hosts of CCCVd (EPPO GD; CABI, <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0501" ref-type="ref">2015</xref>; Wu et al., <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0044" ref-type="ref">2013</xref>). Experimental hosts identified after artificial inoculation include <italic>Adonidia merrillii</italic>,<italic> Areca catechu</italic>,<italic> Chrysalidocarpus lutescens</italic>,<italic> Corypha elata, Dypsis lutescens, Oreodoxa regia, Phoenix dactylifera, Ptychosperma macarthurii, Roystonea regia</italic> (EPPO GD; Imperial et al., <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0503" ref-type="ref">1985</xref>; Hanold and Randles, <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0021" ref-type="ref">1991a</xref>; Randles and Rodriguez, <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0033" ref-type="ref">2003</xref>) and possibly <italic>Maranta</italic> species (the later cited in CABI, <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0501" ref-type="ref">2015</xref>, but the Panel was unable to verify this information provided without indication on the original source).</p><p>CCCVd‐related RNAs have been detected in <italic>Elaeis guineensis</italic> and <italic>Corypha elata</italic> in the Philippines (Randles et al., <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0035" ref-type="ref">1980</xref>), as well as in members of Arecaceae, Pandanaceae, Zingiberaceae, Marantaceae and Commelinaceae in some south‐west Pacific regions (Hanold and Randles, <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0022" ref-type="ref">1991b</xref>). But as stated elsewhere, the relationships between CCCVd‐related RNAs and CCCVd have never been satisfactorily clarified.</p><p>CCCVd is regulated in all of its Arecaceae hosts (<italic>Palmae</italic> species, see paragraph <xref rid="efs24928-sec-0028" ref-type="sec">3.3.1</xref>). However, there is some uncertainty concerning the report of <italic>Chloris</italic> as a host (CABI, <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0501" ref-type="ref">2015</xref>; see above).</p></sec><sec id="efs24928-sec-0033"><label>3.4.2</label><title>Entry</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs24928-blkfxd-0004" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Is the pest able to enter into the EU territory?</italic></p><p><bold>YES,</bold> CCCVd could potentially enter EU via palm seeds or live plants imported as ornamentals.</p></boxed-text></p><p>The main pathway for entry identified by the Panel is the trade of palm seeds or of plants for planting of susceptible Arecaceae species. Within the EU, many nurseries commercialise young palms for ornamental use and it is likely that those are either imported as small plants or grown in the EU from imported seeds. According to the ISEFOR database,<xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs24928-note-1011">7</xref> between the year 2000 and 2011 among several Arecaceae species, coconut plants were imported from Philippines (30 plants), Malaysia (1393 plants) and Sri Lanka (92 plants). Therefore, CCCVd is able to enter EU with at least coconut plants and the same applies to other susceptible palm species imported from those infected countries.</p></sec><sec id="efs24928-sec-0035"><label>3.4.3</label><title>Establishment</title><sec id="efs24928-sec-0036"><label>3.4.3.1</label><title>EU distribution of main host plants</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs24928-blkfxd-0005" orientation="portrait"><p>Is the pest able to become established in the EU territory?</p><p><bold>YES,</bold> Several Arecaceae species are produced and are widely used as ornamentals for landscaping in southern Europe.</p></boxed-text></p><p>In general, viroids have no other environmental constrains than those of their hosts. Palms, the hosts of CCCVd, are distributed in the tropical regions of the world with a few species adapted either to somewhat temperate or dry and arid conditions (Eiserhardt et al., <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0011" ref-type="ref">2011</xref>). The only palm species that grow naturally on the European mainland are the European fan palm (<italic>Chamaerops humilis</italic>, with a distribution mainly in coastal areas of the western half of the Mediterranean basin) and the Cretan date palm (<italic>Phoenix</italic> <italic>theophrasti,</italic> endemic to Crete (Greece) and a few east Aegean islands) (Vamvoukakis, <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0042" ref-type="ref">1988</xref>). Many other palm species and mainly <italic>Chamaerops</italic> species<italic>,</italic> Canary palm <italic>(Phoenix</italic> <italic>canariensis)</italic> and date palm (<italic>Phoenix dactylifera</italic>) as well as <italic>Washingtonia robusta</italic> and <italic>Washingtonia filinera</italic> are widely used as ornamentals for landscaping in southern Europe (Cohen, <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0007" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>). The only known palm commercial cultivation for non‐ornamental purposes in Europe is that of date palm (<italic>P. dactylifera</italic>) in Elche, Spain (38°17′N) (Ferry et al., <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0016" ref-type="ref">2002</xref>) an area in the extreme northern latitude for its distribution (Abdelouahhab and Arias‐Jimenez, <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0001" ref-type="ref">1999</xref>).</p><p>Several palm species are widely grown in the EU under protected cultivation conditions for ornamental purposes. Spain produces about 2 million palm trees annually with <italic>Phoenix canariensis</italic> (1.2 million plants) being the predominant species, followed by other species such as <italic>P. dactylifera</italic>,<italic> Phoenix</italic> <italic>reclinata</italic>,<italic> W. filifera</italic>,<italic> W. robusta</italic>,<italic> Chamaerops humilis</italic> and <italic>Trachycarpus fortunei</italic>. (Armengol et al., <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0003" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>). There is also a significant ornamental palm production in nurseries in the Marche region of Italy (Nardi et al., <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0506" ref-type="ref">2009</xref>). In addition, the species <italic>Trachycarpus fortune</italic> is an ornamental species that is sometime grown in the open up to more northern latitudes (e.g. southern Switzerland) Gian das.</p><p>Therefore, CCCVd is able to establish in the EU as there are some hosts grown in unprotected cultivation in southern Europe while many of them are grown in protected cultivation in more northern regions of the EU. However, there are some uncertainties concerning the sensitivity of the European native palm species (European fan palm and Cretan date palm) to CCCVd. The same applies to several other palm species grown for ornamental purposes in the EU.</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs24928-sec-0038"><label>3.4.4</label><title>Spread</title><sec id="efs24928-sec-0039"><label>3.4.4.1</label><title>Vectors and their distribution in the EU (if applicable)</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs24928-blkfxd-0006" orientation="portrait"><p>Is the pest able to spread within the EU territory following establishment?</p><p><bold>Yes</bold>. However, the spread is likely to be limited and with large uncertainties as the principal mode of spread may still be unknown.</p><p>How: Through production and trade of plants for planting. Also through pollen and seeds of susceptible Arecaceae species.</p></boxed-text></p><p>CCCVd systematically invades its hosts (see Section <xref rid="efs24928-sec-0019" ref-type="sec">3.1.2</xref>) and therefore can be transmitted through vegetative propagation practiced either by offshoot or tissue culture applied for some palm species e.g. date palm (Abdelouahhab and Arias‐Jimenez, <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0001" ref-type="ref">1999</xref>). On the other hand, low rates of pollen and seed transmission of CCCVd, can be also responsible for pathogen movement (Hanold and Randles, <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0021" ref-type="ref">1991a</xref>; Pacumbaba et al., <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0508" ref-type="ref">1994</xref>) but this mechanism is expected to be significant only for species able to reproduce naturally under conditions prevailing in the EU. This applies in particular to the European fan palm and the Cretan date palm.</p><p>In the infected areas in the Philippines, the extend and the patterns of natural spread cannot be fully explained by vegetative and pollen or seed transmission suggesting that the main mean of spread is still unknown (Pacumbaba et al., <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0508" ref-type="ref">1994</xref>). Therefore, additional mechanisms of spread cannot be excluded, but the uncertainties on this specific aspect are obviously very large.</p></sec></sec></sec><sec id="efs24928-sec-0041"><label>3.5</label><title>Potential or observed impacts in the EU</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs24928-blkfxd-0007" orientation="portrait"><p>Would the pests’ introduction have an economic or environmental impact on the EU territory?</p><p><bold>YES</bold>.</p></boxed-text></p><sec id="efs24928-sec-0043"><label>3.5.1</label><title>Potential pest impacts</title><sec id="efs24928-sec-0044"><label>3.5.1.1</label><title>Direct impacts of the pest</title><p>Coconut palms are severely affected by CCCVd. The disease is characterised by a slow progression of symptoms, closely associated with the progress of the infection and the presence of the different molecular forms of the viroid (Mohamed et al., <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0505" ref-type="ref">1982</xref>). It results eventually in the death of the diseased coconut trees (Randles and Rodriguez, <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0033" ref-type="ref">2003</xref>). First symptoms appear 1–2 years after the first detection of the viroid; nuts become rounded and scarified with an increasing incidence, while only at a later stage chlorotic (or water‐soaked) spots appear on the leaves, inflorescences are stunted with tip necrosis and show loss of some male florets. As disease progresses, symptoms become more severe, there is a decline in fruit production as fewer nuts, spathe and inflorescences are produced, leaf spot numbers increase and coalesce while plant appear chlorotic, stunted, with a progressive decline, and eventually die. Susceptibility to the viroid decreases with the age of the plant (Velasco, <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0043" ref-type="ref">1997</xref>).</p><p>CCCVd is considered to be a serious economic threat for coconut, causing their premature decline and death (Hanold and Randles, <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0021" ref-type="ref">1991a</xref>). It was estimated that in the Philippines about 40 million palms have died from cadang‐cadang with a loss of about US$100 per infected palm due to lost production and delay in replacement (Randles and Rodriguez, <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0033" ref-type="ref">2003</xref>). The impact of the coconut lamina‐depleting ‘brooming’ disease associated with the presence of single mutations (Rodriguez and Randles, <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0036" ref-type="ref">1993</xref>; Rodriguez and Randles, <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0036" ref-type="ref">1993</xref>) and the orange spotting disease, possibly associated with the occurrence of CCCVd variants in African oil palm in Malaysia (Vadamalai et al., <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0040" ref-type="ref">2006</xref>), is not yet estimated.</p><p>Most species in the Arecaceae family that have been successfully inoculated with CCCVd, for example betel nut (<italic>Areca catechu</italic>) and palmera (<italic>Chrysalidocarpus lutescens</italic>), develop severe yellow leaf spotting. Other species such as buri palm (<italic>Corypha elata</italic>), oil palm (<italic>Elaeis guineensis</italic>), royal palm (<italic>Oreodoxa regia</italic>) and Manila palm (<italic>Adonidia merrillii</italic>) were also stunted (Imperial et al., <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0503" ref-type="ref">1985</xref>).</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs24928-sec-0045"><label>3.5.2</label><title>Observed pest impacts in the EU</title><p>CCCVd is not present in the EU; therefore, no impact is observed. For some species grown in the EU, such as the date palm (<italic>P. dactylifera</italic>), susceptibility has been experimentally demonstrated and some symptoms and damage could be expected should CCCVd be introduced. For other species grown it the EU, and in particular for the two species growing spontaneously in the EU (European fan palm and Cretan date palm), no information on susceptibility is available so that impact, if any, remains highly uncertain.</p><p>None of the known hosts of CCCVd represents an important EU agricultural rop; however, a few of them are of high ornamental, landscape or cultural importance in the Mediterranean countries of the EU. A large number of those ornamental palms are produced in EU countries such as Spain and Italy (see Section <xref rid="efs24928-sec-0036" ref-type="sec">3.4.3.1</xref>) to be traded to the European markets, therefore they can be of considerable economic importance. On the other hand, three major heritage palm groves exist in the Mediterranean European countries, in Elche in Spain, Bordighera in Italy and Crete in Greece. The major one is that of Elche (Spain) that is made up of about 180,000 adult date palms, in an area of almost 400 ha. The total date fruit production in Elche is estimated to be 5,000 tonnes per year, of which only about 100 tonnes are sold for human consumption (Ferry et al. 1997 – cited in Ferry et al., <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0016" ref-type="ref">2002</xref>). However, the grove of date palm in Elche (Valencia) trees known as ‘Palmeral of Elche’ was designated in 2000 as a World Heritage Site (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/930">http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/930</ext-link>). There are also a couple of additional historical groves in the same area of Spain, in Orihuela and Alicante, but they are not as large as the one in Elche (Suárez, <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0038" ref-type="ref">2010</xref>; Jacas et al., <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0027" ref-type="ref">2011</xref>). In Bordighera, in Italy, date palms have been cultivated since at least the 16th century for religious purposes, and even though their number has significantly dropped since the last century, they remain of high landscape significance. Other threatened native species may include the Cretan date palm (<italic>Phoenix</italic> <italic>theophrasti</italic>) that is present only in Crete (Greece) and a few east Aegean islands (Vamvoukakis, <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0042" ref-type="ref">1988</xref>) and is a species with a near threatened status <italic>(2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</italic>).</p><p>Overall, while several species grown in Europe and of commercial or cultural importance are known to be susceptible to CCCVd, information is lacking for other species, in particular the two European native palms. In addition, there are important uncertainties about how efficiently CCCVd would be able to spread in European palms. The potential impact of CCCVd if introduced in the EU is therefore very difficult to assess. Given that the spread potential is, as for other viroids, likely to be limited, the potential impact is estimated to be limited in extent but this judgement is affected by large uncertainties.</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs24928-sec-0046"><label>3.6</label><title>Availability and limits of mitigation measures</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs24928-blkfxd-0008" orientation="portrait"><p>Are there measures available to prevent the entry into, establishment within or spread of the pest within the EU such that the risk becomes mitigated?</p><p><bold>YES for entry</bold>: tightening of regulations to include seeds and to rely on CCCVd testing rather than on the unreliable observation of symptoms.</p></boxed-text></p><p>Cadang‐Cadang viroid is listed in Council Directive 2000/29/EC and it is regulated in all of its hosts<xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs24928-note-1012">8</xref> (see Section <xref rid="efs24928-sec-0032" ref-type="sec">3.4.1</xref>). The present legislation imposes several conditions on imported plants for planting of Arecaceae (<italic>Palmae</italic>) species. Specifically, these may be imported on the condition that ‘no symptoms of Cadang‐Cadang viroid have been observed on the plants since the beginning of the last complete cycle of vegetation and that plants at the place of production which have shown symptoms giving rise <underline underline-style="single">to the suspicion of contamination by the organisms have been rogued out</underline> at that place’ (Council Directive 2000/29/EC, Annex IV, Part A, Section I, 37b). In addition, the import into and movement within the EU of many palm species is subjected to specific requirements and inspections according to the emergency measures set with the Commission Decision 2007/365/EC for <italic>R. ferrugineus</italic> (see Section <xref rid="efs24928-sec-0032" ref-type="sec">3.4.1</xref>). In the field, symptoms of CCCVd may have an incubation period of up to 6 years and roguing is not effective in controlling the spread of the viroid (Randles and Rodriguez, <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0033" ref-type="ref">2003</xref>). Therefore, due to its reliance on the short‐term observation of symptoms, the current plant health legislation is not considered fully efficient. Accordingly, the emergency measures for <italic>R. ferrugineus</italic> may only slightly improve the efficiency of the current legislation as CCCVd incubation period is longer than the surveillance period put in place. On the other hand, the current legislation does not take into account seeds, despite the fact that CCCVd is known to be seed‐transmitted (Anon., 1982 – cited by Randles and Imperial, <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0032" ref-type="ref">1984</xref>; Pacumbaba et al., <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0508" ref-type="ref">1994</xref>). In addition, there are also uncertainties about whether imported coconuts would be considered as seeds or as fruits.</p><sec id="efs24928-sec-0048"><label>3.6.1</label><title>Biological or technical factors limiting the feasibility and effectiveness of measures to prevent the entry, establishment and spread of the pest</title><p><list list-type="bullet" id="efs24928-list-0009"><list-item><p>Existence of a long asymptomatic phase of up to 6 years in the field</p></list-item><list-item><p>Symptoms, especially the early ones, resemble those caused by abiotic stress or other pests</p></list-item><list-item><p>Seed and pollen transmission</p></list-item><list-item><p>Imperfect knowledge on the natural means of spread</p></list-item><list-item><p>Systemic pathogen transmitted by vegetative multiplication practices</p></list-item><list-item><p>No clear ecoclimatic limitations besides those applying to the host</p></list-item><list-item><p>The ambiguous status of CCCVd‐related molecules affecting the host range and geographic distribution of CCCVd</p></list-item><list-item><p>Unavailability of genetic resistance and efficient control strategies.</p></list-item></list></p></sec><sec id="efs24928-sec-0049"><label>3.6.2</label><title>Control methods</title><p>Exclusion in the only method considered to be effective in controlling the spread of CCCVd. In the Philippines, the spread of Cadang‐Cadang disease is managed by regulating movement of coconut products across internal quarantine boundaries (Carpio, <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0005" ref-type="ref">2011</xref>; ‐cited by Geering and Randles, <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0019" ref-type="ref">2012</xref>). Control by eradication has been unsuccessful, while replanting does not significantly affect disease spread, but only allow to maintain production in affected areas (Randles, <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0509" ref-type="ref">1987</xref>).</p><p>No genetic resistance or tolerance is available in <italic>C. nucifera</italic>; all 93 tested coconut populations were susceptible to inoculation (Orolfo et al., <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0507" ref-type="ref">2000</xref>); however, some field resistance to natural infection may be available in some population (Randles and Rodriguez, <xref rid="efs24928-bib-0033" ref-type="ref">2003</xref>).</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs24928-sec-0050"><label>3.7</label><title>Uncertainty</title><p>The Panel identified four mains sources of uncertainty in the present opinion:</p><p><list list-type="bullet" id="efs24928-list-0010"><list-item><p>Uncertainties on the relationships between CCCVd‐related RNAs and CCCVd and therefore on host range and geographic distribution of CCCVd.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Uncertainties on the origin and volume of the trade in palm seeds and plants for planting imported in the EU.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Uncertainties about the efficiency of spread under EU conditions.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Lack of information on host status and susceptibility of many palm species grown in the EU and, in particular on susceptibility of the two species growing spontaneously in the EU.</p></list-item></list></p><p>These uncertainties primarily affect two aspects of the present Pest Categorisation, the efficiency and extent to which CCCVd would be able to spread and the impact it would have if introduced in the EU.</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs24928-sec-0051"><label>4</label><title>Conclusions</title><p>CCCVd meets the criteria required to satisfy the definition of a Union quarantine pest (Table <xref rid="efs24928-tbl-0005" ref-type="table">5</xref>).</p><table-wrap id="efs24928-tbl-0005" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 5</label><caption><p>The Panel's conclusions on the pest categorisation criteria defined in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 on protective measures against pests of plants (the number of the relevant sections of the pest categorisation is shown in brackets in the first column</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Criterion of pest categorisation</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Panel's conclusions against criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding Union quarantine pest</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Panel's conclusions against criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding Union regulated non‐quarantine pest</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Key uncertainties</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Identity of the pest (Section <xref rid="efs24928-sec-0016" ref-type="sec">3.1</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The identity of the pest is well established; it can be identified with reliable and sensitive molecular diagnostic techniques</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The identity of the pest is well established; it can be identified with reliable and sensitive molecular diagnostic techniques</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Uncertainties concerning the relationship of CCCVd‐related RNAs with CCCVd</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Absence/presence of the pest in the EU territory (Section <xref rid="efs24928-sec-0023" ref-type="sec">3.2</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CCCVd is <bold>not known to occur</bold> in the EU territory</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CCCVd is not known to occur in the EU territory, therefore does not qualify as a Union RNQP</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Although not documented, some CCCVd isolates might be present in the EU</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Regulatory status (Section</bold> <xref rid="efs24928-sec-0027" ref-type="sec">3.3</xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CCCVd is currently regulated on <italic>Palmae</italic> (Arecaceae) plants for planting by 2000/29/EC. Emergency measures set with the Commission Decision 2007/365/EC for <italic>R. ferrugineus</italic> and many palm species may improve the efficiency of 2000/29/EC</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CCCVd is currently regulated on <italic>Palmae</italic> (Arecaceae) plants for planting by 2000/29/EC. Emergency measures set with the Commission Decision 2007/365/EC for <italic>R. ferrugineus</italic> and many palm species may improve the efficiency of 2000/29/EC</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No uncertainties</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pest potential for entry, establishment and spread in the EU territory (Section <xref rid="efs24928-sec-0031" ref-type="sec">3.4</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>CCCVd could potentially enter, establish and spread in the EU.</p><p>At least plants for planting and seeds of Arecaceae species represent possible pathways for the pest to enter and spread in the EU</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plants for planting and seeds of Arecaceae species represent the main entry pathways and the main means of CCCVd spread over long distance</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Uncertainties on the origin and volume of the trade in palm seeds and plants for planting imported in the EU</p><p>Uncertainties about the efficiency of spread under EU conditions</p><p>Lack of information on host status of many palm species grown in the EU and, in particular on susceptibility of the two species growing spontaneously in the EU</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Potential for consequences in the EU territory (Section <xref rid="efs24928-sec-0041" ref-type="sec">3.5</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The potential impact of CCCVd if introduced in the EU is very difficult to assess. Given that the spread potential is, as for other viroids, likely to be limited, the potential impact is estimated to be limited in extent but this judgement is affected by large uncertainties.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Because of the limited spread potential of viroids the expected impact, is expected to be limited, but large uncertainties affect this assessment</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lack of information on host status and susceptibility of many palm species grown in the EU and, in particular on susceptibility of the two species growing spontaneously in the EU</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Available measures (Section <xref rid="efs24928-sec-0046" ref-type="sec">3.6</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Exclusion in the only method considered to be effective in controlling the spread of the pest.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">There are no efficient methods (e.g roguing, natural resistance or tolerance) for controlling CCCVd spread after its introduction in an area. Replanting is used only to maintain production in affected areas</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The ambiguous status of CCCVd‐related molecules affects the host range and geographic distribution of CCCVd therefore hinders the efficiency of the measures</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Conclusion on pest categorisation (Section <xref rid="efs24928-sec-0051" ref-type="sec">4</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CCCVd meets all the criteria evaluated by EFSA to qualify as a Union quarantine pest</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CCCVd does not meet the presence on the territory criterion and therefore does not qualify as a Union RNQP</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aspects of assessment to focus on/scenarios to address in future if appropriate</td><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><p>The main knowledge gaps concern (1) the relationships between CCCVd‐related RNAs and CCCVd, (2) the origin and volume of the trade in palm seeds and plants for planting imported in the EU (3) the efficiency of natural spread under EU conditions and (4) host status and susceptibility of many palm species grown in the EU.</p><p>Given that the present categorisation has explored most if not all of the available data on these points, a more complete assessment is unlikely to provide much clearer conclusions</p></td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap></sec><sec id="efs24928-sec-0052"><title>Abbreviations</title><p><def-list list-type="simple"><def-item><term>CCCVd</term><def><p>Coconut Cadang‐Cadang viroid</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>CTiVd</term><def><p><italic>Coconut tinangaja viroid</italic></p></def></def-item><def-item><term>EPPO</term><def><p>European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>EU MS</term><def><p>European Union Member State</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>FAO</term><def><p>Food and Agriculture Organization</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>IPPC</term><def><p>International Plant Protection Convention</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>OS</term><def><p>orange spotting</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>PAGE</term><def><p>polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>PLH</term><def><p>EFSA Panel on Plant Health</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>RA</term><def><p>risk assessment</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>RNQP</term><def><p>regulated non‐quarantine pest</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>RPA</term><def><p>ribonuclease protection assay</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>RT‐LAMP</term><def><p>reverse transcription loop‐mediated isothermal amplification</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>RT‐PCR</term><def><p>reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>TFEU</term><def><p>Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>ToR</term><def><p>Terms of Reference</p></def></def-item></def-list></p></sec></body><back><fn-group id="efs24928-ntgp-0002"><title>Notes</title><fn id="efs24928-note-1005"><label>1</label><p>Council Directive 2000/29/EC of 8 May 2000 on protective measures against the introduction into the Community of organisms harmful to plants or plant products and against their spread within the Community. OJ L 169/1, 10.7.2000, p. 1–112.</p></fn><fn id="efs24928-note-1006"><label>2</label><p>Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 of the European Parliament of the Council of 26 October 2016 on protective measures against pests of plants. OJ L 317, 23.11.2016, p. 4–104.</p></fn><fn id="efs24928-note-1007"><label>3</label><p>Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 January 2002 laying down the general principles and requirements of food law, establishing the European Food Safety Authority and laying down procedures in matters of food safety. OJ L 31/1, 1.2.2002, p. 1–24.</p></fn><fn id="efs24928-note-1008"><label>4</label><p>Uncertainties come from the fact that detection was by an RPA assay and that no sequence information is available for the isolates involved.</p></fn><fn id="efs24928-note-1009"><label>5</label><p>Commission Decision 2007/365/EC on emergency measures to prevent the introduction into and the spread within the Community of <italic>Rhynchophorus ferrugineus</italic> (Olivier).</p></fn><fn id="efs24928-note-1010"><label>6</label><p><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.bgbm.org/IAPT/Nomenclature/Code/SaintLouis/0022Ch3Sec2a018.htm">http://www.bgbm.org/IAPT/Nomenclature/Code/SaintLouis/0022Ch3Sec2a018.htm</ext-link></p></fn><fn id="efs24928-note-1011"><label>7</label><p>Database developed within the FP7 Project ‘Increasing Sustainability of European Forests: Modelling for Security Against Invasive Pests and Pathogens under Climate Change’.</p></fn><fn id="efs24928-note-1012"><label>8</label><p>Chloris has been reported as a host but this assessment is associated with significant uncertainties.</p></fn></fn-group><ref-list content-type="cited-references" id="efs24928-bibl-0001"><title>References</title><ref id="efs24928-bib-0001"><mixed-citation publication-type="miscellaneous" id="efs24928-cit-0001"><string-name><surname>Abdelouahhab</surname><given-names>Z</given-names></string-name> and <string-name><surname>Arias‐Jimenez</surname><given-names>EJ</given-names></string-name>, <year>1999</year><article-title>Date palm cultivation (No. 156)</article-title>. 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