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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">The genus <italic>Trichocnemis</italic> LeConte, 1851 (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Prioninae)</title><author><name sortKey="Swift, Ian" sort="Swift, Ian" uniqKey="Swift I" first="Ian" last="Swift">Ian Swift</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">California State Collection of Arthropods, 3294 Meadowview Road, Sacramento, California 95832 USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">21594014</idno><idno type="pmc">3088352</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3088352</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3088352</idno><idno type="doi">10.3897/zookeys.61.299</idno><date when="2010">2010</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000278</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000278</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">The genus <italic>Trichocnemis</italic> LeConte, 1851 (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Prioninae)</title><author><name sortKey="Swift, Ian" sort="Swift, Ian" uniqKey="Swift I" first="Ian" last="Swift">Ian Swift</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">California State Collection of Arthropods, 3294 Meadowview Road, Sacramento, California 95832 USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">ZooKeys</title><idno type="ISSN">1313-2989</idno><idno type="eISSN">1313-2970</idno><imprint><date when="2010">2010</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><label>Abstract</label><p>The history of the genus <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Trichocnemis</named-content> LeConte, 1851 (<named-content content-type="taxon-name">Coleoptera</named-content>, <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Cerambycidae</named-content>, <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Prioninae</named-content>) is discussed. Its taxonomic status in relation to the genera <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ergates</named-content> Audinet-Serville, 1832 and <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Callergates</named-content> Lameere, 1904 is clarified. The synonymy of <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Macrotoma californica</named-content> White, 1853, <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Macrotoma spiculigera</named-content> White, 1853, and <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Trichocnemis spiculatus</named-content> LeConte, 1851 is confirmed. A key to all three genera and their species is provided.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Arnett, Rh" uniqKey="Arnett R">RH Arnett</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Audinet Serville, Jg" uniqKey="Audinet Serville J">JG Audinet-Serville</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Blackwelder, Re" uniqKey="Blackwelder R">RE Blackwelder</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Casey, Tl" uniqKey="Casey T">TL Casey</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Casey, Tl" uniqKey="Casey T">TL Casey</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chemsak, Ja" uniqKey="Chemsak J">JA Chemsak</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chemsak, Ja" uniqKey="Chemsak J">JA Chemsak</name></author><author><name sortKey="Linsley, Eg" uniqKey="Linsley E">EG Linsley</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chevrolat, Laa" uniqKey="Chevrolat L">LAA Chevrolat</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fairmaire, L" uniqKey="Fairmaire L">L Fairmaire</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Horn, Gh" uniqKey="Horn G">GH Horn</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jenis, I" uniqKey="Jenis I">I Jeniš</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jenis, I" uniqKey="Jenis I">I Jeniš</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lacordaire, Jt" uniqKey="Lacordaire J">JT Lacordaire</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lameere, Aa" uniqKey="Lameere A">AA Lameere</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lameere, Aa" uniqKey="Lameere A">AA Lameere</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lameere, Aa" uniqKey="Lameere A">AA Lameere</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lameere, Aa" uniqKey="Lameere A">AA Lameere</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lameere, Aa" uniqKey="Lameere A">AA Lameere</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Leconte, Jl" uniqKey="Leconte J">JL LeConte</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Leconte, Jl" uniqKey="Leconte J">JL LeConte</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Leconte, Jl" uniqKey="Leconte J">JL LeConte</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Leconte, Jl" uniqKey="Leconte J">JL LeConte</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Leconte, Jl" uniqKey="Leconte J">JL LeConte</name></author><author><name sortKey="Horn, Gh" uniqKey="Horn G">GH Horn</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Leng, Cw" uniqKey="Leng C">CW Leng</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Linnaeus, C" uniqKey="Linnaeus C">C Linnaeus</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Linsley, Eg" uniqKey="Linsley E">EG Linsley</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Linsley, Eg" uniqKey="Linsley E">EG Linsley</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mczweb" uniqKey="Mczweb">MCZWeb</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Melsheimer, Fe" uniqKey="Melsheimer F">FE Melsheimer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Monne, Ma" uniqKey="Monne M">MA Monné</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Monne, Ma" uniqKey="Monne M">MA Monné</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Monne, Ma" uniqKey="Monne M">MA Monné</name></author><author><name sortKey="Giesbert, Ef" uniqKey="Giesbert E">EF Giesbert</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Monne, Ma" uniqKey="Monne M">MA Monné</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hovore, Ft" uniqKey="Hovore F">FT Hovore</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nishio, Y" uniqKey="Nishio Y">Y Nishio</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Plavilstshikov, Nn" uniqKey="Plavilstshikov N">NN Plavilstshikov</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Svacha, P" uniqKey="Svacha P">P Švácha</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Thomson, J" uniqKey="Thomson J">J Thomson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Thomson, J" uniqKey="Thomson J">J Thomson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tyson, Wh" uniqKey="Tyson W">WH Tyson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Villiers, A" uniqKey="Villiers A">A Villiers</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="White, A" uniqKey="White A">A White</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Zookeys</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ZooKeys</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>ZooKeys</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1313-2989</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1313-2970</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Pensoft Publishers</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">21594014</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3088352</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3897/zookeys.61.299</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>The genus <italic>Trichocnemis</italic> LeConte, 1851 (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Prioninae)</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Swift</surname><given-names>Ian</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref></contrib></contrib-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Santos-Silva</surname><given-names>Antonio</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref></contrib></contrib-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nearns</surname><given-names>Eugenio H.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="A1"><label>1</label>California State Collection of Arthropods, 3294 Meadowview Road, Sacramento, California 95832 USA</aff><aff id="A2"><label>2</label>Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 188, 90001-970, São Paulo, SP, Brazil</aff><aff id="A3"><label>3</label>Department of Biology, Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, 167 Castetter Hall, MSC03 2020, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA</aff><author-notes><corresp>Corresponding authors: Ian Swift (<email>ian@pleocoma.com</email>), Antonio Santos-Silva (<email>toncriss@uol.com.br</email>), Eugenio H. Nearns (<email>egnearns@unm.edu</email>).</corresp><fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Academic editor: Antonio Todaro</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2010</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>11</day><month>10</month><year>2010</year></pub-date><issue>61</issue><fpage>33</fpage><lpage>46</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>10</day><month>11</month><year>2009</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>7</day><month>9</month><year>2010</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Ian Swift, Antonio Santos-Silva, Eugenio H. Nearns</copyright-statement><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><label>Abstract</label><p>The history of the genus <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Trichocnemis</named-content> LeConte, 1851 (<named-content content-type="taxon-name">Coleoptera</named-content>, <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Cerambycidae</named-content>, <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Prioninae</named-content>) is discussed. Its taxonomic status in relation to the genera <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ergates</named-content> Audinet-Serville, 1832 and <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Callergates</named-content> Lameere, 1904 is clarified. The synonymy of <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Macrotoma californica</named-content> White, 1853, <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Macrotoma spiculigera</named-content> White, 1853, and <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Trichocnemis spiculatus</named-content> LeConte, 1851 is confirmed. A key to all three genera and their species is provided.</p></abstract><kwd-group><label>Keywords</label><kwd>Cerambycidae</kwd><kwd>Coleoptera</kwd><kwd>North American Fauna</kwd><kwd>Prioninae</kwd><kwd>taxonomy</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>The prionine genus <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Trichocnemis</named-content> has not been formally recognized in North America since it was placed in synonymy with <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ergates</named-content> by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Linsley (1962)</xref>. While the two genera share several characters, and are likely related (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Nishio 1956</xref>), many characters distinguish the species in these two genera. Earlier authors (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Lameere 1901</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Casey 1912</xref>) considered <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Trichocnemis</named-content> a subgenus of <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ergates</named-content>, as was <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Callergates</named-content>. More recent authors consider all three as separate genera (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Villiers 1978</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Jeniš 2001</xref>).</p><p>Members of all three genera are mainly Holartic in distribution: <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ergates</named-content> occurs in Europe and NW Africa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Jeniš 2008</xref>); <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Callergates</named-content> occurs in Europe and Asia Minor (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Jeniš 2001</xref>); and <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Trichocnemis</named-content> occurs in western North America (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Linsley 1962</xref>). Two species of <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Trichocnemis</named-content> are recognized: <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Trichocnemis spiculatus</named-content> LeConte, 1851 and <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Trichocnemis pauper</named-content> Linsley, 1957. The species <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Trichocnemis spiculatus</named-content> also has a single subspecies, <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Trichocnemis spiculatus neomexicanus</named-content> Casey, 1890. Most species worldwide utilize coniferous hosts, generally in the genus <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Pinus</named-content> (<named-content content-type="taxon-name">Pinaceae</named-content>) (Linsley op.cit., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Villiers 1978</xref>); however, <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Trichocnemis pauper</named-content> is known only from species in the genus <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Quercus</named-content> (<named-content content-type="taxon-name">Fagaceae</named-content>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Tyson 1967</xref>). Typically, recently dead host material is preferred by adult females for oviposition, and larval development ranges from two to four years (Linsley op.cit.), depending upon host and environmental conditions.</p><p>Males and females are strongly sexually dimorphic, with males having an enlarged, generally smooth prothorax with less distinct lateral spines, while in females the prothorax is smaller and more distinctly spined at the lateral margins. Adults are frequently attracted to ultraviolet lights at night, and are generally active during July and August (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Tyson 1967</xref>).</p></sec><sec sec-type="methods"><title>Methods</title><p>We examined the external morphology of male and female specimens of <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Trichocnemis spiculatus spiculatus</named-content>, <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Trichocnemis spiculatus neomexicanus</named-content>, <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Trichocnemis pauper</named-content>, <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ergates faber</named-content> (Linnaeus, 1761), and <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Callergates gaillardoti</named-content> (Chevrolat, 1854), in addition to male genitalia of one species of each genera as well as both species of <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Trichocnemis</named-content>, to obtain the conclusions proposed in this study.</p><p>Specimens from the following collections were examined for this study:</p><p><abbrev>BMNH<def><p>The British Museum of Natural History, London, United Kingdom</p></def></abbrev></p><p><abbrev>CASC<def><p>California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, USA</p></def></abbrev></p><p><abbrev>CSCA<def><p>California State Collection of Arthropods, Sacramento, California, USA</p></def></abbrev></p><p><abbrev>IRSN<def><p>Institute Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Bruxelles, Belgium</p></def></abbrev></p><p><abbrev>INIA<def><p>Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Spain</p></def></abbrev></p><p><abbrev>EMEC University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA USA<def><p>abb</p></def></abbrev></p><p><abbrev>USNM United States National Museum, Washington DC, USA<def><p>abb</p></def></abbrev></p></sec><sec><title>Taxonomic History</title><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">LeConte (1851)</xref> described the genus <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Trichocnemis</named-content> for his new species <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Trichocnemis spiculatus</named-content>, stating it was similar to the genus <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ergates</named-content> Audinet-Serville, 1832, but differing in the pubescence of the protibiae. Although LeConte did not indicate the sex of the type specimen, his description suggests it was a female: “Tibiae vix compresse, filiformes”;<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> “thorace scabro, dorso antice bicalloso, spiculis lateralibus valde acutis, apicali basalique majoribus, thorace latioribus”; “the elytra show some indications of costae”; and “the joints of the antennae are marked with a few scattered punctures.” However, the type specimen deposited in the Museum of Comparative Zoology (MCZ) is a male (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">MCZWeb 2009</xref>). There is little doubt that LeConte (op. cit.) based his description on a single specimen, since he indicated only a single measurement, stating: “the specimen appears a little immature.” In males, the tibiae are not clearly filiform, the prothorax is not scabrous and has well-marked depressions (a character omitted by LeConte), the pronotal callosities are less pronounced than in females, the lateral spines of the pronotum are much less prominent than in females, and the proximal antennomeres are strongly and abundantly punctate. In the type specimen (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Fig. 1</xref>), the elytra show clear carinae, a character that does not agree with the original description.</p><fig id="F1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figures 1–6.</label><caption><p><bold>1</bold> <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Trichocnemis pauper</named-content>, male <bold>2</bold> idem, female <bold>3</bold> <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Trichocnemis spiculatus neomexicanus</named-content>, male <bold>4</bold> idem, female <bold>5</bold> <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Trichocnemis spiculatus spiculatus</named-content>, holotype male (MCZWeb) <bold>6</bold> <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Macrotoma californica</named-content>, syntype 1.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-061-033-g001"></graphic></fig><p>Although the holotype label of <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Trichocnemis spiculuatus</named-content> in the MCZ indicates “<named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ergates</named-content>”, and not <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Trichocnemis</named-content>, it is believed that LeConte himself changed the label after having transferred the species to the genus <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ergates</named-content>. This is consistent with other LeConte specimens in which the labels indicate different names that the original taxon, for example: <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Mallodon gnatho</named-content> LeConte, 1858, which have labels with LeConte’s writing, [<named-content content-type="taxon-name">Mallodon (Nothopleurus) gnatho</named-content> // Lec. <italic>dentiger</italic> Lec.]. Other specimen labels are clearly not written by LeConte (<italic>vide</italic> <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Mallodon mandibularis</named-content> Gemm.).</p><p>The genus <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ergates</named-content> was established by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Audinet-Serville (1832)</xref> to accommodate a single species: <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Prionus serrarius</named-content> Panzer, 1793 (= <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Cerambyx faber</named-content> Linnaeus, 1761). Among the many characters used to define the genus, Audinet-Serville (op.cit.) listed: legs without internal spines; antennae filiform, similar in both sexes, longer than the body in male, and reaching more or less the middle of elytra in female; antennomere III longer than IV-V together; prothorax finely crenulated laterally in male, more distinctly in female; mandibles and mentum glabrous; legs of medium length, the prolegs longer than the others.</p><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">White (1853)</xref> synonymyzed <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Trichocnemis</named-content> under <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Macrotoma</named-content> Audinet-Serville, 1832, but this nomenclatural act was not accepted or used by any later author. White (op.cit.) also did not explain why, in his opinion, that genus was synonymous of <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Macrotoma</named-content>.</p><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">LeConte (1854)</xref> then synonymyzed <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Trichocnemis</named-content> with <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ergates</named-content>, stating: “<named-content content-type="taxon-name">Trichocnemis</named-content> Lec. (Journ. Acad. 2d, 2, 110) is not sufficiently distinct from <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ergates</named-content>; the Californian species must therefore be called <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ergates spiculatus</named-content>.” Later, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">LeConte and Horn (1883)</xref> pointed out the same observation of <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Trichocnemis</named-content> and placed <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ergates</named-content> in the tribe <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ergatini</named-content>. However, the characters used to define <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ergatini</named-content> (sensu LeConte and Horn) apply primarily to <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ergates</named-content> (= <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Trichocnemis</named-content>) spiculatus, and largely excludes <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ergates faber</named-content> (Linnaeus, 1761) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Fig. 2</xref>) and <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Callergates gaillardoti</named-content> (Chevrolat, 1854) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Fig. 3</xref>). LeConte and Horn (op.cit.) stated: “the tribe is easily recognized by the prothorax being much broader in the male than in the female, and finely punctured; in the latter sex the sculpturing is very coarse, and the small teeth of the lateral margin are longer and more acute. The head is small, the eyes reniform and coarsely granulated; antennae <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>11-jointed, slender, two-thirds the length of the body in the ♂, about half the length of the body in the ♀, rough with elevated punctures, with the 3rd joint as long as the three following united; poriferous spaces on the 3rd joint small inconspicuous, on the under surface near the distal end, gradually becoming larger, until the outer joints become entirely poriferous, and irregularly reticulated with fine elevated lines forming elongate cells, which are much less distinct, and in fact hardly to be seen in the male.” This tribal description excludes <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ergates faber</named-content> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Fig. 2</xref>) because the head is somewhat large, especially in males; the antennae surpass the elytral apex in males; antennomere III is (at most) as long as IV-V together; the pronotum lacks lateral spines in both sexes, and is<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> not clearly wider in males than in females. <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Callergates gaillardoti</named-content> can be unsatisfactorily included, because the antennae is somewhat longer than two-thirds the length of the body in male, the antennomere III is shorter than IV-VI together in both sexes, and the teeth of the lateral margin are not “small” in the female.</p><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Lacordaire (1869)</xref> did not revalidate <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Trichocnemis</named-content>, although it is clear he did not agree with LeConte’s (1854) synonymy stating: “Le genre Trichocnemis de M. J. L. Le Conte, établi primitivement sur la femelle d’une espèce (3) de Californie, a étè reconnu, plus tard, par se savant entomologiste, comme devant rentrer dans celui-ci. Cette femelle, que j’ai sous les yeux, diffère notablement, sous le rapport du <italic>facies</italic>, de celle de <italic>faber</italic>, et a celui d’une Macrotoma; son prothorax est multiépineux sur les côtés et les épines sont longues et irrégulières. D’après la description qu’en donne M. J. L. Le Comte, le mâle différerait également, d’une manière sensible, de celui de l’espèce européenne.”</p><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">LeConte (1869)</xref> was the first author to attribute subgeneric status to <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Trichocnemis</named-content>, when he listed “<named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ergates (Trichocnemis) spiculatus</named-content> Lec.,” but did not offer an explanation of this new status. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Casey (1890)</xref> maintained <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Trichocnemis</named-content> as a subgenus of <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ergates</named-content> based on the length of the antennae, anterior legs, and denticulation of the sides of the prothorax, stating: “It seems proper therefore that the name <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Trichocnemis</named-content> Lec. should be preserved, if not with full generic value, at least as a subgenus.”</p><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Lameere (1901)</xref> considered <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Trichocnemis</named-content> different from <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ergates</named-content> (“genre très distinct”), and included both in the tribe “Aegosomites” and subtribe “Callipogonines.” <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Lameere (1904)</xref> assigned <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ergates</named-content> to “Callipogonines,” and divided it into three subgenera: <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ergates (Ergates)</named-content>; <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ergates (Trichocnemis)</named-content>; and <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ergates (Callergates)</named-content> Lameere, 1904. <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ergates (Callergates)</named-content> is currently considered a different genus (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Jeniš 2001</xref>, 2008).</p><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Casey (1912)</xref> again considered <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ergates</named-content> and <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Trichocnemis</named-content> as distinct taxa, stating: “This genus is distinct from <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ergates</named-content> and should be restored. The last joint of the maxillary palpi in <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ergates</named-content> is oval and more narrowly truncate at apex, while in <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Trichocnemis</named-content> it is of a wholly different form, being broadly obtriangular, the sides straight and widely flaring from base to the truncate apex. In the former there is a prominent lateral spiniform tooth at basal third of the prothorax, wanting in the latter, and there are numerous other incongruities. The two genera are related tribally but are unquestionably distinct.” While this diagnosis points out many of the differences between the two genera, several other characters previously mentioned (i.e. antennal length and ratios) were omitted. In addition, Casey (op. cit.) did not indicate a tribal assignment for either of these genera. Nevertheless, taken as a whole, the characters enumerated by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Casey (1890</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">1912</xref>) indicate substantial differences between <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ergates</named-content> and <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Trichocnemis</named-content>.</p><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Nishio (1956)</xref> pointed out that “the three species of <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ergates</named-content> strongly differ from each other in their morphology” and followed <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Lameere (1904)</xref> in maintaining each species in a different subgenus. Nishio (op. cit.) also compared the male genitalia of the three species, and stated (translated): “The male genitalia of gaillardoti and spiculatus are similar to each other and probably suggest that they are closely related…”. In addition, Nishio (op. cit.) hypothesized the phylogenetic relationship among the <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>three taxa, stating that <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Callergates gailardoti</named-content> is the most ancestral species of “<named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ergates</named-content>,” <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Trichocnemis spiculatus</named-content> is sister to it, and <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ergates faber</named-content> is the most derived species. Moreover, Nishio (op. cit.) cites <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Plavilstshikov (1936)</xref> as stating that “spiculatus” differs from the remaining species (<named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ergates faber</named-content> and <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Callergates gaillardoti</named-content>) and should be classified in a different genus.</p><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Linsley (1962)</xref> synonymyzed <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Trichocnemis</named-content> under <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ergates</named-content>, and assigned it to the tribe <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ergatini</named-content>, stating: “I agree with LeConte and Horn that the characters do not warrant the generic recognition of <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Trichocnemis</named-content> and that the phylogenetic unity of the group is better indicated by including all four species in <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ergates</named-content>”. In placing <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ergates</named-content> in the tribe <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ergatini</named-content>, Linsley (op. cit.) apparently ignored the name “Callipogonitae” used by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Thomson (1861)</xref>, and gave “Ergatites,” used by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Fairmaire (1864)</xref>, priority over the names that appear in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Lameere (1904</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">1912</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">1919)</xref>: “Callipogonines”; <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Callipogonini</named-content>. There seems little doubt that Linsley was aware of the name “Callipogonides” in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Lacordaire (1869)</xref>, and probably incorrectly attributed this taxon to him. This would explain why Lisnley (op.cit.) did not use Thomson’s name for <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ergates</named-content> and <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Callipogon</named-content> in the same tribe: “This tribe is represented in America by two genera, <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Callipogon</named-content> and <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ergates</named-content>”. Therefore, to Linsley, <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Callipogonini</named-content> was equal to <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ergatini</named-content>, and not a different group as considered formerly and by some contemporary authors.</p><p>In his work on the <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Cerambycidae</named-content> of France, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Villiers (1978)</xref> considered the three subgenera erected by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Lameere (1904)</xref> as distinct genera, stating: “<named-content content-type="taxon-name">Trichocnemis</named-content> J. LeConte et <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Callergates</named-content> Lameere no sont pas des sous-genres d’<named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ergates</named-content>, mais des genres bien individualisés”. Villiers (op. cit.), used the tribal name <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ergatini</named-content>, although in a different sense from that employed by Linsley (op. cit.); to him, <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Callipogonini</named-content> sensu Lameere included more than one tribe, while Linsley (op. cit.) used <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ergatini</named-content> only as a name with priority over <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Callipogonini</named-content>.</p><p>The revalidation of <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Trichocnemis</named-content> by Villiers (op.cit.) as a separate genus remained unnoticed by many contemporary authors possibly because it was published as a part of a regional faunal account. Nevertheless, subsequent checklists of Western Hemisphere <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Cerambycidae</named-content> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Chemsak and Linsley 1982</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Monné and Giesbert 1994</xref>) unintentionally maintained the synonymy of <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Trichocnemis</named-content> with <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ergates</named-content>.</p><p>Although the tribal classification of <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ergates</named-content> and <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Callipogon</named-content> Audinet-Serville, 1832, is beyond the scope of this paper, it is interesting to note <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Švácha (1987)</xref>: “I would like to point out that it is undoubtedly incorrect to classify the genera <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ergates</named-content> and <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Callipogon</named-content> in the same tribe, whatever its name may be.” Unfortunately, Švácha did not enumerate the characters he used to base his opinion. Today, researchers of the Neotropical and Nearctic cerambycid fauna use <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Callipogonini</named-content> sensu <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Lameere (1904)</xref>, while those that work with the fauna of Palearctic, Ethiopian, Oriental, and Australian zoogeographic provinces (with some exceptions), do not agree and use more than one tribe to allocate the genera included by Lameere in <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Callipogonini</named-content>.</p><p>A partial bibliography of <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Trichocnemis</named-content> is listed below, including many citations of the generic name <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ergates</named-content> which actually refer to <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Trichocnemis</named-content> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Monné 2006</xref>).<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment></p><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Trichocnemis</named-content></named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">LeConte, 1851</named-content></p><list list-type="simple" list-content="nomenclature-citation-list"><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Trichocnemis</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">LeConte 1851: 110</xref> (type species: <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Trichocnemis spiculatus</named-content> LeConte, 1851, original designation); <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Melsheimer 1853: 100</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">White 1853: 35</xref> (syn. under <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Macrotoma</named-content>); <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">LeConte 1854: 218</xref> (synonymy under <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ergates</named-content>); <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Thomson 1861: 315</xref> (involuntary revalidation); <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">1864: 298</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Lacordaire 1869: 95</xref> (involuntary synonymy); <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">LeConte and Horn 1883: 271</xref> (synonymy); <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Casey 1912</xref> (revalidation; new status); <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Linsley 1962: 24</xref> (synonymy); <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Villiers 1978: 55</xref> (revalidation); <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Monné 1995: 15</xref> (cat.; involuntary synonymy).</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ergates</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> (<named-content content-type="taxon-name">Trichocnemis</named-content>) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">LeConte 1869: 371</xref> (reval.; new status); <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Casey 1890: 490</xref> (revalidation); 1891: 20; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Lameere 1904: 46</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">1913: 46</xref> (cat.; reversion of status); <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Lameere 1919: 81</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Blackwelder 1946: 553</xref> (cat.); <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Nishio 1956: 68</xref>.</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ergates</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Horn 1891: 41</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Leng 1884: 8</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Arnett 1962 855; 874</xref>:; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Chemsak 1996: 84</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Monné 2006: 37</xref> (cat.; part); <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Monné and Hovore 2006: 10</xref> (cat.; part).</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Macrotoma</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">White 1853: 35</xref> (part).</named-content></p></list-item></list><sec sec-type="treatment-Redescription"><title>Redescription.</title><p> Body large, elongate, integument light brown to dark-brown; in general, elytra lighter than the head and the pronotum. Male (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Figs 1,3, 5</xref>–<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">7</xref>). Head proportionally small; coronal suture clearly surpasses the posterior edge of the eyes; dorsal surface coarsely punctate; pilosity short and scattered. Area behind the eyes confluent punctate; pilosity short and clearly more abundant than in dorsal surface of the head. Antennal tubercles moderately prominent; apex rounded. Eyes small, not as long as scape in lateral view, and lower lobe narrower than scape at its widest point; dorsal interocular space equal or just narrower than twice the width of one upper eye lobe. Hypostomal area depressed to slightly depressed, rugose-punctate. Mandibles shorter than half of the length of the head, strongly curved inwards at almost straight angle; outer surface slightly tumid at basal one-third; inner margin not tumid and not strongly separated by the punctate area. Antennae short, just attaining the apical one-third of the elytra. Scape attaining to just surpassing the posterior edge of the eye lobe. Antennomere III moderately thick, with prominent denticles on ventral and lateral surface; longer than IV-V together. Genal apex spiniform. Maxillary palps short; palpomere II longer than the others; apex of the IV securiform or barely wider than base. Prothorax strongly tumid, entirely micropunctate. Pronotum with two large, deep and subtriangular antero-medial depressions; three punctiform, small, shallow to moderate, lateral antero-medial depressions, arranged diagonally; five punctiform, small, shallow to moderate depressions, at basal area; lateral margins with spines clearly present, longer at anterior and posterior angles; lateral angles rounded; pilosity very short, very scattered (disc almost glabrous), longer and more dense laterally or close to the posterior and anterior angles. Prosternum with short and very scattered pilosity. Prosternal process wide; apex rounded; lateral margins and apical one-third with long dense pilosity. Meso-, metasternum, and metepisternum densely pilose. Elytra rugose-punctate, circum-scutellar area mostly punctate; each elytron with at least two clear carinae; sutural apex with short spine or inermis. Coxae abundantly pilose. Femora with short <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>pilosity, becoming more dense ventrally, mainly at meso- and metafemora; profemora slightly rugose. Protibiae moderately short and thick. Protarsomere I short and wide. Urosternites pilose, mainly laterally. Parameres (lateral lobes) of the tegmen elongated, clearly narrowed, thickened, and carinate at apical half (subcylindrical).</p><fig id="F2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figures 7–12.</label><caption><p><bold>7</bold> <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Macrotoma californica</named-content>, syntype 2 <bold>8</bold> <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Macrotoma spiculigera</named-content>, holotype female <bold>9</bold> <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ergates faber</named-content>, male <bold>10</bold> idem, female <bold>11</bold> <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Callergates gaillardoti</named-content>, male <bold>12</bold> idem, female.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-061-033-g002"></graphic></fig><p>Female (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Figs 2, 4</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">8</xref>). Differing from male in the following manner: antennae reaching or just surpassing middle of the elytra; scape shorter, just attaining the posterior edge of the eyes; antennomere III thinner, lacking denticles; curvature inwards at apex of the mandible at an obtuse angle; prothorax much less tumid; pronotum rugoso-punctate, strongly convex; with callosities in place of the depressions of the antero-medial and basal areas found in males, and without depressions at lateral of the<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> antero-medial areas; lateral margins with larger and more spines (usually, the spines are bifid or trifid at apex); lateral angles clearly acute; posterior angles rounded; proepisterna coarse punctate; proepimera nearly flat; profemora laterally flattened.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Diagnosis"><title>Diagnosis.</title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Trichocnemis</named-content> differs from <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ergates</named-content> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Figs 9, 10</xref>) in the following manner: head proportionally small (0.6 times greatest width of pronotum in males); mandibles not strongly tumid at basal one-third of the outer surface; inner margin of the mandible not tumid and weakly separated by a punctate furrow; antennae of males do not reach the elytral apex; scape of the males reaches or surpasses the posterior edge of the eyes; antennomere III in males clearly thicker, with denticles, longer than IV and V together; antennomere III in females longer than IV and V together, attaining or almost attaining the base of the prothorax; pronotum distinctly tumid, mainly laterally, with deep and well marked depressions at disc; proepisternum, proepimerum, and prosternum (mainly close to the head) strongly tumid; lateral margins of the pronotum with at least some spines in both sexes; anterior angles of pronotum spinose in both sexes; lateral angle of the pronotum of the males not marked; profemora of males slightly rugose; elytra rugoso-punctate, with clear carinae; protibiae of males moderately short and thick; protarsomere I short and wide in both sexes; parameres of the tegmen elongated, clearly narrowed, thickened, and carinate at apical half.</p><p>In <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ergates</named-content>, the head is proportionally large (0.6 times greatest width of pronotum in males); mandibles strongly tumid at basal one-third of the outer surface, mainly in males; inner margin of the mandible tumid and strongly separated by a punctate furrow; antennae of males attain or surpass the elytral apex; scape of males not attaining posterior edge of eyes; antennomere III of the males clearly thinner, without denticles, and as long as IV-V together; antennomere III of the females does not attain the base of the prothorax, as long as IV-V together; pronotum not tumid, with callosities in place of the punctate depressions found in <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Trichocnemis</named-content>; proepisternum and proepimerum not tumid; prosternum not tumid near head; lateral margins of the pronotum crenulated in both sexes; anterior angles of the pronotum wide and rounded in both sexes; lateral angle of the pronotum with prominent spines in both sexes (lateral angles acute in males); profemora of males strongly rugose; elytra coarse and densely punctate, with feeble carinae; protibiae of the males long and narrow; protarsomere I long and narrow in both sexes; parameres of the tegmen short, not narrowed after middle, somewhat concave, thickened only at outer lateral and apical one-third.</p><p><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Trichocnemis</named-content> differs from <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Callergates</named-content> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Figs 11, 12</xref>) as follows: eyes not large; prothorax with distinct lateral declivities; genitalia of male shorter, with apex of the parameres of the tegmen thickened at apical half, and the median lobe enlarged at base and distinctly convergent to the apex. In <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Callergates</named-content> the eyes are large, the prothorax lacks lateral declivities, the genitalia of the male is longer, with the apex of the parameres of the tegmen not thickened at apical half, and the median lobe is distinct narrower at base and slightly convergent to the apex. Additionally, the protibia in males are similar to <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ergates</named-content>.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Key to the genera and species of Callergates, Ergates, and Trichocnemis"><title>Key to the genera and species of <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Callergates</named-content>, <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ergates</named-content>, and <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Trichocnemis</named-content></title><p>.</p><table-wrap content-type="key" orientation="portrait" id="d33e1048" position="anchor"><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antennae surpassing middle of elytra; pronotum with distinct small, shining, impunctate areas contrasting with the remainder of the surface. Males</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antennae reaching, at most, middle of elytra; pronotum without distinct small shining, impunctate areas contrasting with the remainder of the surface. Females</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2(1)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Apex of antennal scape not surpassing posterior margin of lower eye lobe; antennomere III slender, lacking denticles; prolegs longer than meso- and metalegs. Europe, NW Africa</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ergates faber</named-content> (Linnaeus, 1761) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Fig. 9</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Apex of antennal scape surpassing posterior margin of lower eye lobe; antennomere III distinctly thickened, with numerous denticles; prolegs not longer than meso- and metalegs</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3(2)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Scape distinctly surpassing the anterior margin of pronotum; antennomere III not distinctly longer than IV and V together; metasternum with a deep, somewhat small depression close to the mesocoxae. Europe, Asia Minor</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Callergates gaillardoti</named-content> (Chevrolat, 1854) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Fig. 11</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Scape reaching, at most, the anterior margin of pronotum; antennomere III distinctly longer than IV-V together; metasternum without deep depression close to the mesocoxae</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4(3)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inner apical angles of elytra spined, elytra either uniformly dark brown (California) or with light brown maculae (western USA); lateral spines of pronotum of differing lengths. United States and Mexico (Baja California)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Trichocnemis spiculatus</named-content> LeConte, 1851 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Figs 3, 5</xref>–<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">7</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inner apical angles of elytra rounded, elytra uniformly light brown, contrasting with pronotum; lateral spines of pronotum generally of equal length. United States (Sierra Nevada and Coast Range mountains of California)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Trichocnemis pauper</named-content> Linsley, 1957 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Fig. 1</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5(1)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Distance between upper ocular lobes larger than twice the width of a single lobe; pronotum not spined laterally</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ergates faber</named-content> (Linnaeus, 1767) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Fig. 10</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Distance between upper ocular lobes smaller than twice the width of a lobe; pronotum spined laterally</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">6(5)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Apex of antennal scape distinctly surpassing posterior margin of lower eye lobe; antennomere III as long as IV-V together or barely longer</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Callergates gaillardoti</named-content> (Chevrolat, 1854) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Fig. 12</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Apex of antennal scape not or just surpassing posterior margin of lower eye lobe; antennomere III distinctly longer than IV-V together</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">7(6)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spines of lateral margins of pronotum as long as those at anterior and lateral angles; sutural angle of elytra unarmed</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Trichocnemis pauper</named-content> Linsley, 1957 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Fig. 2</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spines of lateral margins of pronotum shorter than those at anterior and lateral angles; sutural angle of elytra with short spine</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Trichocnemis spiculatus</named-content> LeConte, 1851 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Figs 4</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">8</xref>)</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></sec></sec></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Our analysis of these taxa, which corroborates that of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Villiers (1978)</xref> and in part, those of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Lameere (1904)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Nishio (1956)</xref>, supports recognizing <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Trichocnemis</named-content> and <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ergates</named-content> as distinct genera. Additionally, the fact that both species of North American <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Trichocnemis</named-content> share several distinct characters not present in <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ergates</named-content> or <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Callergates</named-content> further supports this hypothesis.</p></sec><sec><title>Summary of taxonomic changes</title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Trichocnemis spiculatus spiculatus</named-content> LeConte, 1851 (originally described as <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Trichocnemis spiculatus</named-content> LeConte, 1851); <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Trichocnemis spiculatus neomexicanus</named-content> (Casey, 1890) (originally described as <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ergates (Trichocnemis) neomexicanus</named-content> Casey, 1890), comb. n.; <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Trichocnemis pauper</named-content> (Linsley, 1957) (originally described as <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ergates pauper</named-content> Linsley, 1957), comb. n.</p></sec><sec><title>Synonyms of <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Trichocnemis spiculatus</named-content> LeConte, 1851</title><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">White (1853)</xref> described two species from North America (California) that were later synonymyzed with <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Trichocnemis spiculatus</named-content> by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Lameere (1904)</xref>: <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Macrotoma californica</named-content> and <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Macrotoma spiculigera</named-content>. White’s original description leaves some doubt as to the identity of the species involved. For example, in the description of <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Macrotoma spiculigera</named-content>, he stated: “Elytra coriaceous, vermiculated, with three indistinct costae”. Similarly, some details of the description of <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Macrotoma californica</named-content> might encompass that of <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Trichocnemis pauper</named-content>. Since White probably did not examine the types of these species (frequently he indicated when he did), and his original descriptions do not provide enough detail to diagnose them among other <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Trichocnemis</named-content>, primarily <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Trichocnemis pauper</named-content>, we examined photos of the types, provided by S. Shute (BMNH).</p><p>The syntype male of <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Macrotoma californica</named-content> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Figs 6</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">8</xref>) and the holotype female of <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Macrotoma spiculigera</named-content> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Fig. 8</xref>), are in fact <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Macrotoma spiculatus</named-content>, as suspected by even White (op.cit.) himself: “Trichocnemis spiculatus, <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Leconte</named-content>, <italic>Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phil.</italic> n. s. ii 110?”, and “It is possible that this may be the female of the Macrotoma Californica”. Photos of the holotype (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Fig. 8</xref>) also clearly show three distinct carinae on each elytron, rather than three on the elytra. According to S. Shute (personal communication) the types have the following labels:</p><p><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Macrotoma californica</named-content>: Syntype 1 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Fig. 6</xref>): White H/W determination label (specimen also bears small circular white H/W BM(HN) registration label upper surface reads California, reverse [18] 48 . 135 (the register states that this specimen was purchased from Hartweg);</p><p>Syntype 2 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Fig. 7</xref>): no labels other than blue BM(NH) syntype label;</p><p><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Macrotoma spiculigera</named-content> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Fig. 8</xref>): White H/W label. The reverse of this label has Hermerius struck out in black ink and California written below. The generic name is in the large script of White and must have been the original label. This specimen also has a small white circular registration as for <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Macrotoma calfornica</named-content> [18]48 . 135 plus BM(NH) red type label.</p></sec><sec sec-type="supplementary-material"><title>Supplementary Material</title><supplementary-material id="zookeys.61.299-treatment1" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Trichocnemis</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.61.299-treatment1.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material></sec></body><back><ack><title>Acknowledgements</title><p>We wish to thank Norm Penny (CASC), Chuck Bellamy (CSCA), Cheryl Barr (EMEC), Steve Lingafelter (USNM), and Alain Drumont (IRSN) for the loan of specimens. To José Rafael Esteban Durán (INIA), for the photos of <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ergates faber</named-content>, and to Sharon Shute (BMNH), for the photos of White’s types. Nobuo Ohbayashi (Ehime University Tarumi, Japan) assisted in locating Japanese literature and Kenji Nishida (Universidad de Costa Rica) generously provided translation of Japanese text. 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