Isolation and Characterization of cDNAs Encoding Leucoanthocyanidin Reductase and Anthocyanidin Reductase from Populus trichocarpa
Identifieur interne : 000877 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000876; suivant : 000878Isolation and Characterization of cDNAs Encoding Leucoanthocyanidin Reductase and Anthocyanidin Reductase from Populus trichocarpa
Auteurs : Lijun Wang [République populaire de Chine] ; Yuanzhong Jiang [République populaire de Chine] ; Li Yuan [République populaire de Chine] ; Wanxiang Lu [République populaire de Chine] ; Li Yang [République populaire de Chine] ; Abdul Karim [République populaire de Chine] ; Keming Luo [République populaire de Chine]Source :
- PLoS ONE [ 1932-6203 ] ; 2013.
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PAs) contribute to poplar defense mechanisms against biotic and abiotic stresses. Transcripts of PA biosynthetic genes accumulated rapidly in response to infection by the fungus
Url:
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064664
PubMed: 23741362
PubMed Central: 3669385
Affiliations:
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Isolation and Characterization of cDNAs Encoding Leucoanthocyanidin Reductase and Anthocyanidin Reductase from <italic>Populus trichocarpa</italic></title><author><name sortKey="Wang, Lijun" sort="Wang, Lijun" uniqKey="Wang L" first="Lijun" last="Wang">Lijun Wang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Chongqing</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Chongqing</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jiang, Yuanzhong" sort="Jiang, Yuanzhong" uniqKey="Jiang Y" first="Yuanzhong" last="Jiang">Yuanzhong Jiang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Chongqing</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yuan, Li" sort="Yuan, Li" uniqKey="Yuan L" first="Li" last="Yuan">Li Yuan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Chongqing</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lu, Wanxiang" sort="Lu, Wanxiang" uniqKey="Lu W" first="Wanxiang" last="Lu">Wanxiang Lu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Chongqing</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><addr-line>Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Xining</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, Li" sort="Yang, Li" uniqKey="Yang L" first="Li" last="Yang">Li Yang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Chongqing</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Karim, Abdul" sort="Karim, Abdul" uniqKey="Karim A" first="Abdul" last="Karim">Abdul Karim</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Chongqing</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Luo, Keming" sort="Luo, Keming" uniqKey="Luo K" first="Keming" last="Luo">Keming Luo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Chongqing</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Chongqing</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><addr-line>Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Xining</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">23741362</idno><idno type="pmc">3669385</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3669385</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3669385</idno><idno type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0064664</idno><date when="2013">2013</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000A71</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000A71</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000A71</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000A71</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000877</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000877</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Isolation and Characterization of cDNAs Encoding Leucoanthocyanidin Reductase and Anthocyanidin Reductase from <italic>Populus trichocarpa</italic></title><author><name sortKey="Wang, Lijun" sort="Wang, Lijun" uniqKey="Wang L" first="Lijun" last="Wang">Lijun Wang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Chongqing</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Chongqing</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jiang, Yuanzhong" sort="Jiang, Yuanzhong" uniqKey="Jiang Y" first="Yuanzhong" last="Jiang">Yuanzhong Jiang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Chongqing</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yuan, Li" sort="Yuan, Li" uniqKey="Yuan L" first="Li" last="Yuan">Li Yuan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Chongqing</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lu, Wanxiang" sort="Lu, Wanxiang" uniqKey="Lu W" first="Wanxiang" last="Lu">Wanxiang Lu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Chongqing</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><addr-line>Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Xining</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, Li" sort="Yang, Li" uniqKey="Yang L" first="Li" last="Yang">Li Yang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Chongqing</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Karim, Abdul" sort="Karim, Abdul" uniqKey="Karim A" first="Abdul" last="Karim">Abdul Karim</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Chongqing</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Luo, Keming" sort="Luo, Keming" uniqKey="Luo K" first="Keming" last="Luo">Keming Luo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Chongqing</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Chongqing</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><addr-line>Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Xining</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">PLoS ONE</title><idno type="eISSN">1932-6203</idno><imprint><date when="2013">2013</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Proanthocyanidins (PAs) contribute to poplar defense mechanisms against biotic and abiotic stresses. Transcripts of PA biosynthetic genes accumulated rapidly in response to infection by the fungus <italic>Marssonina brunnea</italic> f.sp. <italic>multigermtubi</italic>, treatments of salicylic acid (SA) and wounding, resulting in PA accumulation in poplar leaves. Anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) and leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) are two key enzymes of the PA biosynthesis that produce the main subunits: (+)-catechin and (−)-epicatechin required for formation of PA polymers. In <italic>Populus</italic>, <italic>ANR</italic> and <italic>LAR</italic> are encoded by at least two and three highly related genes, respectively. In this study, we isolated and functionally characterized genes <italic>PtrANR1</italic> and <italic>PtrLAR1</italic> from <italic>P. trichocarpa</italic>. Phylogenetic analysis shows that <italic>Populus ANR1</italic> and <italic>LAR1</italic> occurr in two distinct phylogenetic lineages, but both genes have little difference in their tissue distribution, preferentially expressed in roots. Overexpression of <italic>PtrANR1</italic> in poplar resulted in a significant increase in PA levels but no impact on catechin levels. Antisense down-regulation of <italic>PtrANR1</italic> showed reduced PA accumulation in transgenic lines, but increased levels of anthocyanin content. Ectopic expression of <italic>PtrLAR1</italic> in poplar positively regulated the biosynthesis of PAs, whereas the accumulation of anthocyanin and flavonol was significantly reduced (<italic>P</italic><0.05) in all transgenic plants compared to the control plants. These results suggest that both <italic>PtrANR1</italic> and <italic>PtrLAR1</italic> contribute to PA biosynthesis in <italic>Populus</italic>.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Winkel Shirley, B" uniqKey="Winkel Shirley B">B Winkel-Shirley</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Marles, Ma" uniqKey="Marles M">MA Marles</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ray, H" uniqKey="Ray H">H Ray</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gruber, My" uniqKey="Gruber M">MY Gruber</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dixon, Ra" uniqKey="Dixon R">RA Dixon</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Peters, Dj" uniqKey="Peters D">DJ Peters</name></author><author><name sortKey="Constabel, Cp" uniqKey="Constabel C">CP Constabel</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">PLoS One</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">PLoS ONE</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">plos</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">plosone</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>PLoS ONE</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1932-6203</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Public Library of Science</publisher-name><publisher-loc>San Francisco, USA</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">23741362</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3669385</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">PONE-D-13-05630</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0064664</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Biology</subject><subj-group><subject>Ecology</subject><subj-group><subject>Plant Ecology</subject><subj-group><subject>Plant-Environment Interactions</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group><subject>Genetics</subject><subj-group><subject>Plant Genetics</subject></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group><subject>Molecular Cell Biology</subject><subj-group><subject>Signal Transduction</subject><subj-group><subject>Signaling in Selected Disciplines</subject><subj-group><subject>Plant Signaling</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group><subject>Plant Science</subject><subj-group><subject>Plants</subject><subj-group><subject>Trees</subject><subject>Vascular Plants</subject></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group><subject>Plant Genetics</subject><subject>Plant Pathology</subject><subject>Plant Phylogenetics</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Isolation and Characterization of cDNAs Encoding Leucoanthocyanidin Reductase and Anthocyanidin Reductase from <italic>Populus trichocarpa</italic></article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">Characterization of ANR1 and LAR1 from <italic>Populus</italic></alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" equal-contrib="yes"><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>Lijun</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" equal-contrib="yes"><name><surname>Jiang</surname><given-names>Yuanzhong</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" equal-contrib="yes"><name><surname>Yuan</surname><given-names>Li</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lu</surname><given-names>Wanxiang</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yang</surname><given-names>Li</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Karim</surname><given-names>Abdul</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Luo</surname><given-names>Keming</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label><addr-line>Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff2"><label>2</label><addr-line>College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff3"><label>3</label><addr-line>Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China</addr-line></aff><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Fang</surname><given-names>Deyu</given-names></name><role>Editor</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="edit1"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="edit1"><addr-line>Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, United States of America</addr-line></aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">* E-mail: <email>kemingl@swu.edu.cn</email></corresp><fn fn-type="COI-statement"><p><bold>Competing Interests: </bold>The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.</p></fn><fn fn-type="con"><p>Conceived and designed the experiments: KL. Performed the experiments: LW YJ L. Yuan. Analyzed the data: WL KL. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: LW L. Yang. Wrote the paper: KL AK.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2013</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>31</day><month>5</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><volume>8</volume><issue>5</issue><elocation-id>e64664</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>6</day><month>2</month><year>2013</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>17</day><month>4</month><year>2013</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2013 Wang et al</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2013</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Wang et al</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Proanthocyanidins (PAs) contribute to poplar defense mechanisms against biotic and abiotic stresses. Transcripts of PA biosynthetic genes accumulated rapidly in response to infection by the fungus <italic>Marssonina brunnea</italic> f.sp. <italic>multigermtubi</italic>, treatments of salicylic acid (SA) and wounding, resulting in PA accumulation in poplar leaves. Anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) and leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) are two key enzymes of the PA biosynthesis that produce the main subunits: (+)-catechin and (−)-epicatechin required for formation of PA polymers. In <italic>Populus</italic>, <italic>ANR</italic> and <italic>LAR</italic> are encoded by at least two and three highly related genes, respectively. In this study, we isolated and functionally characterized genes <italic>PtrANR1</italic> and <italic>PtrLAR1</italic> from <italic>P. trichocarpa</italic>. Phylogenetic analysis shows that <italic>Populus ANR1</italic> and <italic>LAR1</italic> occurr in two distinct phylogenetic lineages, but both genes have little difference in their tissue distribution, preferentially expressed in roots. Overexpression of <italic>PtrANR1</italic> in poplar resulted in a significant increase in PA levels but no impact on catechin levels. Antisense down-regulation of <italic>PtrANR1</italic> showed reduced PA accumulation in transgenic lines, but increased levels of anthocyanin content. Ectopic expression of <italic>PtrLAR1</italic> in poplar positively regulated the biosynthesis of PAs, whereas the accumulation of anthocyanin and flavonol was significantly reduced (<italic>P</italic><0.05) in all transgenic plants compared to the control plants. These results suggest that both <italic>PtrANR1</italic> and <italic>PtrLAR1</italic> contribute to PA biosynthesis in <italic>Populus</italic>.</p></abstract><funding-group><funding-statement>This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31171620), the program for New Century Excellent Talents in University (NCET-11-0700) and The Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education (20110182110004). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</funding-statement></funding-group><counts><page-count count="11"></page-count></counts></article-meta></front></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>République populaire de Chine</li></country></list><tree><country name="République populaire de Chine"><noRegion><name sortKey="Wang, Lijun" sort="Wang, Lijun" uniqKey="Wang L" first="Lijun" last="Wang">Lijun Wang</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Jiang, Yuanzhong" sort="Jiang, Yuanzhong" uniqKey="Jiang Y" first="Yuanzhong" last="Jiang">Yuanzhong Jiang</name><name sortKey="Karim, Abdul" sort="Karim, Abdul" uniqKey="Karim A" first="Abdul" last="Karim">Abdul Karim</name><name sortKey="Lu, Wanxiang" sort="Lu, Wanxiang" uniqKey="Lu W" first="Wanxiang" last="Lu">Wanxiang Lu</name><name sortKey="Lu, Wanxiang" sort="Lu, Wanxiang" uniqKey="Lu W" first="Wanxiang" last="Lu">Wanxiang Lu</name><name sortKey="Luo, Keming" sort="Luo, Keming" uniqKey="Luo K" first="Keming" last="Luo">Keming Luo</name><name sortKey="Luo, Keming" sort="Luo, Keming" uniqKey="Luo K" first="Keming" last="Luo">Keming Luo</name><name sortKey="Luo, Keming" sort="Luo, Keming" uniqKey="Luo K" first="Keming" last="Luo">Keming Luo</name><name sortKey="Wang, Lijun" sort="Wang, Lijun" uniqKey="Wang L" first="Lijun" last="Wang">Lijun Wang</name><name sortKey="Yang, Li" sort="Yang, Li" uniqKey="Yang L" first="Li" last="Yang">Li Yang</name><name sortKey="Yuan, Li" sort="Yuan, Li" uniqKey="Yuan L" first="Li" last="Yuan">Li Yuan</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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