Commercial Bee Pollen with Different Geographical Origins: A Comprehensive Approach
Identifieur interne : 000184 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000183; suivant : 000185Commercial Bee Pollen with Different Geographical Origins: A Comprehensive Approach
Auteurs : Carla Nogueira ; Antonio Iglesias ; Xesus Feás ; Leticia M. EstevinhoSource :
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences [ 1422-0067 ] ; 2012.
Abstract
Since the primordial of humanity, pollen has been considered a good source of nutrients and energy. Its promising healing properties have also been referred to. The present study aimed to characterize, for the first time, eight commercial pollens from Portugal and Spain available on the market studying the legislation on labeling, pollinic origin, physicochemical and microbiological analyses and identification of yeasts. Eleven botanical families were found amongst the samples. The most abundant family and the most dominant pollen was
Url:
DOI: 10.3390/ijms130911173
PubMed: 23109845
PubMed Central: 3472737
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Commercial Bee Pollen with Different Geographical Origins: A Comprehensive Approach</title><author><name sortKey="Nogueira, Carla" sort="Nogueira, Carla" uniqKey="Nogueira C" first="Carla" last="Nogueira">Carla Nogueira</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijms-13-11173">CIMO-Mountain Research Center, Agricultural College of Bragança, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus Santa Apolónia, Bragança 5301-855, Portugal; E-Mail:<email>carla.m.p.nogueira@hotmail.com</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Iglesias, Antonio" sort="Iglesias, Antonio" uniqKey="Iglesias A" first="Antonio" last="Iglesias">Antonio Iglesias</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-ijms-13-11173">Department of Anatomy and Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27002, Galicia, Spain; E-Mail:<email>antonio.iglesias@usc.es</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Feas, Xesus" sort="Feas, Xesus" uniqKey="Feas X" first="Xesus" last="Feás">Xesus Feás</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-ijms-13-11173">Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27002, Galicia, Spain; E-Mail:<email>xesus.feas@usc.es</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Estevinho, Leticia M" sort="Estevinho, Leticia M" uniqKey="Estevinho L" first="Leticia M." last="Estevinho">Leticia M. Estevinho</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijms-13-11173">CIMO-Mountain Research Center, Agricultural College of Bragança, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus Santa Apolónia, Bragança 5301-855, Portugal; E-Mail:<email>carla.m.p.nogueira@hotmail.com</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">23109845</idno><idno type="pmc">3472737</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3472737</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3472737</idno><idno type="doi">10.3390/ijms130911173</idno><date when="2012">2012</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000184</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000184</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000184</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000184</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Commercial Bee Pollen with Different Geographical Origins: A Comprehensive Approach</title><author><name sortKey="Nogueira, Carla" sort="Nogueira, Carla" uniqKey="Nogueira C" first="Carla" last="Nogueira">Carla Nogueira</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijms-13-11173">CIMO-Mountain Research Center, Agricultural College of Bragança, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus Santa Apolónia, Bragança 5301-855, Portugal; E-Mail:<email>carla.m.p.nogueira@hotmail.com</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Iglesias, Antonio" sort="Iglesias, Antonio" uniqKey="Iglesias A" first="Antonio" last="Iglesias">Antonio Iglesias</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-ijms-13-11173">Department of Anatomy and Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27002, Galicia, Spain; E-Mail:<email>antonio.iglesias@usc.es</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Feas, Xesus" sort="Feas, Xesus" uniqKey="Feas X" first="Xesus" last="Feás">Xesus Feás</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-ijms-13-11173">Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27002, Galicia, Spain; E-Mail:<email>xesus.feas@usc.es</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Estevinho, Leticia M" sort="Estevinho, Leticia M" uniqKey="Estevinho L" first="Leticia M." last="Estevinho">Leticia M. Estevinho</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijms-13-11173">CIMO-Mountain Research Center, Agricultural College of Bragança, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus Santa Apolónia, Bragança 5301-855, Portugal; E-Mail:<email>carla.m.p.nogueira@hotmail.com</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">International Journal of Molecular Sciences</title><idno type="eISSN">1422-0067</idno><imprint><date when="2012">2012</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Since the primordial of humanity, pollen has been considered a good source of nutrients and energy. Its promising healing properties have also been referred to. The present study aimed to characterize, for the first time, eight commercial pollens from Portugal and Spain available on the market studying the legislation on labeling, pollinic origin, physicochemical and microbiological analyses and identification of yeasts. Eleven botanical families were found amongst the samples. The most abundant family and the most dominant pollen was <italic>Cistaceae</italic>. The moisture content, ash, <italic>a</italic><italic><sub>w</sub></italic>, pH, reducing sugars, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and energy were analyzed and the specific parameters were within the specifications required by some countries with legislation regarding these parameters. Microbiologically commercial pollen showed acceptable safety for the commercial quality and hygiene. All samples showed negative results for toxigenic species. The microorganisms studied were aerobic mesophiles, yeasts and moulds, coliforms, <italic>Escherichia coli</italic>, <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>, <italic>Salmonella</italic> and sulfite-reducing <italic>Clostridium</italic>. During the work, six yeasts species were isolated from pollen, with <italic>Rhodotorula mucilaginosa</italic> being the most abundant, as it was present in four samples.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Almeida Muradian, L B" uniqKey="Almeida Muradian L">L.B. Almeida-Muradian</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pamplona, L C" uniqKey="Pamplona L">L.C. Pamplona</name></author><author><name sortKey="Coimbra, S" uniqKey="Coimbra S">S. Coimbra</name></author><author><name sortKey="Barth, O M" uniqKey="Barth O">O.M. Barth</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yamaguchi, M" uniqKey="Yamaguchi M">M. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Int J Mol Sci</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Int J Mol Sci</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijms</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>International Journal of Molecular Sciences</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1422-0067</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">23109845</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3472737</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/ijms130911173</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">ijms-13-11173</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Commercial Bee Pollen with Different Geographical Origins: A Comprehensive Approach</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nogueira</surname><given-names>Carla</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijms-13-11173">1</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn1-ijms-13-11173">†</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Iglesias</surname><given-names>Antonio</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-ijms-13-11173">2</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn1-ijms-13-11173">†</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Feás</surname><given-names>Xesus</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-ijms-13-11173">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Estevinho</surname><given-names>Leticia M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijms-13-11173">1</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-ijms-13-11173">*</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-ijms-13-11173"><label>1</label>CIMO-Mountain Research Center, Agricultural College of Bragança, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus Santa Apolónia, Bragança 5301-855, Portugal; E-Mail:<email>carla.m.p.nogueira@hotmail.com</email></aff><aff id="af2-ijms-13-11173"><label>2</label>Department of Anatomy and Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27002, Galicia, Spain; E-Mail:<email>antonio.iglesias@usc.es</email></aff><aff id="af3-ijms-13-11173"><label>3</label>Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27002, Galicia, Spain; E-Mail:<email>xesus.feas@usc.es</email></aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-ijms-13-11173"><label>*</label>Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: <email>leticia@ipb.pt</email>; Tel.:+351-273-303-342.</corresp><fn id="fn1-ijms-13-11173"><label>†</label><p>These authors contributed equally to this work.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2012</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>07</day><month>9</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>9</issue><fpage>11173</fpage><lpage>11187</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>23</day><month>7</month><year>2012</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>28</day><month>8</month><year>2012</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>29</day><month>8</month><year>2012</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2012 by the authors; licensee Molecular Diversity Preservation International, Basel, Switzerland.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2012</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0"><license-p><pmc-comment>CREATIVE COMMONS</pmc-comment>This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/</ext-link>).</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Since the primordial of humanity, pollen has been considered a good source of nutrients and energy. Its promising healing properties have also been referred to. The present study aimed to characterize, for the first time, eight commercial pollens from Portugal and Spain available on the market studying the legislation on labeling, pollinic origin, physicochemical and microbiological analyses and identification of yeasts. Eleven botanical families were found amongst the samples. The most abundant family and the most dominant pollen was <italic>Cistaceae</italic>. The moisture content, ash, <italic>a</italic><italic><sub>w</sub></italic>, pH, reducing sugars, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and energy were analyzed and the specific parameters were within the specifications required by some countries with legislation regarding these parameters. Microbiologically commercial pollen showed acceptable safety for the commercial quality and hygiene. All samples showed negative results for toxigenic species. The microorganisms studied were aerobic mesophiles, yeasts and moulds, coliforms, <italic>Escherichia coli</italic>, <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>, <italic>Salmonella</italic> and sulfite-reducing <italic>Clostridium</italic>. During the work, six yeasts species were isolated from pollen, with <italic>Rhodotorula mucilaginosa</italic> being the most abundant, as it was present in four samples.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>bee pollen</kwd><kwd>microbiological characterization</kwd><kwd>physicochemical characterization</kwd><kwd>pollinic analysis</kwd><kwd>labeling rules</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="f1-ijms-13-11173" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Percentage of the yeasts isolated from the samples.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijms-13-11173f1"></graphic></fig><fig id="f2-ijms-13-11173" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Place of origin of the commercial bee pollen. The origin of Sample A was not specified in the labeling.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijms-13-11173f2"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="t1-ijms-13-11173" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Results of the commercial bee pollen labeling analysis.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In the packaging (%)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Trade name</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Net quantity (g or kg)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Date of minimum durability</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Name, company or business name</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">87.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Social grower/packer/seller</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">87.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">established in the EU</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">87.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lot</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Address</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">87.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Place of origin</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">87.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn1-ijms-13-11173">*</xref> Storage conditions</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">75.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn1-ijms-13-11173">*</xref> Information to consumers</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">75.0</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn1-ijms-13-11173"><label>*</label><p>Items not required on labels.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t2-ijms-13-11173" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Palynological spectrum of the eight commercial bee pollen (mean ± standard deviation; <italic>n</italic> = 3).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Family</th><th colspan="9" align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1">Samples</th></tr><tr><th colspan="9" align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A</th><th align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">B</th><th align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C</th><th align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D</th><th align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">E</th><th align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</th><th align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">G</th><th align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">H</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Asteraceae</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leontodon spp. (%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.3 ± 1.9 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-ijms-13-11173">3</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.2 ± 0.1 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-ijms-13-11173">3</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.2 ± 3.4 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn3-ijms-13-11173">2</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Boraginaceae</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Echium spp. (%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.0 ± 0.4 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-ijms-13-11173">3</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.6 ± 1.4 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-ijms-13-11173">3</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.5 ± 1.6 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-ijms-13-11173">3</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.2 ± 0.8 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-ijms-13-11173">3</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.2 ± 0.2 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-ijms-13-11173">3</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.2 ± 2.3 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-ijms-13-11173">3</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49.6 ± 5.2 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn2-ijms-13-11173">1</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cistaceae</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cistus spp. (%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68.2 ± 8.9 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn2-ijms-13-11173">1</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">83.6 ± 9.2 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn2-ijms-13-11173">1</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.4 ± 0.5 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-ijms-13-11173">3</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90.6 ± 9.3 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn2-ijms-13-11173">1</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.2 ± 1.5 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-ijms-13-11173">3</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ericaceae</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Erica spp. (%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58.0 ± 7.7 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn2-ijms-13-11173">1</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.7 ± 0.2 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-ijms-13-11173">3</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fabaceae</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cytisus spp. (%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57.0 ± 9.2 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn2-ijms-13-11173">1</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.9 ± 0.3 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-ijms-13-11173">3</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 ± 0.8 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-ijms-13-11173">3</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69.8 ± 6.7 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn2-ijms-13-11173">1</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8 ± 1.0 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-ijms-13-11173">3</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Acacia spp. (%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5 ± 0.6 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-ijms-13-11173">3</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5 ± 0.3 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-ijms-13-11173">3</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Trifolium spp. (%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.4 ± 1.2 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-ijms-13-11173">3</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.8 ± 1.0 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-ijms-13-11173">3</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.3 ± 2.4 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn3-ijms-13-11173">2</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45.4 ± 7.1 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn2-ijms-13-11173">1</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.0 ± 1.0 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-ijms-13-11173">3</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fagaceae</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Quercus spp. (%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.0 ± 0.8 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn3-ijms-13-11173">2</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Castanea spp. (%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.8 ± 3.2 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn3-ijms-13-11173">2</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.8 ± 2.3 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-ijms-13-11173">3</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.2 ± 0.3 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-ijms-13-11173">3</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.8 ± 5.1 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn3-ijms-13-11173">2</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.2 ± 1.3 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-ijms-13-11173">3</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lamiaceae</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Thymus spp. (%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.3 ± 3.9 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-ijms-13-11173">3</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.4 ± 0.4 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-ijms-13-11173">3</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.0 ± 2.1 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-ijms-13-11173">3</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mimosaceae</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mimosa spp. (%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.0 ± 3.6 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-ijms-13-11173">3</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Myrtaceae</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Eucalyptus spp. (%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.0 ± 1.9 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-ijms-13-11173">3</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pinaceae</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pinus spp. (%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.4 ± 2.7 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-ijms-13-11173">3</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rosaceae</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Prunus spp. (%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0 ± 1.6 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-ijms-13-11173">3</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.4 ± 0.9 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-ijms-13-11173">3</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8 ± 0.2 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-ijms-13-11173">3</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.8 ± 0.4 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-ijms-13-11173">3</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rubus spp. (%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.6 ± 1.3 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-ijms-13-11173">3</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.2 ± 4.3 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn3-ijms-13-11173">2</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn2-ijms-13-11173"><label>1</label><p>DP—Dominant Pollen (>45%);</p></fn><fn id="tfn3-ijms-13-11173"><label>2</label><p>AP—Accessory Pollen (15%–45%);</p></fn><fn id="tfn4-ijms-13-11173"><label>3</label><p>I—Isolated Pollen (<15%).</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t3-ijms-13-11173" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Proximate chemical composition (g/100 g of fresh weight) and energetic value (kcal) of the eight bee pollen samples (mean ± standard deviation; <italic>n</italic> = 3).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A</th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">B</th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C</th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D</th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">E</th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">G</th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">H</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Water content</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.63 ± 0.27 ab</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.91 ± 0.04 ab</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.02 ± 0.07 c</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.02 ± 0.18 c</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.97 ± 0.07 a</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.95 ± 0.39 bc</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.40 ± 0.82 a</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.82 ± 0.25 ab</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Water activity</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.43 ± 0.03 a</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.35 ± 0.02 cd</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.33 ± 0.01 d</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.26 ± 0.01 e</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.41 ± 0.004 ab</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.33 ± 0.02 d</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.40 ± 0.03 ab</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.38 ± 0.017 bc</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">pH</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.92 ± 0.02 ab</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.62 ± 0.04 c</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.71 ± 0.03 bc</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.17 ± 0.09 a</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.49 ± 0.14 cd</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.99 ± 0.17 ab</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.23 ± 0.14 d</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.03 ± 0.10 a</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ash</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.16 ± 0.03 a</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.85 ± 0.05 cd</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.38 ± 0.39 bc</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.23 ± 0.03 bcd</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.16 ± 0.29 cd</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.83 ± 0.29 ab</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.67 ± 0.29 d</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5 ± 0.01 e</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Proteins</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.84 ± 1.16 ab</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.03 ± 1.49 b</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.15 ± 1.64 a</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.01 ± 1.43 ab</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.45 ± 0.89 ab</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.69 ± 2.64 b</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.79 ± 1.62 b</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.50 ± 0.5 c</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lipids</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.66 ± 0.06 c</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.35 ± 0.11 d</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.79 ± 0.10 bc</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.71 ± 0.03 c</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.86 ± 0.09 bc</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.33 ± 0.16 a</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.06 ± 0.08 ab</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.75 ± 0.13 c</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Carbohydrates</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">73.35 ± 1.21 bc</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">75.76 ± 1.48 b</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69.68 ± 2.08 c</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">73.06 ± 1.39 bc</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">72.53 ± 1.04 bc</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">73.15 ± 2.88 bc</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">76.49 ± 1.95 b</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">84.25 ± 0.58 a</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reducing sugars</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.09 ± 3.60 c</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.19 ± 2.36 abc</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.68 ± 5.07 abc</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.62 ± 2.19 ab</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41.79 ± 3.21 a</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34.52 ± 1.05 abc</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.90 ± 3.30 c</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.39 ± 4.71 bc</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Energy kcal</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">400.70 ± 0.36 d</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">404.37 ± 0.59 c</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">404.43 ± 1.10 c</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">404.66 ± 0.03 c</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">405.66 ± 1.51 c</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">405.30 ± 1.73 c</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">408.62 ± 1.06 b</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">411.75 ± 0.63 a</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn5-ijms-13-11173"><p>The letters (a, b, c) represent which bee pollens are different by Tukey test with a significance of <italic>p</italic> = 0.05.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t4-ijms-13-11173" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Microbial analyses of eight commercial bee pollen samples (mean ± standard deviation; <italic>n</italic> = 3).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A</th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">B</th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C</th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D</th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">E</th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">G</th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">H</th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic>-Value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aerobic mesophiles (cfu/g)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><10 a</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><10 a</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><10 a</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><10 a</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><10 a</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.7 × 10<sup>3</sup> ± 7.8 × 10 b</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><10 a</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><10 a</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.032</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Moulds and yeasts (cfu/g)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><10 a</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><10 a</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><10 a</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.8 × 10<sup>2</sup> ± 6.9 × 10 b</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">< 10 a</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.4 × 10<sup>2</sup> ± 7.1 × 10 b</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.6 × 10<sup>2</sup> ± 5.2 × 10 ab</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.9 × 10<sup>2</sup> ± 4.4 × 10<sup>1</sup> b</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.001</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fecal coliforms (MPN/g)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n.a.</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Escherichia coli</italic> (MPN/g)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Absent</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Absent</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Absent</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Absent</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Absent</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Absent</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Absent</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Absent</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n.a.</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sulphite reducing clostridium (MPN/g)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Absent</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Absent</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Absent</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Absent</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Absent</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Absent</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Absent</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Absent</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n.a.</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Salmonella</italic> sp. (in 10 g)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Absent</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Absent</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Absent</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Absent</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Absent</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Absent</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Absent</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Absent</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n.a.</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn6-ijms-13-11173"><p>The letters (a, b) represent which honeys were different by Tukey test with a significance of <italic>p</italic> = 0.05.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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