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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Pest categorisation of <italic>Xiphinema californicum</italic></title><author><name sortKey="Jeger, Michael" sort="Jeger, Michael" uniqKey="Jeger M" first="Michael" last="Jeger">Michael Jeger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bragard, Claude" sort="Bragard, Claude" uniqKey="Bragard C" first="Claude" last="Bragard">Claude Bragard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Caffier, David" sort="Caffier, David" uniqKey="Caffier D" first="David" last="Caffier">David Caffier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Candresse, Thierry" sort="Candresse, Thierry" uniqKey="Candresse T" first="Thierry" last="Candresse">Thierry Candresse</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chatzivassiliou, Elisavet" sort="Chatzivassiliou, Elisavet" uniqKey="Chatzivassiliou E" first="Elisavet" last="Chatzivassiliou">Elisavet Chatzivassiliou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dehnen Chmutz, Katharina" sort="Dehnen Chmutz, Katharina" uniqKey="Dehnen Chmutz K" first="Katharina" last="Dehnen-Schmutz">Katharina Dehnen-Schmutz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gilioli, Gianni" sort="Gilioli, Gianni" uniqKey="Gilioli G" first="Gianni" last="Gilioli">Gianni Gilioli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gregoire, Jean Laude" sort="Gregoire, Jean Laude" uniqKey="Gregoire J" first="Jean-Claude" last="Gregoire">Jean-Claude Gregoire</name></author><author><name sortKey="Anton, Josep" sort="Anton, Josep" uniqKey="Anton J" first="Josep" last="Anton">Josep Anton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Miret, Jaques" sort="Miret, Jaques" uniqKey="Miret J" first="Jaques" last="Miret">Jaques Miret</name></author><author><name sortKey="Macleod, Alan" sort="Macleod, Alan" uniqKey="Macleod A" first="Alan" last="Macleod">Alan Macleod</name></author><author><name sortKey="Navajas Navarro, Maria" sort="Navajas Navarro, Maria" uniqKey="Navajas Navarro M" first="Maria" last="Navajas Navarro">Maria Navajas Navarro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Parnell, Stephen" sort="Parnell, Stephen" uniqKey="Parnell S" first="Stephen" last="Parnell">Stephen Parnell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Potting, Roel" sort="Potting, Roel" uniqKey="Potting R" first="Roel" last="Potting">Roel Potting</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rafoss, Trond" sort="Rafoss, Trond" uniqKey="Rafoss T" first="Trond" last="Rafoss">Trond Rafoss</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rossi, Vittorio" sort="Rossi, Vittorio" uniqKey="Rossi V" first="Vittorio" last="Rossi">Vittorio Rossi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Urek, Gregor" sort="Urek, Gregor" uniqKey="Urek G" first="Gregor" last="Urek">Gregor Urek</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Bruggen, Ariena" sort="Van Bruggen, Ariena" uniqKey="Van Bruggen A" first="Ariena" last="Van Bruggen">Ariena Van Bruggen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Werf, Wopke" sort="Van Der Werf, Wopke" uniqKey="Van Der Werf W" first="Wopke" last="Van Der Werf">Wopke Van Der Werf</name></author><author><name sortKey="West, Jonathan" sort="West, Jonathan" uniqKey="West J" first="Jonathan" last="West">Jonathan West</name></author><author><name sortKey="Winter, Stephan" sort="Winter, Stephan" uniqKey="Winter S" first="Stephan" last="Winter">Stephan Winter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kaluski, Tomasz" sort="Kaluski, Tomasz" uniqKey="Kaluski T" first="Tomasz" last="Kaluski">Tomasz Kaluski</name></author><author><name sortKey="Niere, Bjorn" sort="Niere, Bjorn" uniqKey="Niere B" first="Björn" last="Niere">Björn Niere</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">32625391</idno><idno type="pmc">7009903</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7009903</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:7009903</idno><idno type="doi">10.2903/j.efsa.2017.5111</idno><date when="2017">2017</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000637</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000637</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Pest categorisation of <italic>Xiphinema californicum</italic></title><author><name sortKey="Jeger, Michael" sort="Jeger, Michael" uniqKey="Jeger M" first="Michael" last="Jeger">Michael Jeger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bragard, Claude" sort="Bragard, Claude" uniqKey="Bragard C" first="Claude" last="Bragard">Claude Bragard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Caffier, David" sort="Caffier, David" uniqKey="Caffier D" first="David" last="Caffier">David Caffier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Candresse, Thierry" sort="Candresse, Thierry" uniqKey="Candresse T" first="Thierry" last="Candresse">Thierry Candresse</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chatzivassiliou, Elisavet" sort="Chatzivassiliou, Elisavet" uniqKey="Chatzivassiliou E" first="Elisavet" last="Chatzivassiliou">Elisavet Chatzivassiliou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dehnen Chmutz, Katharina" sort="Dehnen Chmutz, Katharina" uniqKey="Dehnen Chmutz K" first="Katharina" last="Dehnen-Schmutz">Katharina Dehnen-Schmutz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gilioli, Gianni" sort="Gilioli, Gianni" uniqKey="Gilioli G" first="Gianni" last="Gilioli">Gianni Gilioli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gregoire, Jean Laude" sort="Gregoire, Jean Laude" uniqKey="Gregoire J" first="Jean-Claude" last="Gregoire">Jean-Claude Gregoire</name></author><author><name sortKey="Anton, Josep" sort="Anton, Josep" uniqKey="Anton J" first="Josep" last="Anton">Josep Anton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Miret, Jaques" sort="Miret, Jaques" uniqKey="Miret J" first="Jaques" last="Miret">Jaques Miret</name></author><author><name sortKey="Macleod, Alan" sort="Macleod, Alan" uniqKey="Macleod A" first="Alan" last="Macleod">Alan Macleod</name></author><author><name sortKey="Navajas Navarro, Maria" sort="Navajas Navarro, Maria" uniqKey="Navajas Navarro M" first="Maria" last="Navajas Navarro">Maria Navajas Navarro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Parnell, Stephen" sort="Parnell, Stephen" uniqKey="Parnell S" first="Stephen" last="Parnell">Stephen Parnell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Potting, Roel" sort="Potting, Roel" uniqKey="Potting R" first="Roel" last="Potting">Roel Potting</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rafoss, Trond" sort="Rafoss, Trond" uniqKey="Rafoss T" first="Trond" last="Rafoss">Trond Rafoss</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rossi, Vittorio" sort="Rossi, Vittorio" uniqKey="Rossi V" first="Vittorio" last="Rossi">Vittorio Rossi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Urek, Gregor" sort="Urek, Gregor" uniqKey="Urek G" first="Gregor" last="Urek">Gregor Urek</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Bruggen, Ariena" sort="Van Bruggen, Ariena" uniqKey="Van Bruggen A" first="Ariena" last="Van Bruggen">Ariena Van Bruggen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Werf, Wopke" sort="Van Der Werf, Wopke" uniqKey="Van Der Werf W" first="Wopke" last="Van Der Werf">Wopke Van Der Werf</name></author><author><name sortKey="West, Jonathan" sort="West, Jonathan" uniqKey="West J" first="Jonathan" last="West">Jonathan West</name></author><author><name sortKey="Winter, Stephan" sort="Winter, Stephan" uniqKey="Winter S" first="Stephan" last="Winter">Stephan Winter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kaluski, Tomasz" sort="Kaluski, Tomasz" uniqKey="Kaluski T" first="Tomasz" last="Kaluski">Tomasz Kaluski</name></author><author><name sortKey="Niere, Bjorn" sort="Niere, Bjorn" uniqKey="Niere B" first="Björn" last="Niere">Björn Niere</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j">EFSA Journal</title><idno type="eISSN">1831-4732</idno><imprint><date when="2017">2017</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><title>Abstract</title><p>The Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of <italic>Xiphinema californicum</italic> (Nematoda: Longidoridae) for the EU. The nematode is a well‐defined taxon belonging to a group of morphologically similar species called <italic>Xiphinema americanum</italic> sensu lato. The nematode was described from the USA and is present in some North and South American countries. The nematode is not present in the EU and is regulated by Council Directive 2000/29/EC, listed in Annex I A I as <italic>X. californicum</italic> Lamberti and Bleve‐Zacheo. It is a polyphagous pest found in soil associated with a number of plant species. As a migratory ectoparasitic species, it punctures the cells of plant roots. <italic>X. californicum</italic> is in principle able to cause direct damage to plants, but its main damage is caused by vectoring the American nepoviruses: <italic>Tobacco ringspot virus</italic> (TRSV), <italic>Tomato ringspot virus</italic> (ToRSV) and <italic>Cherry rasp leaf virus</italic> (CRLV). Soil is a potential pathway for this nematode for entry into the EU. Moist soil, such as soil attached to plants for planting, increases survival of the nematode. The viruses may persist over prolonged periods inside the nematode and viruliferous nematodes may introduce American nepoviruses. Climatic conditions in the EU are similar to those found in the areas where the pest is currently present. Hosts of the nematode (and of associated viruses) are, e.g. grapes, apples and plums, which are also widely cultivated in the EU. The nematode only moves short distances (around 1 m) but may be spread with soil moving activities. Measures are available to inhibit entry via soil as such. Entry of the nematode with soil attached to plants for planting that are not regulated is possible. <italic>X. californicum</italic> does satisfy all the criteria that are within the remit of EFSA to assess to be regarded as a Union quarantine pest.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Southey, Jf" uniqKey="Southey J">JF Southey</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">EFSA J</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">EFSA J</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="doi">10.1002/(ISSN)1831-4732</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">EFS2</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>EFSA Journal</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1831-4732</issn><publisher><publisher-name>John Wiley and Sons Inc.</publisher-name><publisher-loc>Hoboken</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">32625391</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">7009903</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2903/j.efsa.2017.5111</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">EFS25111</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="overline"><subject>Scientific Opinion</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Scientific Opinion</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Pest categorisation of <italic>Xiphinema californicum</italic></article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib id="efs25111-cr-0001" contrib-type="author"><collab collab-type="authors">EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH)</collab></contrib><contrib id="efs25111-cr-0002" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jeger</surname><given-names>Michael</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25111-cr-0003" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bragard</surname><given-names>Claude</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25111-cr-0004" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Caffier</surname><given-names>David</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25111-cr-0005" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Candresse</surname><given-names>Thierry</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25111-cr-0006" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chatzivassiliou</surname><given-names>Elisavet</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25111-cr-0007" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dehnen‐Schmutz</surname><given-names>Katharina</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25111-cr-0008" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gilioli</surname><given-names>Gianni</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25111-cr-0009" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gregoire</surname><given-names>Jean‐Claude</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25111-cr-0010" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Anton</surname><given-names>Josep</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25111-cr-0011" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Miret</surname><given-names>Jaques</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25111-cr-0012" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>MacLeod</surname><given-names>Alan</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25111-cr-0013" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Navajas Navarro</surname><given-names>Maria</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25111-cr-0014" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Parnell</surname><given-names>Stephen</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25111-cr-0015" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Potting</surname><given-names>Roel</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25111-cr-0016" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rafoss</surname><given-names>Trond</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25111-cr-0017" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rossi</surname><given-names>Vittorio</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25111-cr-0018" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Urek</surname><given-names>Gregor</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25111-cr-0019" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Van Bruggen</surname><given-names>Ariena</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25111-cr-0020" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Van der Werf</surname><given-names>Wopke</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25111-cr-0021" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>West</surname><given-names>Jonathan</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25111-cr-0022" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Winter</surname><given-names>Stephan</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25111-cr-0023" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kaluski</surname><given-names>Tomasz</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25111-cr-0024" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Niere</surname><given-names>Björn</given-names></name></contrib></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="correspondenceTo"><bold>Correspondence: </bold><email>alpha@efsa.europa.eu</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>12</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>12</issue><issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/efs2.2017.15.issue-12</issue-id><elocation-id>e05111</elocation-id><permissions><pmc-comment> © European Food Safety Authority </pmc-comment>
<copyright-statement content-type="article-copyright">© 2017 European Food Safety Authority. <italic>EFSA Journal</italic> published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.</copyright-statement><license license-type="creativeCommonsBy-nd"><license-p>This is an open access article under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/</ext-link> License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and no modifications or adaptations are made.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="file:EFS2-15-e05111.pdf"></self-uri><abstract id="efs25111-abs-0001"><title>Abstract</title><p>The Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of <italic>Xiphinema californicum</italic> (Nematoda: Longidoridae) for the EU. The nematode is a well‐defined taxon belonging to a group of morphologically similar species called <italic>Xiphinema americanum</italic> sensu lato. The nematode was described from the USA and is present in some North and South American countries. The nematode is not present in the EU and is regulated by Council Directive 2000/29/EC, listed in Annex I A I as <italic>X. californicum</italic> Lamberti and Bleve‐Zacheo. It is a polyphagous pest found in soil associated with a number of plant species. As a migratory ectoparasitic species, it punctures the cells of plant roots. <italic>X. californicum</italic> is in principle able to cause direct damage to plants, but its main damage is caused by vectoring the American nepoviruses: <italic>Tobacco ringspot virus</italic> (TRSV), <italic>Tomato ringspot virus</italic> (ToRSV) and <italic>Cherry rasp leaf virus</italic> (CRLV). Soil is a potential pathway for this nematode for entry into the EU. Moist soil, such as soil attached to plants for planting, increases survival of the nematode. The viruses may persist over prolonged periods inside the nematode and viruliferous nematodes may introduce American nepoviruses. Climatic conditions in the EU are similar to those found in the areas where the pest is currently present. Hosts of the nematode (and of associated viruses) are, e.g. grapes, apples and plums, which are also widely cultivated in the EU. The nematode only moves short distances (around 1 m) but may be spread with soil moving activities. Measures are available to inhibit entry via soil as such. Entry of the nematode with soil attached to plants for planting that are not regulated is possible. <italic>X. californicum</italic> does satisfy all the criteria that are within the remit of EFSA to assess to be regarded as a Union quarantine pest.</p></abstract><kwd-group kwd-group-type="author-generated"><kwd id="efs25111-kwd-0001">European Union</kwd><kwd id="efs25111-kwd-0002">pest risk</kwd><kwd id="efs25111-kwd-0003">plant health</kwd><kwd id="efs25111-kwd-0004">plant pest</kwd><kwd id="efs25111-kwd-0005">quarantine</kwd><kwd id="efs25111-kwd-0006">American dagger nematode</kwd><kwd id="efs25111-kwd-0007">tobacco ring nematode</kwd></kwd-group><counts><fig-count count="2"></fig-count><table-count count="6"></table-count><page-count count="24"></page-count><word-count count="10356"></word-count></counts><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>source-schema-version-number</meta-name><meta-value>2.0</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>cover-date</meta-name><meta-value>December 2017</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>details-of-publishers-convertor</meta-name><meta-value>Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:5.7.5 mode:remove_FC converted:21.01.2020</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta><notes><p content-type="self-citation"><mixed-citation publication-type="self-citation" id="efs25111-cit-1001"><bold>Suggested citation: </bold><collab collab-type="authors">EFSA PLH Panel (EFSA Panel on Plant Health)</collab>, <string-name><surname>Jeger</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Bragard</surname><given-names>C</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Caffier</surname><given-names>D</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Candresse</surname><given-names>T</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Chatzivassiliou</surname><given-names>E</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Dehnen‐Schmutz</surname><given-names>K</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Gilioli</surname><given-names>G</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Gregoire</surname><given-names>J‐C</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Anton</surname><given-names>J</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Miret</surname><given-names>J</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>MacLeod</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Navajas Navarro</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Parnell</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Potting</surname><given-names>R</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Rafoss</surname><given-names>T</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Rossi</surname><given-names>V</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Urek</surname><given-names>G</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Van Bruggen</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Van der Werf</surname><given-names>W</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>West</surname><given-names>J</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Winter</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Kaluski</surname><given-names>T</given-names></string-name> and <string-name><surname>Niere</surname><given-names>B</given-names></string-name>, <year>2017</year><article-title>Scientific Opinion on the pest categorisation of <italic>Xiphinema californicum</italic></article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">EFSA Journal</source> 2017;15(12):5111, 24 pp. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2903/j.efsa.2017.5111</pub-id></mixed-citation></p><fn-group id="efs25111-ntgp-0001"><fn id="efs25111-note-1001"><p><bold>Requestor:</bold> European Commission</p></fn><fn id="efs25111-note-1002"><p><bold>Question number:</bold> EFSA‐Q‐2017‐00568</p></fn><fn id="efs25111-note-1003"><p><bold>Panel members:</bold> Claude Bragard, David Caffier, Thierry Candresse, Elisavet Chatzivassiliou, Katharina Dehnen‐Schmutz, Gianni Gilioli, Jean‐Claude Gregoire, Josep Anton Jaques Miret, Michael Jeger, Alan MacLeod, Maria Navajas Navarro, Björn Niere, Stephen Parnell, Roel Potting, Trond Rafoss, Vittorio Rossi, Gregor Urek, Ariena Van Bruggen, Wopke Van der Werf, Jonathan West and Stephan Winter.</p></fn><fn id="efs25111-note-1004"><p><bold>Acknowledgements:</bold> The Panel wishes to acknowledge all European competent institutions, Member State bodies and other organisations that provided data for this scientific output.</p></fn><fn id="efs25111-note-1005"><p>Adopted: 22 November 2017</p></fn><fn id="efs25111-note-1006"><p>Reproduction of the images listed below is prohibited and permission must be sought directly from the copyright holder:</p><p>Figure 1: © EPPO</p></fn></fn-group></notes></front><body id="efs25111-body-0001"><sec id="efs25111-sec-0002"><label>1</label><title>Introduction</title><sec id="efs25111-sec-0003"><label>1.1</label><title>Background and Terms of Reference as provided by the requestor</title><sec id="efs25111-sec-0004"><label>1.1.1</label><title>Background</title><p>Council Directive 2000/29/EC<xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs25111-note-1007">1</xref> on protective measures against the introduction into the Community of organisms harmful to plants or plant products and against their spread within the Community establishes the present European Union plant health regime. The Directive lays down the phytosanitary provisions and the control checks to be carried out at the place of origin on plants and plant products destined for the Union or to be moved within the Union. In the Directive's 2000/29/EC annexes, the list of harmful organisms (pests) whose introduction into or spread within the Union is prohibited, is detailed together with specific requirements for import or internal movement.</p><p>Following the evaluation of the plant health regime, the new basic plant health law, Regulation (EU) 2016/2031<xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs25111-note-1008">2</xref> on protective measures against pests of plants, was adopted on 26 October 2016 and will apply from 14 December 2019 onwards, repealing Directive 2000/29/EC. In line with the principles of the above mentioned legislation and the follow‐up work of the secondary legislation for the listing of EU regulated pests, EFSA is requested to provide pest categorizations of the harmful organisms included in the annexes of Directive 2000/29/EC, in the cases where recent pest risk assessment/pest categorisation is not available.</p></sec><sec id="efs25111-sec-0005"><label>1.1.2</label><title>Terms of Reference</title><p>EFSA is requested, pursuant to Article 22(5.b) and Article 29(1) of Regulation (EC) No 178/2002<xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs25111-note-2003">3</xref>, to provide scientific opinion in the field of plant health.</p><p>EFSA is requested to prepare and deliver a pest categorisation (step 1 analysis) for each of the regulated pests included in the appendices of the annex to this mandate. The methodology and template of pest categorisation have already been developed in past mandates for the organisms listed in Annex II Part A Section II of Directive 2000/29/EC. The same methodology and outcome is expected for this work as well.</p><p>The list of the harmful organisms included in the annex to this mandate comprises 133 harmful organisms or groups. A pest categorisation is expected for these 133 pests or groups and the delivery of the work would be stepwise at regular intervals through the year as detailed below. First priority covers the harmful organisms included in Appendix 1, comprising pests from Annex II Part A Section I and Annex II Part B of Directive 2000/29/EC. The delivery of all pest categorisations for the pests included in Appendix 1 is June 2018. The second priority is the pests included in Appendix 2, comprising the group of <italic>Cicadellidae</italic> (non‐EU) known to be vector of Pierce's disease (caused by <italic>Xylella fastidiosa</italic>), the group of <italic>Tephritidae</italic> (non‐EU), the group of potato viruses and virus‐like organisms, the group of viruses and virus‐like organisms of <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Fragaria</italic> L., <italic>Malus</italic> Mill., <italic>Prunus</italic> L., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L., <italic>Ribes</italic> L., <italic>Rubus</italic> L. and <italic>Vitis</italic> L.. and the group of <italic>Margarodes</italic> (non‐EU species). The delivery of all pest categorisations for the pests included in Appendix 2 is end 2019. The pests included in Appendix 3 cover pests of Annex I part A section I and all pests categorisations should be delivered by end 2020.</p><p>For the above mentioned groups, each covering a large number of pests, the pest categorisation will be performed for the group and not the individual harmful organisms listed under “such as” notation in the Annexes of the Directive 2000/29/EC. The criteria to be taken particularly under consideration for these cases, is the analysis of host pest combination, investigation of pathways, the damages occurring and the relevant impact.</p><p>Finally, as indicated in the text above, all references to ‘non‐European’ should be avoided and replaced by ‘non‐EU’ and refer to all territories with exception of the Union territories as defined in Article 1 point 3 of Regulation (EU) 2016/2031.</p><sec id="efs25111-sec-0006"><label>1.1.2.1</label><title>Terms of Reference: Appendix 1</title><p>List of harmful organisms for which pest categorisation is requested. The list below follows the annexes of Directive 2000/29/EC.</p><p><table-wrap id="nlm-table-wrap-1" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="anchor"><table frame="void" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><tbody><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><underline underline-style="single"><italic toggle="yes"><bold>Annex IIAI</bold></italic></underline></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Aleurocantus</italic> spp.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Numonia pyrivorella</italic> (Matsumura)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Anthonomus bisignifer</italic> (Schenkling)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Oligonychus perditus</italic> Pritchard and Baker</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Anthonomus signatus</italic> (Say)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pissodes</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Aschistonyx eppoi</italic> Inouye</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Scirtothrips aurantii</italic> Faure</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Carposina niponensis</italic> Walsingham</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Scirtothrips</italic> citri (Moultex)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Enarmonia packardi</italic> (Zeller)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Scolytidae</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Enarmonia prunivora</italic> Walsh</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Scrobipalpopsis solanivora</italic> Povolny</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Grapholita inopinata</italic> Heinrich</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Tachypterellus quadrigibbus</italic> Say</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hishomonus phycitis</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Toxoptera citricida</italic> Kirk.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Leucaspis japonica</italic> Ckll.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Unaspis citri</italic> Comstock</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Listronotus bonariensis</italic> (Kuschel)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(b) Bacteria</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Citrus variegated chlorosis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Xanthomonas campestris</italic> pv. <italic>oryzae</italic> (Ishiyama) Dye and pv. <italic>oryzicola</italic> (Fang. et al.) Dye</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Erwinia stewartii</italic> (Smith) Dye</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(c) Fungi</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Alternaria alternata</italic> (Fr.) Keissler (non‐EU pathogenic isolates)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Elsinoe</italic> spp. Bitanc. and Jenk. Mendes</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Anisogramma anomala</italic> (Peck) E. Müller</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Fusarium oxysporum</italic> f. sp<italic>. albedinis</italic> (Kilian and Maire) Gordon</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Apiosporina morbosa</italic> (Schwein.) v. Arx</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Guignardia piricola</italic> (Nosa) Yamamoto</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ceratocystis virescens</italic> (Davidson) Moreau</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Puccinia pittieriana</italic> Hennings</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cercoseptoria pini‐densiflorae</italic> (Hori and Nambu) Deighton</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Stegophora ulmea</italic> (Schweinitz: Fries) Sydow & Sydow</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cercospora angolensis</italic> Carv. and Mendes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Venturia nashicola</italic> Tanaka and Yamamoto</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(d) Virus and virus‐like organisms</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Beet curly top virus (non‐EU isolates)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Little cherry pathogen (non‐ EU isolates)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Black raspberry latent virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Naturally spreading psorosis</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Blight and blight‐like</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Palm lethal yellowing mycoplasm</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cadang‐Cadang viroid</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Satsuma dwarf virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Citrus tristeza virus (non‐EU isolates)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tatter leaf virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leprosis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Witches’ broom (MLO)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><underline underline-style="single"><italic toggle="yes"><bold>Annex IIB</bold></italic></underline></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insect mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Anthonomus grandis</italic> (Boh.)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cephalcia lariciphila</italic> (Klug)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ips cembrae</italic> Heer</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dendroctonus micans</italic> Kugelan</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ips duplicatus</italic> Sahlberg</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gilphinia hercyniae</italic> (Hartig)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ips sexdentatus</italic> Börner</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gonipterus scutellatus</italic> Gyll.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ips typographus</italic> Heer</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ips amitinus</italic> Eichhof</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Sternochetus mangiferae</italic> Fabricius</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(b) Bacteria</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens (Hedges) Collins and Jones</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(c) Fungi</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Glomerella gossypii</italic> Edgerton</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hypoxylon mammatum</italic> (Wahl.) J. Miller</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gremmeniella abietina</italic> (Lag.) Morelet</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></p></sec><sec id="efs25111-sec-0007"><label>1.1.2.2</label><title>Terms of Reference: Appendix 2</title><p>List of harmful organisms for which pest categorisation is requested per group. The list below follows the categorisation included in the annexes of Directive 2000/29/EC.</p><p><table-wrap id="nlm-table-wrap-2" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="anchor"><table frame="void" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><tbody><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><underline underline-style="single"><italic toggle="yes"><bold>Annex IAI</bold></italic></underline></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Group of Cicadellidae (non‐EU) known to be vector of Pierce's disease (caused by <italic>Xylella fastidiosa</italic>), such as:</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1) <italic>Carneocephala fulgida</italic> Nottingham</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3) <italic>Graphocephala atropunctata</italic> (Signoret)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2) <italic>Draeculacephala minerva</italic> Ball</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Group of Tephritidae (non‐EU) such as:</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1) <italic>Anastrepha fraterculus</italic> (Wiedemann)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12) <italic>Pardalaspis cyanescens</italic> Bezzi</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2) <italic>Anastrepha ludens</italic> (Loew)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13) <italic>Pardalaspis quinaria</italic> Bezzi</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3) <italic>Anastrepha obliqua</italic> Macquart</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14) <italic>Pterandrus rosa</italic> (Karsch)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4) <italic>Anastrepha suspensa</italic> (Loew)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15) <italic>Rhacochlaena japonica</italic> Ito</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5) <italic>Dacus ciliatus</italic> Loew</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16) <italic>Rhagoletis completa</italic> Cresson</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6) <italic>Dacus curcurbitae</italic> Coquillet</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17) <italic>Rhagoletis fausta</italic> (Osten‐Sacken)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7) <italic>Dacus dorsalis</italic> Hendel</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18) <italic>Rhagoletis indifferens</italic> Curran</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8) <italic>Dacus tryoni</italic> (Froggatt)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19) <italic>Rhagoletis mendax</italic> Curran</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9) <italic>Dacus tsuneonis</italic> Miyake</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20) <italic>Rhagoletis pomonella</italic> Walsh</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10) <italic>Dacus zonatus</italic> Saund.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21) <italic>Rhagoletis suavis</italic> (Loew)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11) <italic>Epochra canadensis</italic> (Loew)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(c) Viruses and virus‐like organisms</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Group of potato viruses and virus‐like organisms such as:</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1) Andean potato latent virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4) Potato black ringspot virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2) Andean potato mottle virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5) Potato virus T</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3) Arracacha virus B, oca strain</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6) non‐EU isolates of potato viruses A, M, S, V, X and Y (including Yo, Yn and Yc) and Potato leafroll virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Group of viruses and virus‐like organisms of Cydonia Mill., Fragaria L., Malus Mill., Prunus L., Pyrus L., Ribes L.,Rubus L. and Vitis L., such as:</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1) Blueberry leaf mottle virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8) Peach yellows mycoplasm</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2) Cherry rasp leaf virus (American)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9) Plum line pattern virus (American)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3) Peach mosaic virus (American)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10) Raspberry leaf curl virus (American)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4) Peach phony rickettsia</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11) Strawberry witches’ broom mycoplasma</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5) Peach rosette mosaic virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12) Non‐EU viruses and virus‐like organisms of <italic>Cydonia Mill., Fragaria L., Malus Mill., Prunus L., Pyrus L., Ribes L., Rubus L</italic>. and <italic>Vitis L</italic>.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6) Peach rosette mycoplasm</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7) Peach X‐disease mycoplasm</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><italic><bold>Annex IIAI</bold></italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Group of <italic>Margarodes</italic> (non‐EU species) such as:</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1) <italic>Margarodes vitis</italic> (Phillipi)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3) <italic>Margarodes prieskaensis</italic> Jakubski</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2) <italic>Margarodes vredendalensis</italic> de Klerk</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></p></sec><sec id="efs25111-sec-0008"><label>1.1.2.3</label><title>Terms of Reference: Appendix 3</title><p>List of harmful organisms for which pest categorisation is requested. The list below follows the annexes of Directive 2000/29/EC.</p><p><table-wrap id="nlm-table-wrap-3" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="anchor"><table frame="void" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><tbody><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><underline underline-style="single"><italic toggle="yes"><bold>Annex IAI</bold></italic></underline></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Acleris</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Longidorus diadecturus</italic> Eveleigh and Allen</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Amauromyza maculosa</italic> (Malloch)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Monochamus</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Anomala orientalis</italic> Waterhouse</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Myndus crudus</italic> Van Duzee</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Arrhenodes minutus</italic> Drury</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Nacobbus aberrans</italic> (Thorne) Thorne and Allen</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Choristoneura</italic> spp. (non‐E<underline underline-style="single">U</underline>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Naupactus leucoloma</italic> Boheman</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Conotrachelus nenuphar</italic> (Herbst)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Premnotrypes</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dendrolimus sibiricus</italic> Tschetverikov</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pseudopityophthorus minutissimus</italic> (Zimmermann)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diabrotica barberi</italic> Smith and Lawrence</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pseudopityophthorus pruinosus</italic> (Eichhoff)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi</italic> Barber</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Scaphoideus luteolus</italic> (Van Duzee)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diabrotica undecimpunctata undecimpunctata</italic> Mannerheim</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Spodoptera eridania</italic> (Cramer)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diabrotica virgifera zeae</italic> Krysan & Smith</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Spodoptera frugiperda</italic> (Smith)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diaphorina citri</italic> Kuway</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Spodoptera litura</italic> (Fabricus)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Heliothis zea</italic> (Boddie)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Thrips palmi</italic> Karny</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hirschmanniella</italic> spp., other than <italic>Hirschmanniella gracilis</italic> (de Man) Luc and Goodey</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Xiphinema americanum</italic> Cobb sensu lato (non‐EU populations)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Liriomyza sativae</italic> Blanchard</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Xiphinema californicum</italic> Lamberti and Bleve‐Zacheo</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(b) Fungi</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ceratocystis fagacearum</italic> (Bretz) Hunt</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Mycosphaerella larici‐leptolepis</italic> Ito et al.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Chrysomyxa arctostaphyli</italic> Dietel</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Mycosphaerella populorum</italic> G. E. Thompson</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cronartium</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Phoma andina</italic> Turkensteen</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Endocronartium</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Phyllosticta solitaria</italic> Ell. and Ev.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Guignardia laricina</italic> (Saw.) Yamamoto and Ito</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Septoria lycopersici</italic> Speg. var. <italic>malagutii</italic> Ciccarone and Boerema</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Thecaphora solani</italic> Barrus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Inonotus weirii</italic> (Murril) Kotlaba and Pouzar</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Trechispora brinkmannii</italic> (Bresad.) Rogers</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Melampsora farlowii</italic> (Arthur) Davis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(c) Viruses and virus‐like organisms</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tobacco ringspot virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Squash leaf curl virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tomato ringspot virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Euphorbia mosaic virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bean golden mosaic virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Florida tomato virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cowpea mild mottle virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lettuce infectious yellows virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pepper mild tigré virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(d) Parasitic plants</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Arceuthobium</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><underline underline-style="single"><italic toggle="yes"><bold>Annex IAII</bold></italic></underline></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Meloidogyne fallax</italic> Karssen</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Rhizoecus hibisci</italic> Kawai and Takagi</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Popillia japonica</italic> Newman</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(b) Bacteria</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Clavibacter michiganensis</italic> (Smith) Davis et al. ssp. <italic>sepedonicus</italic> (Spieckermann and Kotthoff) Davis et al.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ralstonia solanacearum</italic> (Smith) Yabuuchi et al.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(c) Fungi</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Melampsora medusae</italic> Thümen</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Synchytrium endobioticum</italic> (Schilbersky) Percival</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><underline underline-style="single"><italic toggle="yes"><bold>Annex I B</bold></italic></underline></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Leptinotarsa decemlineata</italic> Say</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Liriomyza bryoniae</italic> (Kaltenbach)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(b) Viruses and virus‐like organisms</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Beet necrotic yellow vein virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></p></sec></sec></sec><sec id="efs25111-sec-0009"><label>1.2</label><title>Interpretation of the Terms of Reference</title><p><italic>Xiphinema californicum</italic> is one of a number of pests listed in the Appendices to the Terms of Reference (ToR) to be subject to pest categorisation to determine whether it fulfils the criteria of a quarantine pest or those of a regulated non‐quarantine pest for the area of the European Union (EU) excluding Ceuta, Melilla and the outermost regions of Member States (MSs) referred to in Article 355(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), other than Madeira and the Azores.</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25111-sec-0010"><label>2</label><title>Data and methodologies</title><sec id="efs25111-sec-0011"><label>2.1</label><title>Data</title><sec id="efs25111-sec-0012"><label>2.1.1</label><title>Literature search</title><p>A literature search on <italic>X. californicum</italic> was conducted at the beginning of the categorisation in the ISI Web of Science, Scopus and Google bibliographic database, using the scientific name of the pest as search term. Relevant papers were reviewed, and further references and information were obtained from experts, from citations within the references and grey literature.</p></sec><sec id="efs25111-sec-0013"><label>2.1.2</label><title>Database search</title><p>Pest information, on host(s) and distribution, was retrieved from the European and Mediterranean Plan Protection Organization (EPPO) Global Database (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25111-bib-0008" ref-type="ref">2017a</xref>,<xref rid="efs25111-bib-0009" ref-type="ref">b</xref>) and relevant publications.</p><p>Data about import of commodity types that could potentially provide a pathway for the pest to enter the EU and about the area of hosts grown in the EU were obtained from EUROSTAT. (Statistical Office of the European Communities).</p><p>The Europhyt database was consulted for pest‐specific notifications on interceptions and outbreaks. Europhyt is a web‐based network launched by the Directorate General for Health and Consumers (DG SANCO), and is a subproject of PHYSAN (Phyto‐Sanitary Controls) specifically concerned with plant health information. The Europhyt database manages notifications of interceptions of plants or plant products that do not comply with EU legislation as well as notifications of plant pests detected in the territory of the MSs and the phytosanitary measures taken to eradicate or avoid their spread.</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25111-sec-0014"><label>2.2</label><title>Methodologies</title><p>The Panel performed the pest categorisation for <italic>X. californicum</italic>, following guiding principles and steps presented in the EFSA guidance on the harmonised framework for pest risk assessment (EFSA PLH Panel, <xref rid="efs25111-bib-0006" ref-type="ref">2010</xref>) and as defined in the International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures No 11 (FAO, <xref rid="efs25111-bib-0013" ref-type="ref">2013</xref>) and No 21 (FAO, <xref rid="efs25111-bib-0012" ref-type="ref">2004</xref>).</p><p>In accordance with the guidance on a harmonised framework for pest risk assessment in the EU (EFSA PLH Panel, <xref rid="efs25111-bib-0006" ref-type="ref">2010</xref>), this work was initiated following an evaluation of the EU plant health regime. Therefore, to facilitate the decision‐making process, in the conclusions of the pest categorisation, the Panel addresses explicitly each criterion for a Union quarantine pest and for a Union regulated non‐quarantine pest in accordance with Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 on protective measures against pests of plants, and includes additional information required in accordance with the specific ToR received by the European Commission. In addition, for each conclusion, the Panel provides a short description of its associated uncertainty.</p><p>Table <xref rid="efs25111-tbl-0001" ref-type="table">1</xref> presents the Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 pest categorisation criteria on which the Panel bases its conclusions. All relevant criteria have to be met for the pest to potentially qualify either as a quarantine pest or as a regulated non‐quarantine pest. If one of the criteria is not met, the pest will not qualify. A pest that does not qualify as a quarantine pest may still qualify as a regulated non‐quarantine pest that needs to be addressed in the opinion. For the pests regulated in the protected zones only, the scope of the categorisation is the territory of the protected zone; thus, the criteria refer to the protected zone instead of the EU territory.</p><p>It should be noted that the Panel's conclusions are formulated respecting its remit and particularly with regard to the principle of separation between risk assessment and risk management (EFSA founding regulation (EU) No 178/2002); therefore, instead of determining whether the pest is likely to have an unacceptable impact, the Panel will present a summary of the observed pest impacts. Economic impacts are expressed in terms of yield and quality losses and not in monetary terms, whereas addressing social impacts is outside the remit of the Panel, in agreement with EFSA guidance on a harmonised framework for pest risk assessment (EFSA PLH Panel, <xref rid="efs25111-bib-0006" ref-type="ref">2010</xref>).</p><table-wrap id="efs25111-tbl-0001" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Pest categorisation criteria under evaluation, as defined in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 on protective measures against pests of plants (the number of the relevant sections of the pest categorisation is shown in brackets in the first column)</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Criterion of pest categorisation</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding Union quarantine pest</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding protected zone quarantine pest (articles 32–35)</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding Union regulated non‐quarantine pest</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Identity of the pest (Section</bold> <xref rid="efs25111-sec-0016" ref-type="sec">3.1</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the identity of the pest established, or has it been shown to produce consistent symptoms and to be transmissible?</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the identity of the pest established, or has it been shown to produce consistent symptoms and to be transmissible?</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the identity of the pest established, or has it been shown to produce consistent symptoms and to be transmissible?</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Absence/presence of the pest in the EU territory (Section</bold> <xref rid="efs25111-sec-0023" ref-type="sec">3.2</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Is the pest present in the EU territory?</p><p>If present, is the pest widely distributed within the EU? Describe the pest distribution briefly!</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the pest present in the EU territory? If not, it cannot be a protected zone quarantine organism.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the pest present in the EU territory? If not, it cannot be a regulated non‐quarantine pest. (A regulated non‐quarantine pest must be present in the risk assessment area).</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Regulatory status (Section</bold> <xref rid="efs25111-sec-0027" ref-type="sec">3.3</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">If the pest is present in the EU but not widely distributed in the risk assessment area, it should be under official control or expected to be under official control in the near future.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>The protected zone system aligns with the pest‐free area system under the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC).</p><p>The pest satisfies the IPPC definition of a quarantine pest that is not present in the risk assessment area (i.e. protected zone).</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the pest regulated as a quarantine pest? If currently regulated as a quarantine pest, are there grounds to consider its status could be revoked?</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Pest potential for entry, establishment and spread in the EU territory (Section</bold> <xref rid="efs25111-sec-0031" ref-type="sec">3.4</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the pest able to enter into, become established in and spread within the EU territory? If yes, briefly list the pathways!</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Is the pest able to enter into, become established in and spread within the protected zone areas?</p><p>Is entry by natural spread from EU areas where the pest is present possible?</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Is spread mainly via specific plants for planting, rather than via natural spread or via movement of plant products or other objects?</p><p>Clearly state if plants for planting is the main pathway!</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Potential for consequences in the EU territory (Section</bold> <xref rid="efs25111-sec-0041" ref-type="sec">3.5</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Would the pests’ introduction have an economic or environmental impact on the EU territory?</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Would the pests’ introduction have an economic or environmental impact on the protected zone areas?</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Does the presence of the pest on plants for planting have an economic impact, as regards the intended use of those plants for planting?</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Available measures (Section</bold> <xref rid="efs25111-sec-0043" ref-type="sec">3.6</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Are there measures available to prevent the entry into, establishment within or spread of the pest within the EU such that the risk becomes mitigated?</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Are there measures available to prevent the entry into, establishment within or spread of the pest within the protected zone areas such that the risk becomes mitigated?</p><p>Is it possible to eradicate the pest in a restricted area within 24 months (or a period longer than 24 months where the biology of the organism so justifies) after the presence of the pest was confirmed in the protected zone?</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Are there measures available to prevent pest presence on plants for planting such that the risk becomes mitigated?</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Conclusion of pest categorisation (Section</bold> <xref rid="efs25111-sec-0048" ref-type="sec">4</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A statement as to whether (1) all criteria assessed by EFSA above for consideration as a potential quarantine pest were met and (2) if not, which one(s) were not met.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A statement as to whether (1) all criteria assessed by EFSA above for consideration as potential protected zone quarantine pest were met, and (2) if not, which one(s) were not met.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A statement as to whether (1) all criteria assessed by EFSA above for consideration as a potential regulated non‐quarantine pest were met, and (2) if not, which one(s) were not met.</td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap><p>The Panel will not indicate in its conclusions of the pest categorisation whether to continue the risk assessment process, but, following the agreed two‐step approach, will continue only if requested by the risk managers. However, during the categorisation process, experts may identify key elements and knowledge gaps that could contribute significant uncertainty to a future assessment of risk. It would be useful to identify and highlight such gaps so that potential future requests can specifically target the major elements of uncertainty, perhaps suggesting specific scenarios to examine.</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25111-sec-0015"><label>3</label><title>Pest categorisation</title><sec id="efs25111-sec-0016"><label>3.1</label><title>Identity and biology of the pest</title><sec id="efs25111-sec-0017"><label>3.1.1</label><title>Identity and taxonomy</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25111-blkfxd-1001" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Is the identity of the pest established, or has it been shown to produce consistent symptoms and to be transmissible?</italic></p><p><bold>Yes, </bold><italic>Xiphinema californicum</italic> has been recognized as a single taxonomic entity.</p></boxed-text></p><p><italic>Xiphinema californicum</italic> (Longidoridae) was originally described from specimens extracted from the rhizosphere of olive trees in Riverside, California, USA (Lamberti and Bleve‐Zacheo, <xref rid="efs25111-bib-0025" ref-type="ref">1979</xref>). It is a virus‐transmitting nematode belonging to a group of morphologically closely related species. This group is called <italic>Xiphinema americanum</italic> sensu lato and comprises around 50 species (FAO, <xref rid="efs25111-bib-0014" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>). The species differentiation of this group is extremely difficult due to only minor morphological and morphometrical differences. Griesbach and Maggenti (<xref rid="efs25111-bib-0016" ref-type="ref">1990</xref>) synonymised this species with <italic>X. americanum sensu stricto</italic> based on morphometric analyses of nematode populations from Pennsylvania, New York and California. Cho and Robbins (<xref rid="efs25111-bib-0005" ref-type="ref">1991</xref>) also using morphometric analyses were able to distinguish <italic>X. californicum</italic> from <italic>X. americanum</italic>. Because of the difficulties in the morphological identification of species of <italic>X. americanum</italic> sensu lato, the use of molecular approaches to discriminate species within the <italic>X. americanum</italic> group is recommended (Brown et al., <xref rid="efs25111-bib-0004" ref-type="ref">1995</xref>; Lamberti et al., <xref rid="efs25111-bib-0028" ref-type="ref">2000</xref>). Based on molecular (by sequencing of D2–D3 of 28S rRNA, ITS rRNA and mitochondrial COI genes) and morphological characterization of the <italic>X. americanum</italic> group species, Orlando et al. (<xref rid="efs25111-bib-0036" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>) recognised <italic>X. californicum</italic> as a distinct taxonomic entity.</p></sec><sec id="efs25111-sec-0019"><label>3.1.2</label><title>Biology of the pest</title><p><italic>Xiphinema californicum</italic> is a migratory ectoparasite of plant roots. The life cycle of <italic>X. californicum</italic> ‐ starting with an egg – consists of three juvenile stages (which is unusual for most nematodes that typically have four juvenile stages) and the adult stage. It reproduces parthenogenetically, males are therefore uncommon (Halbrendt and Brown, <xref rid="efs25111-bib-0019" ref-type="ref">1992</xref>). All stages are found in the soil. A first‐stage juvenile (J1) develops within the egg, then hatches (<xref rid="efs25111-bib-0033" ref-type="ref">Nemaplex</xref>, 26.10.2017). All juvenile stages and adults have a stylet typical for the family Longidoridae consisting of two parts: the anterior odontostyle and a supporting structure (odontophore). <italic>Xiphinema</italic> species have a long odontostyle (up to 150 μm; stylet length in <italic>Ditylenchus dipsaci</italic> is ca. 13 μm in contrast) and with this they feed on epidermal cells near the root tips.</p><p>Although <italic>X. californicum</italic> is a valid species, little information on the biology of this species is available. Therefore, the information on biology and ecology relates to <italic>X. americanum</italic> sensu lato. As a free‐living ectoparasite, this nematode lives and moves in soil and/or growing media where it can survive for several years producing only one generation per year (Halbrendt and Brown, <xref rid="efs25111-bib-0020" ref-type="ref">1993</xref>). <italic>X. californicum</italic> is recognised as an important vector of the plant viruses: <italic>Tobacco ringspot virus</italic> (TRSV), <italic>Tomato ringspot virus</italic> (ToRSV) and <italic>Cherry rasp leaf virus</italic> (CRLV) (Brown et al., <xref rid="efs25111-bib-0002" ref-type="ref">1993</xref>, <xref rid="efs25111-bib-0003" ref-type="ref">1994</xref>). Viruses are transmitted by juveniles and adult specimens during feeding. <italic>Xiphinema</italic> species are known to retain viruses for long periods, and transmission after 9 months has been experimentally proven.</p></sec><sec id="efs25111-sec-0020"><label>3.1.3</label><title>Intraspecific diversity</title><p>Several molecular studies on the diversity of the <italic>X. americanum</italic> group have been carried out. Low intraspecific and large interspecific diversity was found using mitochondrial DNA to distinguish populations of <italic>Xiphinema</italic> spp. (Lazarova et al., <xref rid="efs25111-bib-0029" ref-type="ref">2006</xref>; Kumari et al., <xref rid="efs25111-bib-0024" ref-type="ref">2010</xref>; Gutiérrez‐Gutiérrez et al., <xref rid="efs25111-bib-0017" ref-type="ref">2011</xref>). Low intraspecific variability was also demonstrated by Ye et al. (<xref rid="efs25111-bib-0038" ref-type="ref">2004</xref>) for the ITS1 rDNA gene, Oliveira et al. (<xref rid="efs25111-bib-0035" ref-type="ref">2004</xref>) for 18S rRNA gene and He et al. (<xref rid="efs25111-bib-0501" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>) for D2–D3 expansion regions of 28S rRNA gene sequences.</p><p>Differences in virus transmission have been reported by Hoy et al. (<xref rid="efs25111-bib-0022" ref-type="ref">1984</xref>). According to these authors, <italic>X. californicum</italic> is an efficient vector for some strains of TRSV but not for other strains of the same virus. Griesbach and Maggenti (<xref rid="efs25111-bib-0015" ref-type="ref">1989</xref>) also reported differences in populations of <italic>X. americanum</italic> sensu lato (probably <italic>X. californicum</italic>) to transmit different viruses.</p></sec><sec id="efs25111-sec-0021"><label>3.1.4</label><title>Detection and identification of the pest</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25111-blkfxd-1002" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Are detection and identification methods available for the pest?</italic></p><p><bold>Yes</bold>, the organism can be detected. Identification using the key developed by Lamberti et al. (<xref rid="efs25111-bib-0028" ref-type="ref">2000</xref>) is possible but is difficult and can only be carried out by trained personnel.</p></boxed-text></p><p>Nematodes can be isolated from the soil or growing media by different extraction techniques, e.g. the Flegg‐modified Cobb technique, Oostenbrink elutriator or other elutriation methods (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25111-bib-0007" ref-type="ref">2013</xref>). Identification of <italic>X. americanum</italic> group species is based on morphological and morphometric analyses (Lamberti et al., <xref rid="efs25111-bib-0028" ref-type="ref">2000</xref>; FAO, <xref rid="efs25111-bib-0014" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>). Identification of <italic>X. californicum</italic>, and in particular distinguishing it from other species of <italic>X. americanum</italic> sensu lato is extremely difficult and can only be carried out by trained personnel. Molecular diagnostic method to distinguish between species within <italic>X. americanum</italic> sensu lato are mentioned in the Q‐bank website (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.q-bank.eu/Nematodes/DefaultInfo.aspx?Page=MolecularDS">http://www.q-bank.eu/Nematodes/DefaultInfo.aspx?Page=MolecularDS</ext-link>) but have not been included in the relevant IPPC and EPPO diagnostic protocols (FAO, <xref rid="efs25111-bib-0014" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>; EPPO, <xref rid="efs25111-bib-0008" ref-type="ref">2017a</xref>,<xref rid="efs25111-bib-0009" ref-type="ref">b</xref>).</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25111-sec-0023"><label>3.2</label><title>Pest distribution</title><sec id="efs25111-sec-0024"><label>3.2.1</label><title>Pest distribution outside the EU</title><p><italic>Xiphinema californicum</italic> is present in the USA, where it is widely distributed in California and Washington and has a restricted distribution in Oregon. The pest is widespread across California, in association with a very wide host range of woody and herbaceous plants. In a study by Lownsbery and Lownsbery (<xref rid="efs25111-bib-0030" ref-type="ref">1985</xref>), <italic>X. californicum</italic> was among the most frequently found nematode species associated with forest trees in California. It is present also in Hawaii, however, no details about its distribution are available (EPPO GD, 26.10.2017). In Central and South America, <italic>X. californicum</italic> has been reported from Mexico, Brazil, Chile and Peru (no details about its exact distribution are available (EPPO GD, 26.10.2017) (Figure <xref rid="efs25111-fig-0001" ref-type="fig">1</xref>). According to Erum and Shahina (<xref rid="efs25111-bib-0011" ref-type="ref">2010</xref>), the nematode is present also in Asia (Pakistan); because of no other reports in Asia, the unusual association with wheat and no other reports of wheat as a host plant, there is some uncertainty regarding this report. The EPPO GD does not consider the Pakistan report.</p><fig fig-type="Figure" xml:lang="en" id="efs25111-fig-0001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Global distribution map for <italic>X. californicum</italic> (extracted from the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EPPO PQR</styled-content> accessed on 23 November 2017)</p></caption><graphic id="nlm-graphic-1" xlink:href="EFS2-15-e05111-g001"></graphic></fig></sec><sec id="efs25111-sec-0025"><label>3.2.2</label><title>Pest distribution in the EU</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25111-blkfxd-1003" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Is the pest present in the EU territory? If present, is the pest widely distributed within the EU?</italic></p><p><bold>No</bold>,<italic> X. californicum</italic> is not known to occur in the EU.</p></boxed-text></p><p>There is no evidence that <italic>X. californicum</italic> is present in the EU.</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25111-sec-0027"><label>3.3</label><title>Regulatory status</title><sec id="efs25111-sec-0028"><label>3.3.1</label><title>Council Directive 2000/29/EC</title><p><italic>X. californicum</italic> is listed in Council Directive 2000/29/EC. Details are presented in Tables <xref rid="efs25111-tbl-0002" ref-type="table">2</xref> and <xref rid="efs25111-tbl-0003" ref-type="table">3</xref>.</p><table-wrap id="efs25111-tbl-0002" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p><italic>Xiphinema californicum</italic> in Council Directive 2000/29/EC</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><tbody><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Annex I, Part A</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold> and spread within, all member states shall be banned</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Section I</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Harmful organisms not known to occur in any part of the community and relevant for the entire community</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>(a)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Species</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>27.</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Xiphinema californicum</italic> Lamberti and Bleve‐Zacheo</td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap></sec><sec id="efs25111-sec-0029"><label>3.3.2</label><title>Legislation addressing the hosts of <italic>X. californicum</italic></title><p><italic>Xiphinema californicum</italic> belongs to a complex of closely related species called <italic>X. americanum</italic> sensu lato group. Therefore, the regulations presented in Table <xref rid="efs25111-tbl-0003" ref-type="table">3</xref> are also relevant.</p><table-wrap id="efs25111-tbl-0003" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Regulated hosts and commodities that may involve <italic>X. californicum</italic> in Annexes III, IV and V of Council Directive 2000/29/EC</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Annex IV, Part A</th><th align="left" colspan="2" valign="top" rowspan="1">Special requirements which must be laid down by all member states for the introduction and movement of plants, plant products and other objects into and within all member states</th></tr><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Section I</th><th align="left" colspan="2" valign="top" rowspan="1">Plants, plant products and other objects originating outside the Community</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31. Plants of Pelargonium L'Herit ex Ait., intended for planting, other than seeds, originating in countries where Tomato ringspot virus is known to occur;</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Without prejudice to the requirements applicable to the plants listed in Annex IV(A)(I)(27.1 and) (27.2),</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">a) where <italic>Xiphinema americanum</italic> Cobb sensu lato (non‐European populations) or other vectors of Tomato ringspot virus are not known to occur</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Official statement that the plants:</p><p><list list-type="alpha-lower" id="efs25111-list-0001"><list-item><p>Are directly derived from places of production known to be free from Tomato ringspot virus;</p><p>or</p></list-item><list-item><p>are of no more than fourth generation stock, derived from mother plants found to be free from Tomato ringspot virus under an official approved system of virological testing.</p></list-item></list></p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">b) where <italic>Xiphinema americanum</italic> Cobb sensu lato (non‐European populations) or other vectors of Tomato ringspot virus are known to occur</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Official statement that the plants:</p><p><list list-type="alpha-lower" id="efs25111-list-0002"><list-item><p>Are directly derived from places of production known to be free from Tomato ringspot virus in the soil or plants;</p><p>or</p></list-item><list-item><p>are of no more than fourth generation stock, derived from mother plants found to be free from Tomato ringspot virus under an official approved system of virological testing.</p></list-item></list></p></td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap></sec><sec id="efs25111-sec-0030"><label>3.3.3</label><title>Legislation addressing the organisms vectored by <italic>Xiphinema californicum</italic> (Directive 2000/29/EC)</title><p>Three plant viruses are vectored by <italic>X. californicum</italic>:</p><p><list list-type="bullet" id="efs25111-list-0003"><list-item><p><italic>Tobacco ringspot virus</italic> (TRSV) is listed in Annex I, AI, position (d) 3.</p></list-item><list-item><p><italic>Tomato ringspot virus</italic> (ToRSV) is listed in Annex I, AI, position (d) 4.</p></list-item><list-item><p>ToRSV is also listed in Annex IV, Part AI:
</p><list list-type="simple" id="efs25111-list-0004"><list-item><label>1</label><p>— 23.2 – Plants of <italic>Prunus</italic> L. intended for planting (a) originating in countries where the relevant harmful organisms are known to occur on <italic>Prunus</italic> L.</p></list-item><list-item><label>2</label><p>— 24 – Plants of <italic>Rubus</italic> L. intended for planting (a) originating in countries where harmful organisms are known to occur on <italic>Rubus</italic> L.</p></list-item><list-item><label>3</label><p>— 31 – Plants of <italic>Pelargonium</italic> L'Herit. ex Ait. intended for planting, other than seeds, originating in countries where Tomato ringspot virus is known to occur</p></list-item></list></list-item><list-item><p><italic>Cherry rasp leaf virus</italic> (CRLV) is listed in Annex I, AI, position (d) 5b.</p></list-item><list-item><p>CRLV is also listed in Annex IV, AI:
</p><list list-type="simple" id="efs25111-list-0005"><list-item><label>1</label><p>— 22.1 – Plants of <italic>Malus</italic> Mill. intended for planting, other than seeds, originating in countries where the relevant harmful organisms are known to occur on <italic>Malus</italic> Mill.</p></list-item><list-item><label>2</label><p>— 23.2 – Plants of <italic>Prunus</italic> L. intended for planting (b) other than seeds, originating in countries where the relevant harmful organisms are known to occur</p></list-item><list-item><label>3</label><p>— 24 – Plants of <italic>Rubus</italic> L. intended for planting (b) other than seeds, originating in countries where the relevant harmful organisms are known to occur</p></list-item></list></list-item></list></p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25111-sec-0031"><label>3.4</label><title>Entry, establishment and spread in the EU</title><sec id="efs25111-sec-0032"><label>3.4.1</label><title>Host range</title><p>The pest is a migratory ectoparasitic nematode and has been found associated with a wide range of herbaceous and woody host plants (see Table <xref rid="efs25111-tbl-0004" ref-type="table">4</xref>). However, the association with those plants is not always clear. Plants may be major or incidental hosts (see EPPO PQR).</p><table-wrap id="efs25111-tbl-0004" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Plants reported to be associated with <italic>Xiphinema californicum</italic></p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Host plant</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sources</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>19 forest tree species</bold><xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs25111-note-0007">a</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lownsbery and Lownsbery (<xref rid="efs25111-bib-0030" ref-type="ref">1985</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>Buphthalmum</italic> sp. L.</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cho and Robbins (<xref rid="efs25111-bib-0005" ref-type="ref">1991</xref>).; Nemaplex</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>Canna</italic> spp. L.</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Alkemade and Loof (<xref rid="efs25111-bib-0001" ref-type="ref">1990</xref>); Nemaplex</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>Carica papaya</italic> L.</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lamberti et al. (<xref rid="efs25111-bib-0027" ref-type="ref">1988</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>Citrus</italic> sp.</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Alkemade and Loof (<xref rid="efs25111-bib-0001" ref-type="ref">1990</xref>); Cho and Robbins (<xref rid="efs25111-bib-0005" ref-type="ref">1991</xref>); Nemaplex</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>Cocos nucifera</italic> L.</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Alkemade and Loof (<xref rid="efs25111-bib-0001" ref-type="ref">1990</xref>); Nemaplex</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>Ipomea batatas</italic> Lam.</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Alkemade and Loof (<xref rid="efs25111-bib-0001" ref-type="ref">1990</xref>); Nemaplex</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>Malus</italic> sp.</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hafez et al. (<xref rid="efs25111-bib-0018" ref-type="ref">1992</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>Medicago sativa</italic> L.</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Alkemade and Loof (<xref rid="efs25111-bib-0001" ref-type="ref">1990</xref>); Cho and Robbins (<xref rid="efs25111-bib-0005" ref-type="ref">1991</xref>); Nemaplex</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>Olea europaea</italic> L.</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lamberti and Bleve‐Zacheo (<xref rid="efs25111-bib-0025" ref-type="ref">1979</xref>); Nemaplex</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>Persea americana</italic> Mill.</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Alkemade and Loof (<xref rid="efs25111-bib-0001" ref-type="ref">1990</xref>); Nemaplex</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>Prunus</italic> spp. (cherries)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lamberti and Golden (<xref rid="efs25111-bib-0026" ref-type="ref">1986</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>Rosa</italic> sp. L.</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cho and Robbins (<xref rid="efs25111-bib-0005" ref-type="ref">1991</xref>); Nemaplex</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>Sorghum</italic> sp. Moench.</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Alkemade and Loof (<xref rid="efs25111-bib-0001" ref-type="ref">1990</xref>); Nemaplex</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>Triticum</italic> spp. (wheat)</bold><xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs25111-note-0008">b</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Erum and Shahina (<xref rid="efs25111-bib-0011" ref-type="ref">2010</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>Vitis sp,</italic> L.</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">McKenry (<xref rid="efs25111-bib-0031" ref-type="ref">1995</xref>); Nemaplex</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>Vitis vinifera</italic> L.</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cho and Robbins (<xref rid="efs25111-bib-0005" ref-type="ref">1991</xref>); Nemaplex</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>Zea mays</italic> L.</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Alkemade and Loof (<xref rid="efs25111-bib-0001" ref-type="ref">1990</xref>); Nemaplex</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot id="efs25111-ntgp-0002"><fn id="efs25111-note-0007"><label>a</label><p>Full list of tree species can be found in Lownsbery and Lownsbery (<xref rid="efs25111-bib-0030" ref-type="ref">1985</xref>).</p></fn><fn id="efs25111-note-0008"><label>b</label><p>There is some uncertainty regarding host status of wheat, because there are no other reports of wheat as a host plant. Moreover, the report is from Pakistan, and there are no other reports from Asian countries.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap></sec><sec id="efs25111-sec-0033"><label>3.4.2</label><title>Entry</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25111-blkfxd-1004" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Is the pest able to enter into the EU territory? If yes, identify and list the pathways!</italic></p><p><bold>Yes</bold>, soil and growing media, soil and growing media attached to planting material and soil and growing media attached to machinery and packaging material.</p></boxed-text></p><p>The pest does not invade plant tissue (only puncturing cells from the outside); it is, therefore, not found inside plants. The following pathways have been identified:</p><p><list list-type="bullet" id="efs25111-list-0006"><list-item><p>Soil and growing media as such from areas where the nematode occurs. This pathway is closed because of Annex III, Part A, No. 14 of EU 2000/29.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Soil and growing media attached to plants (hosts or non‐host plants) from areas where the nematode occurs. This pathway is very difficult to control as plants may be imported with soil or growing media attached to sustain their live.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Soil and growing media attached to (agricultural) machinery, tools, packaging materials. This pathway is not considered as an important pathway for entry because the volume of trade of used machinery is considered low. Furthermore, soil adhering to agricultural machinery during transport (if relevant) may dry and subsequently lead to decreased viability of the pest.</p></list-item></list></p><p>Until 18 July 2017, there was one interception of <italic>X. californicum</italic> in the Europhyt database reported by the United Kingdom. The pest was intercepted on <italic>Phyllostachys</italic> sp. intended for planting from South Carolina (USA).</p></sec><sec id="efs25111-sec-0035"><label>3.4.3</label><title>Establishment</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25111-blkfxd-1005" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Is the pest able to become established in the EU territory?</italic></p><p><bold>Yes</bold>, the pest is able to establish in the EU territory.</p></boxed-text></p><sec id="efs25111-sec-0037"><label>3.4.3.1</label><title>EU distribution of main host plants</title><p>The nematode has a wide host range (see also Section <xref rid="efs25111-sec-0032" ref-type="sec">3.4.1</xref>) and is associated with several herbaceous and woody host plants (see Table <xref rid="efs25111-tbl-0004" ref-type="table">4</xref>). The host status is not always clear as the relationship has in many cases not been studied in detail. Nevertheless, plants which have been found associated with <italic>X. californicum</italic>, such as grapes, apple and plums, are present throughout the EU territory. The pest could find suitable host plants and may therefore be able to establish in the EU.</p><p>Distribution maps of the area of economically important host plants (grapes, apples and plums) are provided in Appendix <xref rid="efs25111-sec-1001" ref-type="sec">A</xref> and the production area is presented in Table <xref rid="efs25111-tbl-0005" ref-type="table">5</xref>.</p><table-wrap id="efs25111-tbl-0005" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 5</label><caption><p>Production area of grapes, apples and plums in the EU (EU 28) in the years 2011–2016 (thousands of hectares)</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Country</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2011</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2012</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2013</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2014</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2015</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2016</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Grapes</bold></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">3,253.19</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">3,219.46</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">:</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">:</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">3,173.83</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">:</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Apples</bold></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">548.36</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">558.62</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">536.75</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">524.50</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">537.91</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">520.45</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Plums</bold></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">169.56</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">166.39</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">162.01</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">157.36</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">154.18</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">:</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot id="efs25111-ntgp-0003"><fn id="efs25111-note-0009"><p>Source: EUROSTAT (26.10.2017).</p></fn></table-wrap-foot><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap></sec><sec id="efs25111-sec-0038"><label>3.4.3.2</label><title>Climatic conditions affecting establishment</title><p>The pest is present in North, Central and South America where climatic conditions (warm temperate) similar to those in the EU can be found. It should be noted that the pest is not present throughout, e.g. the USA (see uncertainties). According to the Köppen–Geiger Climate Classification (Figure <xref rid="efs25111-fig-0002" ref-type="fig">2</xref>), the pest occurs in the warm temperate climate. The climate in many parts of the EU is suitable for pest establishment.</p><fig fig-type="Figure" xml:lang="en" id="efs25111-fig-0002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>The current distribution of <italic>Xiphinema californicum</italic> presented by white dots on the Köppen–Geiger climate classification map (Kottek et al., <xref rid="efs25111-bib-0023" ref-type="ref">2006</xref>)</p></caption><graphic id="nlm-graphic-3" xlink:href="EFS2-15-e05111-g002"></graphic></fig></sec></sec><sec id="efs25111-sec-0039"><label>3.4.4</label><title>Spread</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25111-blkfxd-1006" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Is the pest able to spread within the EU territory following establishment? How?</italic></p><p><bold>Yes</bold>, soil and growing media, soil and growing media attached to planting material and soil and growing media attached to machinery and packaging material.</p><p><italic>RNQPs: Is spread mainly via specific plants for planting, rather than via natural spread or via movement of plant products or other objects?</italic></p><p><bold>No</bold>, the pest is not generally spread via specific plants for planting.</p></boxed-text></p><p>The pest is classified as a migratory ectoparasitic nematode found in the soil; however, movement in soil is restricted to short (< 1 m) distances (EPPO GD 26.10.2017). The pest never invades plant tissue (except by puncturing root plant cells with its stylet). Spread may therefore mainly occur with moist soil or growing media (soil as such or soil attached to plants, machinery, tools, shoes, animals, packaging material) or run‐off water but not by plants without soil. Soil attached to agricultural machinery, tools, etc. may contribute to spread, but this may be mostly relevant for within field spread or spread to adjacent fields.</p><p><italic>Xiphinema californicum</italic> is a vector of nepoviruses (TRSV, ToRSV and CRLV) and spread of the nematode may also lead to spread of those viruses. According to EPPO PQR, TRSV and ToRSV are present in some EU MS, but exact distribution of those viruses is not known. CRLV is not known to be present in the EU according to EPPO PQR. Viruliferous nematodes may be a pathway for the entrance of CLRV in the EU, but also for the entry of additional isolates or spread in new areas of both TRSV and ToRSV.</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25111-sec-0041"><label>3.5</label><title>Impacts</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25111-blkfxd-1007" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Would the pests’ introduction have an economic or environmental impact on the EU territory?</italic></p><p><bold>Yes,</bold> the nematode may cause damage to plant roots but data on the extent of damage are lacking. Most important is the fact that the nematode transmits important quarantine viruses of grapes, apples and plums.</p><p><italic>RNQPs: Does the presence of the pest on plants for planting have an economic impact, as regards the intended use of those plants for planting?</italic><xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs25111-note-1009">4</xref></p><p><bold>Yes</bold>, if the pest is present in soil associated with plants for planting of important host plants such as grapes, apples and plums.</p></boxed-text></p><p><italic>Xiphinema californicum</italic>, as other <italic>Xiphinema</italic> species, may cause direct damage to the root system such as bent or swollen root tips (EPPO GD, 26.10.2017). Above ground symptoms are similar to those resulting from any kind of root damage and are shown as stunted plant growth and patchy fields (Heve et al., <xref rid="efs25111-bib-0021" ref-type="ref">2015</xref>). However, direct damage may only occur at high population densities. No direct damage is reported for this nematode species so far. The main damage is caused by the transmission of nepoviruses. <italic>X. californicum</italic> is able to transmit TRSV, ToRSV and CRLV (Brown et al., <xref rid="efs25111-bib-0002" ref-type="ref">1993</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="efs25111-sec-0043"><label>3.6</label><title>Availability and limits of mitigation measures</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25111-blkfxd-1008" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Are there measures available to prevent the entry into, establishment within or spread of the pest within the EU such that the risk becomes mitigated?</italic></p><p><bold>Yes</bold>, prohibition of import of soil and growing media and plants for planting with soil attached from areas where the pest is present would prevent introduction of this pest into and spread within the PRA area.</p><p><italic>RNQPs: Are there measures available to prevent pest presence on plants for planting such that the risk becomes mitigated?</italic></p><p><bold>Yes,</bold> soil free plants for planting would prevent the presence of the nematode. However all plants for planting (not only host plants) need to be considered. Not all pathways can be addressed (e.g., soil attached to machinery).</p></boxed-text></p><sec id="efs25111-sec-0045"><label>3.6.1</label><title>Biological or technical factors limiting the feasibility and effectiveness of measures to prevent the entry, establishment and spread of the pest</title><p><list list-type="bullet" id="efs25111-list-0007"><list-item><p>Prohibition of import of plants for planting with soil attached – not all plants for planting with soil attached are addressed within current legislation.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Sampling and testing procedures – detection of nematodes in soil depends on many factors (sampling intensity and sample volume).</p></list-item><list-item><p>Diagnostic procedures based on morphological identification of the pest and availability of appropriate molecular tools for species identification may indirectly affect the effectiveness of measures to prevent the entry, establishment and spread of <italic>X. californicum</italic>. Species identification of <italic>X. americanum</italic> sensu lato is based on accurate observations of morphological characteristics and the measurements of different parameters and is a challenge even for experienced, well‐trained personnel due to similarity of morphological and morphometric characteristics of these nematodes (Taylor and Brown, <xref rid="efs25111-bib-0037" ref-type="ref">1997</xref>). No reliable routine technique for molecular identification of <italic>X. californicum</italic> is currently recognised by the relevant diagnostic protocols (FAO, <xref rid="efs25111-bib-0014" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>; EPPO, <xref rid="efs25111-bib-0008" ref-type="ref">2017a</xref>,<xref rid="efs25111-bib-0009" ref-type="ref">b</xref>).</p></list-item></list></p></sec><sec id="efs25111-sec-0046"><label>3.6.2</label><title>Control methods</title><p><list list-type="bullet" id="efs25111-list-0008"><list-item><p>To prevent infestation of production sites within PRA area by TRSV, ToRSV and CRLV and their vector nematode (<italic>X. californicum</italic>), it may be required to use certified and tested plants for planting derived from certified production schemes. Only planting material originating from areas where nepoviruses (TRSV, ToRSV and CRLV) as well as their vector nematode (<italic>X. californicum</italic>) have not been reported, and where surveillance is carried out to confirm the pest‐free status (PFA, PFPS) could be declared as pest‐free material and could be therefore used in the PRA area.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Surveillance and soil testing can be used to detect the presence of vector nematode, <italic>X. californicum</italic> and to avoid planting susceptible plants on a field containing viruliferous nematodes. Soil sampling should be done before planting. The results of such tests can help to decide which measures are best suited to control this pest (Taylor and Brown, <xref rid="efs25111-bib-0037" ref-type="ref">1997</xref>).</p></list-item><list-item><p>Soil steaming is among the most effective but unfortunately the most expensive and energy consuming control methods to eliminate pests from the soil (Neshev et al., <xref rid="efs25111-bib-0034" ref-type="ref">2008</xref>). Disinfection of soil by physical measures (heat, steam) – the efficacy of this measure is limited because of vertical distribution of this pest within the soil (field conditions) which depends on availability of roots of host plants and moisture regime (<italic>X. americanum</italic> sensu lato in California occurred at the depth of up to 45 cm) (Taylor and Brown, <xref rid="efs25111-bib-0037" ref-type="ref">1997</xref>).</p></list-item></list></p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25111-sec-0047"><label>3.7</label><title>Uncertainty</title><p><list list-type="bullet" id="efs25111-list-0009"><list-item><p><italic>Xiphinema californicum</italic> has been described as a new species in the <italic>X. americanum</italic> sensu lato group and some virus–vector associations may have been linked with <italic>X. americanum</italic>. The importance of <italic>X. californicum</italic> as a virus vector may be therefore underestimated. Similarly, data on damage, interceptions and distribution may be underrepresented. However, if phytosanitary measures address <italic>X. americanum</italic> sensu lato as a group (including <italic>X. californicum</italic>), then this uncertainty may not be relevant from a phytosanitary perspective.</p></list-item><list-item><p>The distribution of viruses and vectors in countries of origin is not exactly known (partly because of the difficulties in identifying the nematodes as mentioned above). There is, however, no indication that <italic>X. californicum</italic> is present in the EU.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Specificity of virus transmission has been reported but is unclear whether the American species <italic>X. californicum</italic> is able to transmit European virus isolates. New virus–vector association may cause severe damage hitherto unreported. Also, new host plant species may be affected after introduction to a new environment (i.e. the EU).</p></list-item><list-item><p>Efficiency of virus transmission has not been studied in detail. It is not clear how important virus transmission is under field conditions. The nematodes move only over short distances and within field spread is largely unknown but may require several years. Uncertainty exists about population build‐up (one generation per year) which may affect virus transmission. Although <italic>Xiphinema</italic> species are known to retain viruses for long periods (transmission after 9 months has been experimentally proven), uncertainty on virus persistence in <italic>X. californicum</italic> exists.</p></list-item><list-item><p>The extent of direct damage caused by the nematode is not known. <italic>Xiphinema</italic> species are able to damage root systems (galling and stunting) leading to considerable crop losses (Taylor, <xref rid="efs25111-bib-0502" ref-type="ref">1978</xref>). Although there is some uncertainty on the extent of damage caused, this may not influence the assessment as the main damage is the transmission of viruses. Direct damage may be similar to direct damage caused by indigenous (European) <italic>Xiphinema</italic> species.</p></list-item></list></p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25111-sec-0048"><label>4</label><title>Conclusions</title><p><italic>Xiphinema californicum</italic> meets the criteria assessed by EFSA for consideration as a potential Union quarantine pest (Table <xref rid="efs25111-tbl-0006" ref-type="table">6</xref>).</p><table-wrap id="efs25111-tbl-0006" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 6</label><caption><p>The Panel's conclusions on the pest categorisation criteria defined in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 on protective measures against pests of plants (the number of the relevant sections of the pest categorisation is shown in brackets in the first column)</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Criterion of pest categorisation</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Panel's conclusions against criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding Union quarantine pest</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Panel's conclusions against criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding Union regulated non‐quarantine pest</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Key uncertainties</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Identity of the pest (Section</bold> <xref rid="efs25111-sec-0016" ref-type="sec">3.1</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The identity of the pest is established; <italic>Xiphinema californicum</italic> Lamberti and Bleve‐Zacheo. It is a nematode in the family Longidoridae. Taxonomic keys are available to identify the pest.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The identity of the pest is established; <italic>Xiphinema californicum</italic> Lamberti and Bleve‐Zacheo. It is a nematode in the family Longidoridae. Taxonomic keys are available to identify the pest.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Identification is possible but is difficult and can only be carried out by trained personnel.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Absence/presence of the pest in the EU territory (Section</bold> <xref rid="efs25111-sec-0016" ref-type="sec">3.1</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The pest is not known to occur in the EU.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The pest is not known to occur in the EU.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Regulatory status (Section</bold> <xref rid="efs25111-sec-0027" ref-type="sec">3.3</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Xiphinema californicum</italic> is currently regulated by Council Directive 2000/29/EC as a harmful organism whose introduction into and spread within all member states shall be banned.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Xiphinema californicum</italic> is currently regulated by Council Directive 2000/29/EC as a harmful organism whose introduction into and spread within all member states shall be banned.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Pest potential for entry, establishment and spread in the EU territory (Section</bold> <xref rid="efs25111-sec-0031" ref-type="sec">3.4</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Xiphinema californicum</italic> is able to enter and spread with soil, soil attached to plants for planting or to machinery, tools, etc. Natural spread is only over short distances and slow.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Xiphinema californicum</italic> is spread in soil which may be associated with plants for planting. Plants for planting are not the only pathway.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Temperature requirements for nematode establishment.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Potential for consequences in the EU territory (Section</bold> <xref rid="efs25111-sec-0041" ref-type="sec">3.5</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Xiphinema californicum</italic> would have direct impact on crops, but virus transmission will be much more important for plant health status and production of grapes, apples and plums.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The pest is not directly on (or in) plants for planting, but if the nematode is present in soil attached to host plants of the nepoviruses, then the use of those plants for planting may be affected.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Lack of information regarding direct impact.</p><p>Lack of information on transmission of European nepoviruses by this nematode.</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Available measures (Section</bold> <xref rid="efs25111-sec-0043" ref-type="sec">3.6</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Measures are available to inhibit entry via traded commodities (e.g. prohibition on the importation of soil and the introduction of plants for planting with soil or growing media attached).</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The pest is not directly on (or in) plants for planting but measures on the importation of plants for planting with soil or growing media attached would mitigate impacts.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Conclusion on pest categorisation (Section</bold> <xref rid="efs25111-sec-0048" ref-type="sec">4</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Xiphinema californicum</italic> does satisfy all the criteria that are within the remit of EFSA to assess to be regarded as a Union quarantine pest.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Xiphinema californicum</italic> does not meet the criteria of (a) occurring in the EU territory, and (b) plants for planting being the principal means of spread to qualify for a RNQP.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The importance of <italic>X. californicum</italic> as a virus vector may be underestimated as virus–vector associations may have been linked with <italic>X. americanum</italic>.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Aspects of assessment to focus on/scenarios to address in future if appropriate</bold></td><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1">Impacts on grapes, apples and plum (direct or due to virus transmission).</td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap></sec><sec id="efs25111-sec-0049"><title>Abbreviations</title><p><def-list list-type="simple"><def-item><term>CRLV</term><def><p><italic>Cherry rasp leaf virus</italic></p></def></def-item><def-item><term>DG SANCO</term><def><p>Directorate General for Health and Consumers</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>EPPO</term><def><p>European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>FAO</term><def><p>Food and Agriculture Organization</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>IPPC</term><def><p>International Plant Protection Convention</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>MS</term><def><p>Member State</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>PLH</term><def><p>EFSA Panel on Plant Health</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>RNQP</term><def><p>Regulated Non‐Quarantine Pest</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>TFEU</term><def><p>Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>ToR</term><def><p>Terms of Reference</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>ToRSV</term><def><p><italic>Tomato ringspot virus</italic></p></def></def-item><def-item><term>TRSV</term><def><p><italic>Tobacco ringspot virus</italic></p></def></def-item></def-list></p></sec><sec id="efs25111-sec-1001"><title>Appendix A – Global distribution of the density of harvested grapes, apples and plums</title><sec id="efs25111-sec-0050"><label>A.1.</label><title>Global distribution of the density of harvested grapes (ha crop/km<sup>2</sup>)</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="graphic" id="efs25111-blkfxd-0001" orientation="portrait"><graphic xlink:href="EFS2-15-e05111-g003.jpg" position="anchor" id="nlm-graphic-5" orientation="portrait"></graphic></boxed-text></p><p>Source: CAPRA database accessed on 29 September 2017.</p></sec><sec id="efs25111-sec-0051"><label>A.2.</label><title>Global distribution of the density of harvested apples (ha crop/km<sup>2</sup>)</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="graphic" id="efs25111-blkfxd-0002" orientation="portrait"><graphic xlink:href="EFS2-15-e05111-g004.jpg" position="anchor" id="nlm-graphic-7" orientation="portrait"></graphic></boxed-text></p><p>Source: CAPRA database accessed on 29 September 2017.</p></sec><sec id="efs25111-sec-0052"><label>A.3.</label><title>Global distribution of the density of harvested plums (ha crop/km<sup>2</sup>)</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="graphic" id="efs25111-blkfxd-0003" orientation="portrait"><graphic xlink:href="EFS2-15-e05111-g005.jpg" position="anchor" id="nlm-graphic-9" orientation="portrait"></graphic></boxed-text></p><p>Source: CAPRA database accessed on 29 September 2017.</p></sec></sec></body><back><fn-group id="efs25111-ntgp-0004"><title>Notes</title><fn id="efs25111-note-1007"><label>1</label><p>Council Directive 2000/29/EC of 8 May 2000 on protective measures against the introduction into the Community of organisms harmful to plants or plant products and against their spread within the Community. OJ L 169/1, 10.7.2000, p. 1–112.</p></fn><fn id="efs25111-note-1008"><label>2</label><p>Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 of the European Parliament of the Council of 26 October 2016 on protective measures against pests of plants. OJ L 317, 23.11.2016, p. 4–104.</p></fn><fn id="efs25111-note-2003"><label>3</label><p>Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 January 2002 laying down the general principles and requirements of food law, establishing the European Food Safety Authority and laying down procedures in matters of food safety. 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