Increased frequency of self-fertile isolates in Phytophthora infestans may attribute to their higher fitness relative to the A1 isolates
Identifieur interne : 000592 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000591; suivant : 000593Increased frequency of self-fertile isolates in Phytophthora infestans may attribute to their higher fitness relative to the A1 isolates
Auteurs : Wen Zhu [République populaire de Chine] ; Lin-Lin Shen [République populaire de Chine] ; Zhi-Guo Fang [République populaire de Chine] ; Li-Na Yang [République populaire de Chine] ; Jia-Feng Zhang [République populaire de Chine] ; Dan-Li Sun [République populaire de Chine] ; Jiasui Zhan [République populaire de Chine]Source :
- Scientific Reports [ 2045-2322 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
Knowledge of population dynamics of mating types is important for better understanding pathogen’s evolutionary potential and sustainable management of natural and chemical resources such as host resistances and fungicides. In this study, 2250
Url:
DOI: 10.1038/srep29428
PubMed: 27384813
PubMed Central: 4935937
Affiliations:
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<author><name sortKey="Fang, Zhi Guo" sort="Fang, Zhi Guo" uniqKey="Fang Z" first="Zhi-Guo" last="Fang">Zhi-Guo Fang</name>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Increased frequency of self-fertile isolates in <italic>Phytophthora infestans</italic>
may attribute to their higher fitness relative to the A1 isolates</title>
<author><name sortKey="Zhu, Wen" sort="Zhu, Wen" uniqKey="Zhu W" first="Wen" last="Zhu">Wen Zhu</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Fujian Key Lab of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University</institution>
, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002,<country>P. R. China</country>
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<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Shen, Lin Lin" sort="Shen, Lin Lin" uniqKey="Shen L" first="Lin-Lin" last="Shen">Lin-Lin Shen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Fujian Key Lab of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University</institution>
, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002,<country>P. R. China</country>
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<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
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<author><name sortKey="Fang, Zhi Guo" sort="Fang, Zhi Guo" uniqKey="Fang Z" first="Zhi-Guo" last="Fang">Zhi-Guo Fang</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Xiangyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences</institution>
, Xiangyang 441057, Hubei,<country>P. R. China</country>
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<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
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<author><name sortKey="Yang, Li Na" sort="Yang, Li Na" uniqKey="Yang L" first="Li-Na" last="Yang">Li-Na Yang</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Fujian Key Lab of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University</institution>
, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002,<country>P. R. China</country>
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<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
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<author><name sortKey="Zhang, Jia Feng" sort="Zhang, Jia Feng" uniqKey="Zhang J" first="Jia-Feng" last="Zhang">Jia-Feng Zhang</name>
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, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002,<country>P. R. China</country>
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<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
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<author><name sortKey="Sun, Dan Li" sort="Sun, Dan Li" uniqKey="Sun D" first="Dan-Li" last="Sun">Dan-Li Sun</name>
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, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002,<country>P. R. China</country>
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<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Zhan, Jiasui" sort="Zhan, Jiasui" uniqKey="Zhan J" first="Jiasui" last="Zhan">Jiasui Zhan</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>Key Lab for Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University</institution>
, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002,<country>P. R. China</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
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<series><title level="j">Scientific Reports</title>
<idno type="eISSN">2045-2322</idno>
<imprint><date when="2016">2016</date>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Knowledge of population dynamics of mating types is important for better understanding pathogen’s evolutionary potential and sustainable management of natural and chemical resources such as host resistances and fungicides. In this study, 2250 <italic>Phytophthora infestans</italic>
isolates sampled from 61 fields across China were assayed for spatiotemporal dynamics of mating type frequency. Self-fertile isolates dominated in ~50% of populations and all but one cropping region with an average frequency of 0.64 while no A2 isolates were detected. Analyses of 140 genotypes consisting of 82 self-fertile and 58 A1 isolates indicated that on average self-fertile isolates grew faster, demonstrated higher aggressiveness and were more tolerant to fungicides than A1 isolates; Furthermore, pattern of association between virulence complexity (defined as the number of differential cultivars on which an isolate can induce disease) and frequency was different in the two mating types. In A1 isolates, virulence complexity was negatively correlated (r = −0.515, p = 0.043) with frequency but this correlation was positive (r = 0.532, p = 0.037) in self-fertile isolates. Our results indicate a quick increase of self-fertile isolates possibly attributable to their higher fitness relative to A1 mating type counterpart in the field populations of <italic>P. infestans</italic>
in China.</p>
</div>
</front>
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</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gao, F" uniqKey="Gao F">F. Gao</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Shang, L" uniqKey="Shang L">L. Shang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhan, J" uniqKey="Zhan J">J. Zhan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mcdonald, B A" uniqKey="Mcdonald B">B. A. McDonald</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ott, R L" uniqKey="Ott R">R. L. Ott</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Longnecker, M T" uniqKey="Longnecker M">M. T. Longnecker</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhan, J" uniqKey="Zhan J">J. Zhan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mcdonald, B A" uniqKey="Mcdonald B">B. A. McDonald</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lin, L I" uniqKey="Lin L">L. I. Lin</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
</listBibl>
</div1>
</back>
</TEI>
<pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Sci Rep</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Sci Rep</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>Scientific Reports</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2045-2322</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Nature Publishing Group</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27384813</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4935937</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pii">srep29428</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/srep29428</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Increased frequency of self-fertile isolates in <italic>Phytophthora infestans</italic>
may attribute to their higher fitness relative to the A1 isolates</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zhu</surname>
<given-names>Wen</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="n1">*</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Shen</surname>
<given-names>Lin-Lin</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="n1">*</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fang</surname>
<given-names>Zhi-Guo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a2">2</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yang</surname>
<given-names>Li-Na</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>Jia-Feng</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sun</surname>
<given-names>Dan-Li</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zhan</surname>
<given-names>Jiasui</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">a</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a3">3</xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="a1"><label>1</label>
<institution>Fujian Key Lab of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University</institution>
, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002,<country>P. R. China</country>
</aff>
<aff id="a2"><label>2</label>
<institution>Xiangyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences</institution>
, Xiangyang 441057, Hubei,<country>P. R. China</country>
</aff>
<aff id="a3"><label>3</label>
<institution>Key Lab for Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University</institution>
, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002,<country>P. R. China</country>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes><corresp id="c1"><label>a</label>
<email>jiasui.zhan@fafu.edu.cn</email>
</corresp>
<fn id="n1"><label>*</label>
<p>These authors contributed equally to this work.</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>07</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>6</volume>
<elocation-id>29428</elocation-id>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>05</day>
<month>02</month>
<year>2016</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>17</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2016</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2016, Macmillan Publishers Limited</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2016</copyright-year>
<copyright-holder>Macmillan Publishers Limited</copyright-holder>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><pmc-comment>author-paid</pmc-comment>
<license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>
</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract><p>Knowledge of population dynamics of mating types is important for better understanding pathogen’s evolutionary potential and sustainable management of natural and chemical resources such as host resistances and fungicides. In this study, 2250 <italic>Phytophthora infestans</italic>
isolates sampled from 61 fields across China were assayed for spatiotemporal dynamics of mating type frequency. Self-fertile isolates dominated in ~50% of populations and all but one cropping region with an average frequency of 0.64 while no A2 isolates were detected. Analyses of 140 genotypes consisting of 82 self-fertile and 58 A1 isolates indicated that on average self-fertile isolates grew faster, demonstrated higher aggressiveness and were more tolerant to fungicides than A1 isolates; Furthermore, pattern of association between virulence complexity (defined as the number of differential cultivars on which an isolate can induce disease) and frequency was different in the two mating types. In A1 isolates, virulence complexity was negatively correlated (r = −0.515, p = 0.043) with frequency but this correlation was positive (r = 0.532, p = 0.037) in self-fertile isolates. Our results indicate a quick increase of self-fertile isolates possibly attributable to their higher fitness relative to A1 mating type counterpart in the field populations of <italic>P. infestans</italic>
in China.</p>
</abstract>
</article-meta>
</front>
<floats-group><fig id="f1"><label>Figure 1</label>
<caption><title>Frequency distribution of the percentage of leaf area covered by lesions (PLACL) in 82 self-fertile and 58 A1 isolates of <italic>Phytophthora infestans</italic>
from China.</title>
<p>Data were grouped using a binning approach and their frequency distributions were labeled with the mid-point value of the lower and upper boundaries of the corresponding bins.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="srep29428-f1"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="f2"><label>Figure 2</label>
<caption><title>Frequency distribution of growth rate in 82 self-fertile and 58 A1 isolates of <italic>Phytophthora infestans</italic>
from China.</title>
<p>Data were grouped using a binning approach and their frequency distributions were labeled with the mid-point value of the lower and upper boundaries of the corresponding bins.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="srep29428-f2"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="f3"><label>Figure 3</label>
<caption><title>Frequency distribution of fungicide tolerance in the self-fertile and A1 isolates of <italic>Phytophthora infestans</italic>
sampled from China.</title>
<p>Tolerance was determined by calculating the relative growth rate of an isolate grown on rye B agar with and without supplementation of azoxystrobin and iprovalicarb: (<bold>A</bold>
) 0.05 μg ml<sup>−1</sup>
azoxystrobin; (<bold>B</bold>
) 0.10 μg ml<sup>−1</sup>
azoxystrobin; (<bold>C</bold>
) 0.10 μg ml<sup>−1</sup>
iprovalicarb; and (<bold>D</bold>
) 0.60 μg ml<sup>−1</sup>
iprovalicarb.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="srep29428-f3"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="f4"><label>Figure 4</label>
<caption><p>Correlation between virulence complexity and its observed frequency in the populations of <italic>Phytophthora infestans</italic>
from China: (<bold>A</bold>
) A1 isolates; and (<bold>B</bold>
) self-fertile isolates.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="srep29428-f4"></graphic>
</fig>
<table-wrap position="float" id="t1"><label>Table 1</label>
<caption><title>Spatial distribution and homogeneity test of mating type frequency in the <italic>Phytophthora infestans</italic>
populations sampled from 15 provinces across the Northern Single-cropping region (MSR), Central Double-cropping region (CDR), Southwestern Multiple-cropping region (SMR) and Southern Winter-cropping region (SWR) in China.</title>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col>
<col align="center"></col>
<col align="center"></col>
<col align="center"></col>
<col align="center"></col>
<col align="center"></col>
<col align="center"></col>
<col align="center"></col>
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom"><tr><th rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Region/Province</th>
<th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Fields</th>
<th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Years</th>
<th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Sample size</th>
<th colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Frequency</th>
<th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Within region variation (χ<sup>2</sup>
-test)</th>
</tr>
<tr><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">A1</th>
<th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">A2</th>
<th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Self-fertile</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody valign="top"><tr><td colspan="8" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">NSR</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> Heilongjiang</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2013</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">33</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.36</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.64</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">341.49</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> Inner Mongolia</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">3</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2013</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">67</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.76</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.24</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">(p < 0.0001)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> Shanxi</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2013</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">115</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> Gansu</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2010</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">182</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.07</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.93</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> Ningxia</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2010</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">100</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> Subtotal</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">497</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.38</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.62</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="8" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">CDR</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> Henan</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2012</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">46</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.78</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.22</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">31.67</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> Shandong</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">3</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2012</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">109</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.84</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.16</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">(p < 0.0001)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> Hubei</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">3</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2010, 2012</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">117</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.79</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.21</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> Hunan</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2012</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">25</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> Subtotal</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">297</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.83</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.17</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="8" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">SMR</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> Yunnan</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2010, 2012, 2013</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">367</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">57.73</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> Guizhou</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">8</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2011, 2012</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">244</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.16</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.84</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">(p < 0.0001)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> Chongqing</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">11</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2010, 2012</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">182</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.12</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.88</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> Subtotal</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">793</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.08</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.92</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="8" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">SWR</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> Fujian</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">8</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2010–2012</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">534</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.37</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.63</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">120.88</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> Guangdong</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2011</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">73</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.97</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.03</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">(p < 0.0001)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> Guangxi</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2011</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">56</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.80</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.20</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> Subtotal</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">663</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.47</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.53</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> Total</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">61</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2250</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.36</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.64</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap position="float" id="t2"><label>Table 2</label>
<caption><title>Analysis of variance (ANOVA) in growth rate, aggressiveness (PLACL), virulence complexity and fungicide tolerance of 140 <italic>Phytophthora infestans</italic>
isolates sampled across China.</title>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col>
<col align="center"></col>
<col align="center"></col>
<col align="center"></col>
<col align="center"></col>
<col align="center"></col>
<col align="center"></col>
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom"><tr><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Trait</th>
<th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Source</th>
<th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">DF</th>
<th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">SS</th>
<th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">MS</th>
<th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>F</italic>
</th>
<th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>P</italic>
</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody valign="top"><tr><td rowspan="3" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Growth rate</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Mating type</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.0443</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.0443</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">122.46</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><0.0001</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Isolate</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">138</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.6039</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.0043</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">12.09</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><0.0001</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Error</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">280</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.1014</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.0004</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="3" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">PLACL</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Mating type</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.1431</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.1431</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">4.73</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.0313</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Isolate</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">138</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">8.4003</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.0689</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.01</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.0003</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Error</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">85</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.5742</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.0303</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Virulence complexity</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Mating type</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">317.1618</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">317.1618</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">45.38</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><0.0001</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Error</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">138</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">964.4381</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">6.9887</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="5" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Fungicide tolerance</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Mating type</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.2983</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.2983</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">27.93</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><0.0001</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Isolate</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">138</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">5.1760</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.0375</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">3.51</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><0.0001</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Concentration</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.4018</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.2009</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">18.81</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><0.0001</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Fungicide</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">30.5119</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">30.5119</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2856.81</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><0.0001</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Error</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1525</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">16.2876</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.0107</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap position="float" id="t3"><label>Table 3</label>
<caption><title>Two-tailed T-test for the difference of growth rate, aggressiveness (PLACL), and virulence complexity between self-fertile and A1 isolates.</title>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col>
<col align="center"></col>
<col align="center"></col>
<col align="center"></col>
<col align="center"></col>
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom"><tr><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Mating type</th>
<th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Isolate No</th>
<th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Growth rate</th>
<th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">PLACL (%)</th>
<th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Virulence complexity</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Self-fertile</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">82</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.515</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">55.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">6.87</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">A1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">58</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.495</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">51.5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">3.81</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Difference</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">4.04%</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">7.00%</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">80.31%</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">T-values</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">3.807</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.092</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">6.758</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">P-values</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.0001</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.038</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><0.0001</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap position="float" id="t4"><label>Table 4</label>
<caption><title>Two-tailed T-test for the difference in fungicide tolerance between self-fertile and A1 isolates.</title>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col>
<col align="center"></col>
<col align="center"></col>
<col align="center"></col>
<col align="center"></col>
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom"><tr><th rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Mating type</th>
<th colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">azoxystrobin (μg ml<sup>−1</sup>
)</th>
<th colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">iprovalicarb (μg ml<sup>−1</sup>
)</th>
</tr>
<tr><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.05</th>
<th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.1</th>
<th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.1</th>
<th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.6</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Self-fertile</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.835</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.655</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.030</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.867</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">A1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.781</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.629</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.022</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.846</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Difference</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">6.91%</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">4.13%</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.78%</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.48%</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">T-values</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">3.257</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.984</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.641</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.244</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">P-values</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.001</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.049</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.525</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.026</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn id="t4-fn1"><p>Data were generated from 140 distinct genotypes in which 82 were self-fertile isolates and 58 were A1 isolates.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</floats-group>
</pmc>
<affiliations><list><country><li>République populaire de Chine</li>
</country>
</list>
<tree><country name="République populaire de Chine"><noRegion><name sortKey="Zhu, Wen" sort="Zhu, Wen" uniqKey="Zhu W" first="Wen" last="Zhu">Wen Zhu</name>
</noRegion>
<name sortKey="Fang, Zhi Guo" sort="Fang, Zhi Guo" uniqKey="Fang Z" first="Zhi-Guo" last="Fang">Zhi-Guo Fang</name>
<name sortKey="Shen, Lin Lin" sort="Shen, Lin Lin" uniqKey="Shen L" first="Lin-Lin" last="Shen">Lin-Lin Shen</name>
<name sortKey="Sun, Dan Li" sort="Sun, Dan Li" uniqKey="Sun D" first="Dan-Li" last="Sun">Dan-Li Sun</name>
<name sortKey="Yang, Li Na" sort="Yang, Li Na" uniqKey="Yang L" first="Li-Na" last="Yang">Li-Na Yang</name>
<name sortKey="Zhan, Jiasui" sort="Zhan, Jiasui" uniqKey="Zhan J" first="Jiasui" last="Zhan">Jiasui Zhan</name>
<name sortKey="Zhang, Jia Feng" sort="Zhang, Jia Feng" uniqKey="Zhang J" first="Jia-Feng" last="Zhang">Jia-Feng Zhang</name>
</country>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>
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