First Clarkforkian Equivalent Land Mammal Age in the Latest Paleocene Basal Sparnacian Facies of Europe: Fauna, Flora, Paleoenvironment and (Bio)stratigraphy
Identifieur interne : 000220 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000219; suivant : 000221First Clarkforkian Equivalent Land Mammal Age in the Latest Paleocene Basal Sparnacian Facies of Europe: Fauna, Flora, Paleoenvironment and (Bio)stratigraphy
Auteurs : Thierry Smith [Belgique] ; Florence Quesnel [France] ; Gaël De Plöeg [France] ; Dario De Franceschi [France] ; Grégoire Métais [France] ; Eric De Bast [Belgique] ; Floréal Solé [Belgique] ; Annelise Folie [Belgique] ; Anaïs Boura [France] ; Julien Claude [France] ; Christian Dupuis [Belgique] ; Cyril Gagnaison [France] ; Alina Iakovleva [Russie] ; Jeremy Martin [Royaume-Uni] ; François Maubert [France] ; Judicaël Prieur [France] ; Emile Roche [Belgique] ; Jean-Yves Storme [Belgique] ; Romain Thomas [France] ; Haiyan Tong [Thaïlande] ; Johan Yans [Belgique] ; Eric Buffetaut [France]Source :
- PLoS ONE [ 1932-6203 ] ; 2014.
Abstract
The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) is correlated with the first occurrences of earliest modern mammals in the Northern Hemisphere. The latest Paleocene Clarkforkian North American Land Mammal Age, that has yielded rodents and carnivorans, is the only exception to this rule. However, until now no pre-PETM localities have yielded modern mammals in Europe or Asia. We report the first Clarkforkian equivalent Land Mammal Age in the latest Paleocene deposits of the basal Sparnacian facies at Rivecourt, in the north-central part of the Paris Basin. The new terrestrial vertebrate and macroflora assemblages are analyzed through a multidisciplinary study including sedimentologic, stratigraphic, isotopic, and palynological aspects in order to reconstruct the paleoenvironment and to evaluate biochronologic and paleogeographic implications. The mammals are moderately diverse and not abundant, contrary to turtles and champsosaurs. The macroflora is exceptional in preservation and diversity with numerous angiosperms represented by flowers, fruits, seeds and wood preserved as lignite material, revealing an abundance of Arecaceae, Betulaceae, Icacinaceae, Menispermaceae, Vitaceae and probably Cornaceae.
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DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086229
PubMed: 24489703
PubMed Central: 3906055
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uniqKey="Boura A" first="Anaïs" last="Boura">Anaïs Boura</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><addr-line>Centre de recherche sur la paléobiodiversité et les paléoenvironnements (UMR7207 CNRS-MNHN-UPMC), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle et Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre de recherche sur la paléobiodiversité et les paléoenvironnements (UMR7207 CNRS-MNHN-UPMC), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle et Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Claude, Julien" sort="Claude, Julien" uniqKey="Claude J" first="Julien" last="Claude">Julien Claude</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><addr-line>Institut des Sciences de l'Évolution de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut des Sciences de l'Évolution de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier 2, Montpellier</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dupuis, Christian" sort="Dupuis, Christian" uniqKey="Dupuis C" first="Christian" last="Dupuis">Christian Dupuis</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6"><addr-line>Géologie GFA, Faculté Polytechnique, Université de Mons, Mons, Belgium</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Géologie GFA, Faculté Polytechnique, Université de Mons, Mons</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gagnaison, Cyril" sort="Gagnaison, Cyril" uniqKey="Gagnaison C" first="Cyril" last="Gagnaison">Cyril Gagnaison</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff7"><addr-line>Institut Polytechnique LaSalle-Beauvais, Beauvais, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut Polytechnique LaSalle-Beauvais, Beauvais</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Iakovleva, Alina" sort="Iakovleva, Alina" uniqKey="Iakovleva A" first="Alina" last="Iakovleva">Alina Iakovleva</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff8"><addr-line>Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martin, Jeremy" sort="Martin, Jeremy" uniqKey="Martin J" first="Jeremy" last="Martin">Jeremy Martin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff9"><addr-line>School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maubert, Francois" sort="Maubert, Francois" uniqKey="Maubert F" first="François" last="Maubert">François Maubert</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff10"><addr-line>Lafarge Granulats Seine Nord, Paris, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Lafarge Granulats Seine Nord, Paris</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Prieur, Judicael" sort="Prieur, Judicael" uniqKey="Prieur J" first="Judicaël" last="Prieur">Judicaël Prieur</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><addr-line>Centre Permanent d'Initiatives pour l'Environnement des Pays de l'Oise, Verberie, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre Permanent d'Initiatives pour l'Environnement des Pays de l'Oise, Verberie</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roche, Emile" sort="Roche, Emile" uniqKey="Roche E" first="Emile" last="Roche">Emile Roche</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff11"><addr-line>Département de Géologie, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Département de Géologie, Université de Liège, Liège</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Storme, Jean Yves" sort="Storme, Jean Yves" uniqKey="Storme J" first="Jean-Yves" last="Storme">Jean-Yves Storme</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff12"><addr-line>Département de Géologie, Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Département de Géologie, Université de Namur, Namur</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thomas, Romain" sort="Thomas, Romain" uniqKey="Thomas R" first="Romain" last="Thomas">Romain Thomas</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><addr-line>Centre de recherche sur la paléobiodiversité et les paléoenvironnements (UMR7207 CNRS-MNHN-UPMC), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle et Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre de recherche sur la paléobiodiversité et les paléoenvironnements (UMR7207 CNRS-MNHN-UPMC), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle et Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tong, Haiyan" sort="Tong, Haiyan" uniqKey="Tong H" first="Haiyan" last="Tong">Haiyan Tong</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff13"><addr-line>Palaeontological Research and Education Centre, Mahasarakham University, Kantarawichai, Thailand</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Palaeontological Research and Education Centre, Mahasarakham University, Kantarawichai</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yans, Johan" sort="Yans, Johan" uniqKey="Yans J" first="Johan" last="Yans">Johan Yans</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff12"><addr-line>Département de Géologie, Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Département de Géologie, Université de Namur, Namur</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Buffetaut, Eric" sort="Buffetaut, Eric" uniqKey="Buffetaut E" first="Eric" last="Buffetaut">Eric Buffetaut</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff14"><addr-line>CNRS (UMR 8538), Laboratoire de Géologie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>CNRS (UMR 8538), Laboratoire de Géologie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">24489703</idno><idno type="pmc">3906055</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3906055</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3906055</idno><idno 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xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Direction Opérationnelle Terre et Histoire de la Vie, Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, Bruxelles</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Quesnel, Florence" sort="Quesnel, Florence" uniqKey="Quesnel F" first="Florence" last="Quesnel">Florence Quesnel</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>DGR/GAT, Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (French Geological Survey) et UMR 7327 CNRS-Université d'Orléans-BRGM, Orléans, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>DGR/GAT, Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (French Geological Survey) et UMR 7327 CNRS-Université d'Orléans-BRGM, Orléans</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Ploeg, Gael" sort="De Ploeg, Gael" uniqKey="De Ploeg G" first="Gaël" last="De Plöeg">Gaël De Plöeg</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><addr-line>Centre Permanent d'Initiatives pour l'Environnement des Pays de l'Oise, Verberie, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre Permanent d'Initiatives pour l'Environnement des Pays de l'Oise, Verberie</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Franceschi, Dario" sort="De Franceschi, Dario" uniqKey="De Franceschi D" first="Dario" last="De Franceschi">Dario De Franceschi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><addr-line>Centre de recherche sur la paléobiodiversité et les paléoenvironnements (UMR7207 CNRS-MNHN-UPMC), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle et Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre de recherche sur la paléobiodiversité et les paléoenvironnements (UMR7207 CNRS-MNHN-UPMC), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle et Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Metais, Gregoire" sort="Metais, Gregoire" uniqKey="Metais G" first="Grégoire" last="Métais">Grégoire Métais</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><addr-line>Centre de recherche sur la paléobiodiversité et les paléoenvironnements (UMR7207 CNRS-MNHN-UPMC), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle et Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre de recherche sur la paléobiodiversité et les paléoenvironnements (UMR7207 CNRS-MNHN-UPMC), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle et Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Bast, Eric" sort="De Bast, Eric" uniqKey="De Bast E" first="Eric" last="De Bast">Eric De Bast</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Direction Opérationnelle Terre et Histoire de la Vie, Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, Bruxelles, Belgium</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Direction Opérationnelle Terre et Histoire de la Vie, Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, Bruxelles</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sole, Floreal" sort="Sole, Floreal" uniqKey="Sole F" first="Floréal" last="Solé">Floréal Solé</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Direction Opérationnelle Terre et Histoire de la Vie, Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, Bruxelles, Belgium</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Direction Opérationnelle Terre et Histoire de la Vie, Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, Bruxelles</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Folie, Annelise" sort="Folie, Annelise" uniqKey="Folie A" first="Annelise" last="Folie">Annelise Folie</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Direction Opérationnelle Terre et Histoire de la Vie, Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, Bruxelles, Belgium</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Direction Opérationnelle Terre et Histoire de la Vie, Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, Bruxelles</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boura, Anais" sort="Boura, Anais" uniqKey="Boura A" first="Anaïs" last="Boura">Anaïs Boura</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><addr-line>Centre de recherche sur la paléobiodiversité et les paléoenvironnements (UMR7207 CNRS-MNHN-UPMC), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle et Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre de recherche sur la paléobiodiversité et les paléoenvironnements (UMR7207 CNRS-MNHN-UPMC), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle et Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Claude, Julien" sort="Claude, Julien" uniqKey="Claude J" first="Julien" last="Claude">Julien Claude</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><addr-line>Institut des Sciences de l'Évolution de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut des Sciences de l'Évolution de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier 2, Montpellier</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dupuis, Christian" sort="Dupuis, Christian" uniqKey="Dupuis C" first="Christian" last="Dupuis">Christian Dupuis</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6"><addr-line>Géologie GFA, Faculté Polytechnique, Université de Mons, Mons, Belgium</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Géologie GFA, Faculté Polytechnique, Université de Mons, Mons</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gagnaison, Cyril" sort="Gagnaison, Cyril" uniqKey="Gagnaison C" first="Cyril" last="Gagnaison">Cyril Gagnaison</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff7"><addr-line>Institut Polytechnique LaSalle-Beauvais, Beauvais, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut Polytechnique LaSalle-Beauvais, Beauvais</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Iakovleva, Alina" sort="Iakovleva, Alina" uniqKey="Iakovleva A" first="Alina" last="Iakovleva">Alina Iakovleva</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff8"><addr-line>Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martin, Jeremy" sort="Martin, Jeremy" uniqKey="Martin J" first="Jeremy" last="Martin">Jeremy Martin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff9"><addr-line>School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maubert, Francois" sort="Maubert, Francois" uniqKey="Maubert F" first="François" last="Maubert">François Maubert</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff10"><addr-line>Lafarge Granulats Seine Nord, Paris, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Lafarge Granulats Seine Nord, Paris</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Prieur, Judicael" sort="Prieur, Judicael" uniqKey="Prieur J" first="Judicaël" last="Prieur">Judicaël Prieur</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><addr-line>Centre Permanent d'Initiatives pour l'Environnement des Pays de l'Oise, Verberie, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre Permanent d'Initiatives pour l'Environnement des Pays de l'Oise, Verberie</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roche, Emile" sort="Roche, Emile" uniqKey="Roche E" first="Emile" last="Roche">Emile Roche</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff11"><addr-line>Département de Géologie, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Département de Géologie, Université de Liège, Liège</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Storme, Jean Yves" sort="Storme, Jean Yves" uniqKey="Storme J" first="Jean-Yves" last="Storme">Jean-Yves Storme</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff12"><addr-line>Département de Géologie, Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Département de Géologie, Université de Namur, Namur</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thomas, Romain" sort="Thomas, Romain" uniqKey="Thomas R" first="Romain" last="Thomas">Romain Thomas</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><addr-line>Centre de recherche sur la paléobiodiversité et les paléoenvironnements (UMR7207 CNRS-MNHN-UPMC), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle et Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre de recherche sur la paléobiodiversité et les paléoenvironnements (UMR7207 CNRS-MNHN-UPMC), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle et Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tong, Haiyan" sort="Tong, Haiyan" uniqKey="Tong H" first="Haiyan" last="Tong">Haiyan Tong</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff13"><addr-line>Palaeontological Research and Education Centre, Mahasarakham University, Kantarawichai, Thailand</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Palaeontological Research and Education Centre, Mahasarakham University, Kantarawichai</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yans, Johan" sort="Yans, Johan" uniqKey="Yans J" first="Johan" last="Yans">Johan Yans</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff12"><addr-line>Département de Géologie, Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Département de Géologie, Université de Namur, Namur</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Buffetaut, Eric" sort="Buffetaut, Eric" uniqKey="Buffetaut E" first="Eric" last="Buffetaut">Eric Buffetaut</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff14"><addr-line>CNRS (UMR 8538), Laboratoire de Géologie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>CNRS (UMR 8538), Laboratoire de Géologie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">PLoS ONE</title><idno type="eISSN">1932-6203</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) is correlated with the first occurrences of earliest modern mammals in the Northern Hemisphere. The latest Paleocene Clarkforkian North American Land Mammal Age, that has yielded rodents and carnivorans, is the only exception to this rule. However, until now no pre-PETM localities have yielded modern mammals in Europe or Asia. We report the first Clarkforkian equivalent Land Mammal Age in the latest Paleocene deposits of the basal Sparnacian facies at Rivecourt, in the north-central part of the Paris Basin. The new terrestrial vertebrate and macroflora assemblages are analyzed through a multidisciplinary study including sedimentologic, stratigraphic, isotopic, and palynological aspects in order to reconstruct the paleoenvironment and to evaluate biochronologic and paleogeographic implications. The mammals are moderately diverse and not abundant, contrary to turtles and champsosaurs. The macroflora is exceptional in preservation and diversity with numerous angiosperms represented by flowers, fruits, seeds and wood preserved as lignite material, revealing an abundance of Arecaceae, Betulaceae, Icacinaceae, Menispermaceae, Vitaceae and probably Cornaceae. <xref ref-type="sec" rid="s2">Results</xref> indicate a Late Paleocene age based on carbon isotope data, palynology and vertebrate occurrences such as the choristoderan <italic>Champsosaurus</italic>, the arctocyonid <italic>Arctocyon</italic>, and the plesiadapid <italic>Plesiadapis tricuspidens</italic>. However, several mammal species compare better with the earliest Eocene. Among these, the particular louisinid <italic>Teilhardimys musculus</italic>, also recorded from the latest Paleocene of the Spanish Pyrenees, suggests a younger age than the typical MP6 reference level. Nevertheless, the most important aspect of the Rivecourt fauna is the presence of dental remains of a rodent and a “miacid” carnivoran, attesting to the presence of two modern mammalian orders in the latest Paleocene of Europe. Interestingly, these two groups are also the only modern groups recorded from the latest Paleocene of North America, making Rivecourt the first direct equivalent to the Clarkforkian Land Mammal Age outside of North America.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Russell, De" uniqKey="Russell D">DE Russell</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Smith, T" uniqKey="Smith T">T Smith</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rose, Kd" uniqKey="Rose K">KD Rose</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gingerich, Pd" uniqKey="Gingerich P">PD Gingerich</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Teilhard De Chardin, P" uniqKey="Teilhard De Chardin P">P Teilhard de Chardin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Smith, T" uniqKey="Smith T">T Smith</name></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, R" uniqKey="Smith 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">PLoS One</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">PLoS ONE</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">plos</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">plosone</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>PLoS ONE</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1932-6203</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Public Library of Science</publisher-name><publisher-loc>San Francisco, USA</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">24489703</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3906055</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">PONE-D-13-26349</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0086229</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Biology</subject><subj-group><subject>Anatomy and physiology</subject><subj-group><subject>Comparative anatomy</subject></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group><subject>Zoology</subject><subj-group><subject>Mammalogy</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Earth sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Marine and aquatic sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Marine geology</subject><subj-group><subject>Sediment</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group><subject>Paleontology</subject><subj-group><subject>Biogeography</subject><subject>Biostratigraphy</subject><subject>Paleobiology</subject><subject>Paleoecology</subject><subject>Taphonomy</subject><subject>Vertebrate paleontology</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>First Clarkforkian Equivalent Land Mammal Age in the Latest Paleocene Basal Sparnacian Facies of Europe: Fauna, Flora, Paleoenvironment and (Bio)stratigraphy</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">Clarkforkian Equivalent Land Mammal Age in Europe</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Smith</surname><given-names>Thierry</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Quesnel</surname><given-names>Florence</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>De Plöeg</surname><given-names>Gaël</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>De Franceschi</surname><given-names>Dario</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Métais</surname><given-names>Grégoire</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>De Bast</surname><given-names>Eric</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Solé</surname><given-names>Floréal</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Folie</surname><given-names>Annelise</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Boura</surname><given-names>Anaïs</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Claude</surname><given-names>Julien</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dupuis</surname><given-names>Christian</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>6</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gagnaison</surname><given-names>Cyril</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>7</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Iakovleva</surname><given-names>Alina</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>8</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Martin</surname><given-names>Jeremy</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9"><sup>9</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Maubert</surname><given-names>François</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10"><sup>10</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Prieur</surname><given-names>Judicaël</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Roche</surname><given-names>Emile</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11"><sup>11</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Storme</surname><given-names>Jean-Yves</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12"><sup>12</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Thomas</surname><given-names>Romain</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tong</surname><given-names>Haiyan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13"><sup>13</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yans</surname><given-names>Johan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12"><sup>12</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Buffetaut</surname><given-names>Eric</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14"><sup>14</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label><addr-line>Direction Opérationnelle Terre et Histoire de la Vie, Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, Bruxelles, Belgium</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff2"><label>2</label><addr-line>DGR/GAT, Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (French Geological Survey) et UMR 7327 CNRS-Université d'Orléans-BRGM, Orléans, France</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff3"><label>3</label><addr-line>Centre Permanent d'Initiatives pour l'Environnement des Pays de l'Oise, Verberie, France</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff4"><label>4</label><addr-line>Centre de recherche sur la paléobiodiversité et les paléoenvironnements (UMR7207 CNRS-MNHN-UPMC), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle et Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff5"><label>5</label><addr-line>Institut des Sciences de l'Évolution de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff6"><label>6</label><addr-line>Géologie GFA, Faculté Polytechnique, Université de Mons, Mons, Belgium</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff7"><label>7</label><addr-line>Institut Polytechnique LaSalle-Beauvais, Beauvais, France</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff8"><label>8</label><addr-line>Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff9"><label>9</label><addr-line>School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff10"><label>10</label><addr-line>Lafarge Granulats Seine Nord, Paris, France</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff11"><label>11</label><addr-line>Département de Géologie, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff12"><label>12</label><addr-line>Département de Géologie, Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff13"><label>13</label><addr-line>Palaeontological Research and Education Centre, Mahasarakham University, Kantarawichai, Thailand</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff14"><label>14</label><addr-line>CNRS (UMR 8538), Laboratoire de Géologie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France</addr-line></aff><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Butler</surname><given-names>Richard J.</given-names></name><role>Editor</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="edit1"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="edit1"><addr-line>University of Birmingham, United Kingdom</addr-line></aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">* E-mail: <email>thierry.smith@naturalsciences.be</email></corresp><fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Competing Interests: </bold>One of the authors (FM) is employed by the commercial company Lafarge Granulats Seine Nord. This does not alter the authors' adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.</p></fn><fn fn-type="con"><p>Conceived and designed the experiments: TS FQ. Performed the experiments: TS FQ GDP DDF GM EDB FS AF JC CD CG FM JP EB. Analyzed the data: TS FQ DDF GM EDB FS AF AB JC CD CG AI JM ER JYS RT HT JY EB. Wrote the paper: TS FQ DDF EDB FS AF JC JM JYS HT EB.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>1</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="ecorrected"><day>27</day><month>2</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><issue>1</issue><elocation-id>e86229</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>25</day><month>6</month><year>2013</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>7</day><month>12</month><year>2013</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Smith et al</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution License</ext-link>, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) is correlated with the first occurrences of earliest modern mammals in the Northern Hemisphere. The latest Paleocene Clarkforkian North American Land Mammal Age, that has yielded rodents and carnivorans, is the only exception to this rule. However, until now no pre-PETM localities have yielded modern mammals in Europe or Asia. We report the first Clarkforkian equivalent Land Mammal Age in the latest Paleocene deposits of the basal Sparnacian facies at Rivecourt, in the north-central part of the Paris Basin. The new terrestrial vertebrate and macroflora assemblages are analyzed through a multidisciplinary study including sedimentologic, stratigraphic, isotopic, and palynological aspects in order to reconstruct the paleoenvironment and to evaluate biochronologic and paleogeographic implications. The mammals are moderately diverse and not abundant, contrary to turtles and champsosaurs. The macroflora is exceptional in preservation and diversity with numerous angiosperms represented by flowers, fruits, seeds and wood preserved as lignite material, revealing an abundance of Arecaceae, Betulaceae, Icacinaceae, Menispermaceae, Vitaceae and probably Cornaceae. <xref ref-type="sec" rid="s2">Results</xref> indicate a Late Paleocene age based on carbon isotope data, palynology and vertebrate occurrences such as the choristoderan <italic>Champsosaurus</italic>, the arctocyonid <italic>Arctocyon</italic>, and the plesiadapid <italic>Plesiadapis tricuspidens</italic>. However, several mammal species compare better with the earliest Eocene. Among these, the particular louisinid <italic>Teilhardimys musculus</italic>, also recorded from the latest Paleocene of the Spanish Pyrenees, suggests a younger age than the typical MP6 reference level. Nevertheless, the most important aspect of the Rivecourt fauna is the presence of dental remains of a rodent and a “miacid” carnivoran, attesting to the presence of two modern mammalian orders in the latest Paleocene of Europe. Interestingly, these two groups are also the only modern groups recorded from the latest Paleocene of North America, making Rivecourt the first direct equivalent to the Clarkforkian Land Mammal Age outside of North America.</p></abstract><funding-group><funding-statement>This work was supported by projects MO/36/020 and BR/121/A3/PALEURAFRICA of the Federal Science Policy Office of Belgium (to TS; http://www.belspo.be), and Research cooperation contract funded by the BRGM (“Régolithe” and “Paléosurface éocène–PETM” research projects; to FQ, TS, CD, AI, ER and JYS; <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.brgm.fr">http://www.brgm.fr</ext-link>). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</funding-statement></funding-group><counts><page-count count="19"></page-count></counts></article-meta></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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