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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Pest categorisation of <italic>Pseudocercospora pini‐densiflorae</italic></title><author><name sortKey="Jeger, Michael" sort="Jeger, Michael" uniqKey="Jeger M" first="Michael" last="Jeger">Michael Jeger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bragard, Claude" sort="Bragard, Claude" uniqKey="Bragard C" first="Claude" last="Bragard">Claude Bragard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Caffier, David" sort="Caffier, David" uniqKey="Caffier D" first="David" last="Caffier">David Caffier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Candresse, Thierry" sort="Candresse, Thierry" uniqKey="Candresse T" first="Thierry" last="Candresse">Thierry Candresse</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chatzivassiliou, Elisavet" sort="Chatzivassiliou, Elisavet" uniqKey="Chatzivassiliou E" first="Elisavet" last="Chatzivassiliou">Elisavet Chatzivassiliou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dehnen Chmutz, Katharina" sort="Dehnen Chmutz, Katharina" uniqKey="Dehnen Chmutz K" first="Katharina" last="Dehnen-Schmutz">Katharina Dehnen-Schmutz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gilioli, Gianni" sort="Gilioli, Gianni" uniqKey="Gilioli G" first="Gianni" last="Gilioli">Gianni Gilioli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gregoire, Jean Laude" sort="Gregoire, Jean Laude" uniqKey="Gregoire J" first="Jean-Claude" last="Gregoire">Jean-Claude Gregoire</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jaques Miret, Josep Anton" sort="Jaques Miret, Josep Anton" uniqKey="Jaques Miret J" first="Josep Anton" last="Jaques Miret">Josep Anton Jaques Miret</name></author><author><name sortKey="Macleod, Alan" sort="Macleod, Alan" uniqKey="Macleod A" first="Alan" last="Macleod">Alan Macleod</name></author><author><name sortKey="Navajas Navarro, Maria" sort="Navajas Navarro, Maria" uniqKey="Navajas Navarro M" first="Maria" last="Navajas Navarro">Maria Navajas Navarro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Niere, Bjorn" sort="Niere, Bjorn" uniqKey="Niere B" first="Björn" last="Niere">Björn Niere</name></author><author><name sortKey="Parnell, Stephen" sort="Parnell, Stephen" uniqKey="Parnell S" first="Stephen" last="Parnell">Stephen Parnell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Potting, Roel" sort="Potting, Roel" uniqKey="Potting R" first="Roel" last="Potting">Roel Potting</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rafoss, Trond" sort="Rafoss, Trond" uniqKey="Rafoss T" first="Trond" last="Rafoss">Trond Rafoss</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rossi, Vittorio" sort="Rossi, Vittorio" uniqKey="Rossi V" first="Vittorio" last="Rossi">Vittorio Rossi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Urek, Gregor" sort="Urek, Gregor" uniqKey="Urek G" first="Gregor" last="Urek">Gregor Urek</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Bruggen, Ariena" sort="Van Bruggen, Ariena" uniqKey="Van Bruggen A" first="Ariena" last="Van Bruggen">Ariena Van Bruggen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Werf, Wopke" sort="Van Der Werf, Wopke" uniqKey="Van Der Werf W" first="Wopke" last="Van Der Werf">Wopke Van Der Werf</name></author><author><name sortKey="West, Jonathan" sort="West, Jonathan" uniqKey="West J" first="Jonathan" last="West">Jonathan West</name></author><author><name sortKey="Winter, Stephan" sort="Winter, Stephan" uniqKey="Winter S" first="Stephan" last="Winter">Stephan Winter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Boberg, Johanna" sort="Boberg, Johanna" uniqKey="Boberg J" first="Johanna" last="Boberg">Johanna Boberg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gonthier, Paolo" sort="Gonthier, Paolo" uniqKey="Gonthier P" first="Paolo" last="Gonthier">Paolo Gonthier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pautasso, Marco" sort="Pautasso, Marco" uniqKey="Pautasso M" first="Marco" last="Pautasso">Marco Pautasso</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">32625334</idno><idno type="pmc">7009978</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7009978</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:7009978</idno><idno type="doi">10.2903/j.efsa.2017.5029</idno><date when="2017">2017</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000620</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000620</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Pest categorisation of <italic>Pseudocercospora pini‐densiflorae</italic></title><author><name sortKey="Jeger, Michael" sort="Jeger, Michael" uniqKey="Jeger M" first="Michael" last="Jeger">Michael Jeger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bragard, Claude" sort="Bragard, Claude" uniqKey="Bragard C" first="Claude" last="Bragard">Claude Bragard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Caffier, David" sort="Caffier, David" uniqKey="Caffier D" first="David" last="Caffier">David Caffier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Candresse, Thierry" sort="Candresse, Thierry" uniqKey="Candresse T" first="Thierry" last="Candresse">Thierry Candresse</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chatzivassiliou, Elisavet" sort="Chatzivassiliou, Elisavet" uniqKey="Chatzivassiliou E" first="Elisavet" last="Chatzivassiliou">Elisavet Chatzivassiliou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dehnen Chmutz, Katharina" sort="Dehnen Chmutz, Katharina" uniqKey="Dehnen Chmutz K" first="Katharina" last="Dehnen-Schmutz">Katharina Dehnen-Schmutz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gilioli, Gianni" sort="Gilioli, Gianni" uniqKey="Gilioli G" first="Gianni" last="Gilioli">Gianni Gilioli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gregoire, Jean Laude" sort="Gregoire, Jean Laude" uniqKey="Gregoire J" first="Jean-Claude" last="Gregoire">Jean-Claude Gregoire</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jaques Miret, Josep Anton" sort="Jaques Miret, Josep Anton" uniqKey="Jaques Miret J" first="Josep Anton" last="Jaques Miret">Josep Anton Jaques Miret</name></author><author><name sortKey="Macleod, Alan" sort="Macleod, Alan" uniqKey="Macleod A" first="Alan" last="Macleod">Alan Macleod</name></author><author><name sortKey="Navajas Navarro, Maria" sort="Navajas Navarro, Maria" uniqKey="Navajas Navarro M" first="Maria" last="Navajas Navarro">Maria Navajas Navarro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Niere, Bjorn" sort="Niere, Bjorn" uniqKey="Niere B" first="Björn" last="Niere">Björn Niere</name></author><author><name sortKey="Parnell, Stephen" sort="Parnell, Stephen" uniqKey="Parnell S" first="Stephen" last="Parnell">Stephen Parnell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Potting, Roel" sort="Potting, Roel" uniqKey="Potting R" first="Roel" last="Potting">Roel Potting</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rafoss, Trond" sort="Rafoss, Trond" uniqKey="Rafoss T" first="Trond" last="Rafoss">Trond Rafoss</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rossi, Vittorio" sort="Rossi, Vittorio" uniqKey="Rossi V" first="Vittorio" last="Rossi">Vittorio Rossi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Urek, Gregor" sort="Urek, Gregor" uniqKey="Urek G" first="Gregor" last="Urek">Gregor Urek</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Bruggen, Ariena" sort="Van Bruggen, Ariena" uniqKey="Van Bruggen A" first="Ariena" last="Van Bruggen">Ariena Van Bruggen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Werf, Wopke" sort="Van Der Werf, Wopke" uniqKey="Van Der Werf W" first="Wopke" last="Van Der Werf">Wopke Van Der Werf</name></author><author><name sortKey="West, Jonathan" sort="West, Jonathan" uniqKey="West J" first="Jonathan" last="West">Jonathan West</name></author><author><name sortKey="Winter, Stephan" sort="Winter, Stephan" uniqKey="Winter S" first="Stephan" last="Winter">Stephan Winter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Boberg, Johanna" sort="Boberg, Johanna" uniqKey="Boberg J" first="Johanna" last="Boberg">Johanna Boberg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gonthier, Paolo" sort="Gonthier, Paolo" uniqKey="Gonthier P" first="Paolo" last="Gonthier">Paolo Gonthier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pautasso, Marco" sort="Pautasso, Marco" uniqKey="Pautasso M" first="Marco" last="Pautasso">Marco Pautasso</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j">EFSA Journal</title><idno type="eISSN">1831-4732</idno><imprint><date when="2017">2017</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><title>Abstract</title><p>Following a request from the European Commission, the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EFSA</styled-content> Plant Health (<styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">PLH</styled-content>) Panel performed a pest categorisation of <italic>Pseudocercospora pini‐densiflorae</italic>, a well‐defined and distinguishable fungal species of the family Mycosphaerellaceae. The regulated harmful organism is the anamorph <italic>Cercoseptoria pini‐densiflorae</italic> (synonym <italic>Cercospora pini‐densiflorae</italic>) with the corresponding teleomorph <italic>Mycosphaerella gibsonii. P. pini‐densiflorae</italic> causes a needle blight of <italic>Pinus</italic> spp. also known as Cercospora blight of pines or Cercospora needle blight. <italic>P. pini‐densiflorae</italic> is reported from sub‐Saharan Africa, Central and South America, Asia and Oceania, but not from the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content>. The pathogen is regulated in Council Directive 2000/29/<styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EC</styled-content> (Annex <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">IIAI</styled-content>) as a quarantine organism whose introduction into the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content> is banned on plants (other than fruit and seeds) and wood of <italic>Pinus</italic>. The pest could enter the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content> via plants for planting and other means (uncleaned seed, cut branches of pine trees, isolated bark, growing media accompanying plants, and mycorrhizal soil inocula). Hosts are widespread in the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content> and favourable climatic conditions are present in Mediterranean countries. <italic>Pinus halepensis</italic>,<italic> Pinus nigra</italic>,<italic> Pinus pinea</italic>,<italic> Pinus pinaster</italic> and <italic>Pinus sylvestris</italic> are reported to be highly susceptible to the pathogen. The pest would be able to spread following establishment after introduction in the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content> mainly on infected plants for planting. The pest introduction could have impacts in nurseries and young plantations. Cleaning seeds from needles and removing infected seedlings and pine litter from affected nurseries can reduce the risk of establishment in nurseries and of spread from nurseries to forests, especially given the limited scale of splash dispersal. The main knowledge gaps concern (i) the role of means of entry/spread other than plants for planting and (ii) the potential consequences in mature tree plantations and forests. The criteria assessed by the Panel for consideration as potential quarantine pest are met. For regulated non‐quarantine pests, the criterion on the pest presence in the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content> is not met.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chirici, G" uniqKey="Chirici G">G Chirici</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chirici, G" uniqKey="Chirici G">G Chirici</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Smith, Im" uniqKey="Smith I">IM Smith</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Seppelt, R" uniqKey="Seppelt R">R Seppelt</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="San Iguel Yanz, J" uniqKey="San Iguel Yanz J">J San‐Miguel‐Ayanz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="San Iguel Yanz, J" uniqKey="San Iguel Yanz J">J San‐Miguel‐Ayanz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="San Iguel Yanz, J" uniqKey="San Iguel Yanz J">J San‐Miguel‐Ayanz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">EFSA J</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">EFSA J</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="doi">10.1002/(ISSN)1831-4732</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">EFS2</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>EFSA Journal</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1831-4732</issn><publisher><publisher-name>John Wiley and Sons Inc.</publisher-name><publisher-loc>Hoboken</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">32625334</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">7009978</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2903/j.efsa.2017.5029</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">EFS25029</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="overline"><subject>Scientific Opinion</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Scientific Opinion</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Pest categorisation of <italic>Pseudocercospora pini‐densiflorae</italic></article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib id="efs25029-cr-0001" contrib-type="author"><collab collab-type="authors">EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH)</collab></contrib><contrib id="efs25029-cr-0002" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jeger</surname><given-names>Michael</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25029-cr-0003" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bragard</surname><given-names>Claude</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25029-cr-0004" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Caffier</surname><given-names>David</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25029-cr-0005" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Candresse</surname><given-names>Thierry</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25029-cr-0006" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chatzivassiliou</surname><given-names>Elisavet</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25029-cr-0007" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dehnen‐Schmutz</surname><given-names>Katharina</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25029-cr-0008" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gilioli</surname><given-names>Gianni</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25029-cr-0009" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gregoire</surname><given-names>Jean‐Claude</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25029-cr-0010" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jaques Miret</surname><given-names>Josep Anton</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25029-cr-0011" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>MacLeod</surname><given-names>Alan</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25029-cr-0012" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Navajas Navarro</surname><given-names>Maria</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25029-cr-0013" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Niere</surname><given-names>Björn</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25029-cr-0014" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Parnell</surname><given-names>Stephen</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25029-cr-0015" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Potting</surname><given-names>Roel</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25029-cr-0016" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rafoss</surname><given-names>Trond</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25029-cr-0017" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rossi</surname><given-names>Vittorio</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25029-cr-0018" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Urek</surname><given-names>Gregor</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25029-cr-0019" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Van Bruggen</surname><given-names>Ariena</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25029-cr-0020" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Van der Werf</surname><given-names>Wopke</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25029-cr-0021" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>West</surname><given-names>Jonathan</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25029-cr-0022" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Winter</surname><given-names>Stephan</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25029-cr-0023" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Boberg</surname><given-names>Johanna</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25029-cr-0024" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gonthier</surname><given-names>Paolo</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25029-cr-0025" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pautasso</surname><given-names>Marco</given-names></name></contrib></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="correspondenceTo"><bold>Correspondence: </bold><email>alpha@efsa.europa.eu</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>08</day><month>11</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>11</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>11</issue><issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/efs2.2017.15.issue-11</issue-id><elocation-id>e05029</elocation-id><permissions><pmc-comment> © European Food Safety Authority </pmc-comment>
<copyright-statement content-type="article-copyright">© 2017 European Food Safety Authority. <italic>EFSA Journal</italic> published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.</copyright-statement><license license-type="creativeCommonsBy-nd"><license-p>This is an open access article under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/</ext-link> License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and no modifications or adaptations are made.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="file:EFS2-15-e05029.pdf"></self-uri><abstract id="efs25029-abs-0001"><title>Abstract</title><p>Following a request from the European Commission, the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EFSA</styled-content> Plant Health (<styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">PLH</styled-content>) Panel performed a pest categorisation of <italic>Pseudocercospora pini‐densiflorae</italic>, a well‐defined and distinguishable fungal species of the family Mycosphaerellaceae. The regulated harmful organism is the anamorph <italic>Cercoseptoria pini‐densiflorae</italic> (synonym <italic>Cercospora pini‐densiflorae</italic>) with the corresponding teleomorph <italic>Mycosphaerella gibsonii. P. pini‐densiflorae</italic> causes a needle blight of <italic>Pinus</italic> spp. also known as Cercospora blight of pines or Cercospora needle blight. <italic>P. pini‐densiflorae</italic> is reported from sub‐Saharan Africa, Central and South America, Asia and Oceania, but not from the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content>. The pathogen is regulated in Council Directive 2000/29/<styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EC</styled-content> (Annex <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">IIAI</styled-content>) as a quarantine organism whose introduction into the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content> is banned on plants (other than fruit and seeds) and wood of <italic>Pinus</italic>. The pest could enter the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content> via plants for planting and other means (uncleaned seed, cut branches of pine trees, isolated bark, growing media accompanying plants, and mycorrhizal soil inocula). Hosts are widespread in the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content> and favourable climatic conditions are present in Mediterranean countries. <italic>Pinus halepensis</italic>,<italic> Pinus nigra</italic>,<italic> Pinus pinea</italic>,<italic> Pinus pinaster</italic> and <italic>Pinus sylvestris</italic> are reported to be highly susceptible to the pathogen. The pest would be able to spread following establishment after introduction in the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content> mainly on infected plants for planting. The pest introduction could have impacts in nurseries and young plantations. Cleaning seeds from needles and removing infected seedlings and pine litter from affected nurseries can reduce the risk of establishment in nurseries and of spread from nurseries to forests, especially given the limited scale of splash dispersal. The main knowledge gaps concern (i) the role of means of entry/spread other than plants for planting and (ii) the potential consequences in mature tree plantations and forests. The criteria assessed by the Panel for consideration as potential quarantine pest are met. For regulated non‐quarantine pests, the criterion on the pest presence in the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content> is not met.</p></abstract><kwd-group kwd-group-type="author-generated"><kwd id="efs25029-kwd-0001">European Union</kwd><kwd id="efs25029-kwd-0002">forest pathology</kwd><kwd id="efs25029-kwd-0003">pest risk</kwd><kwd id="efs25029-kwd-0004">plant health</kwd><kwd id="efs25029-kwd-0005">plant pest</kwd><kwd id="efs25029-kwd-0006">quarantine</kwd><kwd id="efs25029-kwd-0007">tree health</kwd></kwd-group><counts><fig-count count="5"></fig-count><table-count count="5"></table-count><page-count count="27"></page-count><word-count count="11914"></word-count></counts><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>source-schema-version-number</meta-name><meta-value>2.0</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>cover-date</meta-name><meta-value>November 2017</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>details-of-publishers-convertor</meta-name><meta-value>Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:5.7.5 mode:remove_FC converted:21.01.2020</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta><notes><p content-type="self-citation"><mixed-citation publication-type="self-citation" id="efs25029-cit-1001"><bold>Suggested citation: </bold><collab collab-type="authors">EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH)</collab>, <string-name><surname>Jeger</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Bragard</surname><given-names>C</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Caffier</surname><given-names>D</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Candresse</surname><given-names>T</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Chatzivassiliou</surname><given-names>E</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Dehnen‐Schmutz</surname><given-names>K</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Gilioli</surname><given-names>G</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Gregoire</surname><given-names>J‐C</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Jaques Miret</surname><given-names>JA</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>MacLeod</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Navajas Navarro</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Niere</surname><given-names>B</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Parnell</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Potting</surname><given-names>R</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Rafoss</surname><given-names>T</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Rossi</surname><given-names>V</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Urek</surname><given-names>G</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Van Bruggen</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Van der Werf</surname><given-names>W</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>West</surname><given-names>J</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Winter</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Boberg</surname><given-names>J</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Gonthier</surname><given-names>P</given-names></string-name> and <string-name><surname>Pautasso</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <year>2017</year><article-title>Scientific opinion on the pest categorisation of <italic>Pseudocercospora pini‐densiflorae</italic></article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">EFSA Journal</source> 2017;15(10):5029, 27 pp. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2903/j.efsa.2017.5029</pub-id></mixed-citation></p><fn-group id="efs25029-ntgp-0001"><fn id="efs25029-note-1001"><p><bold>Requestor:</bold> European Commission</p></fn><fn id="efs25029-note-1002"><p><bold>Question number:</bold> EFSA‐Q‐2017‐00325</p></fn><fn id="efs25029-note-1003"><p><bold>Panel members:</bold> Claude Bragard, David Caffier, Thierry Candresse, Elisavet Chatzivassiliou, Katharina Dehnen‐Schmutz, Gianni Gilioli, Jean‐Claude Gregoire, Josep Anton Jaques Miret, Michael Jeger, Alan MacLeod, Maria Navajas Navarro, Björn Niere, Stephen Parnell, Roel Potting, Trond Rafoss, Vittorio Rossi, Gregor Urek, Ariena Van Bruggen, Wopke Van der Werf, Jonathan West and Stephan Winter.</p></fn><fn id="efs25029-note-1004"><p>Adopted: 28 September 2017</p></fn><fn id="efs25029-note-1005"><p>Reproduction of the images listed below is authorised, provide the source is acknowledged:</p><p>Figure 1: © European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO); Figure 2: © European Union; Figures 3 and 4: © EUFORGEN; Figure 5: © Bugwood.org.</p></fn></fn-group></notes></front><body id="efs25029-body-0001"><sec id="efs25029-sec-0002"><label>1</label><title>Introduction</title><sec id="efs25029-sec-0003"><label>1.1</label><title>Background and Terms of Reference as provided by the requestor</title><sec id="efs25029-sec-0004"><label>1.1.1</label><title>Background</title><p>Council Directive 2000/29/EC<xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs25029-note-1006">1</xref> on protective measures against the introduction into the Community of organisms harmful to plants or plant products and against their spread within the Community establishes the present European Union plant health regime. The Directive lays down the phytosanitary provisions and the control checks to be carried out at the place of origin on plants and plant products destined for the Union or to be moved within the Union. In the Directive's 2000/29/EC annexes, the list of harmful organisms (pests) whose introduction into or spread within the Union is prohibited, is detailed together with specific requirements for import or internal movement.</p><p>Following the evaluation of the plant health regime, the new basic plant health law, Regulation (EU) 2016/2031<xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs25029-note-1007">2</xref> on protective measures against pests of plants, was adopted on 26 October 2016 and will apply from 14 December 2019 onwards, repealing Directive 2000/29/EC. In line with the principles of the above mentioned legislation and the follow‐up work of the secondary legislation for the listing of EU regulated pests, EFSA is requested to provide pest categorisations of the harmful organisms included in the annexes of Directive 2000/29/EC, in the cases where recent pest risk assessment/pest categorisation is not available.</p></sec><sec id="efs25029-sec-0005"><label>1.1.2</label><title>Terms of Reference</title><p>EFSA is requested, pursuant to Article 22(5.b) and Article 29(1) of Regulation (EC) No 178/2002<xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs25029-note-1103">3</xref>, to provide scientific opinion in the field of plant health.</p><p>EFSA is requested to prepare and deliver a pest categorisation (step 1 analysis) for each of the regulated pests included in the appendices of the annex to this mandate. The methodology and template of pest categorisation have already been developed in past mandates for the organisms listed in Annex II Part A Section II of Directive 2000/29/EC. The same methodology and outcome is expected for this work as well.</p><p>The list of the harmful organisms included in the annex to this mandate comprises 133 harmful organisms or groups. A pest categorisation is expected for these 133 pests or groups and the delivery of the work would be stepwise at regular intervals through the year as detailed below. First priority covers the harmful organisms included in Appendix 1, comprising pests from Annex II Part A Section I and Annex II Part B of Directive 2000/29/EC. The delivery of all pest categorisations for the pests included in Appendix 1 is June 2018. The second priority is the pests included in Appendix 2, comprising the group of Cicadellidae (non‐EU) known to be vector of Pierce's disease (caused by <italic>Xylella fastidiosa</italic>), the group of Tephritidae (non‐EU), the group of potato viruses and virus‐like organisms, the group of viruses and virus‐like organisms of <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Fragaria</italic> L., <italic>Malus</italic> Mill., <italic>Prunus</italic> L., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L., <italic>Ribes</italic> L., <italic>Rubus</italic> L. and <italic>Vitis</italic> L.. and the group of <italic>Margarodes</italic> (non‐EU species). The delivery of all pest categorisations for the pests included in Appendix 2 is end 2019. The pests included in Appendix 3 cover pests of Annex I part A section I and all pests categorisations should be delivered by end 2020.</p><p>For the above mentioned groups, each covering a large number of pests, the pest categorisation will be performed for the group and not the individual harmful organisms listed under ‘such as’ notation in the Annexes of the Directive 2000/29/EC. The criteria to be taken particularly under consideration for these cases, is the analysis of host pest combination, investigation of pathways, the damages occurring and the relevant impact.</p><p>Finally, as indicated in the text above, all references to ‘non‐European’ should be avoided and replaced by ‘non‐EU’ and refer to all territories with exception of the Union territories as defined in Article 1 point 3 of Regulation (EU) 2016/2031.</p><sec id="efs25029-sec-0006"><label>1.1.2.1</label><title>Terms of Reference: Appendix 1</title><p>List of harmful organisms for which pest categorisation is requested. The list below follows the annexes of Directive 2000/29/EC.
<table-wrap id="nlm-table-wrap-1" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="anchor"><table frame="void" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><tbody><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><underline underline-style="single"><italic toggle="yes"><bold>Annex IIAI</bold></italic></underline></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Aleurocantus</italic> spp.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Numonia pyrivorella</italic> (Matsumura)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Anthonomus bisignifer</italic> (Schenkling)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Oligonychus perditus</italic> Pritchard and Baker</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Anthonomus signatus</italic> (Say)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pissodes</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Aschistonyx eppoi</italic> Inouye</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Scirtothrips aurantii</italic> Faure</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Carposina niponensis</italic> Walsingham</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Scirtothrips</italic> citri (Moultex)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Enarmonia packardi</italic> (Zeller)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Scolytidae</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Enarmonia prunivora</italic> Walsh</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Scrobipalpopsis solanivora</italic> Povolny</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Grapholita inopinata</italic> Heinrich</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Tachypterellus quadrigibbus</italic> Say</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hishomonus phycitis</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Toxoptera citricida</italic> Kirk.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Leucaspis japonica</italic> Ckll.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Unaspis citri</italic> Comstock</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Listronotus bonariensis</italic> (Kuschel)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(b) Bacteria</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Citrus variegated chlorosis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Xanthomonas campestris</italic> pv. <italic>oryzae</italic> (Ishiyama) Dye and pv. <italic>oryzicola</italic> (Fang. et al.) Dye</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Erwinia stewartii</italic> (Smith) Dye</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(c) Fungi</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Alternaria alternata</italic> (Fr.) Keissler (non‐EU pathogenic isolates)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Elsinoe</italic> spp. Bitanc. and Jenk. Mendes</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Anisogramma anomala</italic> (Peck) E. Müller</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Fusarium oxysporum</italic> f. sp<italic>. albedinis</italic> (Kilian and Maire) Gordon</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Apiosporina morbosa</italic> (Schwein.) v. Arx</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Guignardia piricola</italic> (Nosa) Yamamoto</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ceratocystis virescens</italic> (Davidson) Moreau</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Puccinia pittieriana</italic> Hennings</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cercoseptoria pini‐densiflorae</italic> (Hori and Nambu) Deighton</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Stegophora ulmea</italic> (Schweinitz: Fries) Sydow & Sydow</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cercospora angolensis</italic> Carv. and Mendes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Venturia nashicola</italic> Tanaka and Yamamoto</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(d) Virus and virus‐like organisms</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Beet curly top virus (non‐EU isolates)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Little cherry pathogen (non‐ EU isolates)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Black raspberry latent virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Naturally spreading psorosis</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Blight and blight‐like</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Palm lethal yellowing mycoplasm</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cadang‐Cadang viroid</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Satsuma dwarf virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Citrus tristeza virus (non‐EU isolates)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tatter leaf virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leprosis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Witches’ broom (MLO)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><underline underline-style="single"><italic toggle="yes"><bold>Annex IIB</bold></italic></underline></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insect mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Anthonomus grandis</italic> (Boh.)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gonipterus scutellatus</italic> Gyll.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cephalcia lariciphila</italic> (Klug)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gilphinia hercyniae</italic> (Hartig)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dendroctonus micans</italic> Kugelan</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ips amitinus</italic> Eichhof</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ips cembrae</italic> Heer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ips typographus</italic> Heer</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ips duplicatus</italic> Sahlberg</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Sternochetus mangiferae</italic> Fabricius</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ips sexdentatus</italic> Börner</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(b) Bacteria</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens (Hedges) Collins and Jones</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(c) Fungi</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Glomerella gossypii</italic> Edgerton</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hypoxylon mammatum</italic> (Wahl.) J. Miller</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gremmeniella abietina</italic> (Lag.) Morelet</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></p></sec><sec id="efs25029-sec-0007"><label>1.1.2.2</label><title>Terms of Reference: Appendix 2</title><p>List of harmful organisms for which pest categorisation is requested per group. The list below follows the categorisation included in the annexes of Directive 2000/29/EC.
<table-wrap id="nlm-table-wrap-2" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="anchor"><table frame="void" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><tbody><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><underline underline-style="single"><italic toggle="yes"><bold>Annex IAI</bold></italic></underline></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Group of Cicadellidae (non‐EU) known to be vector of Pierce's disease (caused by <italic>Xylella fastidiosa</italic>), such as:</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1) <italic>Carneocephala fulgida</italic> Nottingham</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3) <italic>Graphocephala atropunctata</italic> (Signoret)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2) <italic>Draeculacephala minerva</italic> Ball</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Group of Tephritidae (non‐EU) such as:</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1) <italic>Anastrepha fraterculus</italic> (Wiedemann)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12) <italic>Pardalaspis cyanescens</italic> Bezzi</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2) <italic>Anastrepha ludens</italic> (Loew)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13) <italic>Pardalaspis quinaria</italic> Bezzi</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3) <italic>Anastrepha obliqua</italic> Macquart</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14) <italic>Pterandrus rosa</italic> (Karsch)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4) <italic>Anastrepha suspensa</italic> (Loew)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15) <italic>Rhacochlaena japonica</italic> Ito</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5) <italic>Dacus ciliatus</italic> Loew</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16) <italic>Rhagoletis completa</italic> Cresson</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6) <italic>Dacus curcurbitae</italic> Coquillet</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17) <italic>Rhagoletis fausta</italic> (Osten‐Sacken)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7) <italic>Dacus dorsalis</italic> Hendel</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18) <italic>Rhagoletis indifferens</italic> Curran</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8) <italic>Dacus tryoni</italic> (Froggatt)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19) <italic>Rhagoletis mendax</italic> Curran</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9) <italic>Dacus tsuneonis</italic> Miyake</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20) <italic>Rhagoletis pomonella</italic> Walsh</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10) <italic>Dacus zonatus</italic> Saund.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21) <italic>Rhagoletis suavis</italic> (Loew)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11) <italic>Epochra canadensis</italic> (Loew)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(c) Viruses and virus‐like organisms</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Group of potato viruses and virus‐like organisms such as:</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1) Andean potato latent virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4) Potato black ringspot virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2) Andean potato mottle virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5) Potato virus T</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3) Arracacha virus B, oca strain</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6) non‐EU isolates of potato viruses A, M, S, V, X and Y (including Yo, Yn and Yc) and Potato leafroll virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Group of viruses and virus‐like organisms of Cydonia Mill., Fragaria L., Malus Mill., Prunus L., Pyrus L., Ribes L.,Rubus L. and Vitis L., such as:</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1) Blueberry leaf mottle virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7) Peach X‐disease mycoplasm</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2) Cherry rasp leaf virus (American)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8) Peach yellows mycoplasm</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3) Peach mosaic virus (American)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9) Plum line pattern virus (American)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4) Peach phony rickettsia</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10) Raspberry leaf curl virus (American)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5) Peach rosette mosaic virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11) Strawberry witches’ broom mycoplasma</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6) Peach rosette mycoplasm</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12) Non‐EU viruses and virus‐like organisms of <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Fragaria</italic> L., <italic>Malus</italic> Mill., <italic>Prunus</italic> L., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L., <italic>Ribes</italic> L., <italic>Rubus</italic> L. and <italic>Vitis</italic> L.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><italic><bold>Annex IIAI</bold></italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Group of <italic>Margarodes</italic> (non‐EU species) such as:</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1) <italic>Margarodes vitis</italic> (Phillipi)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3) <italic>Margarodes prieskaensis</italic> Jakubski</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2) <italic>Margarodes vredendalensis</italic> de Klerk</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></p></sec><sec id="efs25029-sec-0008"><label>1.1.2.3</label><title>Terms of Reference: Appendix 3</title><p>List of harmful organisms for which pest categorisation is requested. The list below follows the annexes of Directive 2000/29/EC.
<table-wrap id="nlm-table-wrap-3" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="anchor"><table frame="void" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><tbody><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><underline underline-style="single"><italic toggle="yes"><bold>Annex IAI</bold></italic></underline></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Acleris</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Longidorus diadecturus</italic> Eveleigh and Allen</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Amauromyza maculosa</italic> (Malloch)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Monochamus</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Anomala orientalis</italic> Waterhouse</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Myndus crudus</italic> Van Duzee</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Arrhenodes minutus</italic> Drury</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Nacobbus aberrans</italic> (Thorne) Thorne and Allen</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Choristoneura</italic> spp. (non‐E<underline underline-style="single">U</underline>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Naupactus leucoloma</italic> Boheman</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Conotrachelus nenuphar</italic> (Herbst)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Premnotrypes</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dendrolimus sibiricus</italic> Tschetverikov</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pseudopityophthorus minutissimus</italic> (Zimmermann)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diabrotica barberi</italic> Smith and Lawrence</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pseudopityophthorus pruinosus</italic> (Eichhoff)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi</italic> Barber</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Scaphoideus luteolus</italic> (Van Duzee)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diabrotica undecimpunctata undecimpunctata</italic> Mannerheim</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Spodoptera eridania</italic> (Cramer)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diabrotica virgifera zeae</italic> Krysan & Smith</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Spodoptera frugiperda</italic> (Smith)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diaphorina citri</italic> Kuway</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Spodoptera litura</italic> (Fabricus)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Heliothis zea</italic> (Boddie)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Thrips palmi</italic> Karny</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hirschmanniella</italic> spp., other than <italic>Hirschmanniella gracilis</italic> (de Man) Luc and Goodey</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Xiphinema americanum</italic> Cobb sensu lato (non‐EU populations)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Liriomyza sativae</italic> Blanchard</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Xiphinema californicum</italic> Lamberti and Bleve‐Zacheo</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(b) Fungi</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ceratocystis fagacearum</italic> (Bretz) Hunt</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Mycosphaerella larici‐leptolepis</italic> Ito et al.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Chrysomyxa arctostaphyli</italic> Dietel</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Mycosphaerella populorum</italic> G. E. Thompson</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cronartium</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Phoma andina</italic> Turkensteen</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Endocronartium</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Phyllosticta solitaria</italic> Ell. and Ev.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Guignardia laricina</italic> (Saw.) Yamamoto and Ito</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Septoria lycopersici</italic> Speg. var. <italic>malagutii</italic> Ciccarone and Boerema</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Thecaphora solani</italic> Barrus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Inonotus weirii</italic> (Murril) Kotlaba and Pouzar</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Trechispora brinkmannii</italic> (Bresad.) Rogers</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Melampsora farlowii</italic> (Arthur) Davis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(c) Viruses and virus‐like organisms</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tobacco ringspot virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pepper mild tigré virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tomato ringspot virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Squash leaf curl virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bean golden mosaic virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Euphorbia mosaic virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cowpea mild mottle virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Florida tomato virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lettuce infectious yellows virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(d) Parasitic plants</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Arceuthobium</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><underline underline-style="single"><italic toggle="yes"><bold>Annex IAII</bold></italic></underline></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Meloidogyne fallax</italic> Karssen</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Rhizoecus hibisci</italic> Kawai and Takagi</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Popillia japonica</italic> Newman</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(b) Bacteria</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Clavibacter michiganensis</italic> (Smith) Davis et al. ssp. <italic>sepedonicus</italic> (Spieckermann and Kotthoff) Davis et al.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ralstonia solanacearum</italic> (Smith) Yabuuchi et al.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(c) Fungi</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Melampsora medusae</italic> Thümen</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Synchytrium endobioticum</italic> (Schilbersky) Percival</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><underline underline-style="single"><italic toggle="yes"><bold>Annex I B</bold></italic></underline></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Leptinotarsa decemlineata</italic> Say</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Liriomyza bryoniae</italic> (Kaltenbach)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(b) Viruses and virus‐like organisms</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Beet necrotic yellow vein virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></p></sec></sec></sec><sec id="efs25029-sec-0009"><label>1.2</label><title>Interpretation of the Terms of Reference</title><p><italic>Cercoseptoria pini‐densiflorae</italic> is one of a number of pests listed in the Appendices to the Terms of Reference (ToR) to be subject to pest categorisation to determine whether it fulfils the criteria of a quarantine pest or those of a regulated non‐quarantine pest (RNQP) for the area of the EU.</p><p>The regulated harmful organism is the anamorph <italic>Cercoseptoria pini‐densiflorae</italic> (synonyms: <italic>Cercospora pini‐densiflorae, Pseudocercospora pini‐densiflorae</italic>) with the corresponding teleomorph <italic>Mycosphaerella gibsonii</italic> (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0006" ref-type="ref">1997</xref>). In accordance with the International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi and Plants, the dual nomenclature system for fungi has been abandoned since 1 January 2013. The choice of anamorph or teleomorph names is based on priority as determined by the International Commission on the Taxonomy of Fungi and its Working Groups. The recommended valid name for the fungus is <italic>Pseudocercospora pini‐densiflorae</italic> (Quintero, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0027" ref-type="ref">2015</xref>; Sullivan, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0036" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>).</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25029-sec-0010"><label>2</label><title>Data and methodologies</title><sec id="efs25029-sec-0011"><label>2.1</label><title>Data</title><sec id="efs25029-sec-0012"><label>2.1.1</label><title>Literature search</title><p>A literature search on <italic>P. pini‐densiflorae</italic> was conducted at the beginning of the pest categorisation in the ISI Web of Science bibliographic database, using the scientific names (see Sections <xref rid="efs25029-sec-0009" ref-type="sec">1.2</xref> and <xref rid="efs25029-sec-0017" ref-type="sec">3.1.1</xref>) of the pest as search terms. Relevant papers were reviewed, and further references and information were obtained from experts, from citations within the references and grey literature.</p></sec><sec id="efs25029-sec-0013"><label>2.1.2</label><title>Database search</title><p>Pest information, on host(s) and distribution, was retrieved from the EPPO Global Database (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0007" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>).</p><p>Data about import of commodity types that could potentially provide a pathway for the pest to enter the EU and about the area of hosts grown in the EU were obtained from EUROSTAT.</p><p>Information on EU Member States (MS) imports of <italic>Pinus</italic> plants for planting from North America were sought in the ISEFOR database (Eschen et al., <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0008" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>).</p><p>The Europhyt database was consulted for pest‐specific notifications on interceptions and outbreaks. Europhyt is a web‐based network launched by the Directorate General for Health and Consumers (DG SANCO), and is a subproject of PHYSAN (Phyto‐Sanitary Controls) specifically concerned with plant health information. The Europhyt database manages notifications of interceptions of plants or plant products that do not comply with EU legislation, as well as notifications of plant pests detected in the territory of the MSs and the phytosanitary measures taken to eradicate or avoid their spread.</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25029-sec-0014"><label>2.2</label><title>Methodologies</title><p>The Panel performed the pest categorisation for <italic>P. pini‐densiflorae</italic> following guiding principles and steps presented in the EFSA guidance on the harmonised framework for pest risk assessment (EFSA PLH Panel, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0005" ref-type="ref">2010</xref>) and as defined in the International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures No 11 (FAO, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0011" ref-type="ref">2013</xref>) and No 21 (FAO, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0010" ref-type="ref">2004</xref>).</p><p>In accordance with the guidance on a harmonised framework for pest risk assessment in the EU (EFSA PLH Panel, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0005" ref-type="ref">2010</xref>), this work was started following an evaluation of the EU's plant health regime. Therefore, to facilitate the decision‐making process, in the conclusions of the pest categorisation, the Panel addresses explicitly each criterion for a Union quarantine pest and for a Union RNQP in accordance with Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 on protective measures against pests of plants, and includes additional information required as per the specific terms of reference received by the European Commission. In addition, for each conclusion, the Panel provides a short description of its associated uncertainty.</p><p>Table <xref rid="efs25029-tbl-0001" ref-type="table">1</xref> presents the Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 pest categorisation criteria on which the Panel bases its conclusions. All relevant criteria have to be met for the pest to potentially qualify either as a quarantine pest or as a RNQP. If one of the criteria is not met, the pest will not qualify. In such a case, the working group should consider the possibility to terminate the assessment early and to be concise in the sections preceding the question for which the negative answer is reached. Note that a pest that does not qualify as a quarantine pest may still qualify as a RNQP, which needs to be addressed in the opinion. For the pests regulated in the protected zones only, the scope of the categorisation is the territory of the protected zone, thus the criteria refer to the protected zone instead of the EU territory.</p><p>It should be noted that the Panel's conclusions are formulated respecting its remit and particularly with regards to the principle of separation between risk assessment and risk management (EFSA founding regulation (EU) No 178/2002); therefore, instead of determining whether the pest is likely to have an unacceptable impact, the Panel will present a summary of the observed pest impacts. Economic impacts are expressed in terms of yield and quality losses and not in monetary terms, while addressing social impacts is outside the remit of the Panel, in agreement with the EFSA guidance on a harmonised framework for pest risk assessment (EFSA PLH Panel, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0005" ref-type="ref">2010</xref>).</p><table-wrap id="efs25029-tbl-0001" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Pest categorisation criteria under evaluation, as defined in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 on protective measures against pests of plants (the number of the relevant sections of the pest categorisation is shown in brackets in the first column)</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Criterion of pest categorisation</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding Union quarantine pest</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding protected zone quarantine pest (articles 32–35)</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding Union regulated non‐quarantine pest</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Identity of the pest (Section</bold> <xref rid="efs25029-sec-0016" ref-type="sec">3.1</xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the identity of the pest established, or has it been shown to produce consistent symptoms and to be transmissible?</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the identity of the pest established, or has it been shown to produce consistent symptoms and to be transmissible?</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the identity of the pest established, or has it been shown to produce consistent symptoms and to be transmissible?</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Absence/presence of the pest in the EU territory (Section</bold> <xref rid="efs25029-sec-0023" ref-type="sec">3.2</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Is the pest present in the EU territory?</p><p>If present, is the pest widely distributed within the EU? Describe the pest distribution briefly!</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the pest present in the EU territory? If not, it cannot be a protected zone quarantine organism</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the pest present in the EU territory? If not, it cannot be a regulated non‐quarantine pest. (A regulated non‐quarantine pes must be present in the risk assessment area)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Regulatory status (Section</bold> <xref rid="efs25029-sec-0027" ref-type="sec">3.3</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">If the pest is present in the EU but not widely distributed in the risk assessment area, it should be under official control or expected to be under official control in the near future.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>The protected zone system aligns with the pest free area system under the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC)</p><p>The pest satisfies the IPPC definition of a quarantine pest that is not present in the risk assessment area (i.e. protected zone)</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the pest regulated as a quarantine pest? If currently regulated as a quarantine pest, are there grounds to consider its status could be revoked?</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Pest potential for entry, establishment and spread in the EU territory (Section</bold> <xref rid="efs25029-sec-0030" ref-type="sec">3.4</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the pest able to enter into, become established in, and spread within, the EU territory? If yes, briefly list the pathways!</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Is the pest able to enter into, become established in, and spread within, the protected zone areas?</p><p>Is entry by natural spread from EU areas where the pest is present possible?</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Is spread mainly via specific plants for planting, rather than via natural spread or via movement of plant products or other objects?</p><p>Clearly state if plants for planting is the main pathway!</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Potential for consequences in the EU territory (Section</bold> <xref rid="efs25029-sec-0040" ref-type="sec">3.5</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Would the pests’ introduction have an economic or environmental impact on the EU territory?</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Would the pests’ introduction have an economic or environmental impact on the protected zone areas?</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Does the presence of the pest on plants for planting have an economic impact, as regards the intended use of those plants for planting?</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Available measures (Section</bold> <xref rid="efs25029-sec-0042" ref-type="sec">3.6</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Are there measures available to prevent the entry into, establishment within or spread of the pest within the EU such that the risk becomes mitigated?</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Are there measures available to prevent the entry into, establishment within or spread of the pest within the protected zone areas such that the risk becomes mitigated?</p><p>Is it possible to eradicate the pest in a restricted area within 24 months (or a period longer than 24 months where the biology of the organism so justifies) after the presence of the pest was confirmed in the protected zone?</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Are there measures available to prevent pest presence on plants for planting such that the risk becomes mitigated?</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Conclusion of pest categorisation (Section</bold> <xref rid="efs25029-sec-0048" ref-type="sec">4</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A statement as to whether (1) all criteria assessed by EFSA above for consideration as a potential quarantine pest were met and (2) if not, which one(s) were not met</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A statement as to whether (1) all criteria assessed by EFSA above for consideration as potential protected zone quarantine pest were met, and (2) if not, which one(s) were not met</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A statement as to whether (1) all criteria assessed by EFSA above for consideration as a potential regulated non‐quarantine pest were met, and (2) if not, which one(s) were not met</td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap><p>The Panel will not indicate in its conclusions of the pest categorisation whether to continue the risk assessment process, but, following the agreed two‐step approach, will continue only if requested by the risk managers. However, during the categorisation process, experts may identify key elements and knowledge gaps that could contribute significant uncertainty to a future assessment of risk. It would be useful to identify and highlight such gaps so that potential future requests can specifically target the major elements of uncertainty, perhaps suggesting specific scenarios to examine.</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25029-sec-0015"><label>3</label><title>Pest categorisation</title><sec id="efs25029-sec-0016"><label>3.1</label><title>Identity and biology of the pest</title><sec id="efs25029-sec-0017"><label>3.1.1</label><title>Identity and taxonomy</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25029-blkfxd-0001" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Is the identity of the pest established, or has it been shown to produce consistent symptoms and to be transmissible?</italic></p><p><bold>Yes</bold></p></boxed-text></p><p><italic>Pseudocercospora pini‐densiflorae</italic> is an ascomycete fungus in the family of Mycosphaerellaceae.</p><p>There are many species synonymies referred to the anamorphic stage: <italic>Cercoseptoria pini‐densiflorae, Cercospora pini‐densiflorae, Mycosphaerella gibsonii</italic> (teleomorph)<italic>, Pseudocercospora pini‐densiflorae</italic> var. <italic>pini‐densiflorae</italic> (Index Fungorum, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.indexfungorum.org/names/names.asp">http://www.indexfungorum.org/names/names.asp</ext-link>).</p><p><italic>Asteromella</italic> spp. have been reported as spermatial anamorphs (Sullivan, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0036" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="efs25029-sec-0019"><label>3.1.2</label><title>Biology of the pest</title><p><italic>P. pini‐densiflorae</italic> causes a needle blight of pines (<italic>Pinus</italic> spp.) also known as Cercospora blight of pines or Cercospora needle blight.</p><p><italic>P. pini‐densiflorae</italic> overwinters as mycelium or immature stromata in host needles. The main infection source consists of airborne conidia produced in the spring from these needles. The stroma of the fungus erupts through stomata, and under humid conditions conidia develop on the stromata. Conidia are liberated and dispersed by rain splash during wet weather or by overhead irrigation (Sullivan, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0036" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>). Two to three days of moist humid conditions are required for dispersal and infection (Ivory and Wingfield, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0022" ref-type="ref">1986</xref>; Ivory, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0019" ref-type="ref">1987</xref>), which occurs through stomata apertures. Due to the major role played by rain water rather than wind in dispersal, the pathogen spreads efficiently only locally, for instance through closely spaced seedlings in nursery beds. Dispersal has been reported to be less efficient between trees in plantations (Ivory, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0019" ref-type="ref">1987</xref>). Conidia germinate between 10°C and 35°C, with 25°C being optimal (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0006" ref-type="ref">1997</xref>). A period of approximately 3–7 days can be enough for the production of conidia, their dispersal, and needle infection to occur (Ivory, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0019" ref-type="ref">1987</xref>).</p><p>In general, about 5–6 weeks are needed for the symptoms to develop, although symptoms may develop faster in highly susceptible pine species (Ivory and Wingfield, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0022" ref-type="ref">1986</xref>; EPPO, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0006" ref-type="ref">1997</xref>; Sullivan, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0036" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>). The production of stromata and conidia begins soon after the development of symptoms. In addition or instead to conidia, <italic>P. pini‐densiflorae</italic> may develop spermatia, which are thought to be important for fertilisation, and subsequently sexual meiospores in ascomata (Ivory, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0019" ref-type="ref">1987</xref>), although the role of sexual spores in the development of epidemics is unknown (Diekmann, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0004" ref-type="ref">2002</xref>).</p><p>The fungus can remain viable for many months in dry infected needles and subsequently produce large numbers of conidia when wetted (Ivory, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0019" ref-type="ref">1987</xref>). Conidia remain viable for approximately one month, but under moist conditions will promptly germinate and infect needles.</p></sec><sec id="efs25029-sec-0020"><label>3.1.3</label><title>Intraspecific diversity</title><p>Isolates from Asia have been reported to differ distinctly from African and Jamaican isolates. A third type was reported from <italic>Pinus caribaea</italic> in the Philippines (Ivory, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0021" ref-type="ref">1994</xref>). Due to the differences in conidial morphology, Ivory (<xref rid="efs25029-bib-0021" ref-type="ref">1994</xref>) suggested that they may be three different ecotypes (Asia, Africa‐Central America, and Philippines)</p><p>Although findings of the species in Central America were reported as infrequent, it was speculated that the ecotype present there could be endemic to the region (Evans, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0009" ref-type="ref">1984</xref>; Ivory, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0021" ref-type="ref">1994</xref>). Findings of the Asian ecotype from remote native pine forests in Nepal suggest a Himalayan origin (Ivory, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0020" ref-type="ref">1990</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="efs25029-sec-0021"><label>3.1.4</label><title>Detection and identification of the pest</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25029-blkfxd-0002" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Are detection and identification methods available for the pest?</italic></p><p><bold>Yes</bold>, detection and identification methods are available.</p></boxed-text></p><p>The symptoms caused by <italic>P. pini‐densiflorae</italic> may be difficult to distinguish from closely related pine pathogens (e.g. <italic>Lecanosticta acicola</italic>), but the species has some specific morphological characteristics given in the EPPO diagnostic protocol PM 7/46(3): <italic>Lecanosticta acicola</italic> (formerly <italic>Mycosphaerella dearnessii), Dothistroma septosporum</italic> (formerly <italic>Mycosphaerella pini)</italic> and <italic>Dothistroma pini</italic> (Anon, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0911" ref-type="ref">2015</xref>).</p><p>The species can be identified and distinguished from other <italic>Mycosphaerella</italic> (sensu lato) species using molecular methods (Quaedvlieg et al., <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0026" ref-type="ref">2012</xref>; DNA sequence data given in Qbank‐www.qbank.eu).</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25029-sec-0023"><label>3.2</label><title>Pest distribution</title><sec id="efs25029-sec-0024"><label>3.2.1</label><title>Pest distribution outside the EU</title><p><italic>P. pini‐densiflorae</italic> is reported from sub‐Saharan Africa, Central and South America, Asia and Oceania (Figure <xref rid="efs25029-fig-0001" ref-type="fig">1</xref>) (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0007" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>).</p><fig fig-type="Figure" xml:lang="en" id="efs25029-fig-0001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Global distribution map for <italic>Pseudocercospora pini‐densiflorae</italic> (extracted from EPPO, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0007" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>, accessed June 2017). There are no records of transient populations for this species</p></caption><graphic id="nlm-graphic-1" xlink:href="EFS2-15-e05029-g001"></graphic></fig><p>In Africa, the pathogen is reported from Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania and Zambia (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0007" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>), as well as Zimbabwe (Sullivan, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0036" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>).</p><p>In America, <italic>P. pini‐densiflorae</italic> is reported from Jamaica and Nicaragua (EPPO Global Database), as well as Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica and Honduras (Sullivan, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0036" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>).</p><p>In Asia, the pathogen is reported from Bangladesh, China, India, Japan, North and South Korea, Malaysia, Nepal, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam (Sullivan, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0036" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>; EPPO, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0007" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>).</p><p>In Oceania, <italic>P. pini‐densiflorae</italic> is reported from Papua New Guinea (Sullivan, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0036" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>; EPPO, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0007" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="efs25029-sec-0025"><label>3.2.2</label><title>Pest distribution in the EU</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25029-blkfxd-0003" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Is the pest present in the EU territory? If present, is the pest widely distributed within the EU?</italic></p><p><bold>No</bold>, the pest is not reported to be present in the EU.</p></boxed-text></p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25029-sec-0027"><label>3.3</label><title>Regulatory status</title><sec id="efs25029-sec-0028"><label>3.3.1</label><title>Council Directive 2000/29/EC</title><p><italic>P. pini‐densiflorae</italic> is listed in Council Directive 2000/29/EC as <italic>Cercoseptoria pini‐densiflorae</italic>. Details are presented in Tables <xref rid="efs25029-tbl-0002" ref-type="table">2</xref> and <xref rid="efs25029-tbl-0003" ref-type="table">3</xref>.</p><table-wrap id="efs25029-tbl-0002" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p><italic>Pseudocercospora pini‐densiflorae</italic> in Council Directive 2000/29/EC</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Annex II, Part A</th><th align="left" colspan="3" style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000" valign="top" rowspan="1">Harmful organisms whose introduction into, and spread within, all member states shall be banned if they are present on certain plants or plant products</th></tr><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Section I</th><th align="left" colspan="3" valign="top" rowspan="1">Harmful organisms not known to occur in the community and relevant for the entire community</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(c)</td><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1">Fungi</td></tr><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Species</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Subject of contamination</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.</td><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><italic>Cercoseptoria pini‐densiflorae</italic> (Hori and Nambu) Deighton</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plants of <italic>Pinus</italic> L<italic>.,</italic> other than fruit and seeds, and wood of <italic>Pinus</italic> L.</td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap></sec><sec id="efs25029-sec-0029"><label>3.3.2</label><title>Legislation addressing plants and plant parts on which <italic>P. pini‐densiflorae</italic> is regulated</title><table-wrap id="efs25029-tbl-0003" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Regulated hosts and commodities that may involve <italic>Pseudocercospora pini‐densiflorae</italic> in Annexes III, IV and V of Council Directive 2000/29/EC</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Annex III, Part A</bold></th><th align="left" colspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000" valign="top" rowspan="1">Plants, plant products and other objects the introduction of which shall be prohibited in all Member States</th></tr><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plants of <italic>Abies</italic> Mill., <italic>Cedrus</italic> Trew, <italic>Chamaecyparis</italic> Spach, <italic>Juniperus</italic> L., <italic>Larix</italic> Mill., <italic>Picea</italic> A. Dietr., <italic>Pinus</italic> L., <italic>Pseudotsuga</italic> Carr. and <italic>Tsuga</italic> Carr., other than fruit and seeds</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Non‐European countries</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Annex V</bold></td><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Plants, plant products and other objects which must be subject to a plant health inspection (at the place of production if originating in the Community, before being moved within the Community<italic>—</italic>in the country of origin or the consignor country, if originating outside the Community) before being permitted to enter the Community</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Part A</bold></td><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Plants, plant products and other objects originating in the Community</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Section II</bold></td><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Plants, plant products and other objects produced by producers whose production and sale is authorised to persons professionally engaged in plant production, other than those plants, plant products and other objects which are prepared and ready for sale to the final consumer, and for which it is ensured by the responsible official bodies of the Member States, that the production thereof is clearly separate from that of other products</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1.</td><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Plants of <italic>Abies</italic> Mill., <italic>Larix</italic> Mill., <italic>Picea</italic> A. Dietr., <italic>Pinus</italic> L. and <italic>Pseudotsuga</italic> Carr.</td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap></sec></sec><sec id="efs25029-sec-0030"><label>3.4</label><title>Entry, establishment and spread in the EU</title><sec id="efs25029-sec-0031"><label>3.4.1</label><title>Host range</title><p><italic>Pseudocercospora pini‐densiflorae</italic> infects several species within the genus <italic>Pinus</italic>, in particular <italic>P. caribaea, P. densiflora, P. thunbergii, P. halepensis, P. pinaster, P. radiata, P. canariensis, P. luchuensis, P. massoniana, P. merkusii, P. resinosa, P. strobus</italic> and <italic>P. sylvestris</italic> (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0006" ref-type="ref">1997</xref>). The fungus is known to infect at least 36 <italic>Pinus</italic> species (Quintero, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0027" ref-type="ref">2015</xref>) (Appendix <xref rid="efs25029-sec-1001" ref-type="sec">A</xref>).</p><p>Of these, the European native species <italic>P. halepensis</italic>,<italic> P. nigra</italic>,<italic> P. pinaster</italic>, and <italic>P. sylvestris</italic>, and the American species <italic>P. radiata</italic> are widely cultivated in European nurseries and present in European forests (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0006" ref-type="ref">1997</xref>).</p><p><italic>P. halepensis</italic>,<italic> P. nigra, P. pinea, P. pinaster, P. radiata</italic> and <italic>P. sylvestris</italic> are reported to be highly susceptible to the pathogen (Quintero, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0027" ref-type="ref">2015</xref>).</p><p>Through artificial inoculation, further conifer species have been successfully infected (<italic>Abies veitchii, Abies sachalinensis, Cedrus deodara, Larix kaempferi, Picea glehnii, Picea jezoensis</italic>) by Suto (<xref rid="efs25029-bib-0037" ref-type="ref">1979</xref>) who also reports successful artificial inoculation for <italic>Pseudotsuga menziesii</italic>.</p><p>All the above named hosts are regulated at the genus level.</p></sec><sec id="efs25029-sec-0032"><label>3.4.2</label><title>Entry</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25029-blkfxd-0004" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Is the pest able to enter into the EU territory?</italic></p><p><bold>Yes</bold>, the pest could enter the EU via plants for planting and other means (see below).</p></boxed-text></p><p><italic>P. pini‐densiflorae</italic> is currently reported as absent from the EU but is widely distributed in parts of Africa and Asia, with presence also reported in Jamaica, Nicaragua (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0007" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>) and South Africa (Ivory and Wingfield, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0022" ref-type="ref">1986</xref>; EPPO, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0007" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>). It is unlikely the pathogen could arrive in the EU naturally from these locations even though airborne conidia can be dispersed via the wind. However, it has been stated that it could enter as infected seedlings and on cut branches of <italic>Pinus</italic> (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0006" ref-type="ref">1997</xref>) facilitated by the long asymptomatic and latent periods of the pathogen. The asymptomatic period has been reported as about 5–6 weeks depending on environmental conditions (Ivory and Wingfield, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0022" ref-type="ref">1986</xref>; EPPO, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0006" ref-type="ref">1997</xref>; Sullivan, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0036" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>).</p><p>The main pathway of entry would thus be:
<list list-type="bullet" id="efs25029-list-0002"><list-item><p>Plants for planting</p></list-item></list></p><p>However, under current regulation, this is a closed pathway.</p><p>Wood is currently regulated regarding <italic>P. pini‐densiflorae</italic> in Annex IIAI (see Section <xref rid="efs25029-sec-0028" ref-type="sec">3.3.1</xref>), but there is no evidence that the pathogen can be present and viable on timber, especially as timber would not originate from young plantations, where the pathogen is most prevalent.</p><p>Other plant parts capable of carrying the pathogen in trade or transport include uncleaned seed, cut branches of pine trees, isolated bark, leaves, stems and growing media accompanying plants (Venette, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0038" ref-type="ref">2008</xref>; Quintero, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0027" ref-type="ref">2015</xref>). Mycorrhizal soil inocula can also assist in the transmission of the fungus (Singh et al., <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0035" ref-type="ref">1988</xref>).</p><p>There were no records of interception of <italic>P. pini‐densiflorae</italic> in the Europhyt database as of June 2017.</p></sec><sec id="efs25029-sec-0034"><label>3.4.3</label><title>Establishment</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25029-blkfxd-0005" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Is the pest able to become established in the EU territory?</italic></p><p><bold>Yes,</bold> the pest could establish in the EU, as hosts are widespread and favourable climatic conditions are found in Mediterranean countries.</p></boxed-text></p><sec id="efs25029-sec-0036"><label>3.4.3.1</label><title>EU distribution of main host plants</title><p>The pathogen can infect a wide range of native and exotic <italic>Pinus</italic> spp., as specified in Section <xref rid="efs25029-sec-0031" ref-type="sec">3.4.1</xref>, some of which are present in European forests, nurseries and as ornamental trees (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0006" ref-type="ref">1997</xref>) (Figure <xref rid="efs25029-fig-0002" ref-type="fig">2</xref>). Of the species that are particularly vulnerable (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0006" ref-type="ref">1997</xref>) natural and naturalised populations of <italic>P. halepensis</italic> and <italic>P. pinaster</italic> occur only in southern and south‐western Europe (Figures <xref rid="efs25029-fig-0003" ref-type="fig">3</xref> and <xref rid="efs25029-fig-0004" ref-type="fig">4</xref>) due to sensitivity to cold conditions.</p><fig fig-type="Figure" xml:lang="en" id="efs25029-fig-0002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p><underline underline-style="single">Left‐hand panel</underline>: Relative probability of presence (RPP) of the genus <italic>Pinus</italic> (based on data from the species: <italic>P. sylvestris, P. pinaster, P. halepensis, P. nigra, P. pinea, P. contorta, P. cembra, P. mugo, P. radiata, P. canariensis, P. strobus, P. brutia, P. banksiana, P. ponderosa, P. heldreichii, P. leucodermis, P. wallichiana</italic>) in Europe, mapped at 100 km<sup>2</sup> pixel resolution. The underlying data are from European‐wide forest monitoring data sets and from national forestry inventories based on standard observation plots measuring in the order of hundreds m<sup>2</sup>. RPP represents the probability of finding at least one individual of the taxon in a standard plot placed randomly within the grid cell. For details, see Appendix <xref rid="efs25029-sec-1002" ref-type="sec">B</xref> (courtesy of JRC, 2017). <underline underline-style="single">Right‐hand panel</underline>: Trustability of RPP. This metric expresses the strength of the underlying information in each grid cell and varies according to the spatial variability in forestry inventories. The colour scale of the trustability map is obtained by plotting the cumulative probabilities (0–1) of the underlying index (for details see Appendix <xref rid="efs25029-sec-1002" ref-type="sec">B</xref>).</p></caption><graphic id="nlm-graphic-3" xlink:href="EFS2-15-e05029-g002"></graphic></fig><fig fig-type="Figure" xml:lang="en" id="efs25029-fig-0003" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Native range of <italic>Pinus pinaster</italic> (map prepared by Euforgen in 2008). Blue dots represent isolated occurrences of the species</p></caption><graphic id="nlm-graphic-5" xlink:href="EFS2-15-e05029-g003"></graphic></fig><fig fig-type="Figure" xml:lang="en" id="efs25029-fig-0004" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>Native range of <italic>Pinus halepensis</italic> (map prepared by Euforgen in 2008). Blue dots represent isolated occurrences of the species</p></caption><graphic id="nlm-graphic-7" xlink:href="EFS2-15-e05029-g004"></graphic></fig></sec><sec id="efs25029-sec-0037"><label>3.4.3.2</label><title>Climatic conditions affecting establishment</title><p>The pathogen is mainly associated with tropical and sub‐tropical climates (Ivory, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0021" ref-type="ref">1994</xref>). In the EU, hosts are widespread and favourable climatic conditions are found in Mediterranean countries. In addition, the pathogen is reported also from North and South Korea (Mulder and Gibson, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0025" ref-type="ref">1972</xref>; Quintero, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0027" ref-type="ref">2015</xref>), where climatic conditions are similar to those found in continental parts of the EU.</p><p>Infection occurs mainly by airborne conidia which require wet conditions for splash dispersal (Singh et al., <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0035" ref-type="ref">1988</xref>). The optimum temperature for conidia germination is 25°C and occurs over the range 10–35°C (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0006" ref-type="ref">1997</xref>).</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25029-sec-0038"><label>3.4.4</label><title>Spread</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25029-blkfxd-0006" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Is the pest able to spread within the EU territory following establishment? How?</italic></p><p><bold>Yes</bold>, mainly by human movement of infected plants for planting.</p></boxed-text></p><p>The pathogen is largely restricted to localised spread via splash dispersal during rainfall or irrigation events (Sullivan, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0036" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>). Spread from plant to plant in closely spaced nursery beds has been observed but is less efficient between plantations (Ivory, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0019" ref-type="ref">1987</xref>). Ivory (<xref rid="efs25029-bib-0021" ref-type="ref">1994</xref>) observed that the pathogen had failed to occur in many countries with appropriate climates and abundant host species, suggesting that is dispersal‐limited and cannot spread well. Longer range spread may occur by human movement of infected material. Symptoms can take about 5–6 weeks to occur and conidia remain viable for up to a month (Ivory and Wingfield, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0022" ref-type="ref">1986</xref>; EPPO, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0006" ref-type="ref">1997</xref>; Sullivan, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0036" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>). Plants for planting may therefore be the main means of spread.</p><p>Other means of spread are possible (see Entry section), but with uncertainty on their role.</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25029-sec-0040"><label>3.5</label><title>Impacts</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25029-blkfxd-0007" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Would the pests’ introduction have an economic or environmental impact on the EU territory?</italic></p><p><bold>Yes</bold>, the pest introduction could have impacts in nurseries and young plantations.</p><p><italic>RNQPs: Does the presence of the pest on plants for planting have an economic impact, as regards the intended use of those plants for planting?</italic><xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs25029-note-1008">4</xref></p><p><bold>Yes</bold>, the introduction of the pest could have an impact on the intended use of plants for planting.</p></boxed-text></p><p><italic>P. pini‐densiflorae</italic> affects older leaves in young saplings (1–2 years old) of both exotic and native pine species (Figure <xref rid="efs25029-fig-0005" ref-type="fig">5</xref>). Thus, the pathogen is particularly damaging at the later nursery stage. It has been reported as a major obstacle to the production of pine seedlings (especially <italic>P. pinaster</italic>,<italic> P. thunbergii</italic>, and <italic>P. densiflora</italic>) in southern/central Japan and Taiwan (Ito, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0018" ref-type="ref">1972</xref>; EPPO, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0006" ref-type="ref">1997</xref>; Sullivan, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0036" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>). The disease is important on <italic>P. merkusii</italic> and <italic>P. caribaea</italic> nurseries in West Malaysia (Ivory, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0944" ref-type="ref">1975</xref>). Disease incidence of 100% and mortality rates as high as 85% have been reported (Ito, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0018" ref-type="ref">1972</xref>; Ivory, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0019" ref-type="ref">1987</xref>). Few pine species, including <italic>P. halepensis</italic>,<italic> P. pinaster</italic> and <italic>P. radiata</italic>, have been reported to be commonly attacked not only in nurseries but also in young plantations (Hidaka, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0013" ref-type="ref">1932</xref>; Kiyohara and Tokushige, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0023" ref-type="ref">1969</xref> (both cited in Ito, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0018" ref-type="ref">1972</xref>); Mulder and Gibson, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0025" ref-type="ref">1972</xref>) up to 5 years of age (Ivory, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0019" ref-type="ref">1987</xref>). Indeed, severe defoliations resulting in reduced growth and even tree death have been reported in young plantations of <italic>P. radiata</italic> in Tanzania (Mulder and Gibson, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0025" ref-type="ref">1972</xref>).</p><p>Similar impacts can be expected in the EU if the pathogen will be introduced. The pathogen might not be limited by summer drought in Mediterranean nurseries because of irrigation. Moreover, <italic>P. halepensis, P. nigra, P. pinea, P. pinaster</italic> and <italic>P. sylvestris</italic> are reported to be highly susceptible to the pathogen.</p><fig fig-type="Figure" xml:lang="en" id="efs25029-fig-0005" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 5</label><caption><p><italic>Pseudocercospora pini‐densiflorae</italic> causes a serious needle blight in both exotic and native pines, particularly at the later nursery stage, and can be a major obstacle to production of pine seedlings (Courtesy of H. Hashimoto, Bugwood.org. Available online at: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.forestryimages.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=1949016">https://www.forestryimages.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=1949016</ext-link>)</p></caption><graphic id="nlm-graphic-9" xlink:href="EFS2-15-e05029-g005"></graphic></fig></sec><sec id="efs25029-sec-0042"><label>3.6</label><title>Availability and limits of mitigation measures</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25029-blkfxd-0008" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Are there measures available to prevent the entry into, establishment within or spread of the pest within the EU such that the risk becomes mitigated?</italic></p><p><bold>Yes</bold>. Please see section <xref rid="efs25029-sec-0046" ref-type="sec">3.6.3</xref></p></boxed-text></p><sec id="efs25029-sec-0044"><label>3.6.1</label><title>Biological or technical factors limiting the feasibility and effectiveness of measures to prevent the entry, establishment and spread of the pest</title><p><list list-type="bullet" id="efs25029-list-0006"><list-item><p>Due to the asymptomatic phase (5–6 weeks) in host plants<italic>, P. pini‐densiflorae</italic> can be inadvertently introduced and can be moved during commercial exchanges (Ivory, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0019" ref-type="ref">1987</xref>).</p></list-item><list-item><p>The fungus can be introduced and moved not only through the movement of infected host plants or plant parts (e.g. bark, leaves and stems), but also through growing media accompanying plants (Venette, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0038" ref-type="ref">2008</xref>) and mycorrhizal soil inocula (Singh et al., <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0035" ref-type="ref">1988</xref>).</p></list-item></list></p></sec><sec id="efs25029-sec-0045"><label>3.6.2</label><title>Biological or technical factors limiting the ability to prevent the presence of the pest on plants for planting</title><p><list list-type="bullet" id="efs25029-list-0007"><list-item><p>It is difficult to obtain seed completely clean from needle debris.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Collecting and destroying diseased seedlings early enough may be difficult. This is also because needles can be infected but asymptomatic.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Removing pine litter from nurseries is impractical.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Chemical control in nurseries may result in masking the symptoms, thus making it more likely that infected asymptomatic plants for planting will carry the pathogen over long distances.</p></list-item></list></p></sec><sec id="efs25029-sec-0046"><label>3.6.3</label><title>Control methods</title><p><list list-type="bullet" id="efs25029-list-0008"><list-item><p>Seeds coming from infested areas should be completely free of needle debris before sowing in nurseries (Singh et al., <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0035" ref-type="ref">1988</xref>).</p></list-item><list-item><p>Diseased seedlings should be collected and destroyed early in the season before infections occur (Ito, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0018" ref-type="ref">1972</xref>).</p></list-item><list-item><p>Pine litter in diseased nurseries should be collected and burnt (Singh et al., <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0035" ref-type="ref">1988</xref>).</p></list-item><list-item><p>Young seedlings should be physically separated from older plants where the nursery cycle exceeds 12 months (Ivory, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0019" ref-type="ref">1987</xref>).</p></list-item><list-item><p>Planting schedules should be arranged outside of rainy months (Singh et al., <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0035" ref-type="ref">1988</xref>).</p></list-item><list-item><p>Chemical control can be achieved by treating foliage with fungicides at 2–4 week intervals under optimal conditions for the spread of the fungus (Ivory, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0019" ref-type="ref">1987</xref>). Several active ingredients have been reported to be effective and have hence been recommended (Singh et al., <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0035" ref-type="ref">1988</xref>).</p></list-item></list></p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25029-sec-0047"><label>3.7</label><title>Uncertainty</title><p>Although there are no reports of the pathogen in the risk assessment area, the pest may be present in the EU at low incidence, thus without causing damage and remaining undetected.</p><p>The plants for planting pathway is currently closed, but the importance of other means of entry and spread is unclear (there is a lack of data to ascertain their importance).</p><p>The documented damage comes from nurseries and young plantations; therefore there is uncertainty about the potential consequences in mature plantations and forests. There could be a lag phase between introduction and widespread/noticeable impacts.</p><p>It is uncertain whether chemical control in nurseries could mask symptoms, therefore favouring in easier dispersal of the pathogen via asymptomatic plants for planting.</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25029-sec-0048"><label>4</label><title>Conclusions</title><p><italic>P. pini‐densiflorae</italic> meets the criteria assessed by EFSA for consideration as a potential quarantine pest (Table <xref rid="efs25029-tbl-0004" ref-type="table">4</xref>).</p><table-wrap id="efs25029-tbl-0004" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>The Panel's conclusions on the pest categorisation criteria defined in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 on protective measures against pests of plants (the number of the relevant sections of the pest categorisation is shown in brackets in the first column)</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Criterion of pest categorisation</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Panel's conclusions against criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding Union quarantine pest</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Panel's conclusions against criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding Union regulated non‐quarantine pest</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Key uncertainties</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Identity of the pest (Section</bold> <xref rid="efs25029-sec-0016" ref-type="sec">3.1</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The identity of the pest as a species is clear</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The identity of the pest as a species is clear</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Absence/presence of the pest in the EU territory (Section</bold> <xref rid="efs25029-sec-0023" ref-type="sec">3.2</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The pest is not reported to be present in the EU</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The pest is not reported to be present in the EU</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The pest may be present in the EU at low incidence, thus without causing damage and remaining undetected</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Regulatory status (Section</bold> <xref rid="efs25029-sec-0027" ref-type="sec">3.3</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. pini‐densiflorae</italic> is regulated by Council Directive 2000/29/EC (Annex IIAI) on plants of <italic>Pinus</italic> (other than fruit and seeds), and wood of <italic>Pinus</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. pini‐densiflorae</italic> is regulated by Council Directive 2000/29/EC (Annex IIAI) on plants of <italic>Pinus</italic> (other than fruit and seeds), and wood of <italic>Pinus</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Pest potential for entry, establishment and spread in the EU territory (Section</bold> <xref rid="efs25029-sec-0030" ref-type="sec">3.4</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Entry: the pest could enter the EU via the plants for planting pathway and other means (uncleaned seed, cut branches of pine trees, isolated bark, leaves, stems, growing media accompanying plants, and mycorrhizal soil inocula)</p><p>Establishment: hosts are widespread in the risk assessment (RA) area and favourable climatic conditions are present in Mediterranean countries</p><p>Spread: the pest would be able to spread following establishment mainly on infected plants for planting</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Entry: the pest could enter the EU via the plants for planting pathway and other means (uncleaned seed, cut branches of pine trees, isolated bark, leaves, stems, growing media accompanying plants, and mycorrhizal soil inocula)</p><p>Establishment: hosts are widespread in the RA area and favourable climatic conditions are present in Mediterranean countries</p><p>Spread: the pest would be able to spread following establishment mainly on infected plants for planting</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>The importance of the means of entry and spread other than plants for planting is unclear</p><p>The need to regulate wood as a pathway of entry is questionable, given that the pathogen is unlikely to be present on timber</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Potential for consequences in the EU territory (Section</bold> <xref rid="efs25029-sec-0040" ref-type="sec">3.5</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The pest introduction could have impacts in nurseries and young plantations. Extensive defoliation and death of young trees could lead to additional stress in semi‐natural forest environments</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The introduction of the pest could have an impact on the intended use of plants for planting</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">There is uncertainty about the potential consequences in mature plantations and forests</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Available measures (Section</bold> <xref rid="efs25029-sec-0042" ref-type="sec">3.6</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cleaning seeds from needles, removing infected seedlings and pine litter from affected nurseries and chemical control can reduce the risk of establishment in nurseries and of spread from nurseries to forests</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cleaning seeds from needles, removing infected seedlings and pine litter from affected nurseries and chemical control can reduce the risk of establishment in nurseries</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">It is uncertain how effective chemical control in nurseries can be and whether it might just mask symptoms, hence allowing the movement of the pathogen via the trade in plants for planting</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Conclusion on pest categorisation (Section</bold> <xref rid="efs25029-sec-0048" ref-type="sec">4</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The criteria assessed by the Panel for consideration as potential quarantine pest are met</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The criterion on the pest presence in the EU is not met</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Aspects of assessment to focus on/scenarios to address in future if appropriate</bold></td><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><p>The main knowledge gaps concern (i) the presence of the pest in EU MS, (ii) the role of means of entry/spread other than plants for planting and (iii) the potential consequences in mature tree plantations and forests</p><p>Given that the present categorisation has explored most if not all of the available data on these points, a more complete assessment is unlikely to provide much clearer conclusions</p></td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap></sec><sec id="efs25029-sec-0049"><title>Abbreviations</title><p><def-list list-type="simple"><def-item><term>CLC</term><def><p>Corine Land Cover</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>EPPO</term><def><p>European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>EU MS</term><def><p>European Union Member State</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>EUFGIS</term><def><p>European Information System on Forest Genetic Resources</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>FAO</term><def><p>Food and Agriculture Organization</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>GD<sup>2</sup></term><def><p>Georeferenced Data on Genetic Diversity</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>IPPC</term><def><p>International Plant Protection Convention</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>JRC</term><def><p>Joint Research Centre of the European Commission</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>PLH</term><def><p>EFSA Panel on Plant Health</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>RA</term><def><p>risk assessment</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>RNQP</term><def><p>regulated non‐quarantine pest</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>RPP</term><def><p>relative probability of presence</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>SMFA</term><def><p>spatial multiscale frequency analysis</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>ToR</term><def><p>Terms of Reference</p></def></def-item></def-list></p></sec><sec id="efs25029-sec-1001"><title>Appendix A – List of host species of <italic>Pseudocercospora pini‐densiflorae</italic></title><sec id="efs25029-sec-0050"><label>1</label><table-wrap id="efs25029-tbl-0005" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table A.1</label><caption><p>An overview of the host species of <italic>P. pini‐densiflorae</italic> (modified from Quintero, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0027" ref-type="ref">2015</xref>)</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Host</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Comments</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">References</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Abies procera</italic> Rehder</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Farr and Rossman (<xref rid="efs25029-bib-0012" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Abies sachalinensis</italic> (F. Schmidt) Mast.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Artificially inoculated</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Suto (<xref rid="efs25029-bib-0037" ref-type="ref">1979</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Abies veitchii</italic> Lindl.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Artificially inoculated</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Suto (<xref rid="efs25029-bib-0037" ref-type="ref">1979</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cedrus deodara</italic> (Roxb. ex D. Don) G. Don</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Artificially inoculated</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Suto (<xref rid="efs25029-bib-0037" ref-type="ref">1979</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Larix kaempferi</italic> (Lamb.) Carriére</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Discrepancy in inoculation examinations; Ito (<xref rid="efs25029-bib-0018" ref-type="ref">1972</xref>) demonstrated no symptomatology on needles inoculated with <italic>C. pini‐densiflorae</italic>, while Suto (<xref rid="efs25029-bib-0037" ref-type="ref">1979</xref>) demonstrated the opposite</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Suto (<xref rid="efs25029-bib-0037" ref-type="ref">1979</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Picea glehnii</italic> (F. Schmidt) Mast.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Artificially inoculated</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Suto (<xref rid="efs25029-bib-0037" ref-type="ref">1979</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Picea jezoensis</italic> (Siebold & Zucc.) Carriére</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Suto (<xref rid="efs25029-bib-0037" ref-type="ref">1979</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pinus aristata</italic> Engelmann</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ito (<xref rid="efs25029-bib-0018" ref-type="ref">1972</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pinus attenuata</italic> Lemmon</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ivory (<xref rid="efs25029-bib-0021" ref-type="ref">1994</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pinus canariensis</italic> C. Smith ex de Candolle</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Highly susceptible</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mulder and Gibson (<xref rid="efs25029-bib-0025" ref-type="ref">1972</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pinus caribaea</italic> Morelet</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mulder and Gibson (<xref rid="efs25029-bib-0025" ref-type="ref">1972</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pinus cembra</italic> L.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Farr and Rossman (<xref rid="efs25029-bib-0012" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pinus contorta</italic> Douglas ex Loudon</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Highly susceptible</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ito (<xref rid="efs25029-bib-0018" ref-type="ref">1972</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pinus densiflora</italic> Siebold & Zuccarini</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Susceptible</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ito (<xref rid="efs25029-bib-0018" ref-type="ref">1972</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pinus echinata</italic> Mill.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Susceptible</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chen (<xref rid="efs25029-bib-0003" ref-type="ref">1965</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pinus elliottii</italic> Engelmann</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ivory (<xref rid="efs25029-bib-0021" ref-type="ref">1994</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pinus flexilis</italic> Edwin James</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ito (<xref rid="efs25029-bib-0018" ref-type="ref">1972</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pinus greggii</italic> Engelmann ex Parl.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Singh et al. (<xref rid="efs25029-bib-0034" ref-type="ref">1983</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pinus halepensis</italic> Mill.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Highly susceptible</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ito (<xref rid="efs25029-bib-0018" ref-type="ref">1972</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pinus jeffreyi</italic> Balfour</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Highly susceptible</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ito (<xref rid="efs25029-bib-0018" ref-type="ref">1972</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pinus kesiya</italic> Royle ex Gordon</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kobayashi et al. (<xref rid="efs25029-bib-0024" ref-type="ref">1979</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pinus lambertiana</italic> Douglas</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Highly susceptible</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ito (<xref rid="efs25029-bib-0018" ref-type="ref">1972</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pinus luchuensis</italic> Mayr</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Susceptible</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mulder and Gibson (<xref rid="efs25029-bib-0025" ref-type="ref">1972</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pinus massoniana</italic> Lambert</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Susceptible</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chen (<xref rid="efs25029-bib-0003" ref-type="ref">1965</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pinus maximinoi</italic> H.E. Moore</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Slightly susceptible</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ivory (<xref rid="efs25029-bib-0019" ref-type="ref">1987</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pinus merkusii</italic> Jungh. & de Vriese</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kobayashi et al. (<xref rid="efs25029-bib-0024" ref-type="ref">1979</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pinus morrisonicola</italic> Hayata</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chen (<xref rid="efs25029-bib-0003" ref-type="ref">1965</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pinus muricata</italic> D. Don</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Highly susceptible</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ivory (<xref rid="efs25029-bib-0019" ref-type="ref">1987</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pinus nigra</italic> J.F. Arnold</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Highly susceptible</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ito (<xref rid="efs25029-bib-0018" ref-type="ref">1972</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pinus oocarpa</italic> Schiede ex Schlechtendal</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ivory (<xref rid="efs25029-bib-0021" ref-type="ref">1994</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pinus palustris</italic> Mill.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chen (<xref rid="efs25029-bib-0003" ref-type="ref">1965</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pinus patula</italic> Schlechtendal & Chamisso</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ito (<xref rid="efs25029-bib-0018" ref-type="ref">1972</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pinus pinaster</italic> Aiton</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Highly susceptible</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mulder and Gibson (<xref rid="efs25029-bib-0025" ref-type="ref">1972</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pinus pinea</italic> L.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Highly susceptible</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ito (<xref rid="efs25029-bib-0018" ref-type="ref">1972</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pinus ponderosa</italic> P. Lawson & C. Lawson</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Highly susceptible</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ito (<xref rid="efs25029-bib-0018" ref-type="ref">1972</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pinus pseudostrobus</italic> Lindl.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ivory (<xref rid="efs25029-bib-0019" ref-type="ref">1987</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pinus radiata</italic> D. Don</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Highly susceptible</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mulder and Gibson (<xref rid="efs25029-bib-0025" ref-type="ref">1972</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pinus resinosa</italic> Aiton</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ito (<xref rid="efs25029-bib-0018" ref-type="ref">1972</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pinus roxburghii</italic> Sargent</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ivory (<xref rid="efs25029-bib-0021" ref-type="ref">1994</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pinus taeda</italic> L.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ito (<xref rid="efs25029-bib-0018" ref-type="ref">1972</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pinus taiwanensis</italic> Hayata</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chen (<xref rid="efs25029-bib-0003" ref-type="ref">1965</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pinus tecunumanii</italic> Eguiluz & J.P. Perry</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Slightly susceptible</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ivory (<xref rid="efs25029-bib-0019" ref-type="ref">1987</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pinus thunbergii</italic> Parlatore</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Susceptible</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mulder and Gibson (<xref rid="efs25029-bib-0025" ref-type="ref">1972</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pinus strobus</italic> L.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mulder and Gibson (<xref rid="efs25029-bib-0025" ref-type="ref">1972</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pinus sylvestris</italic> L.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Highly susceptible</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ito (<xref rid="efs25029-bib-0018" ref-type="ref">1972</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pinus wallichiana</italic> A.B. Jacks</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ivory (<xref rid="efs25029-bib-0021" ref-type="ref">1994</xref>)</td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap></sec></sec><sec id="efs25029-sec-1002"><title>Appendix B – Methodological notes on Figure <xref rid="efs25029-fig-0002" ref-type="fig">2</xref></title><sec id="efs25029-sec-0051"><label>1</label><p>The relative probability of presence (RPP) reported here for <italic>Pinus</italic> spp. in Figure <xref rid="efs25029-fig-0002" ref-type="fig">2</xref> and in the European Atlas of Forest Tree Species (de Rigo et al., <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0030" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>; San‐Miguel‐Ayanz et al., <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0033" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>) is the probability of that genus to occur in a given spatial unit (de Rigo et al., <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0031" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>). In forestry, such a probability for a single taxon is called ‘relative’. The maps of RPP are produced by spatial multiscale frequency analysis (C‐SMFA) (de Rigo et al., <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0031" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>) of species presence data reported in geolocated plots by different forest inventories (de Rigo et al., <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0029" ref-type="ref">2014</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="efs25029-sec-0052"><label>B.1.</label><title>Geolocated plot databases</title><p>The RPP models rely on five geodatabases that provide presence/absence data for tree species and genera (de Rigo et al., <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0029" ref-type="ref">2014</xref>, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0030" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0031" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>). The databases report observations made inside geolocalised sample plots positioned in a forested area, but do not provide information about the plot size or consistent quantitative information about the recorded species beyond presence/absence.</p><p>The harmonisation of these data sets was performed within the research project at the origin of the European Atlas of Forest Tree Species (de Rigo et al., <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0030" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>; San‐Miguel‐Ayanz, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0032" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>; San‐Miguel‐Ayanz et al., <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0033" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>). Given the heterogeneity of strategies of field sampling design and establishment of sampling plots in the various national forest inventories (Chirici et al., <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0922" ref-type="ref">2011a</xref>,<xref rid="efs25029-bib-0923" ref-type="ref">b</xref>), and also given legal constraints, the information from the original data sources was harmonised to refer to an INSPIRE compliant geospatial grid, with a spatial resolution of 1 km<sup>2</sup> pixel size, using the ETRS89 Lambert Azimuthal Equal‐Area as geospatial projection (EPSG: 3035, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://spatialreference.org/ref/epsg/etrs89-etrs-laea/">http://spatialreference.org/ref/epsg/etrs89-etrs-laea/</ext-link>).</p><sec id="efs25029-sec-0053"><label>B.1.1.</label><title>European National Forestry Inventories database</title><p>This data set was derived from National Forest Inventory data and provides information on the presence/absence of forest tree species in ~ 375,000 sample points with a spatial resolution of 1 km<sup>2</sup>/pixel, covering 21 European countries (de Rigo et al., <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0029" ref-type="ref">2014</xref>, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0030" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="efs25029-sec-0054"><label>B.1.2.</label><title>Forest Focus/Monitoring data set</title><p>This project is a Community scheme for harmonised long‐term monitoring of air pollution effects in European forest ecosystems, normed by EC Regulation No 2152/2003<xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs25029-note-1009">5</xref>. Under this scheme, the monitoring is carried out by participating countries on the basis of a systematic network of observation points (Level I) and a network of observation plots for intensive and continuous monitoring (Level II). For managing the data, the JRC implemented a Forest Focus Monitoring Database System, from which the data used in this project were taken (Hiederer et al., <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0014" ref-type="ref">2007</xref>; Houston Durrant and Hiederer, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0016" ref-type="ref">2009</xref>). The complete Forest Focus data set covers 30 European Countries with more than 8,600 sample points.</p></sec><sec id="efs25029-sec-0055"><label>B.1.3.</label><title>BioSoil data set</title><p>This data set was produced by one of a number of demonstration studies initiated in response to the ‘Forest Focus’ Regulation (EC) No 2152/2003 mentioned above. The aim of the BioSoil project was to provide harmonised soil and forest biodiversity data. It comprised two modules: a Soil Module (Hiederer et al., <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0015" ref-type="ref">2011</xref>) and a Biodiversity Module (Houston Durrant et al., <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0017" ref-type="ref">2011</xref>). The data set used in the C‐SMFA RPP model came from the Biodiversity module, in which plant species from both the tree layer and the ground vegetation layer were recorded for more than 3,300 sample points in 19 European Countries.</p></sec><sec id="efs25029-sec-0056"><label>B.1.4.</label><title>European Information System on Forest Genetic Resources (EUFGIS)</title><p>EUFGIS (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://portal.eufgis.org">http://portal.eufgis.org</ext-link>) is a smaller geodatabase that provides information on tree species composition in over 3,200 forest plots in 34 European countries. The plots are part of a network of forest stands managed for the genetic conservation of one or more target tree species. Hence, the plots represent the natural environment to which the target tree species are adapted.</p></sec><sec id="efs25029-sec-0057"><label>B.1.5.</label><title>Georeferenced Data on Genetic Diversity (GD<sup>2</sup>)</title><p>GD<sup>2</sup> (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://gd2.pierroton.inra.fr">http://gd2.pierroton.inra.fr</ext-link>) provides information about 63 species of interest for genetic conservation. The database covers 6,254 forest plots located in stands of natural populations that are traditionally analysed in genetic surveys. While this database covers fewer species than the others, it covers 66 countries in Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East, making it the dataset with the largest geographic extent.</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25029-sec-0058"><label>B.2.</label><title>Modelling methodology</title><p>For modelling, the data were harmonised in order to have the same spatial resolution (1 km<sup>2</sup>) and filtered to a study area that comprises 36 countries in the European continent. The density of field observations varies greatly throughout the study area and large areas are poorly covered by the plot databases. A low density of field plots is particularly problematic in heterogeneous landscapes, such as mountainous regions and areas with many different land use and cover types, where a plot in one location is not representative of many nearby locations (de Rigo et al., <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0029" ref-type="ref">2014</xref>). To account for the spatial variation in plot density, the model used here (C‐SMFA) considers multiple spatial scales when estimating RPP. Furthermore, statistical resampling is systematically applied to mitigate the cumulated data‐driven uncertainty.</p><p>The presence or absence of a given forest tree species then refers to an idealised standard field sample of negligible size compared with the 1 km<sup>2</sup> pixel size of the harmonised grid. The modelling methodology considered these presence/absence measures as if they were random samples of a binary quantity (the punctual presence/absence, not the pixel one). This binary quantity is a random variable having its own probability distribution which is a function of the unknown average probability of finding the given tree species within a plot of negligible area belonging to the considered 1 km<sup>2</sup> pixel (de Rigo et al., <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0029" ref-type="ref">2014</xref>). This unknown statistic is denoted hereinafter with the name of ‘probability of presence’.</p><p>C‐SMFA performs spatial frequency analysis of the geolocated plot data to create preliminary RPP maps (de Rigo et al., <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0029" ref-type="ref">2014</xref>). For each 1 km<sup>2</sup> grid cell, the model estimates kernel densities over a range of kernel sizes to estimate the probability that a given species is present in that cell. The entire array of multiscale spatial kernels is aggregated with adaptive weights based on the local pattern of data density. Thus, in areas where plot data are scarce or inconsistent, the method tends to put weight on larger kernels. Wherever denser local data are available, they are privileged ensuring a more detailed local RPP estimation. Therefore, a smooth multiscale aggregation of the entire arrays of kernels and data sets is applied instead of selecting a local ‘best preforming’ one and discarding the remaining information. This array‐based processing, and the entire data harmonisation procedure, are made possible thanks to the semantic modularisation which defines the Semantic Array Programming modelling paradigm (de Rigo, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0028" ref-type="ref">2012</xref>).</p><p>The probability to find a single species (e.g. a particular coniferous tree species) in a 1 km<sup>2</sup> grid cell cannot be higher than the probability of presence of all the coniferous species combined. The same logical constraints applied to the case of single broadleaved species with respect to the probability of presence of all the broadleaved species combined. Thus, to improve the accuracy of the maps, the preliminary RPP values were constrained so as to not exceed the local forest‐type cover fraction with an iterative refinement (de Rigo et al., <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0029" ref-type="ref">2014</xref>). The forest‐type cover fraction was estimated from the classes of the Corine Land Cover (CLC) maps which contain a component of forest trees (Bossard et al., <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0001" ref-type="ref">2000</xref>; Büttner et al., <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0002" ref-type="ref">2012</xref>).</p><p>The resulting probability of presence is relative to the specific tree taxon, irrespective of the potential co‐occurrence of other tree taxa with the measured plots, and should not be confused with the absolute abundance or proportion of each taxon in the plots. RPP represents the probability of finding at least one individual of the taxon in a plot placed randomly within the grid cell, assuming that the plot has negligible area compared with the cell. As a consequence, the sum of the RPP associated with different taxa in the same area is not constrained to be 100%. For example, in a forest with two co‐dominant tree species which are homogeneously mixed, the RPP of both may be 100% (see e.g. the Glossary in San‐Miguel‐Ayanz et al. (2016), <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://forest.jrc.ec.europa.eu/media/atlas/Glossary.pdf">http://forest.jrc.ec.europa.eu/media/atlas/Glossary.pdf</ext-link>).</p><p>The robustness of RPP maps depends strongly on sample plot density, as areas with few field observations are mapped with greater uncertainty. This uncertainty is shown qualitatively in maps of ‘RPP trustability’. RPP trustability is computed on the basis of the aggregated equivalent number of sample plots in each grid cell (equivalent local density of plot data). The trustability map scale is relative, ranging from 0 to 1, as it is based on the quantiles of the local plot density map obtained using all field observations for the species. Thus, trustability maps may vary among species based on the number of databases that report a particular species (de Rigo et al., <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0029" ref-type="ref">2014</xref>, <xref rid="efs25029-bib-0030" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>).</p><p>The RPP and relative trustability range from 0 to 1 and are mapped at a 1 km spatial resolution. To improve visualisation, these maps can be aggregated to coarser scales (i.e. 10 × 10 pixels or 25 × 25 pixels, respectively, summarising the information for aggregated spatial cells of 100 and 625 km<sup>2</sup>) by averaging the values in larger grid cells.</p></sec></sec></body><back><fn-group id="efs25029-ntgp-0002"><title>Notes</title><fn id="efs25029-note-1006"><label>1</label><p>Council Directive 2000/29/EC of 8 May 2000 on protective measures against the introduction into the Community of organisms harmful to plants or plant products and against their spread within the Community. OJ L 169/1, 10.7.2000, p. 1–112.</p></fn><fn id="efs25029-note-1007"><label>2</label><p>Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 of the European Parliament of the Council of 26 October 2016 on protective measures against pests of plants. OJ L 317, 23.11.2016, p. 4–104.</p></fn><fn id="efs25029-note-1103"><label>3</label><p>Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 January 2002 laying down the general principles and requirements of food law, establishing the European Food Safety Authority and laying down procedures in matters of food safety. OJ L 31/1, 1.2.2002, p. 1–24.</p></fn><fn id="efs25029-note-1008"><label>4</label><p>See Section <xref rid="efs25029-sec-0011" ref-type="sec">2.1</xref> on what falls outside EFSA's remit.</p></fn><fn id="efs25029-note-1009"><label>5</label><p>Council of the European Union, 2003. Regulation (EC) No 2152/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 November 2003 concerning monitoring of forests and environmental interactions in the Community (Forest Focus). 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