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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Pest categorisation of <italic>Davidsoniella virescens</italic></title><author><name sortKey="Jeger, Michael" sort="Jeger, Michael" uniqKey="Jeger M" first="Michael" last="Jeger">Michael Jeger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bragard, Claude" sort="Bragard, Claude" uniqKey="Bragard C" first="Claude" last="Bragard">Claude Bragard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Caffier, David" sort="Caffier, David" uniqKey="Caffier D" first="David" last="Caffier">David Caffier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Candresse, Thierry" sort="Candresse, Thierry" uniqKey="Candresse T" first="Thierry" last="Candresse">Thierry Candresse</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chatzivassiliou, Elisavet" sort="Chatzivassiliou, Elisavet" uniqKey="Chatzivassiliou E" first="Elisavet" last="Chatzivassiliou">Elisavet Chatzivassiliou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dehnen Chmutz, Katharina" sort="Dehnen Chmutz, Katharina" uniqKey="Dehnen Chmutz K" first="Katharina" last="Dehnen-Schmutz">Katharina Dehnen-Schmutz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gilioli, Gianni" sort="Gilioli, Gianni" uniqKey="Gilioli G" first="Gianni" last="Gilioli">Gianni Gilioli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gregoire, Jean Laude" sort="Gregoire, Jean Laude" uniqKey="Gregoire J" first="Jean-Claude" last="Gregoire">Jean-Claude Gregoire</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jaques Miret, Josep Anton" sort="Jaques Miret, Josep Anton" uniqKey="Jaques Miret J" first="Josep Anton" last="Jaques Miret">Josep Anton Jaques Miret</name></author><author><name sortKey="Macleod, Alan" sort="Macleod, Alan" uniqKey="Macleod A" first="Alan" last="Macleod">Alan Macleod</name></author><author><name sortKey="Navajas Navarro, Maria" sort="Navajas Navarro, Maria" uniqKey="Navajas Navarro M" first="Maria" last="Navajas Navarro">Maria Navajas Navarro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Niere, Bjorn" sort="Niere, Bjorn" uniqKey="Niere B" first="Björn" last="Niere">Björn Niere</name></author><author><name sortKey="Parnell, Stephen" sort="Parnell, Stephen" uniqKey="Parnell S" first="Stephen" last="Parnell">Stephen Parnell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Potting, Roel" sort="Potting, Roel" uniqKey="Potting R" first="Roel" last="Potting">Roel Potting</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rafoss, Trond" sort="Rafoss, Trond" uniqKey="Rafoss T" first="Trond" last="Rafoss">Trond Rafoss</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rossi, Vittorio" sort="Rossi, Vittorio" uniqKey="Rossi V" first="Vittorio" last="Rossi">Vittorio Rossi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Urek, Gregor" sort="Urek, Gregor" uniqKey="Urek G" first="Gregor" last="Urek">Gregor Urek</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Bruggen, Ariena" sort="Van Bruggen, Ariena" uniqKey="Van Bruggen A" first="Ariena" last="Van Bruggen">Ariena Van Bruggen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Werf, Wopke" sort="Van Der Werf, Wopke" uniqKey="Van Der Werf W" first="Wopke" last="Van Der Werf">Wopke Van Der Werf</name></author><author><name sortKey="West, Jonathan" sort="West, Jonathan" uniqKey="West J" first="Jonathan" last="West">Jonathan West</name></author><author><name sortKey="Winter, Stephan" sort="Winter, Stephan" uniqKey="Winter S" first="Stephan" last="Winter">Stephan Winter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Boberg, Johanna" sort="Boberg, Johanna" uniqKey="Boberg J" first="Johanna" last="Boberg">Johanna Boberg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gonthier, Paolo" sort="Gonthier, Paolo" uniqKey="Gonthier P" first="Paolo" last="Gonthier">Paolo Gonthier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pautasso, Marco" sort="Pautasso, Marco" uniqKey="Pautasso M" first="Marco" last="Pautasso">Marco Pautasso</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">32625386</idno><idno type="pmc">7009948</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7009948</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:7009948</idno><idno type="doi">10.2903/j.efsa.2017.5104</idno><date when="2017">2017</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000632</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000632</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Pest categorisation of <italic>Davidsoniella virescens</italic></title><author><name sortKey="Jeger, Michael" sort="Jeger, Michael" uniqKey="Jeger M" first="Michael" last="Jeger">Michael Jeger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bragard, Claude" sort="Bragard, Claude" uniqKey="Bragard C" first="Claude" last="Bragard">Claude Bragard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Caffier, David" sort="Caffier, David" uniqKey="Caffier D" first="David" last="Caffier">David Caffier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Candresse, Thierry" sort="Candresse, Thierry" uniqKey="Candresse T" first="Thierry" last="Candresse">Thierry Candresse</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chatzivassiliou, Elisavet" sort="Chatzivassiliou, Elisavet" uniqKey="Chatzivassiliou E" first="Elisavet" last="Chatzivassiliou">Elisavet Chatzivassiliou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dehnen Chmutz, Katharina" sort="Dehnen Chmutz, Katharina" uniqKey="Dehnen Chmutz K" first="Katharina" last="Dehnen-Schmutz">Katharina Dehnen-Schmutz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gilioli, Gianni" sort="Gilioli, Gianni" uniqKey="Gilioli G" first="Gianni" last="Gilioli">Gianni Gilioli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gregoire, Jean Laude" sort="Gregoire, Jean Laude" uniqKey="Gregoire J" first="Jean-Claude" last="Gregoire">Jean-Claude Gregoire</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jaques Miret, Josep Anton" sort="Jaques Miret, Josep Anton" uniqKey="Jaques Miret J" first="Josep Anton" last="Jaques Miret">Josep Anton Jaques Miret</name></author><author><name sortKey="Macleod, Alan" sort="Macleod, Alan" uniqKey="Macleod A" first="Alan" last="Macleod">Alan Macleod</name></author><author><name sortKey="Navajas Navarro, Maria" sort="Navajas Navarro, Maria" uniqKey="Navajas Navarro M" first="Maria" last="Navajas Navarro">Maria Navajas Navarro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Niere, Bjorn" sort="Niere, Bjorn" uniqKey="Niere B" first="Björn" last="Niere">Björn Niere</name></author><author><name sortKey="Parnell, Stephen" sort="Parnell, Stephen" uniqKey="Parnell S" first="Stephen" last="Parnell">Stephen Parnell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Potting, Roel" sort="Potting, Roel" uniqKey="Potting R" first="Roel" last="Potting">Roel Potting</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rafoss, Trond" sort="Rafoss, Trond" uniqKey="Rafoss T" first="Trond" last="Rafoss">Trond Rafoss</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rossi, Vittorio" sort="Rossi, Vittorio" uniqKey="Rossi V" first="Vittorio" last="Rossi">Vittorio Rossi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Urek, Gregor" sort="Urek, Gregor" uniqKey="Urek G" first="Gregor" last="Urek">Gregor Urek</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Bruggen, Ariena" sort="Van Bruggen, Ariena" uniqKey="Van Bruggen A" first="Ariena" last="Van Bruggen">Ariena Van Bruggen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Werf, Wopke" sort="Van Der Werf, Wopke" uniqKey="Van Der Werf W" first="Wopke" last="Van Der Werf">Wopke Van Der Werf</name></author><author><name sortKey="West, Jonathan" sort="West, Jonathan" uniqKey="West J" first="Jonathan" last="West">Jonathan West</name></author><author><name sortKey="Winter, Stephan" sort="Winter, Stephan" uniqKey="Winter S" first="Stephan" last="Winter">Stephan Winter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Boberg, Johanna" sort="Boberg, Johanna" uniqKey="Boberg J" first="Johanna" last="Boberg">Johanna Boberg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gonthier, Paolo" sort="Gonthier, Paolo" uniqKey="Gonthier P" first="Paolo" last="Gonthier">Paolo Gonthier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pautasso, Marco" sort="Pautasso, Marco" uniqKey="Pautasso M" first="Marco" last="Pautasso">Marco Pautasso</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j">EFSA Journal</title><idno type="eISSN">1831-4732</idno><imprint><date when="2017">2017</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><title>Abstract</title><p>Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH) performed a pest categorisation of <italic>Davidsoniella virescens</italic>, a well‐defined and distinguishable fungal species of the family Ceratocystidaceae. The species was moved from the genus <italic>Ceratocystis</italic> to the genus <italic>Davidsoniella</italic> following a revision of the family. The former species name <italic>Ceratocystis virescens</italic> is used in the Council Directive 2000/29/EC. The pathogen is regulated in Annex IIAI as a harmful organism whose introduction into the EU is banned on plants (other than fruit and seeds) and wood (including wood which has not kept its natural round surface) of <italic>Acer saccharum</italic>, originating in the USA and Canada. The fungus is native to eastern North America and causes symptoms mainly on <italic>A. saccharum</italic>, but also on <italic>Liriodendron tulipifera</italic>. The fungus is also reported as a saprotroph on various hardwood species. The pest could enter the EU via wood, plants for planting and cut branches. Hosts and favourable climatic conditions are widespread in the EU. The pest would be able to spread following establishment through sap‐feeding insects, root grafts and movement of infected wood and plants for planting. The pest introduction could have impacts on <italic>Acer</italic> spp. and <italic>L. tulipifera</italic> trees in the EU, by causing wilting, yellowing and the development of small leaves, as well as dieback of branches and, eventually, the death of trees. Avoiding damaging trees (as wounding facilitates infection of the fungus) and maintaining healthy trees (as tree stress facilitates the disease) are available measures to reduce impacts. The main knowledge gaps concern (i) the biology and epidemiology of the pathogen (including the saprotrophic form), (ii) the role of insect vectors for entry and spread, and (iii) the susceptibility of <italic>Acer</italic> spp. either native to or more recently established in Europe. The criteria assessed by the Panel for consideration as potential quarantine pest are met. For regulated non‐quarantine pests, the criterion on the pest presence in the EU is not met.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="San Iguel Yanz, J" uniqKey="San Iguel Yanz J">J San‐Miguel‐Ayanz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chirici, G" uniqKey="Chirici G">G Chirici</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chirici, G" uniqKey="Chirici G">G Chirici</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Smith, Im" uniqKey="Smith I">IM Smith</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Horsley, Sb" uniqKey="Horsley S">SB Horsley</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="San Iguel Yanz, J" uniqKey="San Iguel Yanz J">J San‐Miguel‐Ayanz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Seppelt, R" uniqKey="Seppelt R">R Seppelt</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="San Iguel Yanz, J" uniqKey="San Iguel Yanz J">J San‐Miguel‐Ayanz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="San Iguel Yanz, J" uniqKey="San Iguel Yanz J">J San‐Miguel‐Ayanz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="San Iguel Yanz, J" uniqKey="San Iguel Yanz J">J San‐Miguel‐Ayanz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="San Iguel Yanz, J" uniqKey="San Iguel Yanz J">J San‐Miguel‐Ayanz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">EFSA J</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">EFSA J</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="doi">10.1002/(ISSN)1831-4732</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">EFS2</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>EFSA Journal</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1831-4732</issn><publisher><publisher-name>John Wiley and Sons Inc.</publisher-name><publisher-loc>Hoboken</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">32625386</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">7009948</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2903/j.efsa.2017.5104</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">EFS25104</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="overline"><subject>Scientific Opinion</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Scientific Opinion</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Pest categorisation of <italic>Davidsoniella virescens</italic></article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib id="efs25104-cr-0001" contrib-type="author"><collab collab-type="authors">EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH)</collab></contrib><contrib id="efs25104-cr-0002" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jeger</surname><given-names>Michael</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25104-cr-0003" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bragard</surname><given-names>Claude</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25104-cr-0004" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Caffier</surname><given-names>David</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25104-cr-0005" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Candresse</surname><given-names>Thierry</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25104-cr-0006" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chatzivassiliou</surname><given-names>Elisavet</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25104-cr-0007" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dehnen‐Schmutz</surname><given-names>Katharina</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25104-cr-0008" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gilioli</surname><given-names>Gianni</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25104-cr-0009" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gregoire</surname><given-names>Jean‐Claude</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25104-cr-0010" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jaques Miret</surname><given-names>Josep Anton</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25104-cr-0011" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>MacLeod</surname><given-names>Alan</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25104-cr-0012" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Navajas Navarro</surname><given-names>Maria</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25104-cr-0013" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Niere</surname><given-names>Björn</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25104-cr-0014" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Parnell</surname><given-names>Stephen</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25104-cr-0015" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Potting</surname><given-names>Roel</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25104-cr-0016" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rafoss</surname><given-names>Trond</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25104-cr-0017" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rossi</surname><given-names>Vittorio</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25104-cr-0018" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Urek</surname><given-names>Gregor</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25104-cr-0019" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Van Bruggen</surname><given-names>Ariena</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25104-cr-0020" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Van der Werf</surname><given-names>Wopke</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25104-cr-0021" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>West</surname><given-names>Jonathan</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25104-cr-0022" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Winter</surname><given-names>Stephan</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25104-cr-0023" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Boberg</surname><given-names>Johanna</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25104-cr-0024" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gonthier</surname><given-names>Paolo</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25104-cr-0025" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pautasso</surname><given-names>Marco</given-names></name></contrib></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="correspondenceTo"><bold>Correspondence: </bold><email>alpha@efsa.europa.eu</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>19</day><month>12</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>12</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>12</issue><issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/efs2.2017.15.issue-12</issue-id><elocation-id>e05104</elocation-id><permissions><pmc-comment> © European Food Safety Authority </pmc-comment>
<copyright-statement content-type="article-copyright">© 2017 European Food Safety Authority. <italic>EFSA Journal</italic> published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.</copyright-statement><license license-type="creativeCommonsBy-nd"><license-p>This is an open access article under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/</ext-link> License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and no modifications or adaptations are made.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="file:EFS2-15-e05104.pdf"></self-uri><abstract id="efs25104-abs-0001"><title>Abstract</title><p>Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH) performed a pest categorisation of <italic>Davidsoniella virescens</italic>, a well‐defined and distinguishable fungal species of the family Ceratocystidaceae. The species was moved from the genus <italic>Ceratocystis</italic> to the genus <italic>Davidsoniella</italic> following a revision of the family. The former species name <italic>Ceratocystis virescens</italic> is used in the Council Directive 2000/29/EC. The pathogen is regulated in Annex IIAI as a harmful organism whose introduction into the EU is banned on plants (other than fruit and seeds) and wood (including wood which has not kept its natural round surface) of <italic>Acer saccharum</italic>, originating in the USA and Canada. The fungus is native to eastern North America and causes symptoms mainly on <italic>A. saccharum</italic>, but also on <italic>Liriodendron tulipifera</italic>. The fungus is also reported as a saprotroph on various hardwood species. The pest could enter the EU via wood, plants for planting and cut branches. Hosts and favourable climatic conditions are widespread in the EU. The pest would be able to spread following establishment through sap‐feeding insects, root grafts and movement of infected wood and plants for planting. The pest introduction could have impacts on <italic>Acer</italic> spp. and <italic>L. tulipifera</italic> trees in the EU, by causing wilting, yellowing and the development of small leaves, as well as dieback of branches and, eventually, the death of trees. Avoiding damaging trees (as wounding facilitates infection of the fungus) and maintaining healthy trees (as tree stress facilitates the disease) are available measures to reduce impacts. The main knowledge gaps concern (i) the biology and epidemiology of the pathogen (including the saprotrophic form), (ii) the role of insect vectors for entry and spread, and (iii) the susceptibility of <italic>Acer</italic> spp. either native to or more recently established in Europe. The criteria assessed by the Panel for consideration as potential quarantine pest are met. For regulated non‐quarantine pests, the criterion on the pest presence in the EU is not met.</p></abstract><kwd-group kwd-group-type="author-generated"><kwd id="efs25104-kwd-0001">European Union</kwd><kwd id="efs25104-kwd-0002">forest pathology</kwd><kwd id="efs25104-kwd-0003">pest risk</kwd><kwd id="efs25104-kwd-0004">plant health</kwd><kwd id="efs25104-kwd-0005">plant pest</kwd><kwd id="efs25104-kwd-0006">quarantine</kwd><kwd id="efs25104-kwd-0007">tree health</kwd></kwd-group><counts><fig-count count="6"></fig-count><table-count count="4"></table-count><page-count count="28"></page-count><word-count count="12375"></word-count></counts><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>source-schema-version-number</meta-name><meta-value>2.0</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>cover-date</meta-name><meta-value>December 2017</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>details-of-publishers-convertor</meta-name><meta-value>Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:5.7.5 mode:remove_FC converted:21.01.2020</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta><notes><p content-type="self-citation"><mixed-citation publication-type="self-citation" id="efs25104-cit-1001"><bold>Suggested citation: </bold><collab collab-type="authors">EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH)</collab>, <string-name><surname>Jeger</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Bragard</surname><given-names>C</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Caffier</surname><given-names>D</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Candresse</surname><given-names>T</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Chatzivassiliou</surname><given-names>E</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Dehnen‐Schmutz</surname><given-names>K</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Gilioli</surname><given-names>G</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Gregoire</surname><given-names>J‐C</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Jaques Miret</surname><given-names>JA</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>MacLeod</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Navajas Navarro</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Niere</surname><given-names>B</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Parnell</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Potting</surname><given-names>R</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Rafoss</surname><given-names>T</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Rossi</surname><given-names>V</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Urek</surname><given-names>G</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Van Bruggen</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Van der Werf</surname><given-names>W</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>West</surname><given-names>J</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Winter</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Boberg</surname><given-names>J</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Gonthier</surname><given-names>P</given-names></string-name> and <string-name><surname>Pautasso</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <year>2017</year><article-title>Scientific Opinion on the pest categorisation of <italic>Davidsoniella virescens</italic></article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">EFSA Journal</source> 2017;15(12):5104, 28 pp. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2903/j.efsa.2017.5104</pub-id></mixed-citation></p><fn-group id="efs25104-ntgp-0001"><fn id="efs25104-note-1001"><p><bold>Requestor:</bold> European Commission</p></fn><fn id="efs25104-note-1002"><p><bold>Question number:</bold> EFSA‐Q‐2017‐00324</p></fn><fn id="efs25104-note-1003"><p><bold>Panel members:</bold> Claude Bragard, David Caffier, Thierry Candresse, Elisavet Chatzivassiliou, Katharina Dehnen‐Schmutz, Gianni Gilioli, Jean‐Claude Gregoire, Josep Anton Jaques Miret, Michael Jeger, Alan MacLeod, Maria Navajas Navarro, Björn Niere, Stephen Parnell, Roel Potting, Trond Rafoss, Vittorio Rossi, Gregor Urek, Ariena Van Bruggen, Wopke Van der Werf, Jonathan West and Stephan Winter.</p></fn><fn id="efs25104-note-1004"><p>Adopted: 23 November 2017</p></fn><fn id="efs25104-note-1005"><p>Reproduction of the images listed below is authorised, provide the source is acknowledged:</p><p>Figure 1: © European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO); Figures 2–5: © European Union; Figure 6: © Bugwood.org</p></fn></fn-group></notes></front><body id="efs25104-body-0001"><sec id="efs25104-sec-0002"><label>1</label><title>Introduction</title><sec id="efs25104-sec-0003"><label>1.1</label><title>Background and Terms of Reference as provided by the requestor</title><sec id="efs25104-sec-0004"><label>1.1.1</label><title>Background</title><p>Council Directive 2000/29/EC<xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs25104-note-1006">1</xref> on protective measures against the introduction into the Community of organisms harmful to plants or plant products and against their spread within the Community establishes the present European Union plant health regime. The Directive lays down the phytosanitary provisions and the control checks to be carried out at the place of origin on plants and plant products destined for the Union or to be moved within the Union. In the Directive's 2000/29/EC annexes, the list of harmful organisms (pests) whose introduction into or spread within the Union is prohibited, is detailed together with specific requirements for import or internal movement.</p><p>Following the evaluation of the plant health regime, the new basic plant health law, Regulation (EU) 2016/2031<xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs25104-note-1007">2</xref> on protective measures against pests of plants, was adopted on 26 October 2016 and will apply from 14 December 2019 onwards, repealing Directive 2000/29/EC. In line with the principles of the above mentioned legislation and the follow‐up work of the secondary legislation for the listing of EU regulated pests, EFSA is requested to provide pest categorisations of the harmful organisms included in the annexes of Directive 2000/29/EC, in the cases where recent pest risk assessment/pest categorisation is not available.</p></sec><sec id="efs25104-sec-0005"><label>1.1.2</label><title>Terms of reference</title><p>EFSA is requested, pursuant to Article 22(5.b) and Article 29(1) of Regulation (EC) No 178/2002,<xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs25104-note-1008">3</xref> to provide scientific opinion in the field of plant health.</p><p>EFSA is requested to prepare and deliver a pest categorisation (step 1 analysis) for each of the regulated pests included in the appendices of the annex to this mandate. The methodology and template of pest categorisation have already been developed in past mandates for the organisms listed in Annex II Part A Section II of Directive 2000/29/EC. The same methodology and outcome is expected for this work as well.</p><p>The list of the harmful organisms included in the annex to this mandate comprises 133 harmful organisms or groups. A pest categorisation is expected for these 133 pests or groups and the delivery of the work would be stepwise at regular intervals through the year as detailed below. First priority covers the harmful organisms included in Appendix 1, comprising pests from Annex II Part A Section I and Annex II Part B of Directive 2000/29/EC. The delivery of all pest categorisations for the pests included in Appendix 1 is June 2018. The second priority is the pests included in Appendix 2, comprising the group of Cicadellidae (non‐EU) known to be vector of Pierce's disease (caused by <italic>Xylella fastidiosa</italic>), the group of Tephritidae (non‐EU), the group of potato viruses and virus‐like organisms, the group of viruses and virus‐like organisms of <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Fragaria</italic> L., <italic>Malus</italic> Mill., <italic>Prunus</italic> L., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L., <italic>Ribes</italic> L., <italic>Rubus</italic> L. and <italic>Vitis</italic> L. and the group of <italic>Margarodes</italic> (non‐EU species). The delivery of all pest categorisations for the pests included in Appendix 2 is end 2019. The pests included in Appendix 3 cover pests of Annex I part A section I and all pests categorisations should be delivered by end 2020.</p><p>For the above mentioned groups, each covering a large number of pests, the pest categorisation will be performed for the group and not the individual harmful organisms listed under “such as” notation in the Annexes of the Directive 2000/29/EC. The criteria on to be taken particularly under consideration for these cases is the analysis of host pest combination, investigation of pathways, the damages occurring and the relevant impact.</p><p>Finally, as indicated in the text above, all references to ‘non‐European’ should be avoided and replaced by ‘non‐EU’ and refer to all territories with exception of the Union territories as defined in Article 1 point 3 of Regulation (EU) 2016/2031.</p><sec id="efs25104-sec-0006"><label>1.1.2.1</label><title>Terms of Reference: Appendix 1</title><p>List of harmful organisms for which pest categorisation is requested. The list below follows the annexes of Directive 2000/29/EC.</p><p><table-wrap id="nlm-table-wrap-1" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="anchor"><table frame="void" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><tbody><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><underline underline-style="single"><italic toggle="yes"><bold>Annex IIAI</bold></italic></underline></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Aleurocantus</italic> spp.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Numonia pyrivorella</italic> (Matsumura)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Anthonomus bisignifer</italic> (Schenkling)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Oligonychus perditus</italic> Pritchard and Baker</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Anthonomus signatus</italic> (Say)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pissodes</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Aschistonyx eppoi</italic> Inouye</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Scirtothrips aurantii</italic> Faure</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Carposina niponensis</italic> Walsingham</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Scirtothrips</italic> citri (Moultex)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Enarmonia packardi</italic> (Zeller)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Scolytidae</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Enarmonia prunivora</italic> Walsh</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Scrobipalpopsis solanivora</italic> Povolny</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Grapholita inopinata</italic> Heinrich</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Tachypterellus quadrigibbus</italic> Say</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hishomonus phycitis</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Toxoptera citricida</italic> Kirk.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Leucaspis japonica</italic> Ckll.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Unaspis citri</italic> Comstock</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Listronotus bonariensis</italic> (Kuschel)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(b) Bacteria</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Citrus variegated chlorosis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Xanthomonas campestris</italic> pv. <italic>oryzae</italic> (Ishiyama) Dye and pv. <italic>oryzicola</italic> (Fang. et al.) Dye</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Erwinia stewartii</italic> (Smith) Dye</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(c) Fungi</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Alternaria alternata</italic> (Fr.) Keissler (non‐EU pathogenic isolates)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Elsinoe</italic> spp. Bitanc. and Jenk. Mendes</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Anisogramma anomala</italic> (Peck) E. Müller</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Fusarium oxysporum</italic> f. sp<italic>. albedinis</italic> (Kilian and Maire) Gordon</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Apiosporina morbosa</italic> (Schwein.) v. Arx</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Guignardia piricola</italic> (Nosa) Yamamoto</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ceratocystis virescens</italic> (Davidson) Moreau</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Puccinia pittieriana</italic> Hennings</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cercoseptoria pini‐densiflorae</italic> (Hori and Nambu) Deighton</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Stegophora ulmea</italic> (Schweinitz: Fries) Sydow & Sydow</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cercospora angolensis</italic> Carv. and Mendes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Venturia nashicola</italic> Tanaka and Yamamoto</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(d) Virus and virus‐like organisms</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Beet curly top virus (non‐EU isolates)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Little cherry pathogen (non‐ EU isolates)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Black raspberry latent virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Naturally spreading psorosis</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Blight and blight‐like</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Palm lethal yellowing mycoplasm</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cadang‐Cadang viroid</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Satsuma dwarf virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Citrus tristeza virus (non‐EU isolates)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tatter leaf virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leprosis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Witches’ broom (MLO)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><underline underline-style="single"><italic toggle="yes"><bold>Annex IIB</bold></italic></underline></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insect mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Anthonomus grandis</italic> (Boh.)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ips cembrae</italic> Heer</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cephalcia lariciphila</italic> (Klug)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ips duplicatus</italic> Sahlberg</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dendroctonus micans</italic> Kugelan</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ips sexdentatus</italic> Börner</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gilphinia hercyniae</italic> (Hartig)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ips typographus</italic> Heer</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gonipterus scutellatus</italic> Gyll.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Sternochetus mangiferae</italic> Fabricius</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ips amitinus</italic> Eichhof</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(b) Bacteria</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens (Hedges) Collins and Jones</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(c) Fungi</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Glomerella gossypii</italic> Edgerton</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hypoxylon mammatum</italic> (Wahl.) J. Miller</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gremmeniella abietina</italic> (Lag.) Morelet</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></p></sec><sec id="efs25104-sec-0007"><label>1.1.2.2</label><title>Terms of Reference: Appendix 2</title><p>List of harmful organisms for which pest categorisation is requested per group. The list below follows the categorisation included in the annexes of Directive 2000/29/EC.
<table-wrap id="nlm-table-wrap-2" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="anchor"><table frame="void" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><tbody><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><underline underline-style="single"><italic toggle="yes"><bold>Annex IAI</bold></italic></underline></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Group of Cicadellidae (non‐EU) known to be vector of Pierce's disease (caused by <italic>Xylella fastidiosa</italic>), such as:</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1) <italic>Carneocephala fulgida</italic> Nottingham</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3) <italic>Graphocephala atropunctata</italic> (Signoret)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2) <italic>Draeculacephala minerva</italic> Ball</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Group of Tephritidae (non‐EU) such as:</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1) <italic>Anastrepha fraterculus</italic> (Wiedemann)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12) <italic>Pardalaspis cyanescens</italic> Bezzi</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2) <italic>Anastrepha ludens</italic> (Loew)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13) <italic>Pardalaspis quinaria</italic> Bezzi</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3) <italic>Anastrepha obliqua</italic> Macquart</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14) <italic>Pterandrus rosa</italic> (Karsch)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4) <italic>Anastrepha suspensa</italic> (Loew)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15) <italic>Rhacochlaena japonica</italic> Ito</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5) <italic>Dacus ciliatus</italic> Loew</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16) <italic>Rhagoletis completa</italic> Cresson</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6) <italic>Dacus curcurbitae</italic> Coquillet</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17) <italic>Rhagoletis fausta</italic> (Osten‐Sacken)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7) <italic>Dacus dorsalis</italic> Hendel</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18) <italic>Rhagoletis indifferens</italic> Curran</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8) <italic>Dacus tryoni</italic> (Froggatt)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19) <italic>Rhagoletis mendax</italic> Curran</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9) <italic>Dacus tsuneonis</italic> Miyake</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20) <italic>Rhagoletis pomonella</italic> Walsh</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10) <italic>Dacus zonatus</italic> Saund.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21) <italic>Rhagoletis suavis</italic> (Loew)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11) <italic>Epochra canadensis</italic> (Loew)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(c) Viruses and virus‐like organisms</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Group of potato viruses and virus‐like organisms such as:</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1) Andean potato latent virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4) Potato black ringspot virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2) Andean potato mottle virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5) Potato virus T</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3) Arracacha virus B, oca strain</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6) non‐EU isolates of potato viruses A, M, S, V, X and Y (including Yo, Yn and Yc) and Potato leafroll virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Group of viruses and virus‐like organisms of Cydonia Mill., Fragaria L., Malus Mill., Prunus L., Pyrus L., Ribes L.,Rubus L. and Vitis L., such as:</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1) Blueberry leaf mottle virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8) Peach yellows mycoplasm</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2) Cherry rasp leaf virus (American)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9) Plum line pattern virus (American)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3) Peach mosaic virus (American)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10) Raspberry leaf curl virus (American)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4) Peach phony rickettsia</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11) Strawberry witches’ broom mycoplasma</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5) Peach rosette mosaic virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12) Non‐EU viruses and virus‐like organisms of <italic>Cydonia Mill., Fragaria L., Malus Mill., Prunus L., Pyrus L., Ribes L., Rubus L</italic>. and <italic>Vitis L</italic>.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6) Peach rosette mycoplasm</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7) Peach X‐disease mycoplasm</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><italic><bold>Annex IIAI</bold></italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Group of <italic>Margarodes</italic> (non‐EU species) such as:</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1) <italic>Margarodes vitis</italic> (Phillipi)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3) <italic>Margarodes prieskaensis</italic> Jakubski</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2) <italic>Margarodes vredendalensis</italic> de Klerk</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></p></sec><sec id="efs25104-sec-0008"><label>1.1.2.3</label><title>Terms of Reference: Appendix 3</title><p>List of harmful organisms for which pest categorisation is requested. The list below follows the annexes of Directive 2000/29/EC.
<table-wrap id="nlm-table-wrap-3" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="anchor"><table frame="void" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><tbody><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><underline underline-style="single"><italic toggle="yes"><bold>Annex IAI</bold></italic></underline></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Acleris</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Longidorus diadecturus</italic> Eveleigh and Allen</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Amauromyza maculosa</italic> (Malloch)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Monochamus</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Anomala orientalis</italic> Waterhouse</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Myndus crudus</italic> Van Duzee</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Arrhenodes minutus</italic> Drury</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Nacobbus aberrans</italic> (Thorne) Thorne and Allen</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Choristoneura</italic> spp. (non‐E<underline underline-style="single">U</underline>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Naupactus leucoloma</italic> Boheman</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Conotrachelus nenuphar</italic> (Herbst)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Premnotrypes</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dendrolimus sibiricus</italic> Tschetverikov</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pseudopityophthorus minutissimus</italic> (Zimmermann)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diabrotica barberi</italic> Smith and Lawrence</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pseudopityophthorus pruinosus</italic> (Eichhoff)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi</italic> Barber</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Scaphoideus luteolus</italic> (Van Duzee)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diabrotica undecimpunctata undecimpunctata</italic> Mannerheim</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Spodoptera eridania</italic> (Cramer)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diabrotica virgifera zeae</italic> Krysan & Smith</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Spodoptera frugiperda</italic> (Smith)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diaphorina citri</italic> Kuway</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Spodoptera litura</italic> (Fabricus)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Heliothis zea</italic> (Boddie)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Thrips palmi</italic> Karny</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hirschmanniella</italic> spp., other than <italic>Hirschmanniella gracilis</italic> (de Man) Luc and Goodey</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Xiphinema americanum</italic> Cobb sensu lato (non‐EU populations)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Liriomyza sativae</italic> Blanchard</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Xiphinema californicum</italic> Lamberti and Bleve‐Zacheo</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(b) Fungi</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ceratocystis fagacearum</italic> (Bretz) Hunt</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Mycosphaerella larici‐leptolepis</italic> Ito et al.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Chrysomyxa arctostaphyli</italic> Dietel</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Mycosphaerella populorum</italic> G. E. Thompson</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cronartium</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Phoma andina</italic> Turkensteen</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Endocronartium</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Phyllosticta solitaria</italic> Ell. and Ev.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Guignardia laricina</italic> (Saw.) Yamamoto and Ito</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Septoria lycopersici</italic> Speg. var. <italic>malagutii</italic> Ciccarone and Boerema</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Thecaphora solani</italic> Barrus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Inonotus weirii</italic> (Murril) Kotlaba and Pouzar</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Trechispora brinkmannii</italic> (Bresad.) Rogers</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Melampsora farlowii</italic> (Arthur) Davis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(c) Viruses and virus‐like organisms</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tobacco ringspot virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pepper mild tigré virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tomato ringspot virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Squash leaf curl virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bean golden mosaic virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Euphorbia mosaic virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cowpea mild mottle virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Florida tomato virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lettuce infectious yellows virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(d) Parasitic plants</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Arceuthobium</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><underline underline-style="single"><italic toggle="yes"><bold>Annex IAII</bold></italic></underline></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Meloidogyne fallax</italic> Karssen</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Rhizoecus hibisci</italic> Kawai and Takagi</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Popillia japonica</italic> Newman</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(b) Bacteria</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Clavibacter michiganensis</italic> (Smith) Davis et al. ssp. <italic>sepedonicus</italic> (Spieckermann and Kotthoff) Davis et al.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ralstonia solanacearum</italic> (Smith) Yabuuchi et al.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(c) Fungi</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Melampsora medusae</italic> Thümen</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Synchytrium endobioticum</italic> (Schilbersky) Percival</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><underline underline-style="single"><italic toggle="yes"><bold>Annex I B</bold></italic></underline></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Leptinotarsa decemlineata</italic> Say</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Liriomyza bryoniae</italic> (Kaltenbach)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(b) Viruses and virus‐like organisms</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Beet necrotic yellow vein virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></p></sec></sec></sec><sec id="efs25104-sec-0009"><label>1.2</label><title>Interpretation of the Terms of Reference</title><p><italic>Ceratocystis virescens</italic> is one of a number of pests listed in the Appendices to the Terms of Reference (ToR) to be subject to pest categorisation to determine whether it fulfils the criteria of a quarantine pest or those of a regulated non‐quarantine pest (RNQP) for the area of the EU.</p><p>The recommended valid name for the fungus is currently <italic>Davidsoniella virescens</italic> (de Beer et al., <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0002" ref-type="ref">2014</xref>; Wingfield et al., <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0045" ref-type="ref">2015</xref>).</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25104-sec-0010"><label>2</label><title>Data and methodologies</title><sec id="efs25104-sec-0011"><label>2.1</label><title>Data</title><sec id="efs25104-sec-0012"><label>2.1.1</label><title>Literature search</title><p>A literature search on <italic>D. virescens</italic> was conducted at the beginning of the categorisation in the ISI Web of Science bibliographic database, using both the current and the former (<italic>C. virescens;</italic> including synonyms) scientific names of the pest as search terms. Relevant papers were reviewed, further references and information were obtained from experts, from citations within the references and grey literature.</p></sec><sec id="efs25104-sec-0013"><label>2.1.2</label><title>Database search</title><p>Pest information, on host(s) and distribution, was retrieved from the EPPO Global Database (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0011" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>).</p><p>Data about import of commodity types that could potentially provide a pathway for the pest to enter the EU (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/newxtweb/">http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/newxtweb/</ext-link>) and about the area of hosts grown in the EU were obtained from EUROSTAT (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/agriculture/data/database">http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/agriculture/data/database</ext-link>).</p><p>Information on European Union Member State (EU MS) imports of <italic>Acer</italic> plants for planting from North America were sought in the ISEFOR database (Eschen et al., <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0012" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>).</p><p>The Europhyt database was consulted for pest‐specific notifications on interceptions and outbreaks. Europhyt is a web‐based network launched by the Directorate General for Health and Food Safety (DG SANTE), and is a subproject of PHYSAN (Phyto‐Sanitary Controls) specifically concerned with plant health information. The Europhyt database manages notifications of interceptions of plants or plant products that do not comply with EU legislation, as well as notifications of plant pests detected in the territory of the MSs and the phytosanitary measures taken to eradicate or avoid their spread.</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25104-sec-0014"><label>2.2</label><title>Methodologies</title><p>The Panel performed the pest categorisation for <italic>D. virescens</italic>, following guiding principles and steps presented in the EFSA guidance on the harmonised framework for pest risk assessment (EFSA PLH Panel, <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0009" ref-type="ref">2010</xref>) and as defined in the International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures No 11 (FAO, <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0014" ref-type="ref">2013</xref>) and No 21 (FAO, <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0013" ref-type="ref">2004</xref>).</p><p>In accordance with the guidance on a harmonised framework for pest risk assessment in the EU (EFSA PLH Panel, <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0009" ref-type="ref">2010</xref>), this work was started following an evaluation of the EU's plant health regime. Therefore, to facilitate the decision‐making process, in the conclusions of the pest categorisation, the Panel addresses explicitly each criterion for a Union quarantine pest and for a Union regulated non‐quarantine pest in accordance with Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 on protective measures against pests of plants, and includes additional information required as per the specific terms of reference received by the European Commission. In addition, for each conclusion, the Panel provides a short description of its associated uncertainty.</p><p>Table <xref rid="efs25104-tbl-0001" ref-type="table">1</xref> presents the Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 pest categorisation criteria on which the Panel bases its conclusions. All relevant criteria have to be met for the pest to qualify either as a quarantine pest or as a regulated non‐quarantine pest. If one of the criteria is not met, the pest will not qualify. In such a case, the working group should consider the possibility to stop the assessment early and be concise in the sections preceding the question for which the negative answer is reached. Note that a pest that does not qualify as a quarantine pest may still qualify as a regulated non‐quarantine pest which needs to be addressed in the opinion. For the pests regulated in the protected zones only, the scope of the categorisation is the territory of the protected zone, thus the criteria refer to the protected zone instead of the EU territory.</p><p>It should be noted that the Panel's conclusions are formulated respecting its remit and particularly with regards to the principle of separation between risk assessment and risk management (EFSA founding regulation (EU) No 178/2002); therefore, instead of determining whether the pest is likely to have an unacceptable impact, the Panel will present a summary of the observed pest impacts. Economic impacts are expressed in terms of yield and quality losses and not in monetary terms, while addressing social impacts is outside the remit of the Panel, in agreement with the EFSA guidance on a harmonised framework for pest risk assessment (EFSA PLH Panel, <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0009" ref-type="ref">2010</xref>).</p><table-wrap id="efs25104-tbl-0001" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Pest categorisation criteria under evaluation, as defined in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 on protective measures against pests of plants (the number of the relevant sections of the pest categorisation is shown in brackets in the first column)</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Criterion of pest categorisation</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding Union quarantine pest</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding protected zone quarantine pest (articles 32‐35)</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding Union regulated non‐quarantine pest</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Identity of the pest (Section <xref rid="efs25104-sec-0016" ref-type="sec">3.1</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the identity of the pest established, or has it been shown to produce consistent symptoms and to be transmissible?</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the identity of the pest established, or has it been shown to produce consistent symptoms and to be transmissible?</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the identity of the pest established, or has it been shown to produce consistent symptoms and to be transmissible?</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Absence/presence of the pest in the EU territory (Section <xref rid="efs25104-sec-0023" ref-type="sec">3.2</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Is the pest present in the EU territory?</p><p>If present, is the pest widely distributed within the EU? Describe the pest distribution briefly!</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the pest present in the EU territory? If not, it cannot be a protected zone quarantine organism.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the pest present in the EU territory? If not, it cannot be a regulated non‐quarantine pest. (A regulated non‐quarantine pes must be present in the risk assessment area).</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Regulatory status (Section <xref rid="efs25104-sec-0027" ref-type="sec">3.3</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">If the pest is present in the EU but not widely distributed in the risk assessment area, it should be under official control or expected to be under official control in the near future.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>The protected zone system aligns with the pest free area system under the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC).</p><p>The pest satisfies the IPPC definition of a quarantine pest that is not present in the risk assessment area (i.e. protected zone).</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the pest regulated as a quarantine pest? If currently regulated as a quarantine pest, are there grounds to consider its status could be revoked?</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pest potential for entry, establishment and spread in the EU territory (Section <xref rid="efs25104-sec-0030" ref-type="sec">3.4</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the pest able to enter into, become established in, and spread within, the EU territory? If yes, briefly list the pathways!</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Is the pest able to enter into, become established in, and spread within, the protected zone areas?</p><p>Is entry by natural spread from EU areas where the pest is present possible?</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Is spread mainly via specific plants for planting, rather than via natural spread or via movement of plant products or other objects?</p><p>Clearly state if plants for planting is the main pathway!</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Potential for consequences in the EU territory (Section <xref rid="efs25104-sec-0040" ref-type="sec">3.5</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Would the pests’ introduction have an economic or environmental impact on the EU territory?</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Would the pests’ introduction have an economic or environmental impact on the protected zone areas?</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Does the presence of the pest on plants for planting have an economic impact, as regards the intended use of those plants for planting?</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Available measures (Section <xref rid="efs25104-sec-0042" ref-type="sec">3.6</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Are there measures available to prevent the entry into, establishment within or spread of the pest within the EU such that the risk becomes mitigated?</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Are there measures available to prevent the entry into, establishment within or spread of the pest within the protected zone areas such that the risk becomes mitigated?</p><p>Is it possible to eradicate the pest in a restricted area within 24 months (or a period longer than 24 months where the biology of the organism so justifies) after the presence of the pest was confirmed in the protected zone?</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Are there measures available to prevent pest presence on plants for planting such that the risk becomes mitigated?</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Conclusion of pest categorisation (Section <xref rid="efs25104-sec-0048" ref-type="sec">4</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A statement as to whether (1) all criteria assessed by EFSA above for consideration as a potential quarantine pest were met and (2) if not, which one(s) were not met.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A statement as to whether (1) all criteria assessed by EFSA above for consideration as potential protected zone quarantine pest were met, and (2) if not, which one(s) were not met.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A statement as to whether (1) all criteria assessed by EFSA above for consideration as a potential regulated non‐quarantine pest were met, and (2) if not, which one(s) were not met.</td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap><p>The Panel will not indicate in its conclusions of the pest categorisation whether to continue the risk assessment process, but, following the agreed 2‐step approach, will continue only if requested by the risk managers. However, during the categorisation process, experts may identify key elements and knowledge gaps that could contribute significant uncertainty to a future assessment of risk. It would be useful to identify and highlight such gaps so that potential future requests can specifically target the major elements of uncertainty, perhaps suggesting specific scenarios to examine.</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25104-sec-0015"><label>3</label><title>Pest categorisation</title><sec id="efs25104-sec-0016"><label>3.1</label><title>Identity and biology of the pest</title><sec id="efs25104-sec-0017"><label>3.1.1</label><title>Identity and taxonomy</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25104-blkfxd-1001" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Is the identity of the pest established, or has it been shown to produce consistent symptoms and to be transmissible?</italic></p><p><bold>Yes</bold></p></boxed-text></p><p><italic>Davidsoniella virescens</italic> (R.W. Davidson) Z.W. de Beer, T.A. Duong & M.J. Wingf. (1996) is a fungus of the family Ceratocystidaceae.</p><p>The species was moved from the genus <italic>Ceratocystis</italic> to the genus <italic>Davidsoniella</italic> following a major revision of the family Ceratocystidaceae (de Beer et al., <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0002" ref-type="ref">2014</xref>). The former species name <italic>Ceratocystis virescens</italic> is used in the Council Directive 2000/29/EC.</p><p>Other species synonyms are: <italic>Endoconidiophora virescens</italic> and <italic>Ophiostoma virescens</italic> (Index Fungorum, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.indexfungorum.org/names/names.asp">http://www.indexfungorum.org/names/names.asp</ext-link>).</p></sec><sec id="efs25104-sec-0019"><label>3.1.2</label><title>Biology of the pest</title><p><italic>Davidsoniella virescens</italic> causes sapstreak disease of sugar maple (<italic>Acer saccharum</italic>) and was first reported in 1935 (Hepting, <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0017" ref-type="ref">1944</xref>).</p><p>There appears to be limited knowledge regarding the biology of the fungus. Wounds, especially at or near the ground on the stem or roots, are thought to be important (Mielke and Charette, <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0029" ref-type="ref">1989</xref>). Houston (<xref rid="efs25104-bib-0021" ref-type="ref">1993</xref>) found that infection rarely occurs in trees without wounds. Transmission between trees through root grafts was also observed but was suggested to be less important than aboveground wounds for infection (Houston, <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0021" ref-type="ref">1993</xref>). Sap beetles (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) visiting fresh wounds are thought to act as vectors (Sinclair and Lyon, <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0042" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>).</p><p>After infection, the fungus spreads rapidly in the sapwood and generally overcomes the defences of the host (Sinclair and Lyon, <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0042" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>). Water soaked lesions develop in the sapwood and may eventually extend throughout the cross section of the lower trunk, down into the roots and up into the branches. Necrosis of the sapwood leads to visible external symptoms such as slow growth, chlorosis and small leafs and dieback of branches. Foliar and branch symptoms appear 1–6 years after infection and usually intensify year to year (Sinclair and Lyon, <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0042" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>). Elongate cankers develop where the fungus reaches the cambium. Affected trees with crown symptoms may die within two to three years, but some may survive longer before the decline accelerates (Houston, <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0021" ref-type="ref">1993</xref>; Sinclair and Lyon, <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0042" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>; Bal et al., <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0001" ref-type="ref">2013</xref>). Secondary agents, such as <italic>Armillaria</italic> spp. and <italic>Xylaria</italic> spp., have been associated with a major part of dying trees (Houston, <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0021" ref-type="ref">1993</xref>).</p><p>Sporulation is observed on moist wood surfaces, either as a result of wounding or if the trees are cut down. A dark gray mat of mycelium is formed, producing conidiophores and long‐necked black perithecia. Two types of endoconidia are formed; microconidia which are hyaline, cylindrical and vary in length (6–25 × 2–3 μm) and short barrel‐shaped endoconidia (5–9 × 5–6.5 μm) (Davidson, <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0008" ref-type="ref">1944</xref>). Ascospores are hyaline, slightly curved and collected in sticky white spherical masses (Davidson, <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0008" ref-type="ref">1944</xref>).</p><p>The main host <italic>A. saccharum,</italic> sugar maple, is most susceptible during late spring and summer (Houston, <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0021" ref-type="ref">1993</xref>). In diseased sugar maple stands, damage was strongly associated with human activities such as logging, thinning, road building or sap hauling which had injured the trees (Ohman and Spike, <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0031" ref-type="ref">1966</xref>; Houston, <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0021" ref-type="ref">1993</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="efs25104-sec-0020"><label>3.1.3</label><title>Intraspecific diversity</title><p><italic>D. virescens</italic> has earlier been thought to be synonymous to <italic>Endoconidiophora coerulescens</italic> (syn. <italic>Ceratocystis coerulescens</italic>), which is widespread in Europe causing blue‐staining of conifers (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0011" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>). However, this has been contradicted based on morphological criteria (Nag Raj and Kendrick, <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0030" ref-type="ref">1976</xref>; Kile and Walker, <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0027" ref-type="ref">1987</xref>), isozyme variation (Harrington et al., <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0015" ref-type="ref">1996</xref>) and by analysis of DNA‐sequence data (Witthuhn et al., <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0046" ref-type="ref">1998</xref>; de Beer et al., <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0002" ref-type="ref">2014</xref>).</p><p><italic>D. virescens</italic> has been reported as a common saprophyte on fresh cut logs of sugar maple and other hardwood species in North America (Shigo, <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0041" ref-type="ref">1962</xref>; Bal et al., <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0001" ref-type="ref">2013</xref>), but whether the saprophyte species observed on hardwood tree species other than <italic>A. saccharum</italic> is synonymous with <italic>D. virescens</italic> causing sapstreak of sugar maple has been questioned (Smith, <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0043" ref-type="ref">1990</xref>). Fingerprint nuclear markers detected differences between pathogenic strains causing symptoms on <italic>Acer</italic> spp. and <italic>Liriodendron</italic> and saprotrophic strains colonising wood of <italic>Fagus</italic> and other hardwoods (Harrington et al., <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0016" ref-type="ref">1998</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="efs25104-sec-0021"><label>3.1.4</label><title>Detection and identification of the pest</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25104-blkfxd-1002" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Are detection and identification methods available for the pest?</italic></p><p><bold>Yes,</bold> detection and identification methods are available.</p></boxed-text></p><p>Cultures of <italic>D. virescens</italic> from infected wood tissue may be identified based on morphological descriptions provided by Davidson (<xref rid="efs25104-bib-0008" ref-type="ref">1944</xref>). The species can also be identified based on sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region (DNA sequence data given in Qbank: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.q-bank.eu">http://www.q-bank.eu</ext-link>).</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25104-sec-0023"><label>3.2</label><title>Pest distribution</title><p><italic>D. virescens</italic> is only reported from limited areas of eastern North America (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0011" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>) (Figure <xref rid="efs25104-fig-0001" ref-type="fig">1</xref>).</p><fig fig-type="Figure" xml:lang="en" id="efs25104-fig-0001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Global distribution map for <italic>Davidsoniella virescens</italic> (extracted from <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EPPO</styled-content> Global Database, accessed August 2017). There are no reports of transient populations</p></caption><graphic id="nlm-graphic-1" xlink:href="EFS2-15-e05104-g001"></graphic></fig><sec id="efs25104-sec-0024"><label>3.2.1</label><title>Pest distribution outside the EU</title><p>The pathogen is reported as present with restricted distribution in the USA and found in the states of Michigan, New York, North Carolina, Vermont and Wisconsin (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0011" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>). The pathogen had previously been reported also in Minnesota and California (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0010" ref-type="ref">1997</xref>), but these records are absent in EPPO (<xref rid="efs25104-bib-0011" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>). In Canada, the pathogen is currently reported as ‘Absent, no longer present’ in Manitoba and as ‘Present, no details’ in Ontario (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0011" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="efs25104-sec-0025"><label>3.2.2</label><title>Pest distribution in the EU</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25104-blkfxd-1003" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Is the pest present in the EU territory? If present, is the pest widely distributed within the EU?</italic></p><p><bold>No</bold>, the pest is not reported to be present in the EU.</p></boxed-text></p><p>There are no reports of <italic>D. virescens</italic> from the EU (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0011" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>). The Netherlands has reported the pathogen as ‘Absent, confirmed by survey’ based on information dated December 2013. Similarly, Slovenia has reported the pathogen to be absent (no pest record), based on information dated July 2017.</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25104-sec-0027"><label>3.3</label><title>Regulatory status</title><sec id="efs25104-sec-0028"><label>3.3.1</label><title>Council Directive 2000/29/EC</title><p><italic>D. virescens</italic> is listed in Council Directive 2000/29/EC as <italic>Ceratocystis virescens</italic>. Details are presented in Tables <xref rid="efs25104-tbl-0002" ref-type="table">2</xref> and <xref rid="efs25104-tbl-0003" ref-type="table">3</xref> (only the relevant extracts have been included here).</p><table-wrap id="efs25104-tbl-0002" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p><italic>Davidsoniella virescens</italic> in Council Directive 2000/29/EC</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Annex II, Part A</bold></td><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>Harmful organisms whose introduction into, and spread within, all member states shall be banned if they are present on certain plants or plant products</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Section I</bold></td><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Harmful organisms not known to occur in the community and relevant for the entire community</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(c)</td><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Fungi</td></tr><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Species</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Subject of contamination</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ceratocystis virescens</italic> (Davidson) Moreau</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plants of <italic>Acer saccharum</italic> Marsh., other than fruit and seeds, originating in the USA and Canada, wood of <italic>Acer saccharum</italic> Marsh., including wood which has not kept its natural round surface, originating in the USA and Canada</td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap></sec><sec id="efs25104-sec-0029"><label>3.3.2</label><title>Legislation addressing plants and plant parts on which <italic>Davidsoniella virescens</italic> is regulated</title><table-wrap id="efs25104-tbl-0003" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Regulated hosts and commodities that may involve <italic>Davidsoniella virescens</italic> in Annexes III, IV and V of Council Directive 2000/29/EC</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Annex III, Part A</bold></td><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Plants, plant products and other objects the introduction of which shall be prohibited in all Member States</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Description</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Country of origin</td></tr><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7. Isolated bark of <italic>Acer saccharum</italic> Marsh</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">North American countries</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Annex IV, Part A</bold></td><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Special requirements which must be laid down by all member states for the introduction and movement of plants, plant products and other objects into and within all member states</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Section I</bold></td><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Plants, plant products and other objects originating outside the community</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plants, plant products and other objects</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Special requirements</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>2.1 Wood of <italic>Acer saccharum</italic> Marsh., including wood which has not kept its natural round surface, other than in the form of:</p><p><list list-type="simple" id="efs25104-list-0001"><list-item><label>–</label><p>wood intended for the</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p>production of veneer sheets,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p>chips, particles, sawdust,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p>shavings, wood waste and</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p>scrap,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p>wood packaging material, in the form of packing cases, boxes, crates, drums and similar packings, pallets, box pallets and other load boards, pallet collars, dunnage, whether or not actually in use in the transport of objects of all kinds, except dunnage supporting consignments of wood, which is constructed from wood of the same type and quality as the wood in the consignment and which meets the same Union phytosanitary requirements as the wood in the consignment, originating in the USA and Canada</p></list-item></list></p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Official statement that the wood has undergone kiln‐drying to below 20% moisture content, expressed as a percentage of dry matter, achieved through an appropriate time/temperature schedule. There shall be evidence thereof by a mark ‘Kiln‐dried’ or ‘KD’ or another internationally recognised mark, put on the wood or on any wrapping in accordance with current usage</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.2 Wood of <italic>Acer saccharum</italic> Marsh., intended for the production of veneer sheets, originating in the USA and Canada</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Official statement that the wood originates in areas known to be free from <italic>Ceratocystis virescens</italic> (Davidson) Moreau and is intended for the production of veneer sheets</td></tr><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>7.1.1. Whether or not listed among the CN‐codes in Annex V, Part B, wood in the form of chips, particles, sawdust, shavings, wood waste and scrap and obtained in whole or in part from:</p><p>— <italic>Acer saccharum</italic> Marsh., originating in the USA and Canada</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Official statement that the wood:</p><p><list list-type="alpha-lower" id="efs25104-list-0002"><list-item><p>has been produced from debarked round wood,</p><p>or</p></list-item><list-item><p>has undergone kiln‐drying to below 20% moisture content, expressed as a percentage of dry matter achieved through an appropriate time/temperature schedule,</p><p>or</p></list-item><list-item><p>has undergone an appropriate fumigation to a specification approved in accordance with the procedure referred to in Article 18(2). There shall be evidence of the fumigation by indicating on the certificates referred to in Article 13(1)(ii), the active ingredient, the minimum wood temperature, the rate (g/m 3) and the exposure time (h),</p><p>or</p></list-item><list-item><p>has undergone an appropriate heat treatment to achieve a minimum temperature of 56°C for a minimum duration of 30 continuous minutes throughout the entire profile of the wood (including at its core), the latter to be indicated on the certificates referred to in Article 13.1.(ii)</p></list-item></list></p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Annex V</bold></td><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Plants, plant products and other objects which must be subject to a plant health inspection (at the place of production if originating in the Community, before being moved within the Community<italic>—</italic>in the country of origin or the consignor country, if originating outside the Community) before being permitted to enter the Community</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Part B</bold></td><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Plants, plant products and other objects originating in territories, other than those territories referred to in part A</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Section I</bold></td><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Plants, plant products and other objects which are potential carriers of harmful organisms of relevance for the entire Community</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2. Parts of plants, other than fruits and seeds, of:</td><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">– <italic>Acer saccharum</italic> Marsh., originating in the USA and Canada</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5. Isolated bark of</td><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><italic>Acer saccharum</italic> Marsh</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p><bold>6.</bold> Wood within the meaning of the first subparagraph of Article 2(2), where it:</p><p><list list-type="alpha-lower" id="efs25104-list-0003"><list-item><p>has been obtained in whole or part from one of the order, genera or species as described hereafter, except wood packaging material defined in Annex IV, Part A, Section I, Point 2:</p></list-item></list></p></td><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><italic>Acer saccharum</italic> Marsh., including wood which has not kept its natural round surface, originating in the USA and Canada</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="alpha-lower" id="efs25104-list-0004"><list-item><p>meets one of the following descriptions laid down in Annex I, Part two to Council Regulation (EEC) No 2658/87:</p></list-item></list></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>CN code</p><p>ex 4407 93</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Description</p><p>Wood of <italic>Acer saccharum</italic> Marsh, sawn or chipped lengthwise, sliced or peeled, whether or not planed, sanded or end‐jointed, of a thickness exceeding 6 mm</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ex 4407 99</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Non‐coniferous wood (other than tropical wood specified in subheading note 1 to Chapter 44 or other tropical wood, […] maple (<italic>Acer</italic> spp.), […]), sawn or chipped lengthwise, sliced or peeled, whether or not planed, sanded or end‐jointed, of a thickness exceeding 6 mm</td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap></sec></sec><sec id="efs25104-sec-0030"><label>3.4</label><title>Entry, establishment and spread in the EU</title><sec id="efs25104-sec-0031"><label>3.4.1</label><title>Host range</title><p>The fungus is found causing symptoms mainly on <italic>A. saccharum</italic> (sugar maple)<italic>,</italic> but also on <italic>Liriodendron tulipifera</italic> (Ohman and Spike, <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0031" ref-type="ref">1966</xref>). The DEFRA risk register in the UK also mentions <italic>Acer saccharinum</italic> (silver maple) as a major host (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://secure.fera.defra.gov.uk/phiw/riskRegister/viewPestRisks.cfm?cslref=609&riskId=609">https://secure.fera.defra.gov.uk/phiw/riskRegister/viewPestRisks.cfm?cslref=609&riskId=609</ext-link>), based on the UK Forest Research pest risk assessment on <italic>C. virescens</italic>, where the report of <italic>A. saccharinum</italic> as a host for the pathogen appears to be mistaken (Webber, <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0044" ref-type="ref">2008</xref>). In the literature, however, there is one record of <italic>D. virescens</italic> on <italic>A. saccharinum</italic> from New York State reported in a Master thesis (Langham, <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0028" ref-type="ref">1994</xref>). In addition, there is a mention of <italic>Acer rubrum</italic> as host of <italic>D. virescens</italic> (Kehr et al., <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0026" ref-type="ref">2004</xref>).</p><p>The species has also been found as a saprophyte on logs of a number of other hardwood species, but these strains may be a different variety not pathogenic on <italic>Acer</italic> (Harrington et al., <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0016" ref-type="ref">1998</xref> and pers. comm. therein). Tree species reported to be colonised by the saprotroph include <italic>Fagus</italic> spp. and <italic>Betula</italic> spp. (Shigo, <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0041" ref-type="ref">1962</xref>).</p><p>The pest is regulated in Council Directive 2000/29/EC on <italic>A. saccharum</italic> only. It is not regulated on other <italic>Acer</italic> species, <italic>L. tulipifera,</italic> other hardwood species, or their products.</p><p>Some maple species native to Europe (<italic>Acer campestre, Acer pseudoplatanus</italic> and <italic>Acer platanoides</italic>) have been introduced in the native range of <italic>A. saccharum</italic> in North America (United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Plants Database), but there appear to be no available reports of <italic>D. virescens</italic> on them.</p></sec><sec id="efs25104-sec-0032"><label>3.4.2</label><title>Entry</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25104-blkfxd-1004" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Is the pest able to enter into the EU territory?</italic></p><p><bold>Yes</bold>, the pest could enter the EU on wood, plants for planting and cut branches (see below)</p></boxed-text></p><p>The most likely pathway of entry is wood from diseased <italic>Acer</italic> trees. Houston (<xref rid="efs25104-bib-0020" ref-type="ref">1986</xref>) observed that the fungus could be isolated from surface mycelium on infected wood cut into boards, sticker‐piled and air‐dried (to a moisture content of 20%) after 5 months.</p><p>The stain in infected wood is initially easily observed as water‐soaked yellow‐green but changes quickly on drying to light‐brown (Houston, <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0020" ref-type="ref">1986</xref>) and may thus be difficult to detect on wood from diseased trees (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0010" ref-type="ref">1997</xref>).</p><p>In addition, plants for planting and cut branches of <italic>A. saccharum</italic> are considered host commodities providing a pathway for entry (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0011" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>).</p><p>The main pathways of entry are thus:
<list list-type="bullet" id="efs25104-list-0005"><list-item><p>wood</p></list-item><list-item><p>plants for planting</p></list-item><list-item><p>cut branches.</p></list-item></list></p><p>As of August 2017, there is one interception of <italic>D. virescens</italic> in the Europhyt database (reported by Finland and originating in the USA). This interception was reported on <italic>A. saccharum</italic> in 1996 without any indication of the involved commodity.</p><p>In the ISEFOR database of plants for planting, there are some records of shipments of <italic>Acer</italic> spp. plants for planting imported by the EU from Canada and the USA.</p></sec><sec id="efs25104-sec-0034"><label>3.4.3</label><title>Establishment</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25104-blkfxd-1005" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Is the pest able to become established in the EU territory?</italic></p><p><bold>Yes</bold>, the pest could establish in the EU, as hosts and favourable climatic conditions are widespread in the EU.</p></boxed-text></p><sec id="efs25104-sec-0036"><label>3.4.3.1</label><title>EU distribution of main host plants</title><p>The main host <italic>A. saccharum</italic> is not cultivated in the EU other than as an ornamental tree. In a multi‐country biodiversity experiment, there is a small plantation including <italic>A. saccharum</italic> in Germany (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.treedivnet.ugent.be/ExpIDENT.html">http://www.treedivnet.ugent.be/ExpIDENT.html</ext-link>). In the UK, the species is reported as having escaped from cultivation (BSBI website: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://database.bsbi.org/maps/?taxonid=2cd4p9h.kzm">https://database.bsbi.org/maps/?taxonid=2cd4p9h.kzm</ext-link>).</p><p><italic>A. saccharinum</italic> is reported as established from France, Poland and the UK (DAISIE database, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.europe-aliens.org/speciesFactsheet.do?speciesId=17113">http://www.europe-aliens.org/speciesFactsheet.do?speciesId=17113</ext-link>#).</p><p>There are several native species of <italic>Acer</italic> spp. in the EU, e.g. <italic>A. campestre</italic>,<italic> A. platanoides, A. pseudoplatanus</italic>, and <italic>Acer monspessulanum</italic>, together with numerous introduced ornamental species and hybrids. The distribution of the most widespread <italic>Acer</italic> species in Europe is reported in Figures <xref rid="efs25104-fig-0002" ref-type="fig">2</xref>–<xref rid="efs25104-fig-0005" ref-type="fig">5</xref>. The susceptibility of these hosts to the fungus, however, is not known. <italic>D. virescens</italic> is stated to damage or kill seedlings of <italic>A. campestre</italic> in nurseries but no further details are given (Zecchin et al., <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0047" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>).</p><p><italic>Liriodendron tulipifera</italic>, which is also native to North America, is planted as an ornamental tree in Europe (in the UK, the species is reported as having escaped from cultivation (BSBI website: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://database.bsbi.org/maps/?taxonid=2cd4p9h.der">https://database.bsbi.org/maps/?taxonid=2cd4p9h.der</ext-link>). There are no native species of the genus in Europe.</p><p>If the saprotroph on other hardwood species is the same species as <italic>D. virescens</italic> (see Sections <xref rid="efs25104-sec-0019" ref-type="sec">3.1.3</xref> and <xref rid="efs25104-sec-0031" ref-type="sec">3.4.1</xref>), then various additional widespread tree species in the EU could harbour the pathogen.</p><fig fig-type="Figure" xml:lang="en" id="efs25104-fig-0002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p><underline underline-style="single">Left‐hand panel:</underline> Relative probability of presence (<styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">RPP</styled-content>) of the genus <italic>Acer</italic> (based on data from the species: <italic>A. campestre, A. pseudoplatanus, A. platanoides, A. lobelii, A. tataricum, A. opalus, A. monspessulanum, A. negundo, A. saccharinum, A. obtusatum</italic>) in Europe, mapped at 100 km<sup>2</sup> resolution. The underlying data are from European‐wide forest monitoring data sets and from national forestry inventories based on standard observation plots measuring in the order of hundreds m<sup>2</sup>. <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">RPP</styled-content> represents the probability of finding at least one individual of the taxon in a standard plot placed randomly within the grid cell. For details, see Appendix <xref rid="efs25104-sec-0050" ref-type="sec">A</xref> (courtesy of <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">JRC</styled-content>, 2017). <underline underline-style="single">Right‐hand panel:</underline> Trustability of <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">RPP</styled-content>. This metric expresses the strength of the underlying information in each grid cell and varies according to the spatial variability in forestry inventories. The colour scale of the trustability map is obtained by plotting the cumulative probabilities (0–1) of the underlying index (for details see Appendix <xref rid="efs25104-sec-0050" ref-type="sec">A</xref>).</p></caption><graphic id="nlm-graphic-3" xlink:href="EFS2-15-e05104-g002"></graphic></fig><fig fig-type="Figure" xml:lang="en" id="efs25104-fig-0003" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Plot distribution and simplified chorology map for <italic>Acer campestre</italic>. Frequency of <italic>A. campestre</italic> occurrences within the field observations as reported by the National Forest Inventories. The chorology of the native spatial range for <italic>A. campestre</italic> is derived from <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EUFORGEN</styled-content> (from Zecchin et al., <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0047" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>)</p></caption><graphic id="nlm-graphic-5" xlink:href="EFS2-15-e05104-g003"></graphic></fig><fig fig-type="Figure" xml:lang="en" id="efs25104-fig-0004" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>Plot distribution and simplified chorology map for <italic>Acer platanoides</italic>. Frequency of <italic>A. platanoides</italic> occurrences within the field observations as reported by the National Forest Inventories. The chorology of the native and introduced spatial range for <italic>A. platanoides</italic> is derived from several sources (from Caudullo and Rigo, <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0005" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>)</p></caption><graphic id="nlm-graphic-7" xlink:href="EFS2-15-e05104-g004"></graphic></fig><fig fig-type="Figure" xml:lang="en" id="efs25104-fig-0005" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 5</label><caption><p>Plot distribution and simplified chorology map for <italic>Acer pseudoplatanus</italic>. Frequency of <italic>A. pseudoplatanus</italic> occurrences within the field observations as reported by the National Forest Inventories. The chorology of the native spatial range for <italic>A. pseudoplatanus</italic> is derived from <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EUFORGEN</styled-content> (from Pasta et al., <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0032" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>)</p></caption><graphic id="nlm-graphic-9" xlink:href="EFS2-15-e05104-g005"></graphic></fig></sec><sec id="efs25104-sec-0037"><label>3.4.3.2</label><title>Climatic conditions affecting establishment</title><p>The distribution of <italic>D. virescens</italic> in North America (Figure <xref rid="efs25104-fig-0001" ref-type="fig">1</xref>; Section <xref rid="efs25104-sec-0024" ref-type="sec">3.2.1</xref>) covers areas with cold and temperate Köppen–Geiger climate types (Peel et al., <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0033" ref-type="ref">2007</xref>). These climate types overlap to a large extent with the distributions of the native <italic>Acer</italic> species in Europe.</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25104-sec-0038"><label>3.4.4</label><title>Spread</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25104-blkfxd-1007" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Is the pest able to spread within the EU territory following establishment?</italic></p><p><bold>Yes</bold>, by various means, i.e. through sap‐feeding insects, root grafts and movement of infected wood and plants for planting.</p></boxed-text></p><p>Infection in <italic>A. saccharum</italic> is mainly associated with wounding by human activities, such as logging, thinning, road building or sap hauling (Ohman and Spike, <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0031" ref-type="ref">1966</xref>; Houston, <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0021" ref-type="ref">1993</xref>).</p><p>Sap‐feeding insects have been suggested to play a role in bringing inoculum to wounds in the trees where the infection takes place (Sinclair and Lyon, <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0042" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>).</p><p>Occasional transmission between trees through root grafts has been observed in North America (Houston, <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0021" ref-type="ref">1993</xref>).</p><p>Longer distance spread may be due to transport of wood from infected trees as the fungus is able to survive and sporulate in cut and air dried wood (Houston, <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0020" ref-type="ref">1986</xref>).</p><p>Given that plants for planting and cut branches are considered to be a potential pathway of entry (see section <xref rid="efs25104-sec-0029" ref-type="sec">3.4.2</xref>), these commodities could also be a means of spread within the EU.</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25104-sec-0040"><label>3.5</label><title>Impacts</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25104-blkfxd-1011" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Would the pests’ introduction have an economic or environmental impact on the EU territory?</italic></p><p><bold>Yes</bold>, the pest introduction could have impacts on <italic>Acer</italic> and <italic>Liriodendron</italic> trees in the EU.</p><p>RNQPs: Does the presence of the pest on plants for planting have an economic impact, as regards the intended use of those plants for planting?<xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs25104-note-1009">4</xref></p><p><bold>Yes</bold>, the introduction of the pest could have an impact on the intended use of plants for planting.</p></boxed-text></p><p>The infection causes wilting, yellowing and the development of small leaves, as well as dieback of branches. This leads to a decline and eventual death of the tree, often within a few years (Mielke and Charette, <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0029" ref-type="ref">1989</xref>; Houston, <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0021" ref-type="ref">1993</xref>, <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0022" ref-type="ref">1994</xref>; Bal et al., <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0001" ref-type="ref">2013</xref>). Mortality is however, often associated with secondary attacks by, for example, <italic>Armillaria</italic> spp. (Houston, <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0023" ref-type="ref">1999</xref>).</p><p>The fungus further causes a reddish‐brown to blue‐green stain of the wood, generally found at the base of the trunk in the root‐flare region of the tree (Houston, <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0021" ref-type="ref">1993</xref>). Wood strength is not affected but the stain lowers the commercial value of the timber significantly (Ohman and Spike, <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0031" ref-type="ref">1966</xref>) (Figure <xref rid="efs25104-fig-0006" ref-type="fig">6</xref>).</p><fig fig-type="Figure" xml:lang="en" id="efs25104-fig-0006" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 6</label><caption><p>Stem of <italic>Acer saccharum</italic> showing sap streak symptoms due to <italic>Davidsoniella virescens</italic> (courtesy of John Gibbs, Forestry Commission, Bugwood.org, available online: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.forestryimages.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=0725094">https://www.forestryimages.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=0725094</ext-link>)</p></caption><graphic id="nlm-graphic-11" xlink:href="EFS2-15-e05104-g006"></graphic></fig><p>In North America, sapstreak disease is stated as being rare in healthy stands of sugar maple (Richter, <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0034" ref-type="ref">2012</xref>) and is mainly associated with stand properties that may stress the trees, e.g. root compaction, water‐logging and human disturbance (Houston, <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0021" ref-type="ref">1993</xref>, <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0022" ref-type="ref">1994</xref>). Nevertheless, sapstreak disease has been described as a serious threat to <italic>A. saccharum</italic> forests. Although in some cases trees may recover (Houston, <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0021" ref-type="ref">1993</xref>), the salvage value of the timber is low.</p><p>There is no strong evidence that <italic>D. virescens</italic> is able to infect <italic>Acer</italic> spp. other than <italic>A. saccharum</italic>. The latter is considered as of negligible importance for the EU. As native <italic>Acer</italic> species in Europe lack adaption to the pathogen, they may be susceptible, but evidence is lacking.</p></sec><sec id="efs25104-sec-0042"><label>3.6</label><title>Availability and limits of mitigation measures</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25104-blkfxd-1006" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Are there measures available to prevent the entry into, establishment within or spread of the pest within the EU such that the risk becomes mitigated?</italic></p><p><bold>Yes</bold>, please see Section <xref rid="efs25104-sec-0046" ref-type="sec">3.6.3</xref>.</p></boxed-text></p><sec id="efs25104-sec-0044"><label>3.6.1</label><title>Biological or technical factors limiting the feasibility and effectiveness of measures to prevent the entry, establishment and spread of the pest</title><p><list list-type="bullet" id="efs25104-list-0006"><list-item><p>The fungus is able to survive and sporulate on cut pieces of air dried wood for several months (Houston, <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0020" ref-type="ref">1986</xref>).</p></list-item><list-item><p>Provided that the saprotroph is the same species as the pathogen, <italic>D. virescens</italic> is often found as a saprotroph of several different hardwood tree species in its native range.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Kiln‐drying may be effective against <italic>D. virescens</italic>, though there is no information available (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0011" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>).</p></list-item></list></p></sec><sec id="efs25104-sec-0045"><label>3.6.2</label><title>Biological or technical factors limiting the ability to prevent the presence of the pest on plants for planting</title><p>It is uncertain how effective chemical control in nurseries could be and whether it might just mask symptoms, hence allowing the movement of the pathogen via the trade in plants for planting.</p></sec><sec id="efs25104-sec-0046"><label>3.6.3</label><title>Control methods</title><p><list list-type="bullet" id="efs25104-list-0007"><list-item><p>Avoid damaging the trees as wounding facilitates infection of the fungus (Houston, <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0021" ref-type="ref">1993</xref>).</p></list-item><list-item><p>Maintain healthy stands to avoid tree stress such as drought and insect defoliation (Houston, <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0023" ref-type="ref">1999</xref>; Richter, <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0034" ref-type="ref">2012</xref>).</p></list-item><list-item><p>Remove diseased trees promptly (Houston, <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0021" ref-type="ref">1993</xref>).</p></list-item></list></p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25104-sec-0047"><label>3.7</label><title>Uncertainty</title><p>The knowledge regarding the biology of the pathogen is limited and the role of insects as vectors is unclear.</p><p>Whether the fungus can infect (and cause symptoms on) species of the genus <italic>Acer</italic> other than <italic>A. saccharum</italic> is unclear.</p><p>Similarly, it is unclear whether strains of <italic>D. virescens</italic> infecting and causing disease in <italic>A. saccharum</italic> and <italic>Liriodendron tulipifera</italic> can also be a saprotroph of other hardwood species.</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25104-sec-0048"><label>4</label><title>Conclusions</title><p><italic>D. virescens</italic> meets the criteria assessed by EFSA for consideration as a potential quarantine pest (Table <xref rid="efs25104-tbl-0004" ref-type="table">4</xref>).</p><table-wrap id="efs25104-tbl-0004" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>The Panel's conclusions on the pest categorisation criteria defined in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 on protective measures against pests of plants (the number of the relevant sections of the pest categorisation is shown in brackets in the first column)</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Criterion of pest categorisation</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Panel's conclusions against criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding Union quarantine pest</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Panel's conclusions against criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding Union regulated non‐quarantine pest</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Key uncertainties</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Identity of the pest (Section</bold> <xref rid="efs25104-sec-0016" ref-type="sec">3.1</xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The identity of the pest as a species is clear</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The identity of the pest as a species is clear</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Absence/presence of the pest in the EU territory (Section</bold> <xref rid="efs25104-sec-0023" ref-type="sec">3.2</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The pest is not reported to be present in the EU</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The pest is not reported to be present in the EU</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Confirmation of absence has only been provided by the Netherlands and Slovenia</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Regulatory status (Section</bold> <xref rid="efs25104-sec-0027" ref-type="sec">3.3</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>D. virescens</italic> is regulated by Council Directive 2000/29/EC (Annex IIA) on plants of <italic>Acer saccharum</italic>, other than fruit and seeds, originating in the USA and Canada, as well as on wood of <italic>A. saccharum</italic>, including wood which has not kept its natural round surface, originating in the USA and Canada</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>D. virescens</italic> is regulated by Council Directive 2000/29/EC (Annex IIA) on plants of <italic>Acer saccharum</italic>, other than fruit and seeds, originating in the USA and Canada, as well as on wood of <italic>A. saccharum</italic>, including wood which has not kept its natural round surface, originating in the USA and Canada</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Pest potential for entry, establishment and spread in the EU territory (Section</bold> <xref rid="efs25104-sec-0030" ref-type="sec">3.4</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Entry: the pest could enter the EU via wood, plants for planting, and cut branches</p><p>Establishment: hosts and favourable climatic conditions are widespread in the risk assessment (RA) area</p><p>Spread: the pest would be able to spread following establishment by various means, i.e. insects, root grafts and movement of infected wood and plants for planting</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Entry: the pest could enter the EU via wood, plants for planting, and cut branches</p><p>Establishment: hosts and favourable climatic conditions are widespread in the RA area</p><p>Spread: the pest would be able to spread following establishment by various means, i.e. insects, root grafts and movement of infected wood and plants for planting</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>There is uncertainty about the susceptibility of <italic>Acer</italic> spp. native to Europe</p><p>There is uncertainty on whether the saprotrophic form is the same species as the pathogenic <italic>D. virescens</italic></p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Potential for consequences in the EU territory (Section</bold> <xref rid="efs25104-sec-0040" ref-type="sec">3.5</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The pest introduction could have impacts on <italic>Acer</italic> and <italic>Liriodendron</italic> trees</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The introduction of the pest could have an impact on the intended use of plants for planting</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">There is uncertainty about the susceptibility of <italic>Acer</italic> spp. native to Europe</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Available measures (Section</bold> <xref rid="efs25104-sec-0042" ref-type="sec">3.6</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Avoiding damaging the trees (as wounding facilitates infection of the fungus) and maintaining healthy stands (as tree stress facilitates the disease) are available measures to reduce impacts</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">There is a lack of information on available measures to reduce the risk of establishment in nurseries</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">It is uncertain how effective chemical control in nurseries could be and whether it might just mask symptoms, hence allowing the movement of the pathogen via the trade in plants for planting</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Conclusion on pest categorisation (Section</bold> <xref rid="efs25104-sec-0048" ref-type="sec">4</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The criteria assessed by the Panel for consideration as potential quarantine pest are met</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The criterion on the pest presence in the EU is not met</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Aspects of assessment to focus on/scenarios to address in future if appropriate</bold></td><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1">The main knowledge gaps concern (i) the biology and epidemiology of the pathogen (including whether the saprotrophic form is the same species as the pathogen), (ii) the role of insect vectors for entry and spread, and (iii) the susceptibility of <italic>Acer</italic> spp. native to Europe</td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap></sec><sec id="efs25104-sec-0049"><title>Abbreviations</title><p><def-list list-type="simple"><def-item><term>CLC</term><def><p>Corine Land Cover</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>C‐SMFA</term><def><p>Constrained spatial multi‐scale frequency analysis</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>DG SANTE</term><def><p>Directorate General for Health and Food Safety</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>EPPO</term><def><p>European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>EUFGIS</term><def><p>European Information System on Forest Genetic Resources</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>EU MS</term><def><p>European Union Member State</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>FAO</term><def><p>Food and Agriculture Organization</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>GD<sup>2</sup></term><def><p>Georeferenced Data on Genetic Diversity</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>IPPC</term><def><p>International Plant Protection Convention</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>ITS</term><def><p>Internal transcribed spacer</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>JRC</term><def><p>Joint Research Centre of the European Commission</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>PLH</term><def><p>EFSA Panel on Plant Health</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>RA</term><def><p>Risk assessment</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>RNQP</term><def><p>Regulated non‐quarantine pest</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>RPP</term><def><p>Relative probability of presence</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>ToR</term><def><p>Terms of Reference</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>USDA</term><def><p>United States Department of Agriculture</p></def></def-item></def-list></p></sec><sec id="efs25104-sec-0050"><title>Appendix A – Methodological notes on Figure <xref rid="efs25104-fig-0002" ref-type="fig">2</xref></title><p>The relative probability of presence (RPP) reported here for <italic>Acer</italic> spp. in Figure <xref rid="efs25104-fig-0002" ref-type="fig">2</xref> and in the European Atlas of Forest Tree Species (de Rigo et al., <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0037" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>; San‐Miguel‐Ayanz et al., <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0040" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>) is the probability of that genus to occur in a given spatial unit (de Rigo et al., <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0038" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>). In forestry, such a probability for a single taxon is called ‘relative’. The maps of RPP are produced by means of the constrained spatial multi‐scale frequency analysis (C‐SMFA) (de Rigo et al., <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0036" ref-type="ref">2014</xref>, <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0038" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>) of species presence data reported in geolocated plots by different forest inventories.</p><sec id="efs25104-sec-0051"><label>A.1</label><title>Geolocated plot databases</title><p>The RPP models rely on five geodatabases that provide presence/absence data for tree species and genera: four European‐wide forest monitoring data sets and a harmonised collection of records from national forest inventories (de Rigo et al., <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0036" ref-type="ref">2014</xref>, <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0037" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>, <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0038" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>). The databases report observations made inside geolocalised sample plots positioned in a forested area, but do not provide information about the plot size or consistent quantitative information about the recorded species beyond presence/absence.</p><p>The harmonisation of these data sets was performed within the research project at the origin of the European Atlas of Forest Tree Species (de Rigo et al., <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0037" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>; San‐Miguel‐Ayanz, <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0039" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>; San‐Miguel‐Ayanz et al., <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0040" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>). Given the heterogeneity of strategies of field sampling design and establishment of sampling plots in the various national forest inventories (Chirici et al., <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0006" ref-type="ref">2011a</xref>,<xref rid="efs25104-bib-0007" ref-type="ref">b</xref>), and also given legal constraints, the information from the original data sources was harmonised to refer to an INSPIRE compliant geospatial grid, with a spatial resolution of 1 km<sup>2</sup> pixel size, using the ETRS89 Lambert Azimuthal Equal‐Area as geospatial projection (EPSG: 3035, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://spatialreference.org/ref/epsg/etrs89-etrs-laea/">http://spatialreference.org/ref/epsg/etrs89-etrs-laea/</ext-link>).</p><sec id="efs25104-sec-0052"><label>A.1.1</label><title>European National Forestry Inventories database</title><p>This data set was derived from National Forest Inventory data and provides information on the presence/absence of forest tree species in approximately 375,000 sample points with a spatial resolution of 1 km<sup>2</sup>/pixel, covering 21 European countries (de Rigo et al., <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0036" ref-type="ref">2014</xref>, <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0037" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="efs25104-sec-0053"><label>A.1.2</label><title>Forest Focus/Monitoring data set</title><p>This project is a Community scheme for harmonised long‐term monitoring of air pollution effects in European forest ecosystems, normed by EC Regulation No 2152/2003<xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs25104-note-1010">5</xref>. Under this scheme, the monitoring is carried out by participating countries on the basis of a systematic network of observation points (Level I) and a network of observation plots for intensive and continuous monitoring (Level II). For managing the data, the JRC implemented a Forest Focus Monitoring Database System, from which the data used in this project were taken (Hiederer et al., <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0018" ref-type="ref">2007</xref>; Houston Durrant and Hiederer, <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0024" ref-type="ref">2009</xref>). The complete Forest Focus data set covers 30 European Countries with more than 8,600 sample points.</p></sec><sec id="efs25104-sec-0054"><label>A.1.3</label><title>BioSoil data set</title><p>This data set was produced by one of a number of demonstration studies performed in response to the ‘Forest Focus’ Regulation (EC) No 2152/2003 mentioned above. The aim of the BioSoil project was to provide harmonised soil and forest biodiversity data. It comprised two modules: a Soil Module (Hiederer et al., <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0019" ref-type="ref">2011</xref>) and a Biodiversity Module (Houston Durrant et al., <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0025" ref-type="ref">2011</xref>). The data set used in the C‐SMFA RPP model came from the Biodiversity module, in which plant species from both the tree layer and the ground vegetation layer were recorded for more than 3,300 sample points in 19 European Countries.</p></sec><sec id="efs25104-sec-0055"><label>A.1.4</label><title>European Information System on Forest Genetic Resources (EUFGIS)</title><p>EUFGIS (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://portal.eufgis.org">http://portal.eufgis.org</ext-link>) is a smaller geodatabase providing information on tree species composition in over 3,200 forest plots in 34 European countries. The plots are part of a network of forest stands managed for the genetic conservation of one or more target tree species. Hence, the plots represent the natural environment to which the target tree species are adapted.</p></sec><sec id="efs25104-sec-0056"><label>A.1.5</label><title>Georeferenced Data on Genetic Diversity (GD<sup>2</sup>)</title><p>GD<sup>2</sup> (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://gd2.pierroton.inra.fr">http://gd2.pierroton.inra.fr</ext-link>) provides information about 63 species of interest for genetic conservation. The database covers 6,254 forest plots located in stands of natural populations that are traditionally analysed in genetic surveys. While this database covers fewer species than the others, it covers 66 countries in Europe, North Africa and the Middle East, making it the data set with the largest geographic extent.</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25104-sec-0057"><label>A.2</label><title>Modelling methodology</title><p>For modelling, the data were harmonised in order to have the same spatial resolution (1 km<sup>2</sup>) and filtered to a study area comprising 36 countries in the European continent. The density of field observations varies greatly throughout the study area and large areas are poorly covered by the plot databases. A low density of field plots is particularly problematic in heterogeneous landscapes, such as mountainous regions and areas with many different land use and cover types, where a plot in one location is not representative of many nearby locations (de Rigo et al., <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0036" ref-type="ref">2014</xref>). To account for the spatial variation in plot density, the model used here (C‐SMFA) considers multiple spatial scales when estimating RPP. Furthermore, statistical resampling is systematically applied to mitigate the cumulated data‐driven uncertainty.</p><p>The presence or absence of a given forest tree species then refers to an idealised standard field sample of negligible size compared with the 1 km<sup>2</sup> pixel size of the harmonised grid. The modelling methodology considered these presence/absence measures as if they were random samples of a binary quantity (the punctual presence/absence, not the pixel one). This binary quantity is a random variable having its own probability distribution which is a function of the unknown average probability of finding the given tree species within a plot of negligible area belonging to the considered 1 km<sup>2</sup> pixel (de Rigo et al., <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0036" ref-type="ref">2014</xref>). This unknown statistic is denoted hereinafter with the name of ‘probability of presence’.</p><p>C‐SMFA performs spatial frequency analysis of the geolocated plot data to create preliminary RPP maps (de Rigo et al., <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0036" ref-type="ref">2014</xref>). For each 1 km<sup>2</sup> grid cell, the model estimates kernel densities over a range of kernel sizes to estimate the probability that a given species is present in that cell. The entire array of multi‐scale spatial kernels is aggregated with adaptive weights based on the local pattern of data density. Thus, in areas where plot data are scarce or inconsistent, the method tends to put weight on larger kernels. Wherever denser local data are available, they are privileged ensuring a more detailed local RPP estimation. Therefore, a smooth multi‐scale aggregation of the entire arrays of kernels and data sets is applied instead of selecting a local ‘best performing’ one and discarding the remaining information. This array‐based processing, and the entire data harmonisation procedure, are made possible thanks to the semantic modularisation which defines the Semantic Array Programming modelling paradigm (de Rigo, <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0035" ref-type="ref">2012</xref>).</p><p>The probability to find a single species (e.g. a particular coniferous tree species) in a 1 km<sup>2</sup> grid cell cannot be higher than the probability of presence of all the coniferous species combined. The same logical constraints applied to the case of single broadleaved species with respect to the probability of presence of all the broadleaved species combined. Thus, to improve the accuracy of the maps, the preliminary RPP values were constrained so as not to exceed the local forest‐type cover fraction with an iterative refinement (de Rigo et al., <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0036" ref-type="ref">2014</xref>). The forest‐type cover fraction was estimated from the classes of the Corine Land Cover (CLC) maps which contain a component of forest trees (Bossard et al., <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0003" ref-type="ref">2000</xref>; Büttner et al., <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0004" ref-type="ref">2012</xref>).</p><p>The resulting probability of presence is relative to the specific tree taxon, irrespective of the potential co‐occurrence of other tree taxa with the measured plots, and should not be confused with the absolute abundance or proportion of each taxon in the plots. RPP represents the probability of finding at least one individual of the taxon in a plot placed randomly within the grid cell, assuming that the plot has negligible area compared with the cell. As a consequence, the sum of the RPP associated with different taxa in the same area is not constrained to be 100%. For example, in a forest with two co‐dominant tree species which are homogeneously mixed, the RPP of both may be 100% (see e.g. the Glossary in San‐Miguel‐Ayanz et al. (<xref rid="efs25104-bib-0040" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>), <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://forest.jrc.ec.europa.eu/media/atlas/Glossary.pdf">http://forest.jrc.ec.europa.eu/media/atlas/Glossary.pdf</ext-link>).</p><p>The robustness of RPP maps depends strongly on sample plot density, as areas with few field observations are mapped with greater uncertainty. This uncertainty is shown qualitatively in maps of ‘RPP trustability’. RPP trustability is computed on the basis of the aggregated equivalent number of sample plots in each grid cell (equivalent local density of plot data). The trustability map scale is relative, ranging from 0 to 1, as it is based on the quantiles of the local plot density map obtained using all field observations for the species. Thus, trustability maps may vary among species based on the number of databases that report a particular species (de Rigo et al., <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0036" ref-type="ref">2014</xref>, <xref rid="efs25104-bib-0037" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>).</p><p>The RPP and relative trustability range from 0 to 1 and are mapped at a 1 km spatial resolution. To improve visualisation, these maps can be aggregated to coarser scales (i.e. 10 × 10 pixels or 25 × 25 pixels, respectively, summarising the information for aggregated spatial cells of 100 and 625 km<sup>2</sup>) by averaging the values in larger grid cells.</p></sec></sec></body><back><fn-group id="efs25104-ntgp-0002"><title>Notes</title><fn id="efs25104-note-1006"><label>1</label><p>Council Directive 2000/29/EC of 8 May 2000 on protective measures against the introduction into the Community of organisms harmful to plants or plant products and against their spread within the Community. OJ L 169/1, 10.7.2000, p. 1–112.</p></fn><fn id="efs25104-note-1007"><label>2</label><p>Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 of the European Parliament of the Council of 26 October 2016 on protective measures against pests of plants. OJ L 317, 23.11.2016, p. 4–104.</p></fn><fn id="efs25104-note-1008"><label>3</label><p>Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 January 2002 laying down the general principles and requirements of food law, establishing the European Food Safety Authority and laying down procedures in matters of food safety. OJ L 31/1, 1.2.2002, p. 1–24.</p></fn><fn id="efs25104-note-1009"><label>4</label><p>See Section <xref rid="efs25104-sec-0011" ref-type="sec">2.1</xref> on what falls outside EFSA's remit.</p></fn><fn id="efs25104-note-1010"><label>5</label><p>Council of the European Union, 2003. Regulation (EC) No 2152/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 November 2003 concerning monitoring of forests and environmental interactions in the Community (Forest Focus). 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