Comparative genomics of Australian isolates of the wheat stem rust pathogen Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici reveals extensive polymorphism in candidate effector genes
Identifieur interne : 000723 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000722; suivant : 000724Comparative genomics of Australian isolates of the wheat stem rust pathogen Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici reveals extensive polymorphism in candidate effector genes
Auteurs : Narayana M. Upadhyaya [Australie] ; Diana P. Garnica [Australie] ; Haydar Karaoglu [Australie] ; Jana Sperschneider [Australie] ; Adnane Nemri [Australie] ; Bo Xu [Australie] ; Rohit Mago [Australie] ; Christina A. Cuomo [États-Unis] ; John P. Rathjen [Australie] ; Robert F. Park [Australie] ; Jeffrey G. Ellis [Australie] ; Peter N. Dodds [Australie]Source :
- Frontiers in Plant Science [ 1664-462X ] ; 2015.
Abstract
The wheat stem rust fungus
Url:
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00759
PubMed: 25620970
PubMed Central: 4288056
Affiliations:
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Comparative genomics of Australian isolates of the wheat stem rust pathogen <italic>Puccinia graminis</italic> f. sp. <italic>tritici</italic> reveals extensive polymorphism in candidate effector genes</title><author><name sortKey="Upadhyaya, Narayana M" sort="Upadhyaya, Narayana M" uniqKey="Upadhyaya N" first="Narayana M." last="Upadhyaya">Narayana M. Upadhyaya</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Agriculture Flagship, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization</institution><country>Canberra, ACT, Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea></wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garnica, Diana P" sort="Garnica, Diana P" uniqKey="Garnica D" first="Diana P." last="Garnica">Diana P. Garnica</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Research School of Biology, Australian National University</institution><country>Canberra, ACT, Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea></wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Karaoglu, Haydar" sort="Karaoglu, Haydar" uniqKey="Karaoglu H" first="Haydar" last="Karaoglu">Haydar Karaoglu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution>Plant Breeding Institute, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Sydney</institution><country>Narellan, NSW, Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea></wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sperschneider, Jana" sort="Sperschneider, Jana" uniqKey="Sperschneider J" first="Jana" last="Sperschneider">Jana Sperschneider</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Agriculture Flagship, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization</institution><country>Canberra, ACT, Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea></wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nemri, Adnane" sort="Nemri, Adnane" uniqKey="Nemri A" first="Adnane" last="Nemri">Adnane Nemri</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Agriculture Flagship, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization</institution><country>Canberra, ACT, Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea></wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, Bo" sort="Xu, Bo" uniqKey="Xu B" first="Bo" last="Xu">Bo Xu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Agriculture Flagship, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization</institution><country>Canberra, ACT, Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea></wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mago, Rohit" sort="Mago, Rohit" uniqKey="Mago R" first="Rohit" last="Mago">Rohit Mago</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Agriculture Flagship, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization</institution><country>Canberra, ACT, Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea></wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cuomo, Christina A" sort="Cuomo, Christina A" uniqKey="Cuomo C" first="Christina A." last="Cuomo">Christina A. Cuomo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>Genome Sequencing and Analysis Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard</institution><country>Cambridge, MA, USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea></wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rathjen, John P" sort="Rathjen, John P" uniqKey="Rathjen J" first="John P." last="Rathjen">John P. Rathjen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Research School of Biology, Australian National University</institution><country>Canberra, ACT, Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea></wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Park, Robert F" sort="Park, Robert F" uniqKey="Park R" first="Robert F." last="Park">Robert F. Park</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution>Plant Breeding Institute, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Sydney</institution><country>Narellan, NSW, Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea></wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ellis, Jeffrey G" sort="Ellis, Jeffrey G" uniqKey="Ellis J" first="Jeffrey G." last="Ellis">Jeffrey G. Ellis</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Agriculture Flagship, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization</institution><country>Canberra, ACT, Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea></wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dodds, Peter N" sort="Dodds, Peter N" uniqKey="Dodds P" first="Peter N." last="Dodds">Peter N. Dodds</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Agriculture Flagship, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization</institution><country>Canberra, ACT, Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea></wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">25620970</idno><idno type="pmc">4288056</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4288056</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4288056</idno><idno type="doi">10.3389/fpls.2014.00759</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000825</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000825</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000825</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000825</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000723</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000723</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Comparative genomics of Australian isolates of the wheat stem rust pathogen <italic>Puccinia graminis</italic> f. sp. <italic>tritici</italic> reveals extensive polymorphism in candidate effector genes</title><author><name sortKey="Upadhyaya, Narayana M" sort="Upadhyaya, Narayana M" uniqKey="Upadhyaya N" first="Narayana M." last="Upadhyaya">Narayana M. Upadhyaya</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Agriculture Flagship, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization</institution><country>Canberra, ACT, Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea></wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garnica, Diana P" sort="Garnica, Diana P" uniqKey="Garnica D" first="Diana P." last="Garnica">Diana P. Garnica</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Research School of Biology, Australian National University</institution><country>Canberra, ACT, Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea></wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Karaoglu, Haydar" sort="Karaoglu, Haydar" uniqKey="Karaoglu H" first="Haydar" last="Karaoglu">Haydar Karaoglu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution>Plant Breeding Institute, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Sydney</institution><country>Narellan, NSW, Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea></wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sperschneider, Jana" sort="Sperschneider, Jana" uniqKey="Sperschneider J" first="Jana" last="Sperschneider">Jana Sperschneider</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Agriculture Flagship, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization</institution><country>Canberra, ACT, Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea></wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nemri, Adnane" sort="Nemri, Adnane" uniqKey="Nemri A" first="Adnane" last="Nemri">Adnane Nemri</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Agriculture Flagship, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization</institution><country>Canberra, ACT, Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea></wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, Bo" sort="Xu, Bo" uniqKey="Xu B" first="Bo" last="Xu">Bo Xu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Agriculture Flagship, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization</institution><country>Canberra, ACT, Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea></wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mago, Rohit" sort="Mago, Rohit" uniqKey="Mago R" first="Rohit" last="Mago">Rohit Mago</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Agriculture Flagship, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization</institution><country>Canberra, ACT, Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea></wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cuomo, Christina A" sort="Cuomo, Christina A" uniqKey="Cuomo C" first="Christina A." last="Cuomo">Christina A. Cuomo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>Genome Sequencing and Analysis Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard</institution><country>Cambridge, MA, USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea></wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rathjen, John P" sort="Rathjen, John P" uniqKey="Rathjen J" first="John P." last="Rathjen">John P. Rathjen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Research School of Biology, Australian National University</institution><country>Canberra, ACT, Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea></wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Park, Robert F" sort="Park, Robert F" uniqKey="Park R" first="Robert F." last="Park">Robert F. Park</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution>Plant Breeding Institute, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Sydney</institution><country>Narellan, NSW, Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea></wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ellis, Jeffrey G" sort="Ellis, Jeffrey G" uniqKey="Ellis J" first="Jeffrey G." last="Ellis">Jeffrey G. Ellis</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Agriculture Flagship, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization</institution><country>Canberra, ACT, Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea></wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dodds, Peter N" sort="Dodds, Peter N" uniqKey="Dodds P" first="Peter N." last="Dodds">Peter N. Dodds</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Agriculture Flagship, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization</institution><country>Canberra, ACT, Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea></wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Frontiers in Plant Science</title><idno type="eISSN">1664-462X</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The wheat stem rust fungus <italic>Puccinia graminis</italic> f. sp. <italic>tritici</italic> (<italic>Pgt</italic>) is one of the most destructive pathogens of wheat. In this study, a draft genome was built for a founder Australian <italic>Pgt</italic> isolate of pathotype (pt.) 21-0 (collected in 1954) by next generation DNA sequencing. A combination of reference-based assembly using the genome of the previously sequenced American <italic>Pgt</italic> isolate CDL 75-36-700-3 (p7a) and <italic>de novo</italic> assembly were performed resulting in a 92 Mbp reference genome for <italic>Pgt</italic> isolate 21-0. Approximately 13 Mbp of <italic>de novo</italic> assembled sequence in this genome is not present in the p7a reference assembly. This novel sequence is not specific to 21-0 as it is also present in three other <italic>Pgt</italic> rust isolates of independent origin. The new reference genome was subsequently used to build a pan-genome based on five Australian <italic>Pgt</italic> isolates. Transcriptomes from germinated urediniospores and haustoria were separately assembled for pt. 21-0 and comparison of gene expression profiles showed differential expression in ∼10% of the genes each in germinated spores and haustoria. A total of 1,924 secreted proteins were predicted from the 21-0 transcriptome, of which 520 were classified as haustorial secreted proteins (HSPs). Comparison of 21-0 with two presumed clonal field derivatives of this lineage (collected in 1982 and 1984) that had evolved virulence on four additional resistance genes (<italic>Sr5</italic>, <italic>Sr11</italic>, <italic>Sr27</italic>, <italic>SrSatu</italic>) identified mutations in 25 HSP effector candidates. Some of these mutations could explain their novel virulence phenotypes.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Barrett, L G" uniqKey="Barrett L">L. G. Barrett</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thrall, P H" uniqKey="Thrall P">P. H. Thrall</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dodds, P N" uniqKey="Dodds P">P. N. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Front Plant Sci</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Front Plant Sci</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Front. Plant Sci.</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Frontiers in Plant Science</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1664-462X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Frontiers Media S.A.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">25620970</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4288056</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fpls.2014.00759</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Plant Science</subject><subj-group><subject>Original Research Article</subject></subj-group></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Comparative genomics of Australian isolates of the wheat stem rust pathogen <italic>Puccinia graminis</italic> f. sp. <italic>tritici</italic> reveals extensive polymorphism in candidate effector genes</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Upadhyaya</surname><given-names>Narayana M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn001"><sup>*</sup></xref><uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://community.frontiersin.org/people/u/108904"></uri></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Garnica</surname><given-names>Diana P.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref><uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://community.frontiersin.org/people/u/188732"></uri></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Karaoglu</surname><given-names>Haydar</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sperschneider</surname><given-names>Jana</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://community.frontiersin.org/people/u/163492"></uri></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nemri</surname><given-names>Adnane</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://community.frontiersin.org/people/u/107927"></uri></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Xu</surname><given-names>Bo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://community.frontiersin.org/people/u/188485"></uri></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mago</surname><given-names>Rohit</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://community.frontiersin.org/people/u/188476"></uri></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cuomo</surname><given-names>Christina A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref><uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://community.frontiersin.org/people/u/115286"></uri></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rathjen</surname><given-names>John P.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref><uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://community.frontiersin.org/people/u/27223"></uri></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Park</surname><given-names>Robert F.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref><uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://community.frontiersin.org/people/u/185715"></uri></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ellis</surname><given-names>Jeffrey G.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://community.frontiersin.org/people/u/169013"></uri></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dodds</surname><given-names>Peter N.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn001"><sup>*</sup></xref><uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://community.frontiersin.org/people/u/28215"></uri></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><sup>1</sup><institution>Agriculture Flagship, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization</institution><country>Canberra, ACT, Australia</country></aff><aff id="aff2"><sup>2</sup><institution>Research School of Biology, Australian National University</institution><country>Canberra, ACT, Australia</country></aff><aff id="aff3"><sup>3</sup><institution>Plant Breeding Institute, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Sydney</institution><country>Narellan, NSW, Australia</country></aff><aff id="aff4"><sup>4</sup><institution>Genome Sequencing and Analysis Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard</institution><country>Cambridge, MA, USA</country></aff><author-notes><fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Edited by: <italic>David L. Joly, Université de Moncton, Canada</italic></p></fn><fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Reviewed by: <italic>Nils Rostoks, University of Latvia, Latvia; Nicolas Feau, University of British Columbia, Canada</italic></p></fn><corresp id="fn001">*Correspondence: <italic>Peter N. Dodds and Narayana M. Upadhyaya, Agriculture Flagship, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Cnr. Barry Drive and Clunies Ross Street, Black Mountain, Acton, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia e-mail: <email xlink:type="simple">peter.dodds@csiro.au</email>; <email xlink:type="simple">Narayana.upadhyaya@csiro.au</email></italic></corresp><fn fn-type="other" id="fn002"><p>This article was submitted to Plant-Microbe Interaction, a section of the journal Frontiers in Plant Science.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>08</day><month>1</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>5</volume><elocation-id>759</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>30</day><month>5</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>09</day><month>12</month><year>2014</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2015 Upadhyaya, Garnica, Karaoglu, Sperschneider, Nemri, Xu, Mago, Cuomo, Rathjen, Park, Ellis and Dodds.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p> This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>The wheat stem rust fungus <italic>Puccinia graminis</italic> f. sp. <italic>tritici</italic> (<italic>Pgt</italic>) is one of the most destructive pathogens of wheat. In this study, a draft genome was built for a founder Australian <italic>Pgt</italic> isolate of pathotype (pt.) 21-0 (collected in 1954) by next generation DNA sequencing. A combination of reference-based assembly using the genome of the previously sequenced American <italic>Pgt</italic> isolate CDL 75-36-700-3 (p7a) and <italic>de novo</italic> assembly were performed resulting in a 92 Mbp reference genome for <italic>Pgt</italic> isolate 21-0. Approximately 13 Mbp of <italic>de novo</italic> assembled sequence in this genome is not present in the p7a reference assembly. This novel sequence is not specific to 21-0 as it is also present in three other <italic>Pgt</italic> rust isolates of independent origin. The new reference genome was subsequently used to build a pan-genome based on five Australian <italic>Pgt</italic> isolates. Transcriptomes from germinated urediniospores and haustoria were separately assembled for pt. 21-0 and comparison of gene expression profiles showed differential expression in ∼10% of the genes each in germinated spores and haustoria. A total of 1,924 secreted proteins were predicted from the 21-0 transcriptome, of which 520 were classified as haustorial secreted proteins (HSPs). Comparison of 21-0 with two presumed clonal field derivatives of this lineage (collected in 1982 and 1984) that had evolved virulence on four additional resistance genes (<italic>Sr5</italic>, <italic>Sr11</italic>, <italic>Sr27</italic>, <italic>SrSatu</italic>) identified mutations in 25 HSP effector candidates. Some of these mutations could explain their novel virulence phenotypes.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>haustoria</kwd><kwd>avirulence</kwd><kwd>resistance</kwd><kwd>secreted proteins</kwd><kwd>effectors</kwd></kwd-group><counts><fig-count count="5"></fig-count><table-count count="3"></table-count><equation-count count="0"></equation-count><ref-count count="51"></ref-count><page-count count="13"></page-count><word-count count="0"></word-count></counts></article-meta></front></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Australie</li><li>États-Unis</li></country></list><tree><country name="Australie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Upadhyaya, Narayana M" sort="Upadhyaya, Narayana M" uniqKey="Upadhyaya N" first="Narayana M." last="Upadhyaya">Narayana M. Upadhyaya</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Dodds, Peter N" sort="Dodds, Peter N" uniqKey="Dodds P" first="Peter N." last="Dodds">Peter N. Dodds</name><name sortKey="Ellis, Jeffrey G" sort="Ellis, Jeffrey G" uniqKey="Ellis J" first="Jeffrey G." last="Ellis">Jeffrey G. Ellis</name><name sortKey="Garnica, Diana P" sort="Garnica, Diana P" uniqKey="Garnica D" first="Diana P." last="Garnica">Diana P. Garnica</name><name sortKey="Karaoglu, Haydar" sort="Karaoglu, Haydar" uniqKey="Karaoglu H" first="Haydar" last="Karaoglu">Haydar Karaoglu</name><name sortKey="Mago, Rohit" sort="Mago, Rohit" uniqKey="Mago R" first="Rohit" last="Mago">Rohit Mago</name><name sortKey="Nemri, Adnane" sort="Nemri, Adnane" uniqKey="Nemri A" first="Adnane" last="Nemri">Adnane Nemri</name><name sortKey="Park, Robert F" sort="Park, Robert F" uniqKey="Park R" first="Robert F." last="Park">Robert F. Park</name><name sortKey="Rathjen, John P" sort="Rathjen, John P" uniqKey="Rathjen J" first="John P." last="Rathjen">John P. Rathjen</name><name sortKey="Sperschneider, Jana" sort="Sperschneider, Jana" uniqKey="Sperschneider J" first="Jana" last="Sperschneider">Jana Sperschneider</name><name sortKey="Xu, Bo" sort="Xu, Bo" uniqKey="Xu B" first="Bo" last="Xu">Bo Xu</name></country><country name="États-Unis"><noRegion><name sortKey="Cuomo, Christina A" sort="Cuomo, Christina A" uniqKey="Cuomo C" first="Christina A." last="Cuomo">Christina A. Cuomo</name></noRegion></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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