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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">An overview of the taxonomy, phylogeny, and typification of nectriaceous
fungi in <italic>Cosmospora</italic>, <italic>Acremonium</italic>, <italic>Fusarium</italic>,
<italic>Stilbella</italic>, and <italic>Volutella</italic></title><author><name sortKey="Gr Fenhan, T" sort="Gr Fenhan, T" uniqKey="Gr Fenhan T" first="T." last="Gr Fenhan">T. Gr Fenhan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><italic>Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Biodiversity (Mycology and Botany), 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><italic>Current address</italic>:<italic>Grain Research Laboratory, Canadian Grain Commission, 1404-303 Main Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3C 3G8, Canada</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schroers, H J" sort="Schroers, H J" uniqKey="Schroers H" first="H.-J." last="Schroers">H.-J. Schroers</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><italic>Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nirenberg, H I" sort="Nirenberg, H I" uniqKey="Nirenberg H" first="H. I." last="Nirenberg">H. I. Nirenberg</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3"><italic>Julius-Kühn-Institute, Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Königin-Luise-Str. 19, D-14195 Berlin, Germany</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Seifert, K A" sort="Seifert, K A" uniqKey="Seifert K" first="K. A." last="Seifert">K. A. Seifert</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><italic>Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Biodiversity (Mycology and Botany), 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">21523190</idno><idno type="pmc">3065986</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3065986</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3065986</idno><idno type="doi">10.3114/sim.2011.68.04</idno><date when="2011">2011</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000264</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000264</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">An overview of the taxonomy, phylogeny, and typification of nectriaceous
fungi in <italic>Cosmospora</italic>, <italic>Acremonium</italic>, <italic>Fusarium</italic>,
<italic>Stilbella</italic>, and <italic>Volutella</italic></title><author><name sortKey="Gr Fenhan, T" sort="Gr Fenhan, T" uniqKey="Gr Fenhan T" first="T." last="Gr Fenhan">T. Gr Fenhan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><italic>Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Biodiversity (Mycology and Botany), 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><italic>Current address</italic>:<italic>Grain Research Laboratory, Canadian Grain Commission, 1404-303 Main Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3C 3G8, Canada</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schroers, H J" sort="Schroers, H J" uniqKey="Schroers H" first="H.-J." last="Schroers">H.-J. Schroers</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><italic>Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nirenberg, H I" sort="Nirenberg, H I" uniqKey="Nirenberg H" first="H. I." last="Nirenberg">H. I. Nirenberg</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3"><italic>Julius-Kühn-Institute, Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Königin-Luise-Str. 19, D-14195 Berlin, Germany</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Seifert, K A" sort="Seifert, K A" uniqKey="Seifert K" first="K. A." last="Seifert">K. A. Seifert</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><italic>Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Biodiversity (Mycology and Botany), 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Studies in Mycology</title><idno type="ISSN">0166-0616</idno><idno type="eISSN">1872-9797</idno><imprint><date when="2011">2011</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>A comprehensive phylogenetic reassessment of the ascomycete genus
<italic>Cosmospora</italic> (<italic>Hypocreales, Nectriaceae</italic>) is undertaken using
fresh isolates and historical strains, sequences of two protein encoding
genes, the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (<italic>rpb2</italic>), and a
new phylogenetic marker, the larger subunit of ATP citrate lyase
(<italic>acl1</italic>). The result is an extensive revision of taxonomic concepts,
typification, and nomenclatural details of many anamorph- and
teleomorph-typified genera of the <italic>Nectriaceae,</italic> most notably
<italic>Cosmospora</italic> and <italic>Fusarium.</italic> The combined phylogenetic analysis
shows that the present concept of <italic>Fusarium</italic> is not monophyletic and
that the genus divides into two large groups, one basal in the family, the
other terminal, separated by a large group of species classified in genera
such as <italic>Calonectria, Neonectria,</italic> and <italic>Volutella</italic>. All accepted
genera received high statistical support in the phylogenetic analyses.
Preliminary polythetic morphological descriptions are presented for each
genus, providing details of perithecia, micro- and/or macro-conidial
synanamorphs, cultural characters, and ecological traits. Eight species are
included in our restricted concept of <italic>Cosmospora</italic>, two of which have
previously documented teleomorphs and all of which have
<italic>Acremonium</italic>-like microconidial anamorphs. A key is provided to the
three anamorphic species recognised in <italic>Atractium</italic>, which is removed
from synonymy with <italic>Fusarium</italic> and epitypified for two macroconidial
synnematous species and one sporodochial species associated with waterlogged
wood. <italic>Dialonectria</italic> is recognised as distinct from <italic>Cosmospora</italic>and two species with teleomorph, macroconidia and microconidia are accepted,
including the new species <italic>D. ullevolea.</italic> Seven species, one with a
known teleomorph, are classified in <italic>Fusicolla</italic>, formerly considered a
synonym of <italic>Fusarium</italic> including members of the <italic>F. aquaeductuum</italic>and <italic>F. merismoides</italic> species complex, with several former varieties
raised to species rank. Originally a section of <italic>Nectria</italic>,
<italic>Macroconia</italic> is raised to generic rank for five species, all producing
a teleomorph and macroconidial anamorph. A new species of the
<italic>Verticillium</italic>-like anamorphic genus <italic>Mariannaea</italic> is described
as <italic>M. samuelsii</italic>. <italic>Microcera</italic> is recognised as distinct from
<italic>Fusarium</italic> and a key is included for four macroconidial species, that
are usually parasites of scale insects, two of them with teleomorphs. The four
accepted species of <italic>Stylonectria</italic> each produce a teleomorph and micro-
and macroconidial synanamorphs. The <italic>Volutella</italic> species sampled fall
into three clades. <italic>Pseudonectria</italic> is accepted for a perithecial and
sporodochial species that occurs on <italic>Buxus</italic>. <italic>Volutella s. str.</italic>also includes perithecial and/or sporodochial species and is revised to
include a synnematous species formerly included in <italic>Stilbella</italic>. The
third <italic>Volutella</italic>-like clade remains unnamed. All fungi in this paper
are named using a single name system that gives priority to the oldest generic
names and species epithets, irrespective of whether they are originally based
on anamorph or teleomorph structures. The rationale behind this is
discussed.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Stud Mycol</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">simycol</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Studies in Mycology</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0166-0616</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1872-9797</issn><publisher><publisher-name>CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">21523190</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3065986</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">0079</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3114/sim.2011.68.04</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>An overview of the taxonomy, phylogeny, and typification of nectriaceous
fungi in <italic>Cosmospora</italic>, <italic>Acremonium</italic>, <italic>Fusarium</italic>,
<italic>Stilbella</italic>, and <italic>Volutella</italic></article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gräfenhan</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Schroers</surname><given-names>H.-J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nirenberg</surname><given-names>H.I.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Seifert</surname><given-names>K.A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label><italic>Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Biodiversity (Mycology and Botany), 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada</italic></aff><aff id="aff2"><label>2</label><italic>Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia</italic></aff><aff id="aff3"><label>3</label><italic>Julius-Kühn-Institute, Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Königin-Luise-Str. 19, D-14195 Berlin, Germany</italic></aff><aff id="aff4"><label>4</label><italic>Current address</italic>:<italic>Grain Research Laboratory, Canadian Grain Commission, 1404-303 Main Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3C 3G8, Canada</italic></aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><label>*</label><italic>Correspondence</italic>:
<email>tom.graefenhan@grainscanada.gc.ca</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2011</year></pub-date><volume>68</volume><issue-title>Phylogenetic revision of taxonomic concepts in the
<italic>Hypocreales</italic> and other <italic>Ascomycota</italic> - A tribute to Gary J.
Samuels -</issue-title><fpage>79</fpage><lpage>113</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © Copyright 2011 CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity
Centre</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2011</copyright-year><license><license-p>You are free to share - to copy, distribute and transmit the work, under
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which can be found at
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/legalcode">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/legalcode.</ext-link> Any of the above
conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder.
Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the author's moral rights.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:title="pdf" xlink:href="79.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><p>A comprehensive phylogenetic reassessment of the ascomycete genus
<italic>Cosmospora</italic> (<italic>Hypocreales, Nectriaceae</italic>) is undertaken using
fresh isolates and historical strains, sequences of two protein encoding
genes, the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (<italic>rpb2</italic>), and a
new phylogenetic marker, the larger subunit of ATP citrate lyase
(<italic>acl1</italic>). The result is an extensive revision of taxonomic concepts,
typification, and nomenclatural details of many anamorph- and
teleomorph-typified genera of the <italic>Nectriaceae,</italic> most notably
<italic>Cosmospora</italic> and <italic>Fusarium.</italic> The combined phylogenetic analysis
shows that the present concept of <italic>Fusarium</italic> is not monophyletic and
that the genus divides into two large groups, one basal in the family, the
other terminal, separated by a large group of species classified in genera
such as <italic>Calonectria, Neonectria,</italic> and <italic>Volutella</italic>. All accepted
genera received high statistical support in the phylogenetic analyses.
Preliminary polythetic morphological descriptions are presented for each
genus, providing details of perithecia, micro- and/or macro-conidial
synanamorphs, cultural characters, and ecological traits. Eight species are
included in our restricted concept of <italic>Cosmospora</italic>, two of which have
previously documented teleomorphs and all of which have
<italic>Acremonium</italic>-like microconidial anamorphs. A key is provided to the
three anamorphic species recognised in <italic>Atractium</italic>, which is removed
from synonymy with <italic>Fusarium</italic> and epitypified for two macroconidial
synnematous species and one sporodochial species associated with waterlogged
wood. <italic>Dialonectria</italic> is recognised as distinct from <italic>Cosmospora</italic>and two species with teleomorph, macroconidia and microconidia are accepted,
including the new species <italic>D. ullevolea.</italic> Seven species, one with a
known teleomorph, are classified in <italic>Fusicolla</italic>, formerly considered a
synonym of <italic>Fusarium</italic> including members of the <italic>F. aquaeductuum</italic>and <italic>F. merismoides</italic> species complex, with several former varieties
raised to species rank. Originally a section of <italic>Nectria</italic>,
<italic>Macroconia</italic> is raised to generic rank for five species, all producing
a teleomorph and macroconidial anamorph. A new species of the
<italic>Verticillium</italic>-like anamorphic genus <italic>Mariannaea</italic> is described
as <italic>M. samuelsii</italic>. <italic>Microcera</italic> is recognised as distinct from
<italic>Fusarium</italic> and a key is included for four macroconidial species, that
are usually parasites of scale insects, two of them with teleomorphs. The four
accepted species of <italic>Stylonectria</italic> each produce a teleomorph and micro-
and macroconidial synanamorphs. The <italic>Volutella</italic> species sampled fall
into three clades. <italic>Pseudonectria</italic> is accepted for a perithecial and
sporodochial species that occurs on <italic>Buxus</italic>. <italic>Volutella s. str.</italic>also includes perithecial and/or sporodochial species and is revised to
include a synnematous species formerly included in <italic>Stilbella</italic>. The
third <italic>Volutella</italic>-like clade remains unnamed. All fungi in this paper
are named using a single name system that gives priority to the oldest generic
names and species epithets, irrespective of whether they are originally based
on anamorph or teleomorph structures. The rationale behind this is
discussed.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Article 59</kwd><kwd><italic>Buxus</italic></kwd><kwd>codon model</kwd><kwd>holomorph concept</kwd><kwd>unitary nomenclature</kwd><kwd>synnematous hyphomycetes</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta><notes><fn-group><fn><p><bold>Taxonomic novelties:</bold> <bold>New genus:</bold> <italic>Macroconia</italic>(Wollenw.) Gräfenhan, Seifert & Schroers. <bold>New species:</bold><italic>Dialonectria ullevolea</italic> Seifert & Gräfenhan, <italic>Fusicolla
violacea</italic> Gräfenhan & Seifert, <italic>Mariannaea
samuelsii</italic>Seifert & Bissett, <italic>Microcera rubra</italic> Gräfenhan
& Seifert. <bold>New combinations:</bold> <italic>Atractium holubovae</italic> (Seifert,
S.J. Stanley & K.D. Hyde) Seifert, <italic>Atractium crassum</italic> (Wollenw.)
Seifert & Gräfenhan, <italic>Cosmospora arxii</italic> (W. Gams)
Gräfenhan & Schroers, <italic>Cosmospora berkeleyana</italic> (P. Karst.)
Gräfenhan, Seifert & Schroers, <italic>Cosmospora butyri</italic> (J.F.H,
Beyma) Gräfenhan, Seifert & Schroers, <italic>Cosmospora cymosa</italic> (W.
Gams) Gräfenhan & Seifert, <italic>Cosmospora khandalensis</italic> (Thirum.
& Sukapure) Gräfenhan & Seifert, <italic>Cosmospora lavitskiae</italic>(Zhdanova) Gräfenhan & Seifert, <italic>Cosmospora viridescens</italic> (C.
Booth) Gräfenhan & Seifert, <italic>Fusicolla acetilerea</italic>(Tubaki, C.
Booth & T. Harada) Gräfenhan & Seifert, <italic>Fusicolla
aquaeductuum</italic> (Radlk. & Rabenh.) Gräfenhan, Seifert &
Schroers, <italic>Fusicolla epistroma</italic> (Höhn.) Gräfenhan &
Seifert, <italic>Fusicolla matuoi</italic> (Hosoya & Tubaki) Gräfenhan &
Seifert, <italic>Fusicolla merismoides</italic> (Corda) Gräfenhan, Seifert &
Schroers, <italic>Macroconia cupularis</italic> (J. Luo & W.Y. Zhuang)
Gräfenhan & Seifert, <italic>Macroconia gigas</italic> (J. Luo & W.Y.
Zhuang) Gräfenhan & Seifert, <italic>Macroconia leptosphaeriae</italic>(Niessl) Gräfenhan & Schroers, <italic>Macroconia papilionacearum</italic>(Seaver) Gräfenhan & Seifert, <italic>Macroconia sphaeriae</italic> (Fuckel)
Gräfenhan & Schroers, <italic>Microcera diploa</italic> (Berk. & M.A.
Curtis) Gräfenhan & Seifert, <italic>Microcera larvarum</italic> (Fuckel)
Gräfenhan, Seifert & Schroers, <italic>Pseudonectria buxi</italic> (DC.)
Seifert, Gräfenhan & Schroers, <italic>Stylonectria purtonii</italic> (Grev.)
Gräfenhan, <italic>Stylonectria wegeliniana</italic> (Rehm) Gräfenhan,
Voglmayr & Jaklitsch, <italic>Volutella citrinella</italic> (Ellis & Everh.)
Seifert, <italic>Volutella consors</italic> (Ellis & Everh.) Seifert,
Gräfenhan & Schroers. <bold>New name:</bold> <italic>Stylonectria carpini</italic>Gräfenhan.</p></fn></fn-group></notes></front><body><sec><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>This paper focuses on phylogenetic and taxonomic reassessment of the
prevailing concept of the ascomycete genus <italic>Cosmospora</italic>(<italic>Nectriaceae, Hypocreales</italic>)
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref90">Samuels <italic>et al</italic>. 1991</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref82">Rossman <italic>et al</italic>. 1999</xref>).
This genus has been assumed to be polyphyletic because of its anamorphic and
biological diversity, a fact recently reinforced by phylogenetic studies on a
limited sampling of species (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref122">Zhang &
Zhuang 2006</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref52">Luo & Zhuang
2008</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref89">Samuels <italic>et al.</italic>2009</xref>). The majority of described <italic>Cosmospora</italic> species have
<italic>Acremonium</italic>-like or <italic>Fusarium</italic>-like anamorphs, but
hyphomycetous anamorphs classified in <italic>Chaetopsina, Cylindrocladiella,
Gliocladiopsis, Mariannaea, Penicillifer, Stilbella, Verticillium,</italic> and
<italic>Volutella</italic> have also been associated with the genus
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref90">Samuels <italic>et al.</italic> 1991</xref>as <italic>Nectria</italic> subgenus <italic>Dialonectria,</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref82">Rossman <italic>et al.</italic> 1999</xref>).
The prevailing concept of <italic>Cosmospora</italic> is unified by the teleomorph,
which tends to be relatively nondescript, with usually solitary, astromatic,
smooth, thin-walled perithecia, often orange or reddish, and changing to dark
red in KOH, and 1-septate ascospores in a cylindrical ascus with a simple apex
of refractive apical ring; for convenience we will refer to this concept as
<italic>Cosmospora sensu</italic> Rossman.</p><p>Before DNA-based phylogenetic studies significantly influenced fungal
taxonomy, anamorph taxonomy in the <italic>Hypocreales</italic> had shifted away from
classical form-taxa towards a practice that correlated teleomorphic and
anamorphic generic concepts (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref91">Samuels &
Seifert 1987</xref>). Preceding the segregation of <italic>Nectria sensu</italic>Booth into many teleomorph genera in three families, Rossman
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref79">1993</xref>) suggested the
delimitation of each teleomorph genus with one anamorph genus, the so-called
1:1 genus concept. Taxonomic equivalency between linked teleomorph and
anamorph genera was proposed for several groups of the <italic>Bionectriaceae,
Nectriaceae,</italic> and <italic>Hypocreaceae</italic>. Within the <italic>Cosmospora</italic>complex, for example, this rationale was used in the corresponding generic
concepts for <italic>Nectricladiella</italic> (teleomorph), with
<italic>Cylindrocladiella</italic> (anamorph)
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref93">Schoch <italic>et al.</italic> 2000</xref>),
and <italic>Chaetopsinectria</italic> (teleomorph) with <italic>Chaetopsina</italic>(anamorph) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref53">Luo & Zhuang
2010</xref>).</p><p>Booth's broad concept of <italic>Nectria</italic> dominated for 30 years; he
recognised “groups” of species including the Episphaeria group
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref5">Booth 1959</xref>). This group, with
additional species, was revised first as <italic>Nectria</italic> subgenus
<italic>Dialonectria</italic> by Samuels <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref90">1991</xref>), and then elevated to
generic rank as <italic>Cosmospora</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref82">Rossman <italic>et al.</italic>1999</xref>). The latter is typified by <italic>C. coccinea</italic> (=
<italic>Nectria cosmariospora,</italic> not <italic>Nectria coccinea,</italic> which is a
different fungus), which Saccardo
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref83">1883</xref>) listed as the only
member of <italic>Nectria</italic> subgenus <italic>Cosmospora. Cosmospora coccinea</italic>produces orange, solitary, superficial perithecia and verrucose, brownish
ascospores; its anamorph is <italic>Verticillium olivaceum</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref24">Gams 1971</xref>).</p><p>The relationship of the prevailing concept of <italic>Cosmospora</italic> with the
generic concept of the economically important anamorph genus <italic>Fusarium</italic>is significant. In the present taxonomic system, about 20 <italic>Fusarium</italic>species or varieties are linked to <italic>Cosmospora sensu</italic> Rossman
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref31">Gräfenhan <italic>et al.</italic>2008</xref>). There has been a reluctance to apply the 1:1 genus concept
or strict monophyly to the present generic concept of <italic>Fusarium,</italic> which
exhibits a striking lack of correlation with teleomorph/holomorph generic
concepts in the <italic>Nectriaceae.</italic> Species with teleomorphs classified in
other orders of ascomycetes were excluded from <italic>Fusarium</italic> some time
ago, namely <italic>Microdochium nivale</italic> (<italic>Xylariales,</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref88">Samuels & Hallett 1983</xref>)
and <italic>Plectosporium tabacinum</italic> (<italic>Glomerellales,</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref71">Palm <italic>et al.</italic> 1995</xref>). As
now delimited, <italic>Fusarium</italic> is still linked to six teleomorph genera in
the <italic>Nectriaceae, i.e. Albonectria, Cosmospora, Cyanonectria,
Gibberella</italic> (the teleomorph genus associated with the type species of
<italic>Fusarium</italic>), and <italic>Haematonectria,</italic> with some species remaining
in <italic>Nectria sensu</italic> Booth. Members of a seventh genus,
<italic>Neocosmospora</italic>, fall into the <italic>Fusarium
solani</italic>/<italic>Haematonectria</italic> clade
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref69">O'Donnell <italic>et al.</italic>2008</xref>), but no <italic>Fusarium</italic>-like macroconidia are produced by
these species.</p><p>Throughout the modern history of <italic>Fusarium,</italic> taxonomists have
consistently recognised the distinctiveness of several groups of species first
considered as discrete taxonomic sections by Wollenweber
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref119">1931</xref>). Most species of
sections <italic>Eupionnotes, Macroconia, Pseudomicrocera,</italic> and
<italic>Arachnites</italic> produce characteristic colonies <italic>in vitro</italic>, growing
slower and producing less aerial mycelium than species of other sections
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref29">Gerlach & Nirenberg
1982</xref>), often with spreading orange, macroconidial slime known as
pionnotes. As shown for most taxonomic sections of <italic>Fusarium</italic>, sections
<italic>Eupionnotes</italic> and <italic>Macroconia</italic> are polyphyletic
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref67">O'Donnell 1993</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref111">Torzilli <italic>et al.</italic>2002</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref96">Schroers <italic>et al.</italic>2009</xref>). Some of the morphological characters used to define these
sections, including macroconidial shape and colony characters <italic>in
vitro</italic>, are plesiomorphic and shared by distantly related species. For
<italic>Acremonium</italic>-like anamorphs, a similar or even more complex pattern of
plesiomorphy is known; preliminary revisions to that generic concept are
presented by Summerbell <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref106">2011</xref>).</p><p>Although there have been discussions of narrowing the generic concept of
<italic>Fusarium</italic> at specialist symposia, arguments have not been presented in
print nor have nomenclatural changes been proposed. The prevailing concept of
<italic>Fusarium</italic> is essentially that of Wollenweber
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref119">1931</xref>) and Wollenweber &
Reinking (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref120">1935</xref>) with the
exclusion of some species; for convenience we refer to this concept as
<italic>Fusarium sensu</italic> Wollenweber. The need to reevaluate more than 20
anamorph generic names considered synonyms of <italic>Fusarium</italic> has caused
some hesitancy in modifying this concept; these type studies are initiated
here. Previous studies provided inconclusive phylogenetic evidence to
demonstrate the distinctiveness of the <italic>Gibberella</italic> and
<italic>Cosmospora</italic> clades, but sampled inadequately from other anamorph and
teleomorph genera in the <italic>Nectriaceae</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref67">O'Donnell 1993</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref122">Zhang & Zhuang 2006</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref52">Luo & Zhuang 2008</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref89">Samuels <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>).
We sampled more broadly here, including 93 species originally assigned to
about 11 teleomorph and 13 anamorph genera.</p><p>Our phylogenetic analysis, combined with morphological and ecological
considerations, suggests the recognition of about 13 well supported lineages
within <italic>Cosmospora sensu</italic> Rossman that can be recognised at the generic
level. <italic>Fusarium sensu</italic> Wollenweber splits into two major groups, which
we will refer to as the “terminal <italic>Fusarium</italic> clade” centred
on <italic>Gibberella</italic>, and a collection of lineages in the basal part of the
<italic>Nectriaceae</italic> that we will refer to as the “basal
<italic>Fusarium</italic>-like clades”. In the latter, we resurrect the genera
<italic>Dialonectria, Fusicolla, Microcera</italic>, and <italic>Stylonectria</italic> for
species and varieties of the former <italic>Fusarium</italic> sections <italic>Arachnites,
Eupionnotes, Macroconia, Pseudomicrocera</italic>, and <italic>Submicrocera,
Acremonium</italic> section <italic>Nectroidea</italic>, and several fungicolous,
entomogenous, and soil-borne species classified in <italic>Cosmospora sensu</italic>Rossman. <italic>Cosmospora s. str.</italic> is redelimited as a morphologically and
phylogenetically restricted genus including only species with anamorphs
originally ascribed to <italic>Acremonium</italic> or <italic>Verticillum</italic>. We raise
<italic>Nectria</italic> sect. <italic>Macroconia</italic> to generic rank for a small group
of species with large <italic>Fusarium</italic>-like macroconidia and minute
perithecia. We epitypify the classical hyphomycete genus <italic>Atractium</italic>,
sometimes listed as a synonym of <italic>Fusarium</italic>, and consider two other
anamorph genera associated with <italic>Cosmospora,</italic> namely
<italic>Mariannaea</italic> and <italic>Volutella.</italic></p><p>The result is a revision of the <italic>Cosmospora sensu</italic> Rossman clade
into segregate genera that should provide phylogenetic clarity to subsequent
monographic revisions and facilitate the description of new species in
appropriate genera. The basal <italic>Fusarium</italic>-like clades, for the most part
the slow growing pionnotal species formerly associated with <italic>Cosmospora
sensu</italic> Rossman, are distributed in seven monophyletic genera, six of them
provided with pre-existing generic names. Another paper concerns genera of the
terminal <italic>Fusarium</italic> clade, including the former <italic>Nectria
desmazieri,</italic> with teleomorphs that morphologically are somewhat
<italic>Cosmospora</italic>-like (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref94">Schroers <italic>et
al.</italic> 2011</xref>).</p><p>In common with the papers by Schroers <italic>et al</italic>.
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref94">2011</xref>) and Summerbell <italic>et
al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref106">2011</xref>), we adopt a
single-name nomenclature, employing the oldest available generic name in
combination with the oldest available species epithet, irrespective of whether
these names could be interpreted as teleomorphic or anamorphic. In some cases
these cross-morph combinations violate Article 59. In our opinion, the
International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref59">McNeill <italic>et al.</italic> 2006</xref>)
should be like any legal code and be governed by its own basic principles.
This is analogous to a constitution; when laws within a legal structure are
found to be unconstitutional, they are rejected. Art. 59 violates Principle
III of the ICBN, that the correct name is based on priority of publication. We
give precedence to the Principles rather than the contradictory article and
essentially reject Art. 59 as unconstitutional. According to Art. 59, when a
valid and legitimate name is transferred into a genus that does not match its
karyological type, <italic>i.e.</italic> an anamorph epithet is moved into a
teleomorph genus or visa versa, the name can be considered superfluous or
incorrect or contrary to Art. 59.1, but the resulting binomial is still valid
and legitimate. By this interpretation, combination of a valid, legitimate
anamorph-typified epithet to a teleomorph-typified generic name or a valid
teleomorph-typified epithet to an anamorph-typified generic name, results in a
binomial that is incorrect for the holomorph. Incorrect names may become
correct later (<italic>cf.</italic> Art. 52.3) provided they have a valid/legitimate
basionym and the part of the Code (<italic>i.e.</italic> Art. 59) that makes the names
incorrect is changed. According to the title of Chapter VI of the Code, Art.
59 only applies to pleiomorphic fungi, <italic>i.e.</italic> species where both the
teleomorph and anamorph(s) are known. In this interpretation, names for
monomorphic species resulting from the transfer of anamorph epithets into
teleomorph-typified genera or visa versa would be correct, valid, and
legitimate. In this paper, we explicitly state which names may be
“incorrect” according to this interpretation of the present Code.
However, we hope that the growing support for single name nomenclature that
was evident at the International Mycological Congresses in 2002, 2006, and
2010 will discourage anyone from attempting to “correct” them.</p></sec><sec sec-type="materials|methods"><title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title><sec><title>Fungal isolates and herbarium specimens</title><p>Ninety-three taxa of <italic>Nectriaceae</italic> were included in the phylogenetic
study with <italic>Acremonium lichenicola</italic> selected as outgroup
(<xref ref-type="table" rid="tbl1">Table 1</xref>) based on prior
analyses (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref31">Gräfenhan <italic>et al.</italic>2008</xref>). Morphological observations of colonies and anamorph
characters are based on strains grown on potato-dextrose agar (PDA; Difco),
cornmeal agar (CMA; Acumedia, Lansing, Michigan) and synthetic low nutrient
agar (SNA; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref64">Nirenberg 1976</xref>) in
the laboratory at room temperature (about 22–25 <italic>°</italic>C) under
ambient light conditions. Measurements for some structures are presented as a
range of one standard deviation above and below the calculated mean, with
extreme observed values given in parentheses, and the number of measured
structures noted. Colour codes refer to Kornerup & Wanscher
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref43">1978</xref>). Herbarium
abbreviations are from Holmgren <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref38">1990</xref>). Abbreviations of
culture collections follow the World Federation of Culture Collections code
(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="wdcm.nig.ac.jp/wfcc">wdcm.nig.ac.jp/wfcc</ext-link>).</p><p><table-wrap position="float" id="tbl1"><label>Table 1.</label><caption><p>Taxa used in molecular phylogenetic analysis.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="top"><bold>Unitary names used in phylogenies</bold></th><th align="left" valign="top"><bold>Teleomorph name (most recent)</bold></th><th align="left" valign="top"><bold>Anamorph name (most recent)</bold></th><th align="left" valign="top"><bold>Strain</bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn1"><bold>†</bold></xref></th><th align="left" valign="top"><bold>Other
No.</bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn1"><bold>†</bold></xref></th><th align="left" valign="top"><bold>Collector/Depositor</bold></th><th align="left" valign="top"><bold>Country</bold></th><th align="left" valign="top"><bold>Substratum</bold></th><th colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><bold>GenBank Accession
No.</bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn3"><bold>‡</bold></xref></th></tr><tr><th valign="top" align="left"></th><th valign="top" align="left"></th><th valign="top" align="left"></th><th valign="top" align="left"></th><th valign="top" align="left"></th><th valign="top" align="left"></th><th valign="top" align="left"></th><th valign="top" align="left"></th><th valign="top" align="left"><bold><italic>rpb2</italic></bold></th><th valign="top" align="left"><bold><italic>acl1</italic></bold></th><th valign="top" align="left"><bold>ITS</bold></th><th valign="top" align="left"><bold>LSU</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Acremonium lichenicola</italic> W. Gams
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Acremonium lichenicola</italic> W. Gams
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=425.66&link_type=cbs">CBS
425.66</ext-link><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn2">*</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> K.W. Gams
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Germany
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Betula</italic> sp., old leaf
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897724
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897861
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Acremonium macroclavatum</italic> Ts. Watan.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Acremonium macroclavatum</italic> Ts. Watan.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=123922&link_type=cbs">CBS
123922</ext-link><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn2">*</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top"> MAFF 238162
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> T. Watanabe
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Japan
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Soil
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897740
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897876
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897806
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Acremonium tsugae</italic> W. Gams
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Acremonium tsugae</italic> W. Gams
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=788.69&link_type=cbs">CBS
788.69</ext-link><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn2">*</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> J.E. Bier
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Canada
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Tsuga heterophylla</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897728
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897865
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>“Albonectria” albida</italic> (Rossman) Guu & Y.M. Ju
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Albonectria albida</italic> (Rossman) Guu & Y.M. Ju
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> BBA 67603<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn2">*</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top"> ATCC 44543; BBA 65209; C.T.R. 71-110
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> C. T. Rogerson
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Jamaica
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Bark of woody stem
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897738
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897874
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897804
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Albonectria albosuccinea</italic> (Pat.) Rossman & Samuels
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Albonectria albosuccinea</italic> (Pat.) Rossman & Samuels
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> BBA 64502<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn2">*</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top"> ATCC 44544; C.T.R. 71-188; NRRL 20459
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> C.T. Rogerson
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Venezuela
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Wood
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897699
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897837
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897788
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> U34554
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Albonectria rigidiuscula</italic> (Berk. & Broome) Rossman & Samuels
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Albonectria rigidiuscula</italic> (Berk. & Broome) Rossman & Samuels
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Fusarium decemcellulare</italic> Brick
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=122570&link_type=cbs">CBS 122570</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"> BPI 863840; G.J.S. 01-170
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> G.J. Samuels
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Cameroon
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Bark
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897760
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897896
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897815
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>“Albonectria” verrucosa</italic> (Pat.) Rossman & Samuels
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Albonectria verrucosa</italic> (Pat.) Rossman & Samuels
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=102163&link_type=cbs">CBS 102163</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"> ATCC 208923; BBA 64786; G.J.S. 84-426
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> G.J. Samuels
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Venezuela
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Recently cut bamboo
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897784
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897920
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Atractium crassum</italic> (Wollenw.) Seifert & Gräfenhan
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Fusarium merismoides</italic> var. <italic>crassum</italic> Wollenw.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=180.31&link_type=cbs">CBS
180.31</ext-link><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn2">*</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top"> NRRL 20894
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> H.W. Wollenweber
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Germany
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Water tap
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897722
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897859
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> U88110
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Atractium stilbaster</italic> Link
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Stilbella fusca</italic> (Sacc.) Seifert
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> DAOM 215627
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> K.A. Seifert
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Canada / Quebec
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Cut stump
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897748
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897884
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ843769
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Chaetopsina penicillata</italic> Samuels
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Chaetopsinectria chaetopsinae-penicillatae</italic> (Samuels) J. Luo &
W.Y. Zhuang
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Chaetopsina penicillata</italic> Samuels
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=608.92&link_type=cbs">CBS
608.92</ext-link><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn2">*</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top"> ATCC 56205; G.J.S. 77-21
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> G.J. Samuels
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> New Zealand
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Beilschmiedia tawa</italic>, bark
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897709
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897847
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897798
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Cosmospora arxii</italic> (W. Gams) Gräfenhan & Schroers
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Acremonium arxii</italic> W. Gams
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=748.69&link_type=cbs">CBS
748.69</ext-link><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn2">*</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> K.W. Gams
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Germany
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Hypoxylon</italic> sp.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897725
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897862
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Cosmospora butyri</italic> (J.F.H. Beyma) Gräfenhan, Seifert &
Schroers
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Tilachlidium butyri</italic> J.F.H. Beyma
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=301.38&link_type=cbs">CBS
301.38</ext-link><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn2">*</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top"> MUCL 9950
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Knudson
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Denmark
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Butter
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897729
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897866
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Cosmospora coccinea</italic> Rabenh.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Cosmospora coccinea</italic> Rabenh.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Verticillium olivaceum</italic> W. Gams
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=341.70&link_type=cbs">CBS 341.70</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> K.W. Gams
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Germany
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Hymenium of <italic>Inonotus nodulosus</italic> on <italic>Fagus sylvatica</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897777
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897913
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897827
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Cosmospora cymosa</italic> (W. Gams) Gräfenhan & Seifert
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Acremonium cymosum</italic> W. Gams
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=762.69&link_type=cbs">CBS
762.69</ext-link><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn2">*</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> K.W. Gams
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Germany
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Inonotus radiatus</italic>, decaying fruiting body
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897778
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897914
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897828
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Cosmospora khandalensis</italic> (Thirum. & Sukapure) Gräfenhan &
Seifert
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Cephalosporium khandalense</italic> Thirum. & Sukapure
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=356.65&link_type=cbs">CBS
356.65</ext-link><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn2">*</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top"> ATCC 16091; IMI 112790; MUCL 7974
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> M.J. Thirumalachar
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> India
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Bambusa</italic> sp., decaying stem
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897723
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897860
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Cosmospora lavitskiae</italic> (Zhdanova) Gräfenhan & Seifert
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Gliomastix lavitskiae</italic> Zhdanova
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=530.68&link_type=cbs">CBS
530.68</ext-link><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn2">*</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top"> ATCC 18666; IMI 133984
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> L.A. Beljakova
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Ukraine
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Plant debris on surface soil
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897726
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897863
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>“Cosmospora” stegonsporii</italic> Rossman, D.F. Farr & Akulov
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Cosmospora stegonsporii</italic> Rossman, D.F. Farr & Akulov
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=122305&link_type=cbs">CBS
122305</ext-link><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn2">*</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top"> A.R. 4385; BPI 878274
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> A.Y. Akulov
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Ukraine
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Stegonsporium pyriforme</italic> on bark
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897733
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897869
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Cosmospora</italic> cf. <italic>viridescens</italic> (C. Booth) Gräfenhan &
Seifert
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Nectria</italic> cf. <italic>viridescens</italic> C. Booth
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=102433&link_type=cbs">CBS 102433</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> M. Reblova
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Czech Republic
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Tilia</italic> sp., dead tree
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897712
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897850
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Cosmospora</italic> sp.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=213.70&link_type=cbs">CBS 213.70</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> K.W. Gams
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Poland
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Fomitopsis pinicola</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897727
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897864
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Cyanonectria buxi</italic> (Fuckel) Schroers, Gräfenhan & Seifert
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Gibberella buxi</italic> (Fuckel) G. Winter
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Fusarium buxicola</italic> Sacc.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> BBA 64985
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> M.E. Noordeloos
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Netherlands
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Buxus sempervirens</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897746
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897882
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897809
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Cyanonectria cyanostoma</italic> (Sacc. & Flageolet) Samuels &
Chaverri
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Cyanonectria cyanostoma</italic> (Sacc. & Flageolet) Samuels &
Chaverri
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> BBA 70964<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn2">*</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top"> BPI 748307; <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=101734&link_type=cbs">CBS
101734</ext-link>; G.J.S. 98-127
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> G.J. Samuels & F. Candoussau
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> France
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Buxus sempervirens</italic>, bark
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897759
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897895
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897814
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> FJ474076
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Cylindrocladium</italic> sp.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125514&link_type=cbs">CBS 125514</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"> K.A.S. 1732
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> K.A. Seifert
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> New Zealand
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Soil under <italic>Leptospermum scoparium</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897735
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897871
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897801
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Cylindrodendrum</italic> sp.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> DAOM 226786
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> K.A.S. 872
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> K.A. Seifert
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Australia / New South Wales
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Rotten wood
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897750
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897886
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ843773
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Dialonectria</italic> cf. <italic>episphaeria</italic> (Tode : Fr.) Cooke
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Cosmospora</italic> cf. <italic>episphaeria</italic> (Tode : Fr.) Rossman &
Samuels
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125494&link_type=cbs">CBS 125494</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"> DAOM 235830; T.G. 2006-11
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> T. Gräfenhan
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Canada / Ontario
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Old ascomycete stromata on deciduous tree
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897756
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897892
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897811
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Dialonectria ullevolea</italic> Seifert & Gräfenhan
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Fusarium aquaeductuum</italic> var. <italic>medium</italic> Wollenw.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125493&link_type=cbs">CBS 125493</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"> DAOM 235827; T.G. 2007-56
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> T. Gräfenhan
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> USA / Pennsylvania
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Ascomycete on <italic>Fagus americana</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897782
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897918
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>“Fusarium” cavispermum</italic> Corda
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Fusarium cavispermum</italic> Corda
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> BBA 64137
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=184.77&link_type=cbs">CBS 184.77</ext-link>; NRRL
20837; NRRL 22279
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> T. Nilsson
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Sweden
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Untreated pine pole
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897762
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897898
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>“Fusarium” ciliatum</italic> (Alb. & Schw.) Link
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Fusarium ciliatum</italic> (Alb. & Schw.) Link
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> BBA 62172
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> ATCC 16068; ATCC 24137; <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=191.65&link_type=cbs">CBS
191.65</ext-link>; <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=H-12687&link_type=cbs">CBS
H-12687</ext-link>; IMI 112499; NRRL 20431
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> H. Richter
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Germany
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> On <italic>Fagus sylvatica</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897764
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897900
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897818
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> AF228349
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>“Fusarium” dimerum</italic> Penz.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Fusarium dimerum</italic> Penz.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=254.50&link_type=cbs">CBS 254.50</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"> NRRL 36384
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Mack
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Netherlands
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Man, sputum
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897695
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> EU926279
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>“Fusarium” domesticum</italic> (Fr.) Bachm.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Fusarium domesticum</italic> (Fr.) Bachm.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=116517&link_type=cbs">CBS 116517</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"> NRRL 29976
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> K. O'Donnell
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Switzerland
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Cheese
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897694
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> EU926219
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Fusarium graminearum</italic> Schwabe
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Gibberella zeae</italic> (Schwein.) Petch
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Fusarium graminearum</italic> Schwabe
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> NRRL 31084
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> PH-1
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> USA / Michigan
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Zea mays</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> FGSG02659<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn4">0</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top"> FGSG06039<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn4">0</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>“Fusarium” lunatum</italic> (Ellis & Everh.) Arx
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Fusarium lunatum</italic> (Ellis & Everh.) Arx
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> BBA 63199
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=632.76&link_type=cbs">CBS 632.76</ext-link>; NRRL
20690; NRRL 37067
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> W. Gerlach
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Germany
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Gymnocalcium damsii</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897766
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897902
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897819
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>“Fusarium” melanochlorum</italic> (Casp.) Sacc.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Fusarium melanochlorum</italic> (Casp.) Sacc.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=202.65&link_type=cbs">CBS 202.65</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"> ATCC 16069; B 700014030; BBA 62248; NRRL 36353
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> H. Richter
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Austria
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Branch canker on Fagus <italic>sylvatica</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897769
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897905
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> AF228353
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>“Fusarium” merismoides</italic> var. <italic>chlamydosporale</italic>Wollenw.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Fusarium merismoides</italic> var. <italic>chlamydosporale</italic> Wollenw.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=179.31&link_type=cbs">CBS
179.31</ext-link><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn2">*</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top"> NRRL 20839
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> H.W. Wollenweber
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> USA / Wisconsin
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Ostrya virginiana</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897721
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> U88109
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>“Fusarium” nematophilum</italic> Nirenberg & G. Hagedorn
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Fusarium nematophilum</italic> Nirenberg & G. Hagedorn
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> BBA 70838
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> A. Westphal
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> USA / California
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Beta vulgaris / Heterodera schachtii</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897693
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897834
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897786
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Fusarium sambucinum</italic> Fuckel
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Gibberella pulicaris</italic> (Fr.) Sacc.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Fusarium sambucinum</italic> Fuckel
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> BBA 70569
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> H.I. Nirenberg
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Germany
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Humulus lupulus</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897751
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897887
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Fusarium sublunatum</italic> Reinking
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Fusarium sublunatum</italic> Reinking
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> BBA 62431<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn2">*</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=189.34&link_type=cbs">CBS 189.34</ext-link>; NRRL
13384; NRRL 20840
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> O.A. Reinking
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Costa Rica
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Soil of banana plantation
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897780
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897916
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897830
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Fusarium verticillioides</italic> (Sacc.) Nirenberg
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Gibberella moniliformis</italic> Wineland
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Fusarium verticillioides</italic> (Sacc.) Nirenberg
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> NRRL 20956
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> FGSC 7600; FRC M-3125
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> USA / California
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Zea mays</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> FVEG09286<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn4">0</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top"> FVEG04667<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn4">0</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>“Fusarium”</italic> sp.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> DAOM 235648
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> BBA 62195; <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=119875&link_type=cbs">CBS
119875</ext-link>; K.A.S. 2872; MRC 1652
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> R. Schneider
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Germany
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Solanum lycopersicum</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897698
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897836
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897787
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Fusicolla acetilerea</italic> (Tubaki C. Booth & T. Harada) Gräfenhan
& Seifert
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Fusarium merismoides</italic> var. <italic>acetilereum</italic> Tubaki C. Booth &
T. Harada
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> BBA 63789<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn2">*</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top"> IMI 181488; NRRL 20827
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Miyoshi
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Japan
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Polluted soil
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897701
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897839
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897790
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> U88108
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Fusicolla aquaeductuum</italic> (Radlk. & Rabenh.) Gräfenhan, Seifert
& Schroers
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Fusarium aquaeductuum</italic> var. <italic>aquaeductuum</italic> (Radlk. &
Rabenh.) Lagerh.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> BBA 63669
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=734.79&link_type=cbs">CBS 734.79</ext-link>; NRRL
20686
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> W. Gerlach
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Germany
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Drinking water
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897742
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897878
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Fusicolla betae</italic> (Desm.) Bonord.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Fusarium betae</italic> (Desm.) Sacc.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> BBA 64317<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn2">*</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> C. Bauers
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Germany
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> On young plants of <italic>Triticum aestivum</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897781
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897917
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Fusicolla epistroma</italic> (Höhn.) Gräfenhan & Seifert
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Fusarium epistroma</italic> (Höhn.) C. Booth
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> BBA 62201<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn2">*</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top"> IMI 85601; NRRL 20439
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> W.G. Bramley
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> UK
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Ascomycete on <italic>Betula</italic> sp.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897765
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897901
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> AF228352
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Fusicolla matuoi</italic> (Hosoya & Tubaki) Gräfenhan & Seifert
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Cosmospora matuoi</italic> Hosoya & Tubaki
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Fusarium matuoi</italic> Hosoya & Tubaki
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=581.78&link_type=cbs">CBS 581.78</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"> ATCC 18694; MAFF 238445: NRRL 20427
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> T. Matsuo
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Japan
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Albizzia julibrissin</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897720
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897858
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Fusicolla violacea</italic> Gräfenhan & Seifert
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Fusarium merismoides</italic> var. <italic>violaceum</italic> W. Gerlach, <italic>nom.
inval.</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=634.76&link_type=cbs">CBS
634.76</ext-link><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn2">*</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top"> BBA 62461; NRRL 20896
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> D. Ershad
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Iran
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Quadraspidiotus perniciosus</italic> on living on branch of <italic>Prunus
domestica</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897696
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> U88112
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Geejayessia atrofusca</italic> (Schw.) Schroers & Gräfenhan
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Nectria atrofusca</italic> (Schwein.) Ellis & Everh.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Fusarium staphyleae</italic> Samuels & Rogerson
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125482&link_type=cbs">CBS 125482</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"> DAOM 238118; T.G. 2006-01
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> T. Gräfenhan
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Canada / Ontario
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Staphylea trifolia</italic>, twigs
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897775
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897911
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897825
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Geejayessia celtidicola</italic> Gräfenhan & Schroers
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125481&link_type=cbs">CBS 125481</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"> DAOM 238129; T.G. 2006-29
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> T. Gräfenhan
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Canada / Ontario
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Celtis occidentalis</italic>, twigs
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897772
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897908
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897822
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Geejayessia cicatricum</italic> (Berk.) Schroers
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Nectria cicatricum</italic> (Berk.) Tul. & C. Tul.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125550&link_type=cbs">CBS 125550</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=H-20375&link_type=cbs">CBS H-20375</ext-link>;
H.J.S. 1374
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> H.-J. Schroers & M. Žerjav
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Slovenia
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Buxus sempervirens</italic>, twigs
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897697
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897835
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Geejayessia desmazieri</italic> (Becc. & De Not.) Schroers, Gräfenhan
& Seifert
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Nectria desmazieri</italic> Becc. & De Not.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Fusarium fuckelii</italic> Sacc.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=313.34&link_type=cbs">CBS 313.34</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"> NRRL 20474
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> E.W. Mason
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> UK
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Buxus sempervirens</italic>, dead twig
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897703
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897841
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897792
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> U88125
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Geejayessia zealandica</italic> (Cooke) Schroers
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Cosmospora zealandica</italic> (Cooke) Samuels & Nirenberg
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Fusarium zealandicum</italic> Nirenberg & Samuels
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> BBA 65034
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> BPI 802575; <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=101913&link_type=cbs">CBS
101913</ext-link>; G.J.S. 86-509
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> G.J. Samuels
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> New Zealand
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Plagianthus</italic>, timber
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897745
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897881
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897808
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Haematonectria illudens</italic> (Berk.) Samuels & Nirenberg
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Haematonectria illudens</italic> (Berk.) Samuels & Nirenberg
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Fusarium illudens</italic> C. Booth
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> BBA 67606
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> G.J.S. 82-98; NRRL 22090
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> G.J. Samuels
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> New Zealand
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Beilschmiedia tawa</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897692
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897833
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> AF178393
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> AF178362
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Haematonectria ipomoeae</italic> (Halst.) Samuels & Nirenberg
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Haematonectria ipomoeae</italic> (Halst.) Samuels & Nirenberg
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Fusarium striatum</italic> Sherb.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> BBA 64379
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> NRRL 22147
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> H.I. Nirenberg
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Germany
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Passiflora edulis</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897753
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897889
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Heliscus lugdunensis</italic> Sacc. & Therry
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Nectria lugdunensis</italic> J. Webster
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Heliscus lugdunensis</italic> Sacc. & Therry
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125485&link_type=cbs">CBS 125485</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"> DAOM 235831; T.G. 2008-07
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> T. Gräfenhan
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> USA / Arizona
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Populus fremontii</italic>, twigs in stream
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897731
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897867
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Heliscus submersus</italic> H.J. Huds.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Heliscus submersus</italic> H.J. Huds.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=394.62&link_type=cbs">CBS
394.62</ext-link><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn2">*</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> H.J. Hudson
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> UK
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897707
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897845
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897796
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Macroconia leptosphaeriae</italic> (Niessl) Gräfenhan & Schroers
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Cosmospora leptosphaeriae</italic> (Niessl) Rossman & Samuels
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> ? <italic>Fusarium sphaeriae</italic> var. <italic>majus</italic> Wollenw.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=100001&link_type=cbs">CBS 100001</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=H-6030&link_type=cbs">CBS H-6030</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"> L. Rommelaars
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Netherlands
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> On <italic>Leptosphaeria</italic> on dead stem of <italic>Urtica dioica</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897755
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897891
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897810
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Macroconia papilionacearum</italic> (Seaver) Gräfenhan & Seifert
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Cosmospora papilionacearum</italic> (Seaver) Rossman & Samuels
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><bold>?</bold><italic>Fusarium gigas</italic> Speg.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125495&link_type=cbs">CBS 125495</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"> DAOM 238119; T.G. 2007-03
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> T. Gräfenhan
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> USA / Florida
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Black ascomycete on <italic>Fabaceae</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897776
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897912
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897826
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Macroconia</italic> sp.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125496&link_type=cbs">CBS 125496</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"> T.G. 2008-08
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> T. Gräfenhan
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> USA / Arizona
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Quercus</italic> sp., branch in stream of water
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897732
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897868
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Mariannaea elegans</italic> (Corda) Samson
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> ? <italic>Nectria mariannaeae</italic> Samuels & Seifert
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Mariannaea elegans</italic> (Corda) Samson
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> DAOM 226709
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> K.A.S. 948
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> K.A. Seifert
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Canada / Ontario
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Betula</italic> sp., wood
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897747
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897883
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ843768
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Mariannaea samuelsii</italic> Seifert & Bissett
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> DAOM 235814<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn2">*</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125515&link_type=cbs">CBS 125515</ext-link>; K.A.S.
1307
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> J. Bissett
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Guatemala
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Soil under <italic>Podocarpus</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897752
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897888
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ843767
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ843766
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Microcera coccophila</italic> Desm.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Fusarium coccophilum</italic> (Desm.) Wollenw. & Reinking
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=310.34&link_type=cbs">CBS 310.34</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"> NRRL 13962
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> H.W. Wollenweber
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Italy
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Scale insect on <italic>Laurus nobilis</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897705
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897843
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897794
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Microcera diploa</italic> (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Gräfenhan &
Seifert
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Cosmospora diploa</italic> (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Rossman & Samuels
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Fusarium coccidicola</italic> Henn.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> BBA 62173
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=735.79&link_type=cbs">CBS 735.79</ext-link>; NRRL
13966
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> W. Gerlach
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Iran
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Quadraspidiotus perniciosus</italic> on living on branch of <italic>Prunus
domestica</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897763
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897899
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897817
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Microcera larvarum</italic> (Fuckel) Gräfenhan, Seifert & Schroers
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Fusarium larvarum</italic> Fuckel
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=169.30&link_type=cbs">CBS 169.30</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"> NRRL 22102
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> H.W. Wollenweber
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Japan
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Aphids on <italic>Pyrus communis</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897717
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897855
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Microcera rubra</italic> Gräfenhan & Seifert
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Fusarium larvarum</italic> var. <italic>rubrum</italic> W. Gerlach, <italic>nom.
inval.</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> BBA 62460<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn2">*</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=638.76&link_type=cbs">CBS 638.76</ext-link>; NRRL
20475; NRRL 22111; NRRL 22170
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> W. Gerlach
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Iran
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Quadraspidiotus perniciosus</italic> on living on branch of <italic>Prunus
domestica</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897767
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897903
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897820
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Nalanthamala diospyri</italic> (Crand.) Schroers &. M.J. Wingfield
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Nalanthamala diospyri</italic> (Crand.) Schroers &. M.J. Wingfield
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=429.89&link_type=cbs">CBS 429.89</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"> ATCC 22206
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> B.S. Crandall
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> USA / Mississippi
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Diospyros virginiana</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897718
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897856
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>“Nectria” cinereopapillata</italic> Henn. & E. Nyman
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Nectria cinereopapillata</italic> Henn. & E. Nyman
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=264.36&link_type=cbs">CBS 264.36</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> H.W. Wollenweber
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Sierra Leone
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Cassia sieberiana</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897710
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897848
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897799
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>“Nectria” diminuta</italic> Berk.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Cosmospora diminuta</italic> (Berk.) Rossman & Samuels
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=114636&link_type=cbs">CBS 114636</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"> BPI 864173; G.J.S. 00-181
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> G.J. Samuels
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> USA / North Carolina
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Quercus virginiana</italic>, dead tree
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897758
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897894
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897813
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>“Nectria”</italic> cf. <italic>flavoviridis</italic> (Fuckel) Wollenw.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Nectria flavoviridis</italic> (Fuckel) Wollenw.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> BBA 65542
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> G.J. Samuels
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> USA / New York
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> On fungus on decorticated wood
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897702
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897840
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897791
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>“Nectria” magnoiiae</italic> M.L. Lohman & Hepting
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Nectria magnoliae</italic> M.L. Lohman & Hepting
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=380.50&link_type=cbs">CBS
380.50</ext-link><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn2">*</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top"> BPI 552527
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> G.H. Hepting
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> USA / North Carolina
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Liriodendron tulipifera</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897713
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897851
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Nectria miltina</italic> (Mont.) Mont.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Nectria miltina</italic> (Mont.) Mont.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125499&link_type=cbs">CBS 125499</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"> T.G. 2008-02
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> T. Gräfenhan
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> USA / Arizona
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Yucca elata</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897730
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Nectria nigrescens</italic> Cooke
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Nectria nigrescens</italic> Cooke
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125500&link_type=cbs">CBS 125500</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"> DAOM 235832; T.G. 2006-18
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> T. Gräfenhan
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Canada / Ontario
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Acer</italic> sp., twig
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897757
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897893
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897812
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Nectria pseudotrichia</italic> Berk. & M.A. Curtis
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Nectria pseudotrichia</italic> Berk. & M.A. Curtis
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Tubercularia lateritia</italic> (Berk.) Seifert
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> DAOM 235820
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> T.G. 2007-41
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> T. Gräfenhan
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> USA / Florida
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Dead herbaceous plant
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897706
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897844
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897795
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>“Nectria” rishbethii</italic> C. Booth
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Cosmospora rishbethii</italic> (C. Booth) Rossman & Samuels
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=496.67&link_type=cbs">CBS
496.67</ext-link><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn2">*</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top"> IMI 070248b; MUCL 4133
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> J. Rishbeth
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> UK
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Pinus sylvestris</italic>, stump
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897714
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897852
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>“Nectria” rubropeziza</italic> Wollenw.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Nectria rubropeziza</italic> Wollenw.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=234.31&link_type=cbs">CBS
234.31</ext-link><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn2">*</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> H.W. Wollenweber
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> USA / Maryland
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Tree trunk
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897708
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897846
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897797
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>“Nectria” setofusariae</italic> Samuels & Nirenberg
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Nectria setofusariae</italic> Samuels & Nirenberg
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Fusarium setosum</italic> Nirenberg & Samuels
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=635.92&link_type=cbs">CBS 635.92</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"> A.R. 3333; BBA 65063; BPI 1113176; G.J.S. 88-12
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> A.Y. Rossman
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> French Guiana
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Bark of recently cut tree
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897704
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897842
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897793
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>“Nectria” ventricosa</italic> C. Booth
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Nectria ventricosa</italic> C. Booth
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Fusarium ventricosum</italic> Appel & Wollenw.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> BBA 62452
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=748.79&link_type=cbs">CBS 748.79</ext-link>; NRRL
20846; NRRL 22113
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> K.H. Domsch
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Germany
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Wheat field soil
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897761
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897897
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897816
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> L36613
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>“Nectria” ventricosa</italic> C. Booth
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Nectria ventricosa</italic> C. Booth
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Fusarium ventricosum</italic> Appel & Wollenw.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=430.91&link_type=cbs">CBS 430.91</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"> NRRL 25729
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> U. Kuchenbäcker
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Germany
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Robinia pseudoacacia</italic>, twig
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897771
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897907
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Nectria</italic> sp.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125498&link_type=cbs">CBS 125498</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"> T.G. 2006-33
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> T. Gräfenhan
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Canada / Ontario
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Abies balsamea</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897737
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897873
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897803
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Neocosmospora vasinfecta</italic> E.F. Sm.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Neocosmospora vasinfecta</italic> E.F. Sm.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> NRRL 22166
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> ATCC 62199
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> L.M. Carris
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> USA / Illinois
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Heterodera glycines</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> EU329497
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> DQ094319
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> DQ236361
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Neonectria coccinea</italic> (Pers.) Rossman & Samuels
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Neonectria coccinea</italic> (Pers.) Rossman & Samuels
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Cylindrocarpon candidum</italic> (Link) Wollenw.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125484&link_type=cbs">CBS 125484</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"> DAOM 235835; T.G. 2007-17
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> T. Gräfenhan
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Germany
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Fagus sylvatica</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897785
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897921
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897832
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Neonectria ditissima</italic> (Tul. & C. Tul.) Samuels & Rossman
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Neonectria ditissima</italic> (Tul. & C. Tul.) Samuels & Rossman
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Cylindrocarpon heteronema</italic> (Berk. & Broome) Wollenw.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125486&link_type=cbs">CBS 125486</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"> DAOM 235836; T.G. 2006-21
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> T. Gräfenhan
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Canada / Ontario
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Fagus americana</italic>, branch
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897774
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897910
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897824
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Neonectria fuckeliana</italic> (C. Booth) Castl. & Rossman
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Neonectria fuckeliana</italic> (C. Booth) Castl. & Rossman
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=239.29&link_type=cbs">CBS
239.29</ext-link><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn2">*</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top"> IMI 039700
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> H.W. Wollenweber
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> UK
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Picea sitchensis</italic>, bark
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897711
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897849
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Pseudonectria buxi</italic> (DC.) Seifert, Gräfenhan & Schroers
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Pseudonectria rousseliana</italic> (Mont.) Wollenw.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Volutella buxi</italic> (DC.) Berk.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125483&link_type=cbs">CBS 125483</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"> T.G. 2007-69A
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> K.W. Gams
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Spain
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Buxus sempervirens</italic>, leaves
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897719
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897857
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897800
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>“Pseudonectria” pachysandricola</italic> B.O. Dodge
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Pseudonectria pachysandricola</italic> B.O. Dodge
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Volutella pachysandricola</italic> B.O. Dodge
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> DAOM 195309
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> E.J. Mathers
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> USA / Florida
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Pachysandra</italic> sp., nursery stock
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897743
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897879
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897807
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Pseudonectria</italic> sp.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> BBA 71336
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> H.I. Nirenberg
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Germany
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Buxus sempervirens</italic>, leaves
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897741
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897877
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Stylonectria</italic> cf. <italic>applanata</italic> Höhn.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Nectria applanata</italic> var. <italic>succinea</italic> Höhn.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125489&link_type=cbs">CBS 125489</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"> T.G. 2008-24
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> T. Gräfenhan
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Canada / Ontario
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Ascomycete on <italic>Betula</italic> sp.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897739
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897875
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897805
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Stylonectria carpini</italic> Gräfenhan
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Nectria applanata</italic> Fuckel
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> DAOM 235819
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> W.J. 3013
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> H. Voglmayr
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Austria
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> On <italic>Melanconis spodiaea</italic> on <italic>Carpinus betulus</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897773
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897909
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897823
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Stylonectria purtonii</italic> (Grev.) Gräfenhan
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Cosmospora purtonii</italic> (Grev.) Rossman & Samuels
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> DAOM 235818
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> T.G. 2007-30
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> T. Gräfenhan
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Germany
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> On small branches of <italic>Picea abies</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897783
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897919
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897831
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Stylonectria wegeliniana</italic> (Rehm) Gräfenhan, Voglmayr &
Jaklitsch
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Cosmospora wegeliniana</italic> (Rehm) Rossman & Samuels
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125490&link_type=cbs">CBS 125490</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"> WU 29855
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> H. Voglmayr
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Austria
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Stromata of <italic>Hapalycystis bicaudata</italic> on <italic>Ulmus glabra</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897754
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897890
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Stylonectria</italic> sp.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125491&link_type=cbs">CBS 125491</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"> T.G. 2007-21
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> T. Gräfenhan
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Germany
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Ascomycete on <italic>Carpinus / Ulmus</italic> ?
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897779
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897915
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897829
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Thelonectria discophora</italic> (Mont.) P. Chaverri & C. Salgado
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Neonectria discophora</italic> (Mont.) Mantiri & Samuels
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Cylindrocarpon ianthothele</italic> var. <italic>majus</italic> Wollenw.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125487&link_type=cbs">CBS 125487</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"> DAOM 235837; T.G. 2007-34
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> T. Gräfenhan
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Germany
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Aesculus hippocastanum</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897700
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897838
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897789
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Thelonectria lucida</italic> (C. Booth) P. Chaverri & C. Salgado
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Cylindrocarpon lucidum</italic> C. Booth
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> DAOM 226723
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> K.A.S. 1007
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> K.A. Seifert
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Canada / British Columbia
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Pseudotsuga menziesii</italic>, root
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897734
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897870
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Volutella ciliata</italic> (Alb. & Schwein.) Fr.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Volutella ciliata</italic> (Alb. & Schwein.) Fr.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> DAOM 226718
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> K.A.S. 972
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> J.A. Traquair
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Canada / Ontario
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Agricultural soil
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897736
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897872
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897802
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Volutella citrinella</italic> (Cooke & Massee) Seifert
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Cosmospora stilbellae</italic> (Samuels & Seifert) Rossman & Samuels
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Stilbella aciculosa</italic> (Ellis & Everh.) Seifert
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> DAOM 226720
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> K.A.S. 978
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> R.J. Bandoni & A.A. Bandoni
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Canada / British Columbia
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Solanum tuberosum</italic>, debris
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897770
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897906
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897821
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ843771
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Volutella consors</italic> (Ellis & Everh.) Seifert, Gräfenhan &
Schroers
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Cosmospora consors</italic> (Ellis & Everh.) Rossman & Samuels
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Volutella minima</italic> Höhn.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=328.77&link_type=cbs">CBS 328.77</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"> C.T.R. 72-347
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> C.T. Rogerson
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> USA / North Carolina
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Magnolia fraseri</italic>, old inflorescence
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897716
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HQ897854
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Volutella consors</italic> (Ellis & Everh.) Seifert, Gräfenhan &
Schroers
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Cosmospora consors</italic> (Ellis & Everh.) Rossman & Samuels
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Volutella minima</italic> Höhn.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=139.79&link_type=cbs">CBS 139.79</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top">G.H. Boerema
</td><td align="left" valign="top">Netherlands
</td><td align="left" valign="top">Decaying orchid bulb
</td><td align="left" valign="top">HQ897715
</td><td align="left" valign="top">HQ897853
</td><td align="left" valign="top">–
</td><td align="left" valign="top">–
</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tblfn1"><label>†</label><p>— A.R. = Amy Y. Rossman personal collection; ATCC = American Type
Culture Collections, Manassas, Virginia, USA; B = Mycological Herbarium at the
Botanical Museum, Berlin, Germany; BBA = Julius Kühn-Institute, Institute
for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Berlin & Braunschweig, Germany;
BPI = U.S. National Fungus Collections, USDA, ARS, Beltsville, Maryland, USA;
CBS = Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Utrecht, The Netherlands; C.T.R. =
Clark T. Rogerson personal collection; DAOM = Canadian National Mycological
Herbarium and Culture Collection, AAFC, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; FGSC = Fungal
Genetics Stock Center, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri,
Kansas City, Missouri, USA; FRC = Fusarium Research Center, Department of
Plant Pathology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA;
G.J.S. = Gary J. Samuels personal collection; H.J.S. = Hans-Josef Schroers
personal collection; IMI = CABI Bioservices, Egham, Surrey, UK; K.A.S. = Keith
A. Seifert personal collection; MAFF = Microbial Culture Collection, National
Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan; MRC = Microbial Culture
Collection, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa;
MUCL = (Agro)Industrial Fungi & Yeasts Collection, Université
Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; NRRL = ARS Culture
Collection, USDA, NCAUR, Peoria, Illinois, USA; T.G. = Tom Gräfenhan
personal collection; W.J. = Walter Jaklitsch personal collection; WU =
Herbarium, Department of Plant Systematics and Evolution, Faculty of Life
Sciences, University Vienna, Austria.</p></fn><fn id="tblfn2"><label>*</label><p>— Type or other authentic material.</p></fn><fn id="tblfn3"><label>‡</label><p>— GenBank accession numbers beginning with HQ were newly generated.
All other sequences were obtained from GenBank.</p></fn><fn id="tblfn4"><label>0</label><p>— Locus number in the <italic>Fusarium</italic> genome database
(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.broad.mit.edu/annotation/fungi/fusarium">http://www.broad.mit.edu/annotation/fungi/fusarium</ext-link>)</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></p></sec><sec><title>DNA extractions, PCR and DNA sequencing</title><p>DNA extractions were performed using UltraClean Microbial DNA Isolation
Kits (MO BIO Laboratories Inc., Carlsbad, California) from mycelium scraped
from colonies grown on PDA using a sterile scalpel. DNA concentration and
quality were determined by Nanodrop ND-1000 spectrometer (Thermo Scientific,
Wilmington, Delaware) and preparations were diluted to 1–5 ng/μL of
DNA template.</p><p>The second largest subunit of the RNA polymerase II (<italic>rpb2</italic>) was
amplified following the protocol of de Cock & Lévesque
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref17">2004</xref>) using the primer
combinations 5F2/7cR and 7cF/11aR
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref68">O'Donnell <italic>et al.</italic>2007</xref>) in a total reaction volume of 20 μL. PCR products of the
larger subunit of the ATP citrate lyase (<italic>acl1</italic>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref66">Nowrousian <italic>et al.</italic>2000</xref>) was amplified using the newly designed primers acl1-230up
(5'-AGC CCG ATC AGC TCA TCA AG-3') and acl1-1220low (5'-CCT GGC AGC AAG ATC
VAG GAA GT-3') in a total reaction volume of 20 μL following the same
protocol. PCR reactions were placed in an Eppendorf thermal cycler (Westbury,
New York) and processed with the following temperature profile for the
<italic>rbp2</italic> regions: 3 min at 95 °C (initial denaturation), 5 cycles 45
s at 95 °C (denaturation), 45 s at 60 °C (annealing), 2 min at 72
°C (extension), followed by 5 cycles with annealing at 58 °C, followed
by 30 cycles with annealing at 54 °C, with a final extension 8 min at 72
°C. The temperature profile for the <italic>acl1</italic> region was as follows: 3
min at 95 °C, 5 cycles 45 s at 95 °C, 45 s at 64 °C, 2 min at 72
°C, followed by 5 cycles with annealing at 62 °C, followed by 30
cycles with annealing at 56 °C, with a final extension 8 min at 72 °C.
For forward and reverse strands, sequencing reactions were performed directly
without cleaning PCR amplicons, using a BigDye sequencing kit (Applied
Biosystems, Foster City, California) on an ABI3130 DNA Analyzer (Applied
Biosystems). The following profile was used for the sequencing reactions: 95
°C for 3 min, then for 40 cycles at 95 °C for 30 s, 50 °C for 15
s, 60 °C for 2 min. Contig sequences were assembled using Sequencher v.
4.9 (Gene Codes Corporation, Ann Arbor, Michigan) and aligned manually using
BioEdit 7 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref33">Hall 1999</xref>). Protein
coding DNA sequences were aligned along the reading frame of the corresponding
amino acid sequence and divided into 3 partitions, <italic>rpb2</italic> region
5–7, <italic>rpb2</italic> region 7–11, and <italic>acl1</italic>. Intergenic
spacer regions and introns of the <italic>rpb2</italic> and <italic>acl1</italic> gene
sequences could not be reliably aligned and were excluded from the final
alignment. Additional ITS sequences were generated for some of the species
mentioned below using the methods described by Nguyen & Seifert
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref63">2008</xref>).</p><p>All DNA sequences generated in this study are deposited in GenBank
(accession numbers listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tbl1">Table
1</xref> and in the Taxonomy part as barcodes). We have designated some
of these as “DNA barcodes” when they represent type, authentic, or
thoroughly validated strains.</p></sec><sec><title>Phylogenetic analyses</title><p>The combined and partitioned data set of the protein encoding regions of
<italic>rpb2</italic> and <italic>acl1</italic> was used to search for the best maximum
likelihood (ML) tree employing the GARLI v. 1 software
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref124">Zwickl 2006</xref>) implemented by
the CIPRES project at the San Diego Supercomputer Center
(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="www.phylo.org">www.phylo.org</ext-link>).
The best-fit substitution model under the Akaike information criterion
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1">Akaike 1974</xref>) was determined by
using Modeltest v. 3.7 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref75">Posada &
Crandall 1998</xref>) and PAUP v. 4.0b10
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref110">Swofford 2003</xref>). The GTR + I
+ G nucleotide substitution model was selected, which assumes an estimated
proportion of invariant sites and 8 gamma-distributed rate categories to
account for rate heterogeneity across sites. 100 independent ML heuristic
phylogenetic analyses were performed using a starting tree generated by
stepwise-addition (attachmentspertaxon = 2) and 10 000 generations without
topology improvement parameter.</p><p>To correct for positive and divergent selection in molecular evolution of
protein encoding DNA sequences, ML analyses were performed with GARLI using a
codon substitution model that considers the ratio of nonsynonymous (dN) to
synonymous (dS) rates of nucleotide substitution (dN/dS = <italic>ω</italic>).
The GTR-like substitution model was selected with F3×4 codon frequencies
(observed frequency at each codon position) and dN/dS values and proportions
falling in three discrete categories <italic>ω</italic>1 <italic>< ω</italic>2
<italic>< ω</italic>3 (M3 model with site classes <italic>K</italic> = 3,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref121">Yang <italic>et al.</italic> 2000</xref>).
Ten independent ML heuristic phylogenetic analyses were performed using a
starting tree generated by stepwise-addition (attachmentspertaxon = 2) and 10
000 generations without improving the topology parameter.</p><p>Non-parametric bootstrapping of 1 000 ML pseudo-replicates of the data was
used to assess clade support with GARLI. Because of the extended time
necessary for ML bootstrap analysis under the M3 codon model, the measure of
clade support was calculated using the parameters of the GTR + I + G
nucleotide model given above. ML bootstrap probabilities (ML-BP) for the
splits were mapped onto the best phylogenetic tree inferred under the M3 codon
substitution model using SumTrees of the DendroPy v. 3.7 phylogenetic
computing library (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref105">Sukumaran & Holder
2010</xref>).</p><p>Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) were obtained from the combined and
partitioned <italic>rpb2</italic>/<italic>acl1</italic> data set using MrBayes v. 3.1.2
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref77">Ronquist & Huelsenbeck
2003</xref>) implemented by the CIPRES project (see above). The GTR + I +
G substitution model was selected assuming an estimated proportion of
invariant sites and 4 gamma-distributed rate categories to account for rate
heterogeneity across sites. Two independent Markov chain Monte Carlo analysis
(MCMC) runs each with 4 chains were performed simultaneously. The analysis was
run for 10 000 000 generations, sampling every 1 000 generations for a total
of 10 001 trees. The first 1 500 000 generations were discarded as burn-in.
Each of the two independent MCMC runs yielded 8 501 trees from each partition.
The resulting six tree files (total 51 006 trees) were used to calculate PPs.
These posterior probabilities were mapped onto the best phylogenetic tree
using SumTrees of the DendroPy package.</p><p>Heuristic searches for the most parsimonious (MP) trees using PAUP v.
4.0b10 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref110">Swofford 2003</xref>) were
based on 1 026 parsimony informative, unordered and equally weighted
characters; gaps were treated as missing data. Starting trees were obtained
via 100 stepwise, random addition sequences. Other settings included
auto-increase for MAXTREES, the tree-bisection-reconnection branch-swapping
algorithm, the MULTREES option, and assigning any possible character state to
an internal node with STEPMATRIX. MP bootstrap probabilities (MP-BP) were
assessed by 1 000 heuristic pseudoreplicates using the same settings as above
but with 20 stepwise, random addition sequences. By using SumTrees of the
DendroPy package, the MP-BP support for the splits were mapped onto the best
phylogenetic tree.</p></sec></sec><sec><title>RESULTS</title><sec><title>Sequence alignment</title><p>The combined and partitioned data set of two protein encoding genes for 93
taxa and outgroup consisted of 2 250 bp, translating to 750 amino acids. The
<italic>rpb2</italic> sequences (1 764 bp) had two coding regions (<italic>rpb2</italic>5–7 and <italic>rpb2</italic> 7–11) with an intergenic spacer, which was
removed from the final alignment. The <italic>acl1</italic> amplicon comprised a
coding region of 420 bp and a single intron of 200–500 bp, which was
also removed.</p></sec><sec><title>Phylogenetic analyses</title><p>One hundred independent ML analyses under the GTR + I + G nucleotide
substitution model of the combined and partitioned data set (<italic>rpb2</italic>5–7 with 488 parsimony-informative characters, <italic>rpb2</italic> 7–11
with 387 parsimony-informative characters, and <italic>acl1</italic> with 206
parsimony-informative characters) resulted in a single best ML tree with
–lnL = –57,309.9782 (not shown). The parameters for the GTR + I +
G model of the <italic>rpb2</italic> 5–7 partition were as follows: Estimated
base frequencies; A = 0.2098, C = 0.2885, G = 0.2691, T = 0.2326; substitution
rates AC = 2.104, AG = 6.386, AT = 2.011, CG = 0.767, CT = 9.725, GT = 1.000;
proportion of invariable sites I = 0.3861; gamma distribution shape parameter
<italic>α</italic> = 0.8858. The parameters for the GTR + I + G model of the
<italic>rpb2</italic> 7–11 partition were as follows: Estimated base
frequencies; A = 0.2033, C = 0.3050, G = 0.2538, T = 0.2379; substitution
rates AC = 1.680, AG = 7.167, AT = 2.089, CG = 0.914, CT = 10.966, GT = 1.000;
proportion of invariable sites I = 0.5253; gamma distribution shape parameter
<italic>α</italic> = 0.8815. The parameters for the <italic>GTR + I + G</italic> model
of the <italic>acl1</italic> partition were as follows: Estimated base frequencies; A
= 0.1774, C = 0.3655, G = 0.2369, T = 0.2202; substitution rates AC = 0.982,
AG = 2.844, AT = 0.638, CG = 0.839, CT = 7.876, GT = 1.000; proportion of
invariable sites I = 0.4834; gamma distribution shape parameter
<italic>α</italic> = 0.9192.</p><p>Ten independent ML analyses under the codon substitution model (M3 with
<italic>K</italic> = 3) of the combined and partitioned data set (<italic>rpb2</italic>5–7 with 294 parsimony-informative characters, <italic>rpb2</italic> 7–11
with 292 parsimony-informative characters, and <italic>acl1</italic> with 145
parsimony-informative characters) resulted in a single best ML tree with
–lnL = –54,991.4885 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Fig.
1</xref>). The parameters for the M3 codon model of the <italic>rpb2</italic>5–7 partition were as follows: 61 empirical codon frequencies
(F3×4 method); substitution rates AC = 1.234, AG = 2.380, AT = 1.222, CG
= 0.743, CT = 2.758, GT = 1.000; and three estimated nonsynonymous rate
categories ω1 = 0.0020 with p1 = 0.6471, ω2 = 0.0726 with p2 =
0.2452, ω3 = 0.3214 with p3 = 0.1077. The parameters for the M3 codon
model of the <italic>rpb2</italic> 7–11 partition were as follows: 61 empirical
codon frequencies (F3×4 method); substitution rates AC = 1.023, AG =
2.820, AT = 1.177, CG = 0.933, CT = 2.489, GT = 1.000; and three estimated
non-synonymous rate categories ω1 = 0.0020 with p1 = 0.8918, ω2 =
0.0925 with p2 = 0.0985, ω3 = 0.5436 with p3 = 0.0097. The parameters
for the M3 codon model of the <italic>acl1</italic> partition were as follows: 61
empirical codon frequencies (F3×4 method); substitution rates AC =
1.863, AG = 3.515, AT = 1.290, CG = 1.264, CT = 3.346, GT = 1.000; and three
estimated non-synonymous rate categories ω1 = 0.0031 with p1 = 0.8025,
ω2 = 0.1007 with p2 = 0.1211, ω3 = 0.4420 with p3 = 0.0763. These
dN/dS ratios (ω < 1) verify a significant departure from neutrality
(ω ≈ 1) of the <italic>rpb2</italic> and <italic>acl1</italic> data partitions
implying natural selection against changes of amino acids in the encoding
genes studied.</p><p>In comparison, the best ML tree for the M3 codon model received a
significantly better negative-log likelihood score than the best ML tree under
the GTR + I + G nucleotide substitution model. The topology of the phylograms
did not differ for the clades studied. Only some basal lineages such as
“<italic>Nectria</italic>” <italic>diminuta</italic>, “<italic>N.</italic>”
<italic>rubropeziza</italic>, and “<italic>Pseudonectria</italic>”
<italic>pachysandricola</italic> grouped differently using different substitution
models, probably a result of long branch attraction.</p><p>Similarily, heuristic searches of the parsimony analysis yielded a single
most parsimonious tree (not shown), which did not have a significantly
different topology than that of the ML analyses. The MP tree was 14 023 steps
with a consistency index (CI) of 0.152, a retention index (RI) of 0.492, a
rescaled CI (RC) of 0.075, and a homoplasy index (HI) of 0.848.</p><p>1 000 ML pseudoreplicates, two independent MCMC analyses, and 1 000
heuristic bootstrap replicates of the combined and partitioned data set
conducted with GARLI, MrBayes and PAUP, respectively, yielded majority
consensus trees with highly concordant topologies (not shown) similar to that
of the best ML tree generated for the M3 codon model. Internodes with
significant clade support are drawn in thicker lines on the best ML tree
topology (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Fig. 1</xref>). Nodes were
considered strongly supported when ML bootstrap proportions (ML-BP) is ≥ 75
%, Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) is ≥ 0.95, and MP bootstrap
proportions (MP-BP) is ≥ 75 % (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref54">Lutzoni
<italic>et al</italic>. 2004</xref>).</p></sec><sec><title>Polyphyly of <italic>Cosmospora sensu</italic> Rossman</title><p>In the best ML tree (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Fig.
1</xref>), species formerly placed in <italic>Cosmospora sensu</italic> Rossman
fall into several major clades. The first major clade includes
<italic>Volutella</italic> with four strains of three species, <italic>V. ciliata, V.
citrinella</italic> (<italic>“Cosmospora” stilbellae</italic>) <italic>and V.
consors</italic> (<italic>“C.” consors</italic>), in a strongly supported
clade. <italic>Chaetopsina penicillata</italic> (= <italic>Chaetopsinectria</italic> or
<italic>“Cosmospora” chaetopsinae-penicillatae</italic>) is a well
supported sister species of <italic>Volutella,</italic> confirming the close
phylogenetic relationship of <italic>Chaetopsina</italic> and <italic>Volutella</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref122">Zhang & Zhuang 2006</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref53">Luo & Zhuang 2010</xref>).
Although not strongly supported, the <italic>Volutella</italic>/<italic>Chaetopsina</italic>group is the sister clade to a diverse fungal clade consisting of species of
<italic>Calonectria, Cylindrodendrum, Heliscus, Mariannaea</italic>, and
<italic>Neonectria</italic>.</p><p>The second major clade includes species formerly classified as <italic>Nectria
applanata, Cosmospora purtonii</italic>, and <italic>C. wegeliniana</italic>. This clade
is strongly supported and comprises species having ascomata with perithecial
walls mainly consisting of two regions, and which are probably host-specific.
These species are transferred to <italic>Stylonectria</italic> in the taxonomic
section below.</p><p>The third and largest clade includes several subclades including the type
species of <italic>Cosmospora, C. coccinea,</italic> and species with
<italic>Fusarium</italic>-, <italic>Acremonium</italic>- and <italic>Verticillium</italic>-like
anamorphs, which are classified in <italic>Cosmospora sensu stricto, Dialonectria,
Fusicolla, Macroconia</italic>, and <italic>Microcera</italic> below. <italic>Cosmospora
coccinea</italic> forms a strongly supported clade with other well-known species
of the genus with <italic>Acremonium</italic>-like anamorphs, such as <italic>C. butyri,
C. cymosa,</italic> and <italic>C. viridescens</italic>. This clade contains a group of
species with similar microconidial anamorphs and a fairly constant ecological
niche, delineating the new generic concept of <italic>Cosmospora s. str.</italic>Basal to <italic>Cosmospora</italic> is the strongly supported <italic>Dialonectria</italic>clade, which contains <italic>D. episphaeria</italic> and a new species, <italic>D.
ullevolea</italic>. With <italic>“Nectria” rishbethii</italic> as a sister
species, this subclade is delimited from another strongly supported subclade
with species of <italic>Macroconia</italic> and <italic>Microcera</italic>, and <italic>Fusicolla
matuoi. Macroconia</italic> and <italic>Microcera</italic> are sister clades, and include
species such as <italic>Macroconia papilionacearum</italic> and <italic>Mac.
leptosphaeriae</italic> as well as <italic>Microcera coccophila, Mic. diploa</italic>, and
<italic>Mic. larvarum</italic>. These subclades, together with a few
“residual” species classified in <italic>Fusarium</italic> such as
<italic>“F.” cavispermum, “F.” ciliatum, “F.”
melanochlorum</italic>, and <italic>“F.” merismoides</italic> var.
<italic>chlamydosporale</italic>, are all phylogenetically distinct from the terminal
<italic>Fusarium</italic> clade discussed below.</p><p>The terminal <italic>Fusarium</italic> clade contains a group of fungi with
<italic>Cosmospora</italic>-like teleomorphs, of which only <italic>“Nectria”
zealandica</italic> was formally combined in <italic>Cosmospora</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref65">Nirenberg & Samuels
2000</xref>). The terminal clade includes <italic>“Nectria”
desmazieri</italic> and <italic>“N.” atrofusca,</italic> and is dealt with in
more detail by Schroers <italic>et al</italic>.
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref94">2011</xref>).</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig1"><label>Fig. 1.</label><caption><p>(p. 89). Maximum likelihood (ML) tree under the M3 codon model inferred
from combined <italic>rpb2</italic> + <italic>acl1</italic> gene sequence data set.
Negative-log likelihood (-lnL) of the ML tree is –54,991.4885. Branches
with ML-BP and MP-BP values of > 75 % and PP scores > 0.95 are in bold.
Internodes that are supported with individual values of ML-BP or MP-BP > 75
% or PP scores > 0.95, respectively, are drawn in bold and grey. Symbols
following strain numbers indicate different morphs known for the species:
○ = microconidial state, ⋄ = <italic>Fusarium</italic>-like macroconidial
state, ▵ = teleomorph. Vertical bars in red indicate members of
<italic>Cosmospora sensu</italic> Rossman <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref82">1999</xref>), yellow bars taxa of
the basal <italic>Fusarium</italic>-like clade, and a dark grey bar species of the
terminal <italic>Fusarium</italic> clade, respectively.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="79fig1"></graphic></fig></p><p>As a singleton, “<italic>Nectria” diminuta</italic> does not group with
any of the clades mentioned above. In all analyses under various substitution
models (data not shown), <italic>“N.” diminuta</italic> fell neither in
the terminal <italic>Fusarium</italic> clade nor the basal <italic>Fusarium</italic>-like
clade nor any of the <italic>Cosmospora sensu</italic> Rossman groups
(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Fig. 1</xref>). This positional
artifact may be caused by long-branch attraction or a paucity of
parsimony-informative characters for the basal taxa in the combined DNA
sequence data set.</p></sec><sec><title>Polyphyly of <italic>Fusarium sensu</italic> Wollenweber</title><p>The genus <italic>Fusarium</italic> is taxonomically linked to the teleomorph genus
<italic>Gibberella</italic>, because they share the same species as type, <italic>F.
sambucinum</italic> and <italic>G. pulicaris</italic>. In nature, <italic>Gibberella</italic>teleomorphs occur less frequently than their <italic>Fusarium</italic> anamorphs
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref82">Rossman <italic>et al.</italic>1999</xref>). In the ML tree (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Fig.
1</xref>), the <italic>Gibberella</italic> clade, representing <italic>Fusarium</italic>in the strict sense and including the type species in addition to <italic>F.
graminearum, F. sublunatum</italic>, and <italic>F. verticillioides</italic>, is strongly
supported. In <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Fig. 1</xref> and
Schroers <italic>et al</italic>.
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref94">2011</xref>), <italic>Gibberella</italic> is
the sister clade to <italic>Cyanonectria</italic>. The terminal <italic>Fusarium</italic>clade in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Fig. 1</xref>, including
species with teleomorphs described in <italic>Albonectria, Cyanonectria,
Gibberella, Haematonectria</italic>, and <italic>Neocosmospora</italic>, did not receive a
statistically significant support similar to that obtained in other
phylogenetic analyses (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref96">Schroers <italic>et
al.</italic> 2009</xref>). The basal lineage of the terminal
<italic>Fusarium</italic> clade is represented by the <italic>“Nectria”
ventricosa</italic> species complex. Within the terminal <italic>Fusarium</italic> group,
members of <italic>Albonectria</italic> and the <italic>Haematonectria/Neocosmospora</italic>species complex as well as the species pair “<italic>Albonectria</italic>”
<italic>albida</italic> and “<italic>Fusarium</italic>” <italic>nematophilum</italic>always formed strongly supported groups.</p><p>The basal <italic>Fusarium</italic>-like clade, with numerous members formerly
classified in <italic>Fusarium</italic> sections <italic>Arachnites, Eupionnotes,
Macroconia, Pseudomicrocera</italic>, and <italic>Submicrocera</italic>, is
phylogenetically and phenotypically distinct from the terminal
<italic>Fusarium</italic> clade mentioned above. The basal clade splits into several
subclades similar to what is described above for <italic>Cosmospora sensu</italic>Rossman. Therefore we have given these groups genus rank in the taxonomy part
below.</p><p>Another genus of <italic>Fusarium</italic>-like species is represented by
<italic>Atractium. Atractium crassum</italic> (<italic>“Fusarium”
merismoides</italic> var. <italic>crassum</italic>) did not fall within the basal or
terminal <italic>Fusarium</italic> clades. Together with <italic>Atractium
stilbaster</italic>, it forms a strongly supported sister lineage to a group of
fungi including species of <italic>Chaetopsina, Pseudonectria</italic>, and
<italic>Volutella.</italic></p></sec><sec><title>Polyphyly of <italic>Volutella sensu lato</italic></title><p>As mentioned above, <italic>Volutella</italic> and <italic>Chaetopsina</italic> form a well
supported lineage that is distinct from <italic>Cosmospora s. str.</italic> and the
basal <italic>Fusarium</italic>-like clade. The type of the genus <italic>Pseudonectria,
P. buxi</italic>, together with another similar species (BBA 71336), form a
strongly supported sister group to the <italic>Volutella</italic>/<italic>Chaetopsina</italic>lineage. <italic>Chaetopsina</italic> separates <italic>Pseudonectria</italic> from species of
<italic>Volutella s. str</italic>. In contrast to the above-mentioned clades,
<italic>“Pseudonectria” pachysandricola</italic> and
“<italic>Nectria” rubropeziza</italic> comprise a fairly well supported
clade that branches off near the root of the tree and that separates the basal
from the terminal <italic>Fusarium</italic> clade
(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Fig. 1</xref>). Thus,
<italic>`“P.” pachysandricola</italic> is only distantly related to the
type species of <italic>Pseudonectria</italic> and the <italic>Volutella s. str.</italic>group.</p></sec></sec><sec><title>DISCUSSION</title><p>In revising the taxa associated with <italic>Cosmospora sensu</italic> Rossman, we
focused on both teleomorph and anamorph phenotypes and ecological parameters
guided by molecular phylogenetics. Resolving the taxonomy and nomenclature of
<italic>Cosmospora</italic> requires resolving the phylogenetic relationships of many
species presently included in <italic>Fusarium sensu</italic> Wollenweber. Previously
published phylogenies of <italic>Fusarium, e.g.</italic> Summerbell & Schroers
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref107">2002</xref>), O'Donnell <italic>et
al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref70">2010</xref>), sampled
sparingly from teleomorphs of the <italic>Nectriaceae</italic> associated with other
anamorph genera. It is clear from the analysis presented here in
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Fig. 1</xref> and elsewhere in this
volume by Chaverri <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref12">2011</xref>), that as presently
defined, <italic>Fusarium</italic> is not monophyletic. The basal
<italic>Fusarium</italic>-like lineages and terminal <italic>Fusarium</italic> clade are
separated by other genera that represent large genetic and taxonomic
diversity. Although the sampling of species outside of the core
<italic>Fusarium</italic> clade exceeds that of previous studies, this is still a
relatively small subsample of these other genera. For example,
<italic>Cylindrocladium,</italic> represented by one species here, includes about 50
known species, and the<italic> Cylindrocarpon</italic> clade including the teleomorph
genera <italic>Ilyonectria, Neonectria, Rugonectria,</italic> and
<italic>Thelonectria,</italic> and the anamorph genus <italic>Campylocarpon</italic> (see
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref12">Chaverri <italic>et al.</italic>2011</xref>), has at least 70 species. <italic>Volutella,</italic> discussed
below, is probably similarly speciose, although no comprehensive revision
exists. The hyphomycete genera <italic>Cylindrodendrum, Heliscus,</italic> and
<italic>Mariannaea</italic> and many <italic>Acremonium</italic>-like species also occur in
this clade.</p><p>In our analyses based on two genes including a standard barcode marker for
<italic>Fusarium, rpb2</italic>, and a new phylogenetic marker, <italic>acl1,</italic>statistical support is weak for the backbone of the phylogenetic tree. Similar
problems exist with published nuclear ribosomal large subunit trees,
<italic>e.g.</italic> Summerbell & Schroers
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref107">2002</xref>), Zhang & Zhuang
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref122">2006</xref>), and Luo & Zhuang
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref52">2008</xref>). In the five gene
analysis by Chaverri <italic>et al</italic>.
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref12">2011</xref>), the statistical
support for the backbone of the <italic>Nectriaceae</italic> is stronger, and the few
members sampled in the basal <italic>Fusarium</italic>-like clade and terminal
<italic>Fusarium</italic> clade both form well-supported, distinct monophyletic
groups. It would be preferable if the bootstrap and probability support for
the relative arrangment of these clades were stronger, but in a polyphasic
treatment, this is only one kind of evidence. Although molecular analyses do
not strongly support our conclusion that the basal and terminal clades of
<italic>Fusarium</italic> are phylogenetically distinct, there are also no data to
support the taxonomic hypothesis that <italic>Fusarium sensu</italic> Wollenweber is
monophyletic. Thus, neither monophyly nor the 1:1 teleomorph:anamorph genus
argument supports the classical concept of <italic>Fusarium.</italic> We are confident
that additional DNA sequencing data will add support to our conclusion that
these major clades diverged long ago. Our decision results in a monophyletic
concept of <italic>Fusarium s. str.,</italic> although the terminal <italic>Fusarium</italic>clade retains some problematic groups that will require further consideration
(<italic>cf.</italic> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref94">Schroers <italic>et al.</italic>2011</xref>). Additional sampling of outlying <italic>Fusarium</italic>-like
species will undoubtedly lead to the recognition of other genera.</p><p>The <italic>Hypocreales</italic> is an anamorph rich order, with the majority of
holomorphic species having at least one anamorph, and with many apparently
solely anamorphic species. One of the main character suites of the
<italic>Nectriaceae</italic> are sporodochial anamorphs with slimy macroconidia
produced from phialides, which are broadly distributed in the family and
probably represent the plesiomorphic condition. The three best known
macroconidial groups were placed in the classical genera <italic>Fusarium
sensu</italic> Wollenweber<italic>, Cylindrocarpon,</italic> and <italic>Cylindrocladium,</italic>the latter now treated by its teleomorph generic name, <italic>Calonectria</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref51">Lombard <italic>et al.</italic>2010</xref>). Often, macroconidial anamorphs are accompanied by
microconidial, <italic>Acremonium</italic>-like synanamorphs, with small ameroconidia
produced from phialides and enveloped in slime. These are probably also
plesiomorphic in the family and homologous to similar
“microconidial” anamorphs in other families of the order. In some
lineages, macroconidia seem to have disappeared, while in other lineages,
microconidia seem to have disappeared. Verticillate anamorphs occur in some
clades, in particular <italic>Chaetopsina</italic> and <italic>Mariannaea</italic>, presumably
derived from <italic>Acremonium</italic>-like progenitors. In addition to micro- and
macroconidia, mesoconidia have been described in a few species of
<italic>Fusarium</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref73">Pascoe
1990</xref>) as intermediate between micro- and macroconidia, but dry and
produced from holoblastic conidiogenous cells, while megaconidia were
described by Crous & Seifert
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref16">1998</xref>) in a few species of
<italic>Calonectria,</italic> significantly larger than macroconidia and produced only
under some cultural conditions.</p><p><italic>Fusarium</italic>-like conidia occur in several orders of
<italic>Ascomycota</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref100">Seifert
2001</xref>). In the <italic>Nectriaceae,</italic> the phylogenetic distribution
of this character is disjunct. Because the phylogenetic backbone of the family
is weakly supported in most analyses including ours, there are two possible
interpretations for the distribution of the <italic>Fusarium</italic>-like conidium.
If the <italic>Fusarium</italic>-like conidium is plesiomorphic in the
<italic>Nectriaceae</italic>, then the cylindrical macroconidia of
<italic>Calonectria</italic> and <italic>Neonectria</italic> were derived from it, and the
taxa delimited by the ancestral <italic>Fusarium</italic>-like conidium have become
paraphyletic. Alternatively, but perhaps less probable, the
<italic>Fusarium</italic>-like conidium has evolved several times in the family, and
the taxon delimited by this character is polyphyletic.</p><p>A practical problem with dividing <italic>Fusarium</italic> is the existence of 22
generic names sometimes considered synonyms
(<xref ref-type="table" rid="tbl2">Table 2</xref>). These names must be
considered in any division of the genus, which means that the identities of
their type species in modern terms must be understood. Many of the synonyms
come from the work of Wollenweber, whose herbarium studies are largely
documented in his series <italic>Fusarium autographice delineata</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref117">Wollenweber 1916</xref>).
Unfortunately, Wollenweber did not rigorously employ a type concept that
conforms with today's standards, and we have discovered that many of his
interpretations cannot be verified. The status of some of the 22 synonyms can
be evaluated on the basis of existing knowledge and we examined type specimens
of relevant genera for this study (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tbl2">Table
2</xref>); the precise status of a few of these genera remains uncertain.
We focused on older generic synonyms, seriously considering <italic>Atractium</italic>(1809), <italic>Microcera</italic> (1848), <italic>Pionnotes</italic> (1849), and
<italic>Fusicolla</italic> (1851).</p><p><table-wrap position="float" id="tbl2"><label>Table 2.</label><caption><p>Anamorphic genera reported as synonyms of <italic>Fusarium</italic> and
interpretation of their type species according to present knowledge.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="top" align="left"><bold>Generic name</bold></th><th valign="top" align="left"><bold>Type species</bold></th><th valign="top" align="left"><bold>Synonymy proposed by</bold></th><th valign="top" align="left"><bold>Identity of type species</bold></th><th valign="top" align="left"><bold>Present status</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Fusisporium</italic> Link 1809
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>F. aurantiacum</italic> Link 1809 : Fr.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Wollenweber (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref117">1916</xref>)
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>F. graminum</italic> Corda or <italic>F. sporotrichioides</italic> Sherb.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> = <italic>Fusarium</italic>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref25">Gams & Nirenberg
1989</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Atractium</italic> Link 1809
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>A. stilbaster</italic> Link 1809
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Wollenweber & Reinking
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref120">1935</xref>)
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>A. stilbaster</italic> Link
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Distinct genus in <italic>Nectriaceae</italic>, this paper
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Selenosporium</italic> Corda 1837
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>S. tubercularioides</italic> Corda 1837 ≡ <italic>Fusarium
tubercularioides</italic> (Corda) Sacc. 1886
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Lindau (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref47">1910</xref>), Wollenweber
& Reinking (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref120">1935</xref>)
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>F. avenaceum</italic> (Corda) Sacc. or <italic>F. lateritium</italic> Nees
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> = <italic>Fusarium</italic>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">Holubová-Jechová <italic>et
al.</italic> 1994</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Microcera</italic> Desm. 1848
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>M. coccophila</italic> Desm. 1848
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Wollenweber & Reinking
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref120">1935</xref>)
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>M. coccophila</italic> Desm.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Distinct genus in <italic>Nectriaceae</italic>, this paper
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Pionnotes</italic> Fr. 1849
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>P. capitata</italic> (Schw.) Fr. 1849 ≡ <italic>Fusarium capitatum</italic>Schw. 1832
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Wollenweber & Reinking
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref120">1935</xref>)
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Dacrymyces</italic> sp. (PH!)
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> = <italic>Dacrymyces</italic>, Seifert <italic>et al.</italic> in prep.
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Fusicolla</italic> Bonord. 1851
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>F. betae</italic> (Desm. : Fr.) Bonord. 1851 ≡ <italic>Fusisporium
betae</italic> Desm. 1830 : Fr.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Wollenweber (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref117">1916</xref>),
Wollenweber & Reinking
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref120">1935</xref>)
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Fusicolla betae</italic> (Desm.) Bonord.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Distinct genus in <italic>Nectriaceae</italic>, this paper
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Sporotrichella</italic> P. Karst. 1887
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>S. rosea</italic> P. Karst. 1887
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Wollenweber & Reinking
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref120">1935</xref>)
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>F. sporotrichioides</italic> Sherb.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> = <italic>Fusarium</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Lachnidium</italic> Giard 1891
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>L. acridiorum</italic> Giard 1891
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Saccardo (1901), Wollenweber & Reinking
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref120">1935</xref>)
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>F. solani</italic> complex
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> = <italic>Fusarium</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Discocolla</italic> Prill. & Delacr. 1894
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>D. pirina</italic> Prill. & Delacr. 1894
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Wollenweber & Reinking
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref120">1935</xref>)
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>F. lactis</italic> Pirotta & Riboni
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> = <italic>Fusarium</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Septorella</italic> Allesch. 1897
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>S. salaciae</italic> Allesch. 1897
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Höhnel (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref36">1912</xref>)
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Unknown
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Status uncertain
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Trichofusarium</italic> Bubák 1906
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>T. rusci</italic> Bubák 1906 ≡ <italic>Fusarium roseum</italic> var.
<italic>rusci</italic> Sacc. 1886
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Wollenweber & Reinking
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref120">1935</xref>), Sutton
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref109">1986</xref>)
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Pycnofusarium rusci</italic> D. Hawksw. & Punith.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Considered distinct by Schroers (pers. comm.)
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Ustilaginoidella</italic> Essed 1911
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>U. musaeperda</italic> Essed 1911
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Brandes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref10">1919</xref>)
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>F. oxysporum</italic> complex
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> = <italic>Fusarium</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Stagonostroma</italic> Died. 1914
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>S. dulcamarae</italic> (Pass.) Died. 1914 ≡ <italic>Stagonospora
dulcamarae</italic> Pass. 1890
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Sutton (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref108">1977</xref>)
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Unknown
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Status uncertain
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Fusariopsis</italic> Horta 1919
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>F. derrienii</italic> Horta 1919
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Dodge (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref21">1935</xref>)
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Unknown
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Unknown
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Discofusarium</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref74">Petch
1921</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>D. tasmaniense</italic> (McAlpine) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref74">Petch
1921</xref> ≡ <italic>Microcera tasmanica</italic> McAlpine 1904 ≡
<italic>Fusarium tasmanicum</italic> (McAlpine)
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref78">Rossman 1983</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Rossman (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref78">1983</xref>)
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>“Fusarium”</italic> anamorph of “<italic>Nectria</italic>”
<italic>coccidophaga</italic> (Petch) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref78">Rossman
1983</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Unknown
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Pseudomicrocera</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref74">Petch
1921</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>P. henningsii</italic> (Koord.) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref74">Petch
1921</xref> ≡ <italic>Aschersonia henningsii</italic> Koord. 1907
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Wollenweber & Reinking
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref120">1935</xref>)
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Microcera diploa</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> = <italic>Microcera</italic>, this paper
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Fusidomus</italic> Grove 1929
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Not designated
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Sutton (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref108">1977</xref>)
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Unknown
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Status uncertain
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Infrafungus</italic> Cif. 1951
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>I. micropus</italic> (Sacc.) Cif. 1951 ≡<italic> Fusarium micropus</italic>Sacc. 1921
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Wollenweber & Reinking
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref120">1935</xref>)
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Fusarium lateritium</italic> complex
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> = <italic>Fusarium</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Euricoa</italic> Bat. & H. Maia 1955
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>E. dominguesii</italic> Bat. & H. Maia 1955
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Summerbell & Schroers
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref107">2002</xref>)
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>F. solani</italic> complex
</td><td align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Hyaloflorea</italic> Bat. & H. Maia 1955
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>H. ramosa</italic> Bat. & H. Maia 1955
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> W. Gams (pers. comm.)
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>F. solani</italic> complex
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> = <italic>Fusarium</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Pseudofusarium</italic> Matsush. 1971
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>P. fusarioideum</italic> Matsush. 1971 = <italic>Pseudofusarium semitectum</italic>(Berk. & Rav.) Matsush. 1975
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Pascoe (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref73">1990</xref>)
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>F. semitectum</italic> auct.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Fusarium</italic>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref56">Matsushima
1980</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Pycnofusarium</italic> Punith. 1973
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>P. rusci</italic> D. Hawksw. & Punith. 1973
</td><td align="left" valign="top">Sutton (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref109">1986</xref>)
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Pycnofusarium rusci</italic> D. Hawksw. & Punith.
</td><td align="left" valign="top">= <italic>Trichofusarium</italic>, Schroers (pers. comm.)
</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></p><p>We considered two scenarios to resolve the para/polyphyly of
<italic>Fusarium</italic>. The first was to adopt broad generic concepts and to
maintain the two main lineages as genera, <italic>i.e.</italic> the terminal lineage
including the type species of <italic>Fusarium</italic>, and the basal
<italic>Fusarium</italic>-like lineage that includes most of the species attributed to
<italic>Cosmospora sensu</italic> Rossman. The perithecial walls of the species of
these two clades have clearly different micromorphology. Cultures generally
differ in colony morphology and growth rates, produce different metabolites,
and the species have different ecological preferences, especially host
specificity. However, this separation was unsatisfactory because these two
large clades themselves lacked convincing statistical support, and the amount
of morphological diversity incorporated in both of these large clades was
huge, rendering the resulting taxonomy meaningless from a practical point of
view. In particular, the generic name <italic>Cosmospora</italic> would be supplanted
by the oldest available name <italic>Microcera</italic>, resulting in a genus
incorporating many large, phylogenetically well-supported clades, some of
which are sufficiently well-defined ecologically and morphologically to be
recognised as distinct genera on their own. In this broad concept of
<italic>Microcera</italic>, anamorphs with <italic>Fusarium</italic>-like macroconidia would
still not be monophyletic, because of the existence of a large clade of
microconidial, <italic>Acremonium</italic>-like anamorphs that is terminal within this
basal clade.</p><p>The second option was to adopt the genera as well-supported, ecologically
or morphologically distinct clades within the basal lineage. Although this
results in more genera, the concepts are more homogenous and the system is
practical. We followed this second approach, and the details of the generic
names adopted are included in the Taxonomy section below. Fortunately, we were
able to assign existing generic or subgeneric taxa to most of the clades.
<italic>Cosmospora</italic> is retained for the clade with <italic>Acremonium</italic>-like
microconidial anamorphs, and <italic>Microcera</italic> is reintroduced in something
similar to its nineteenth century delimitation, as a genus of insect pathogens
producing striking, flame-like conidiomata, usually on scale insects. Despite
the number of genera segregated, this revision keeps the core of common,
economically important <italic>Fusarium</italic> species intact. Of the species
included in the popular Nelson <italic>et al</italic>.
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref62">1983</xref>) system and its more
speciose successor (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref44">Leslie <italic>et al.</italic>2006</xref>), only the <italic>F. aquaeductuum</italic> and <italic>F.
merismoides</italic> species complexes are removed to <italic>Fusicolla.</italic> The more
difficult decision concerning the generic fate of the <italic>Fusarium solani</italic>species complex remains to be decided.</p><p>Both Gams & Nirenberg
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref25">1989</xref>) and Seifert
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref100">2001</xref>) emphasised the
importance of delimiting genera using polythetic concepts, <italic>i.e.</italic>concepts based on the occurrence of variable sets of shared characters with no
single character considered essential for inclusion. Although we provide
preliminary descriptions below, the development of robust polythetic diagnoses
for the genera remains a work in progress. This is just the beginning of a
taxonomic reevaluation of <italic>Fusarium</italic> and morphologically similar genera
that, with increased sampling and more genomic analysis, will result in the
recognition and definition of additional segregate genera. This revision
provides a foundation for the discovery and phylogenetic classification of a
large amount of presently unrecognised diversity representing both holomorphic
and anamorphic species.</p><p>It is unfortunate that our decision to attempt to implement a single name
nomenclature to these fungi coincides with what may be equally a controversial
decision to split <italic>Fusarium.</italic> In general, <italic>Fusarium</italic> workers
have had little interest in teleomorphs and most will have no reluctance to
abandon a dual nomenclature of little relevance to them. Because teleomorphs
are rarely seen in culture, except for that of <italic>F. graminearum,</italic> they
are considered the domain of taxonomic specialists and their nomenclatural
primacy is an historical annoyance. The introduction of single scientific
names for polythetically characterised holomorphs and the recognition of a
single nomenclaturally valid name for all taxonomic ranks seem inevitable
steps towards the stabilisation of fungal taxonomy
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref80">Rossman & Samuels 2005</xref>).
We encourage mycologists to accept our proposed nomenclature as a sincere
attempt to provide a functional single-name system that respects the
principles of the ICBN and refrain from attempting to perpetuate a dual
nomenclatural system where it is unlikely to be used by most scientists
working on the practical aspects of these fungi.</p></sec><sec><title>TAXONOMY</title><p>In this section, we consider the classification, nomenclature, and
typification of the species examined in our phylogenetic studies and implement
the taxonomic conclusions discussed above. Where possible, we have examined
holotype specimens, other authentic material, and/or ex-type cultures, as well
as material conforming to the concepts of Wollenweber. When feasible, we
designate lectotype or epitype specimens to stabilise species concepts and
provide living material for further studies. Many species are pleomorphic
having a teleomorph, a macroconidial, <italic>Fusarium</italic>-like anamorph, and a
microconidial or <italic>Acremonium</italic>-like anamorph, or any combination of
these. The morphs recorded for each species are indicated on
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Fig. 1</xref>. The species are not
redescribed here. In some cases, species concepts applied by various authors
deviate from the strict concept of the species as typified. Therefore, we
refer only to descriptions and illustrations already published that represent
the species indicated by the typification.</p><p><italic><bold>Atractium</bold></italic> Link: Fr., Mag. Ges. naturf. Freunde, Berlin 3:
10 (tab. I, fig. 11), 1809: Fries, Syst. Mycol. 1: xli, 1821.</p><p><italic>Type species</italic>: <italic><bold>Atractium stilbaster</bold></italic> Link 1809.</p><p>Emended generic diagnosis</p><p><italic>Teleomorph</italic> unknown. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> aggregated into
sporodochia or synnemata, nonstromatic; in culture, sometimes becoming
pionnotal. When produced synnemata determinate, pale brown, composed of a
stipe of parallel hyphae and a divergent capitulum of conidiophores giving
rise to a slimy conidial mass; differentiated marginal hyphae absent.
Conidiophore branching once or twice monochasial, 2-level verticillate,
monoverticillate or irregularly biverticillate. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic>monophialidic, hyaline, subulate, with conspicuous periclinal thickening.
Conidial masses yellow to orange. <italic>Conidia</italic>(0–)1–5-septate, clavate, obovoid or gently curved, rarely
ellipsoidal, with a rounded apical cell, and somewhat conical basal cell,
lacking a differentiated foot. <italic>Chlamydospores</italic> produced in culture by
some species. Cultures growing relatively slowly, usually less than 30 mm diam
in 14 d, with little aerial mycelium.</p><p>One of the commonly cited synonyms of <italic>Fusarium</italic> is the name
<italic>Atractium</italic>, described immediately following and on the same page as
its more famous cousin. The original diagnosis for <italic>Atractium</italic> and its
type species <italic>A. stilbaster</italic> reads:</p><p>“<italic>Atractium. Stroma elongatum, capitatum. Sporidia fusiformia, non
septata, capitulo instrata.</italic> Stroma stilbiforme, sporidia eadem quae
Fusidiorum. Contextus stromatis, uti videtur, tenue floccosus, floccis
parallelis. Capitulum sub microscopio composito, aqua adfusa, in sporidia fere
diffluit. Unica species, nondum descripta. <italic>A. stilbaster,</italic> stipite
cylindrico, capitulo globoso, utroque glabro lutescente. In truncis fagorum
caesorum occurrit, vix ulta ½ lin. longa, fugax, stipite facili
evanescente et capitulo in sporidia diffluente. Rarius invenit am. Ditmar.
Iconem v. fig. 11.”</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig2"><label>Fig. 2.</label><caption><p><italic>Atractium</italic> species. A. <italic>Atractium crassum</italic>, as illustrated
in the protologue by Wollenweber
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref117">1930</xref>). B. <italic>Atractium
stilbaster</italic>, original drawing by Ditmar accompanying the protologue of
<italic>Atractium</italic>, designated here as lectotype for <italic>A. stilbaster</italic>.
C. <italic>Atractium crassum,</italic> digital photographs of living conidiomata
(left) and a conidium (right) from a collection made in Ontario, Canada
(K.A.S. 809).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="79fig2"></graphic></fig></p><p>The protologue includes a drawing by Ditmar (reproduced here as
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">Fig. 2B</xref>), which shows what
could either be a capitate, synnematous fungus, similar to <italic>Stilbella</italic>or possibly a myxomycete with a ruptured sporangium as seen in species of
<italic>Trichia</italic> and many other genera, growing on a stump of <italic>Fagus</italic>.
Link was confused about the septation of conidia of <italic>A. stilbaster.</italic>The protologues for both <italic>Fusarium</italic> and <italic>Atractium</italic> explicitly
state, “Sporidia fusiformia, nonseptata...”. Link
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref48">1816</xref>) added two more species
to <italic>Atractium</italic> that Nees
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref61">1817</xref>) transferred to
<italic>Fusarium</italic> without explanation. Link
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref49">1825</xref>) adjusted his
observation and reported septate conidia in <italic>A. stilbaster</italic>,
transferring it to <italic>Fusarium</italic>, and implicitely modifying his original
species concept, and thus the generic concept of <italic>Atractium</italic>, to
include species with septate conidia. These reinterpretations led subsequent
authors, such as Berkeley, Fuckel, and Saccardo, whose systematic philosophy
would not allow synnematous species to be included in the sporodochial genus
<italic>Fusarium,</italic> to place synnematous <italic>Fusarium</italic>-like species in
<italic>Atractium</italic>. In the 19<sup>th</sup> century, the prevailing concept of
<italic>Atractium</italic> evolved to represent pale or colourful synnematous fungi
with slimy conidial masses, usually with falcate, septate conidia. Tulasne
& Tulasne (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref114">1861</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref115">1865</xref>) noted the similarity of
<italic>Atractium</italic> and <italic>Microcera</italic> (reintroduced below), and Petch
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref74">1921</xref>) commented on the
modification of Link's original concept to include species with septate
conidia. The species added to <italic>Atractium</italic> were often associated with
the teleomorph genus <italic>Sphaerostilbe,</italic> the species of which were revised
by Seifert (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref98">1985a</xref>).</p><p>Following the work of Wollenweber & Reinking
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref120">1935</xref>), who equated <italic>A.
stilbaster</italic> with <italic>Fusarium aquaeductuum</italic> var. <italic>medium</italic> (now
<italic>Dialonectria ullevolea,</italic> see below), <italic>Atractium</italic> was usually
listed as a synonym of <italic>Fusarium.</italic> The proposed synonymy is curious
because this species does not produce synnemata, the dominant feature of
Link's drawing of <italic>A. stilbaster.</italic> There is no reason to follow
Wollenweber & Reinking's interpretation and no evidence that Wollenweber,
in his work for either <italic>Die Fusarien</italic> or <italic>Fusarium autographice
deliniata,</italic> saw authentic material of <italic>A. stilbaster</italic>.</p><p>We were unable to locate authentic material of <italic>A. stilbaster,</italic> the
original species of <italic>Atractium,</italic> from the herbaria of Link (B), Persoon
(L) or Fries (UPS, UPS-Fries). The drawing with the protologue must be
regarded as the lectotype; it shows what we interpret as a capitate,
synnematous fungus (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">Fig. 2</xref>).
The confusion over whether or not the conidia were septate, described above,
is instructive in the interpretation of the identity of this fungus. To fix
the application of the name, an epitype specimen should be designated of a
synnematous fungus occurring on wood of <italic>Fagus</italic> in Germany. Seifert
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref98">1985a</xref>) provided a description
and illustration of a fungus he called <italic>Stilbella fusca</italic>, a common,
synnematous fungus on water-saturated, decayed wood, including trunks of
<italic>Fagus</italic>, in northern Europe including Germany. It is the most
frequently collected species attributed to the pre-1985 concept of
<italic>Didymostilbe</italic>, and was often reported as <italic>D. eichleriana</italic>. This
species produces slimy, obovate to obclavate conidia that are usually curved,
from long phialides on branched conidiophores. The present concept includes
specimens with predominantly aseptate conidia, but most specimens have only
1-septate conidia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref98">Seifert
1985a</xref>). This species thus matches both Link's original concept and
his subsequent revised concept of <italic>A. stilbaster</italic> in all salient
details, especially noting that other authors included it in
<italic>Atractium</italic>. A culture of this fungus isolated from bark in Germany,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=410.67&link_type=cbs">CBS 410.67</ext-link>, is thus
selected as the epitype for <italic>A. stilbaster</italic>, applying
<italic>Atractium</italic> for this clade identified in
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Fig. 1</xref>.</p><p>The three species of <italic>Atractium</italic> accepted here are all associated
with water in some way. <italic>Atractium stilbaster</italic> and <italic>A.
holubovae</italic> (not known in culture) are associated with water saturated
decaying wood, and <italic>A. crassum</italic> was isolated twice from drinking water
in Germany.</p><p>In our phylogenetic analysis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Fig.
1</xref>), two species (<italic>A. stilbaster</italic> and <italic>A. crassum</italic>)
form a well-supported monophyletic clade in the <italic>Nectriaceae</italic>. The
clade is also basal to <italic>Chaetospina, Pseudonectria</italic>, and
<italic>Volutella</italic> as discussed below.</p><p>We did not attempt a systematic reevaluation of the 24 species attributed
to <italic>Atractium</italic>, but a summary of present knowledge is presented in
<xref ref-type="table" rid="tbl3">Table 3</xref>.</p><p><table-wrap position="float" id="tbl3"><label>Table 3.</label><caption><p>Species attributed to <italic>Atractium</italic> and their current status. Basic
nomenclatural data from <italic>Index Fungorum</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="www.indexfungorum.org">www.indexfungorum.org</ext-link>).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="top" align="left"><bold>Species, authority and year of publication</bold></th><th valign="top" align="left"><bold>Status</bold></th><th valign="top" align="left"><bold>Reference</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>A. aurantiacum</italic> (Corda) Bonord. 1851
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Unknown
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>A. brunaudiana</italic> Sacc. 1883
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Unknown
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>A. candiduli</italic> Sacc. 1883
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> = <italic>Cylindrocarpon candidulum</italic> (Sacc.) Wollenw.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>A. ciliatum</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref48">Link 1816</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Basionym of <italic>“Fusarium” ciliatum</italic> (Link) Link
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> This paper
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>A. cristatum</italic> Demelius 1923
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Unknown
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>A. cronartioides</italic> Speg. 1883
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Unknown
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>A. flammeolum</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref37">Höhn.
1915</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Nomen dubium</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref98">Seifert 1985a</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>A. flammeum</italic> Berk. & Ravenel 1854
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> = <italic>Microcera coccophila</italic> Desm.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> This paper
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>A. flavoviride</italic> Sacc. 1883
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Synonym of <italic>A. stilbaster</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref98">Seifert 1985a</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>A. fuscum Sacc.</italic> 1883
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Synonym of <italic>A. stilbaster</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref98">Seifert 1985a</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>A. gelatinosum</italic> (Pers.) Sacc. 1886
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> No type in L, <italic>nomen dubium</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref98">Seifert 1985a</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>A. indicum</italic> Chona & Munjal 1956
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Unknown
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>A. lusitanicum</italic> Sousa da Câmara & Luz 1941
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Unknown
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>A. micropus</italic> (Pers.) Sacc. 1886
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> No type in L, <italic>nomen dubium</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref98">Seifert 1985a</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>A. olivaceum</italic> Kunze & J.C. Schmidt 1817
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> No type in B, <italic>nomen dubium</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref98">Seifert 1985a</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>A. pallens</italic> Nees 1818
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Type in B examined, is a coelomycete
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> This paper
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>A. pallidum</italic> Bonord. 1851
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Unknown
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>A. pallidum</italic> Berk. & M.A. Curtis 1868
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Unknown
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>A. pulvinatum</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref48">Link
1816</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Type in B examined, not an <italic>Atractium</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> This paper
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>A. rigidum</italic> Bonord. 1864
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Unknown
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>A. stilbaster</italic> Link 1809
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Accepted species
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> This paper
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>A. therryanum</italic> Sacc. 1879
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Anamorph of <italic>Dermea morthieri</italic> (Fuckel) Nannf.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref32">Groves 1946</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>A. trematis</italic> Hansf. 1944
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Unknown
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>A. tubericola</italic> Sacc. & Peglion. 1902
</td><td align="left" valign="top">Unknown
</td><td align="left" valign="top">–
</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></p><p>No teleomorphs are conclusively known for this genus, and there are no
other published names that could be applied to this clade. Seifert
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref98">1985a</xref>) discussed the
association of <italic>A. stilbaster</italic> with “<italic>Nectria”
flavoviridis</italic> and <italic>Sphaerostilbe fusca</italic>, concluding that the
reported association of this teleomorph and anamorph was probably
coincidental. Our reexamination of the type material suggests that the
KOH–perithecia on the specimen are more likely to represent the
teleomorph of a species of <italic>Fusicolla</italic>, the macroconidia of which also
occur on the specimen, rather than the teleomorph of <italic>A.
stilbaster.</italic></p></sec><sec><title>KEY TO ACCEPTED <italic>ATRACTIUM</italic> SPECIES</title><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>1. Conidia mostly (0–)1–3 septate; synnematous conidiomata
produced.....................................................................................................
2
1. Conidia mostly 3(–5) septate; synnemata not
produced...........................................................................................................
<italic>A. crassum</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>2. Conidia 37–49 × 4–5.5 μm; phialides 30–54
× 1.5–2.5
μm....................................................................................................
<italic>A. holubovae</italic>2. Conidia 15–25 × 2–4.5 μm,
phialides 20–40 × 1.5–2.5
μm......................................................................................................
<italic>A. stilbaster</italic></p></list-item></list></p><sec><title>Accepted species</title><p><italic><bold>Atractium stilbaster</bold></italic> Link 1809, Mag. Ges. naturf. Freunde,
Berlin 3: 10.
<italic>Basionym</italic>: <italic>Fusarium stilbaster</italic> (Link) Link
in Willdenow, Sp. pl., Edn 4 6(2): 106. 1825 (1824).</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>= <italic>Atractium fuscum</italic> Sacc., Syll. Fung. 2: 514. 1883.</p></list-item><list-item><p><italic>≡ Stilbella fusca</italic> (Sacc.) Seifert, Stud. Mycol. 35: 77.
1985.</p></list-item></list></p><p>See Seifert (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref98">1985a</xref>, as
<italic>Stilbella fusca</italic>) for other synonyms.</p><p><italic>Typification</italic>: Illustration published in Mag. Ges. naturf. Freunde,
Berlin 3 as tab. I, fig. 11, <bold>lectotype</bold> designated here, reproduced here
as <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">Fig. 2B</xref>. <bold>epitype</bold> of
<italic>A. stilbaster</italic> designated here: <bold>Germany,</bold> Bayrischer Wald,
Rachelseewand, on bark, Jul. 1967, W. Gams,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=410.67&link_type=cbs">CBS 410.67</ext-link>.</p><p><italic>Other material examined</italic>: See Seifert
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref98">1985a</xref>). <bold>Canada</bold>,
Quebec, Gatineau Park, Lac Bourgeous, on cut end of stump, Jul. 1992, K.A.
Seifert, DAOM 215627.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: Seifert
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref98">1985a</xref>) provided illustrations
and a complete description of this species. The variability in conidium
dimensions and septation reported by Seifert
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref98">1985a</xref>) may indicate the
existence of several closely related but possibly morphologically diagnosable
species.</p><p><italic><bold>Atractium crassum</bold></italic> (Wollenw.) Seifert &
Gräfenhan<bold>, comb. & stat. nov.</bold> MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB519420&link_type=mb">MB519420</ext-link>.
<italic>Basionym</italic>:
<italic>Fusarium merismoides</italic> var. <italic>crassum</italic> Wollenw., Fus. autogr.
del. 3: 857. 1930. (The publication of the same species in <italic>Zeitschrift
für Parasitenkunde</italic> 3(3): 308. 1931 was apparently after the cited
1930 publication).</p><p><italic>Typification</italic>: <bold>Germany</bold>, Berlin, isolated from drinking
water, 1928, H.W. Wollenweber 3119, <bold>lectotype</bold> designated here, CBS.
<bold>ex-type</bold> cultures <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=180.31&link_type=cbs">CBS
180.31</ext-link> = NRRL 20894. GenBank barcodes: HQ897722 (<italic>rpb2</italic>),
HQ897859 (<italic>acl1</italic>).</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: This species was described and illustrated by Wollenweber
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref117">1930</xref>, reproduced here as
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">Fig. 2A</xref>), Wollenweber &
Reinking (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref120">1935</xref>), and Gerlach
& Nirenberg (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref29">1982</xref>). The
strains described by the latter authors are now degenerated, and the following
details come from their description. Fresh cultures grow slowly, 15–30
mm diam after 10 d on PDA, and sometimes produce <italic>Coremium</italic>-like
structures. The macroconidia are gently curved with a rounded to somewhat
conical basal cell and a rounded apical cell; there is no foot to the basal
cell. They are mostly 3–5-septate; 3-septate conidia average 52 ×
5 μm (ranging 37–60 × 4.5–5.5), 4–5-septate 60
× 5.5 μm (50–65 × 5-6), 1–2 septate 31 × 4.5
μm (25–37 × 3–6). Chlamydospores are terminal,
intercalary or in conidia, round, 7–12 μm diam.</p><p>A second culture, BBA 62257, was illustrated by Gerlach
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref27">1972</xref>) and Gerlach &
Nirenberg (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref29">1982</xref>) but is no
longer available. A dried culture kept in the CBS herbarium is designated as
lectotype above, because it is the only known original material. Wollenweber's
published illustration of the type strain
(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">Fig. 2A</xref>) represents the
macroconidia of his taxon well. Epitypification must await the isolation of a
fresh culture and specimen that can demonstrate the salient morphological
features more completely than the existing cultures.</p><p>This species developed in damp chambers on small twigs collected from cold,
running river water in Ontario, Canada, but the cultures were not preserved
and the fungus cannot be relocated on the original specimen. Attempts to
recollect and reisolate the fungus from the same locality were unsuccessful.
The conidiomata on the natural substrate were glistening white and
flame-shaped; the bundles of parallel macroconidia give the appearance of
minute synnemata (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">Fig. 2C</xref>).
However, little conidiomatal tissue is actually produced, and the phialides
arise from a typical, <italic>Fusarium</italic>-like sporodochium of interwoven but
not stromatic hyphae and conidiogenous cells.</p><p><italic><bold>Atractium holubovae</bold></italic> (Seifert, S.J. Stanley & K.D. Hyde)
Seifert, <bold>comb. nov.</bold> MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB519421&link_type=mb">MB519421</ext-link>.
<italic>Basionym</italic>:
<italic>Stilbella holubovae</italic> Seifert, S.J. Stanley & K.D. Hyde, Sydowia
47: 258, 1995.</p><p><italic>Typification</italic>: <bold>Philippines</bold>, Negros Occiental, Bario Caliban,
Caliban River, on submerged wood, Dec. 1994, K.D. Hyde & E. Arimas,
<bold>holotype</bold> DAOM 214961.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: This species was described and illustrated by Seifert
<italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref102">1995</xref>) in the
absence of pure cultures and is transferred here on the basis of its
morphological similarity with <italic>A. stilbaster</italic>. It is known from the
holotype and two subsequent records on submerged wood collected from streams
in Asia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref103">Sivichai <italic>et al</italic>.
2002</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref23">Fryar <italic>et al</italic>.
2004</xref>).</p><p><italic><bold>Cosmospora</bold></italic> Rabenh., Hedwigia 2: 59. 1862.</p><p><italic>Type species</italic>: <italic><bold>Cosmospora coccinea</bold></italic> Rabenh.
1862.</p><p><italic>Stroma</italic> inconspicous or absent. <italic>Perithecia</italic> scattered to
gregarious, pyriform with an acute or apical papilla, collapsing cupulate or
pinched when dry, orange red or bright red, turning dark red in KOH+, smooth
walled, usually 150–450 μm high. <italic>Asci</italic> cylindrical to
narrowly clavate, with an apical ring, 8 uniseriate or partly biseriate
ascospores. <italic>Ascospores</italic> initially hyaline but becoming yellow brown to
reddish brown, 1-septate, becoming tuberculate when mature. <italic>Conidiophores
Acremonium</italic>-like, either lateral phialides on somatic hyphae, or with one
or two layers of monochasial branching, or verticillate, hyaline.
<italic>Phialides</italic> monophialidic, cylindrical to subulate, hyaline.
<italic>Microconidia</italic> ellipsoidal, oblong or clavate or slightly allantoid,
aseptate, hyaline, in slimy heads. <italic>Macroconidia</italic> absent.
<italic>Chlamydospores</italic> usually not seen, but produced on some media.</p><p><italic>Colonies</italic> on PDA slow growing, 15–25 mm diam in 14 d at room
temperature, surface powdery, felt-like, floccose, cottony, white, pale pink,
ochre to olivaceous green, sporulation usually abundant, arising directly from
agar surface or from sometimes abundant aerial mycelium.</p><p><italic>Habitat</italic>: On fruiting bodies and stromata of other fungi, <italic>e.g.
Fomitopsis, Hypoxylon, Inonotus, Stereum</italic>, often isolated from soil.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: About 65 species have been attributed to <italic>Cosmospora
sensu</italic> Rossman. This concept is relatively broad, encompassing a great
deal of anamorphic variability, although the teleomorph morphology is
relatively conserved, with small, orange or reddish KOH+ perithecia with thin
walls, cylindrical asci with or without an apical ring, and eight, uniseriate,
1-septate ascospores; stroma development is usually limited. Our phylogenetic
analyses (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Fig. 1</xref>) identify
several distinct lineages within the prevailing concept of
<italic>Cosmospora</italic>. New teleomorph genera have already been proposed for some
lineages, namely <italic>Nectricladiella</italic> (a synonym of the anamorphically
typified genus <italic>Cylindrocladiella</italic>) and <italic>Chaetopsinectria</italic> (a
synonym of the anamorphically typified genus <italic>Chaetopsina</italic>). In
general, well-supported clades correlate with anamorph types, although
<italic>Fusarium</italic>-like anamorphs are found in several lineages.</p><p>Here, we propose a more restricted concept for <italic>Cosmospora</italic>,
limiting it to the clade of species surrounding the type, <italic>C.
coccinea</italic>, which have only microconidial, <italic>Acremonium</italic>-like
anamorphs and tend to occur on other fungi. Other microconidial genera
recognised are <italic>Mariannaea</italic> and <italic>Volutella</italic>. The clades with
<italic>Fusarium</italic>-like anamorphs are reclassified below in the reintroduced
genera <italic>Dialonectria, Fusicolla,</italic> and <italic>Microcera,</italic> with
<italic>Macroconia</italic> elevated to generic rank from its previous sectional rank
in <italic>Nectria</italic>. A small residue of species remains in <italic>Cosmospora
sensu</italic> Rossman that are not redisposed here.</p><p>Although several of the new combinations propose the transfer of an
anamorph typified name to a teleomorphically typified genus, as explained in
the Introduction, the results are correct, legitimate, and valid for those
species that are not pleomorphic, <italic>i.e.</italic> those that lack a teleomorph
and are outside Art. 59 of the ICBN.</p></sec><sec><title>Accepted species</title><p><italic><bold>Cosmospora coccinea</bold></italic> Rabenh., Hedwigia 2: 59. 1862 [non
Nectria coccinea (Pers.) Fr. 1849].</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>= <italic>Verticillium olivaceum</italic> W. Gams, Cephalosporium<italic>-artige
Schimmelpilze</italic>, p. 129. 1971.</p></list-item></list></p><p><italic>Typification</italic>: <bold>Germany</bold>, near Laubach, on rotting pores of a
polypore, Solms, Fungi europaei no. 459, <bold>lectotype</bold> BPI designated by
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref82">Rossman <italic>et al.</italic>1999</xref>.</p><p><italic>Other material examined</italic>: <bold>Germany</bold>, Bayrischer Wald,
Arberseewand, on hymenium of <italic>Inonotus nodulosus</italic> on <italic>Fagus
sylvatica</italic>, Aug. 1967, W. Gams 680,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=341.70&link_type=cbs">CBS 341.70</ext-link> = VKM
F-2863; Kr. Plön, near Dobersdorf, on hymenium of <italic>Inonotus
radiatus</italic> on <italic>Alnus</italic>, Oct. 1965, W. Gams 1104,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=343.70&link_type=cbs">CBS 343.70</ext-link>; Eifel,
Geeser Wald near Gerolstein, on <italic>Inonotus radiatus</italic>, Sep. 1970, W.
Gams, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=841.70&link_type=cbs">CBS 841.70</ext-link>;
Eifel, Geeser Wald near Gerolstein, on <italic>Inonotus radiatus</italic>, Sep. 1970,
W. Gams, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=983.70&link_type=cbs">CBS 983.70</ext-link>= VKM F-2862; Neubrandenburg, Kleppelshager Forst near Friedland, on
<italic>Inonotus radiatus</italic>, Oct. 1978, P. Hübsch H78/40,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=704.79&link_type=cbs">CBS 704.79</ext-link>; Bayern,
on <italic>Inonotus nodulosus</italic>, dead crust, on fallen branch of <italic>Fagus
sylvatica</italic>, 1993, T.R. Lohmeyer & R. Boesmiller 93/62, A.R. 2741 = BPI
802729 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=114050&link_type=cbs">CBS
114050</ext-link>; Nordrhein-Westfalen, Detmold, Krebsteich, on <italic>Inonotus
nodulosus</italic> on <italic>Fagus sylvatica</italic>, Apr. 2007, T. Gräfenhan
2007-37, DAOM 235821.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: For descriptions, illustrations, and additional taxonomic
synonyms of the microconidial anamorph, see Gams
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref24">1971</xref>); the teleomorph is
briefly described by Rossman <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref82">1999</xref>).</p><p><italic><bold>Cosmospora arxii</bold></italic> (W. Gams) Gräfenhan & Schroers,
<bold>comb. nov.</bold> MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB519422&link_type=mb">MB519422</ext-link>.
<italic>Basionym</italic>:
<italic>Acremonium arxii</italic> W. Gams, Cephalosporium<italic>-artige
Schimmelpilze</italic>, p. 123. 1971.</p><p><italic>Typification</italic>: <bold>Germany</bold>, Niedersachsen, near Wilhelmshaven,
Neuenburger Urwald, on <italic>Hypoxylon</italic> sp., May 1965, W. Gams,
<bold>holotype</bold> <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=H-6635&link_type=cbs">CBS
H-6635</ext-link>, <bold>ex-type</bold> culture
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=748.69&link_type=cbs">CBS 748.69</ext-link> GenBank
barcodes: HQ897725 (<italic>rpb2</italic>), HQ897862 (<italic>acl1</italic>).</p><p><italic>Other material examined</italic>: <bold>Germany</bold>, Nordrhein-Westfalen,
Kamen, Heerener Holz, on <italic>Hypoxylon</italic> on <italic>Fagus</italic>, Apr. 2007, T.
Gräfenhan 2007-22, DAOM 235822; Nordrhein-Westfalen, Detmold,
Externsteine, on <italic>Hypoxylon</italic> on <italic>Fagus sylvatica</italic>, Apr. 2007, T.
Gräfenhan 2007-28, DAOM 235823; Nordrhein-Westfalen, Detmold, Donoper
Teich, on <italic>Hypoxylon</italic> on <italic>Fagus sylvatica</italic>, Apr. 2007, T.
Gräfenhan 2007-29, DAOM 235824 & T.G. 2007-33, DAOM 235825;
<bold>USA</bold>, Pennsylvania, near Salt Springs State Park, on <italic>Hypoxylon</italic>on <italic>Acer</italic>, May 2007, T. Gräfenhan 2007-55, DAOM 235826.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: The teleomorph of <italic>Cosmospora arxii</italic> is commonly
found on <italic>Hypoxylon</italic> spp. on <italic>Fagus</italic> in North America and
Europe, but has not been described yet; its morphology is similar to that of
<italic>C. viridescens</italic>. For a description, illustrations, and discussion of
the microconidial anamorph, see Gams
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref24">1971</xref>) and notes under <italic>C.
berkeleyana</italic> below.</p><p><italic><bold>Cosmospora berkeleyana</bold></italic> (P. Karst.) Gräfenhan, Seifert
& Schroers, <bold>comb. nov.</bold> MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB519423&link_type=mb">MB519423</ext-link>.
<italic>Basionym</italic>:
<italic>Verticillium berkeleyanum</italic> P. Karst., Meddeland. Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn.
18: 64. 1891.</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Acremonium berkeleyanum</italic> (P. Karst.) W. Gams, Netherlands
J. Pl. Pathol. <bold>88</bold>: 76. 1982.</p></list-item></list></p><p><italic>Typification</italic>: <bold>Finland</bold>, near Mustiala, on <italic>Stereum
hirsutum</italic> on <italic>Betula</italic>, Oct. 1890, P.A. Karsten 2310,
<bold>holotype</bold> H.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: For a description and discussion of this microconidial
species, see Karsten (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref42">1891</xref>)
and Gams & Zaayen
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref26">1982</xref>).</p><p>Although some have considered the teleomorph to be the heterotypic
<italic>Hypomyces berkeleyanus</italic> Plowr. & Cooke (≡
<italic>Sphaerostilbella berkeleyana</italic> (Plowr. & Cooke) Samuels &
Candoussau), our observations complicate the situation considerably. Because
our phylogenetic results suggest that this is a species complex, the proposed
synonyms applied to the teleomorph-anamorph connections for <italic>Cosmospora
berkeleyana</italic> need to be re-evaluated
(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Fig. 1</xref>). These synonyms
include <italic>Acremonium butyri, Cephalosporium khandalense, Gliomastix
lavitskiae, Nectria vilior</italic>, and <italic>N. viridescens</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref24">Gams 1971</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref87">Samuels <italic>et al.</italic> 1990</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref82">Rossman <italic>et al.</italic> 1999</xref>).
In our phylogenetic analysis, all of these putative synonyms can be
interpreted as distinct species of <italic>Cosmospora</italic>.</p><p><italic>Cosmospora berkeleyana, C. vilior,</italic> and <italic>C. viridescens</italic>have often been considered synonymous, but this now seems unlikely and each
name must be re-evaluated. Samuels <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref87">1990</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref90">1991</xref>) studied and discussed
the type material of <italic>C. vilior</italic> on a valsaceous stroma from Brazil.
Because no fresh material from subtropical South America is available, we are
unable to reinterpret Samuels' concept in phylogenetic terms. <italic>Cosmospora
viridescens</italic> was described from a fungal host on <italic>Salix</italic> in Europe
and thus may have distinct host relationships and geographical distribution.
Possible morphological distinctions between these two teleomorphs are
discussed below under <italic>C. viridescens.</italic></p><p>Gams & Zaayen (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref26">1982</xref>)
studied a recent specimen and culture identified as <italic>Acremonium
berkeleyanum</italic>, which was unavailable for our study (<bold>The
Netherlands</bold>, Oostelijk Flevoland, Abbert-bos, perceel O66, on <italic>Stereum
hirsutum</italic>, July 1981, W. Gams,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=501.81&link_type=cbs">CBS 501.81</ext-link>). A
similar fungus producing perithecia and the characteristic greenish
<italic>Acremonium</italic>-like anamorph on basidiocarps of <italic>S. hirsutum</italic> on
<italic>Alnus rubra</italic> is common in British Columbia, Canada (Seifert, unpubl.
data).</p><p>Until species limits can be more clearly established, we prefer not to
epitypify <italic>C. berkeleyana</italic> or <italic>C. vilior.</italic> The diversity of
substrates and broad geographic distribution recorded for <italic>C.
berkeleyana</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref24">Gams 1971</xref>,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="www.cbs.knaw.nl/databases">www.cbs.knaw.nl/databases</ext-link>)
suggest that additional phylogenetic species await discovery in this
complex.</p><p><italic><bold>Cosmospora butyri</bold></italic> (J.F.H. Beyma) Gräfenhan, Seifert
& Schroers, <bold>comb. nov.</bold> MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB519428&link_type=mb">MB519428</ext-link>.
<italic>Basionym</italic>:
<italic>Tilachlidium butyri</italic> J.F.H. Beyma, Zentralbl. Bakteriol., 2 Abt. 99:
388. 1938.</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Acremonium butyri</italic> (J.F.H. Beyma) W. Gams,
Cephalosporium<italic>-artige Schimmelpilze</italic>, p. 126. 1971.</p></list-item></list></p><p><italic>Typification</italic>: <bold>Denmark</bold>, Copenhagen, butter, Knudsen,
<bold>holotype</bold> <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=H-6601&link_type=cbs">CBS
H-6601</ext-link>, <bold>ex-type</bold> cultures
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=301.38&link_type=cbs">CBS 301.38</ext-link> = MUCL
9950. GenBank barcodes: HQ897729 (<italic>rpb2</italic>), HQ897866
(<italic>acl1</italic>).</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: No teleomorph is known, but see notes under <italic>C.
berkeleyana</italic> above. This microconidial species is described, illustrated,
and discussed by van Beyma
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2">1938</xref>) and Gams
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref24">1971</xref>). As noted by Summerbell
<italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref106">2011</xref>), there
may be more than one fungus preserved as
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=301.38&link_type=cbs">CBS 301.38</ext-link>; we have
not examined the holotype specimen.</p><p><italic><bold>Cosmospora cymosa</bold></italic> (W. Gams) Gräfenhan & Seifert,
<bold>comb. nov.</bold> MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB519429&link_type=mb">MB519429</ext-link>.
<italic>Basionym</italic>:
<italic>Acremonium cymosum</italic> W. Gams, Cephalosporium-<italic>artige
Schimmelpilze,</italic> p. 131. 1971.</p><p><italic>Typification</italic>: <bold>Germany</bold>, Schleswig-Holstein, Kr.Rendsburg,
Enkendorfer Gehölz, on decaying <italic>Inonotus radiatus</italic>, Oct. 1965, W.
Gams, <bold>lectotype</bold> designated here
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=H-5054&link_type=cbs">CBS H-5054</ext-link>,
<bold>isotype</bold> <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=H-6603&link_type=cbs">CBS
H-6603</ext-link>, <bold>ex-type</bold> culture
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=762.69&link_type=cbs">CBS 762.69</ext-link>. GenBank
barcodes: HQ897778 (<italic>rpb2</italic>), HQ897914 (<italic>acl1</italic>).</p><p><italic>Other material examined</italic>: <bold>Germany</bold>, Kr.Plön,
Dobersdorfer Wald, on <italic>Inonotus radiatus</italic> on <italic>Alnus glutinosa</italic>,
June 1965, W. Gams 512A, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=H-8146&link_type=cbs">CBS
H-8146</ext-link>, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=258.70&link_type=cbs">CBS
258.70</ext-link>.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: For description and illustrations of this microconidial
anamorphic species, see Gams
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref24">1971</xref>). No teleomorph is
known.</p><p><italic><bold>Cosmospora khandalensis</bold></italic> (Thirum. & Sukapure)
Gräfenhan & Seifert, <bold>comb. nov.</bold> MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB519430&link_type=mb">MB519430</ext-link>.
<italic>Basionym</italic>:
<italic>Cephalosporium khandalense</italic> Thirum. & Sukapure, Mycologia 58: 359.
1966.</p><p><italic>Typification</italic>: <bold>India</bold>, Maharashtra, Khandala, on decaying
stem of <italic>Bambusa</italic>, Aug. 1964, M.J. Thirumalachar, <bold>holotype</bold> HACC
148, <bold>isotype</bold> <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=H-15076&link_type=cbs">CBS
H-15076</ext-link>, <bold>ex-type</bold> cultures ATCC 16091 =
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=356.65&link_type=cbs">CBS 356.65</ext-link> = IMI
112790 = MUCL 7974. GenBank barcodes: HQ897723 (<italic>rpb2</italic>), HQ897860
(<italic>acl1</italic>).</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: The microconidial anamorph of this species as typified here
is described and illustrated by Sukapure & Thirumalachar
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref104">1966</xref>) and discussed by Gams
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref24">1971</xref>). See notes above under
<italic>C. berkeleyana.</italic></p><p><italic><bold>Cosmospora lavitskiae</bold></italic> (Zhdanova) Gräfenhan &
Seifert, <bold>comb. nov.</bold> MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB519431&link_type=mb">MB519431</ext-link>.
<italic>Basionym</italic>:
<italic>Gliomastix lavitskiae</italic> Zhdanova, Mikrobiol. Zhurn. 28: 37. 1966.</p><p><italic>Typification</italic>: <bold>Ukraine</bold>, Poltawa region, on plant debris from
rhizosphere soil of <italic>Zea mays</italic>, July 1961, <bold>holotype</bold> D.K.
Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology of the National Academy of
Sciences of Ukraine, <bold>ex-type</bold> cultures ATCC 18666 =
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=530.68&link_type=cbs">CBS 530.68</ext-link> = IMI
133984 = VKM F-1324. GenBank barcodes: HQ897726 (<italic>rpb2</italic>), HQ897863
(<italic>acl1</italic>).</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: The microconidial anamorph of the species is described and
illustrated by Zhdanova
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref123">1966</xref>) and discussed by Gams
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref24">1971</xref>). No teleomorph is
known. See notes above under <italic>C. berkeleyana.</italic></p><p><italic><bold>Cosmospora viridescens</bold></italic> (C. Booth) Gräfenhan &
Seifert, <bold>comb. nov.</bold> MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB519432&link_type=mb">MB519432</ext-link>.
<italic>Basionym</italic>:
<italic>Nectria viridescens</italic> C. Booth, Mycol. Papers 73: 89. 1959.</p><p><italic>Typification</italic>: <bold>UK</bold>, England, Yorkshire, Sawley Woods, on
black pyrenomycete on branches of <italic>Salix</italic>, Apr. 1954, C. Booth,
<bold>holotype</bold> IMI 56736, <bold>isotype</bold> DAOM 83074.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: The microconidial anamorph and teleomorph of this species
as typified are described, illustrated, and discussed by Booth
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref5">1959</xref>) and Gams
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref24">1971</xref>).</p><p><italic>Cosmospora viridescens</italic> is morphologically similar to <italic>C.
vilior</italic>, but the latter has tuberculate ascospores, compared to the
spinulose ascospores of <italic>C. viridescens</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref87">Samuels <italic>et al.</italic>1990</xref>). Both species have <italic>Acremonium</italic>-like anamorphs with
green colonies, and their perithecia occur on black, valsaceous stromata.
Ascospore isolates made from perithecia collected on stromata of
<italic>Hypoxylon</italic> and <italic>Ustulina</italic> in temperate areas often yield green
colonies similar to <italic>C. viridescens</italic>, but are probably different from
the tropical or subtropical species identified as <italic>C. vilior</italic>.
Furthermore, differences in substrate specificity and geographic distribution
support the distinction of <italic>C. viridescens</italic> from the other
<italic>Cosmospora</italic> species mentioned above.</p><p><italic>Cosmospora viridescens</italic> cannot be correlated with any described
<italic>Acremonium</italic> species, nor can any of the described <italic>Acremonium</italic>species in this complex be unequivocally connected to any of the described
teleomorphic species. Of the species in this complex with names based on
anamorphic types, only <italic>C. arxii</italic> unequivocally has a known teleomorph,
but it has apparently never been named.</p><p><italic><bold>Dialonectria</bold></italic> (Sacc.) Cooke, Grevillea 12: 109. 1884.
MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB1491&link_type=mb">MB1491</ext-link>.</p><p><italic>Type species</italic>: <italic><bold>Dialonectria episphaeria</bold></italic> (Tode: Fr.)
Cooke 1884 as <italic>D. sanguinea</italic>.</p><p><italic>Stroma</italic> inconspicous or absent. <italic>Perithecia</italic> scattered and
solitary or in small groups, pyriform with a short acute or round apical
papilla, collapsing cupulate or pinched when dry, orange red to carmine red,
turning dark red in KOH+, smooth-walled, usually < 200 μm high.
<italic>Asci</italic> cylindrical to narrowly clavate, with an apical ring, 8
uniseriate ascospores. <italic>Ascospores</italic> hyaline to pale brown, 1-septate,
smooth or becoming tuberculate when mature. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> initially
as lateral phialides on somatic hyphae, sometimes verticillate, hyaline.
<italic>Phialides</italic> monophialidic, subulate to subclavate, hyaline.
<italic>Microconidia</italic> ellipsoidal to clavate, aseptate, hyaline, abundant.
<italic>Macroconidia</italic>, if present, subcylindrical, moderately curved, slightly
narrowing toward each end, apical cell often slightly hooked with a more or
less pointed tip, basal cell not or scarcely pedicellate, predominantly
3–5-septate, hyaline, mostly thin-walled. <italic>Chlamydospores</italic> not
observed.</p><p><italic>Colonies</italic> on PDA slow growing, 25–50 mm diam in 14 d at room
temperature, surface smooth, white to orange, aerial mycelium sparse, often
becoming pionnotal, <italic>i.e.</italic> with abundant sporulation occuring in slimy
masses over colony surface, often without discrete sporodochia.</p><p><italic>Habitat</italic>: Mostly growing on stromata of other ascomycetes on
deciduous trees.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Dialonectria</italic> was introduced first as a subgenus of
<italic>Nectria</italic> and was revised in that context by Samuels <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref90">1991</xref>), with a delimitation
that more or less correlated with what the same authors later assigned to
<italic>Cosmospora sensu</italic> Rossman. With the more restricted delimitation of
<italic>Cosmospora</italic> adopted above, we also propose a restricted concept of
<italic>Dialonectria</italic> around its type species, <italic>D. episphaeria</italic>. Most
of the ∼45 other species ascribed to <italic>Dialonectria</italic> by various
authors have been reassigned or synonymised with other species by students of
<italic>Nectria</italic> over the past 30 years.</p><p>Several phylogenetically distinct lineages are known within the <italic>D.
episphaeria</italic> complex, one of which is described as a new species
below.</p></sec><sec><title>Accepted species</title><p><bold><italic>Dialonectria episphaeria</italic></bold> (Tode: Fr.) Cooke as <italic>D.
sanguinea</italic>, Grevillea 12: 110. 1884.
<italic>Basionym</italic>: <italic>Sphaeria
episphaeria</italic> Tode: Fr., Tode, Fungi Mecklenb. Sel. 2: 21. 1791: Fries,
Syst. Mycol. 2: 454. 1823.</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Nectria episphaeria</italic> (Tode: Fr.) Fr., Summa Veg. Scand. 2:
388. 1846.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Cucurbitaria episphaeria</italic> (Tode: Fr.) O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen.
Plant. 3: 461. 1898.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Fusarium episphaeria</italic> (Tode) W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hansen,
Amer. J. Bot. 32: 662. 1945.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Cosmospora episphaeria</italic> (Tode: Fr.) Rossman & Samuels
in Rossman, Samuels, Rogerson & Lowen, Stud. Mycol. 42: 121. 1999.</p></list-item></list></p><p><italic>Typification</italic>: Origin unknown, <bold>lectotype</bold> designated by Booth
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref5">1959</xref>) in L 0112704, Herb.
Lugd. Bat. 910267659 ex Herb. Persoon, <bold>isotype</bold> TNS.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: For description, illustrations, and discussion of the
teleomorph, see Booth (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref5">1959</xref>).
The anamorph produces micro- and macroconidia and is described by Gerlach
& Nirenberg (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref29">1982</xref>) and
Nelson <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref62">1983</xref>).</p><p>The morphological species <italic>Dialonectria episphaeria</italic> splits into at
least five phylogenetic lineages, which share similar phenotypic traits
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref31">Gräfenhan <italic>et al.</italic>2008</xref>). There is presently no fresh, well-characterised material on
<italic>Diatrype</italic> on <italic>Crataegus</italic> from northern Germany suitable for
epitypification. The anamorph of <italic>D. episphaeria</italic> was often reported as
or referred to as <italic>Fusarium aquaeductuum</italic> var. <italic>medium, e.g.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref29">Gerlach & Nirenberg 1982</xref>,
but we consider this to represent a different phylogenetic species that is
described below as a new species.</p><p><italic><bold>Dialonectria ullevolea</bold></italic> Seifert & Gräfenhan, <bold>sp.
nov.</bold> MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB519433&link_type=mb">MB519433</ext-link>.
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">Fig. 3A–J</xref>.</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>= <italic>Fusarium aquaeductuum</italic> var. <italic>medium</italic> Wollenw., Fus.
autogr. del., no. 844. 1930.</p></list-item></list></p><p><italic>Etymology</italic>: K.A.S. recalls impassioned discussion on the topic of
dividing <italic>Fusarium</italic> with P. Crous, K. O'Donnell, M. Stadler, and B.
Summerell during the 7<sup>th</sup> International Mycological Congress in
Oslo, Norway, August 2002; this is commemorated with <italic>Dialonectria
ullevolea,</italic> named for the Ullevol pub, where this discussion occurred.</p><p>Coloniae in agaro CMA perithecia fertilia, aurantiaco-rubra vel rubra
formantes; perithecia pyriformia, papilla brevi praedita, Dialonectriae
episphaeriae similia, ascosporis dilute brunneis, bicellularibus,
(8.7–)9.7–11(–12.5) ×
(3.7–)4–4.5(–4.8) μm. Conidiophora primum phialides
simplices ex hyphis orientes, deinde irregulariter ramosa, nonnumquam
verticillata. Monophialides subulatae vel subclavatae, 8–20 ×
1.5–2.3 μm. Conidia copiosa in pionnote conidiophororum aggregatorum
vel in conidiophoris singulis, tenuitunicata, hyalina: microconidia
ellipsoidea vel clavata, unicellularia, (3–)3.5–5(–6.5)
× 1–1.5(–1.7) μm, fere copiosa; macroconidia plerumque
3–5-septata, 1-septata: 10–25 × 1.5–2 μm,
3-septata: (20–)30–42(–48) ×
(1.8-)2–2.5(–2.7) μm, 4–5-septata:
(30–)37–43.5(–50) × (1.8-)2–2.5(–2.7)
μm, 6–7-septata: 40–48(–52) ×
(2–)2.3–2.7 μm, subcylindrica, modice curvata, utrinque paulo
angustata, sursum saepe paulo uncinata et plus minusve acutata; ad basim vix
an non pedicellata. Coloniae in agaro PDA lente crescentes, 25–30 mm
diam. post 14 dies, dilute aurantiae vel griseo-aurantiae. Mycelium aerium
absens vel appressum, pionnotes aurantia iuxta coloniam mediam. Corpora
sclerotialia absentia.</p><p>On CMA, the type culture forms fertile, orange red to bright red
<italic>perithecia</italic>, pyriform each with a short apical papilla,
morphologically similar to <italic>Dialonectria episphaeria</italic> as described by
Booth (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref5">1959</xref>);
<italic>ascospores</italic> pale brown, 1-septate,
(8.7–)9.7–11(–12.5) × (3.7–)
4–4.5(–4.8) μm (n = 50).</p><p>Colonies slow-growing on PDA, 25–30 mm diam in 14 d at room
temperature. Surface light orange (5A5) to greyish orange (5B5) in colony
centre, whitish at margin, margin smooth to broadly lobed. Reverse similar in
colour but less bright with a slightly yellowish tinge (6A4 to 6B5).
<italic>Aerial mycelium</italic> sparse or occasionally with floccose spots, lacking
or appressed at margin. <italic>Sporulation</italic> in orange pionnotal masses, first
observed near colony centre. Sclerotial bodies not observed.</p><p>In culture on CMA: <italic>Conidiophores</italic> initially unbranched, with
phialides arising laterally from hyphae, later irregularly or occasionally
verticillately branched. <italic>Phialides</italic> monophialidic, subulate to
subclavate, 8–20 × 1.5–2.3 μm, hyaline. <italic>Conidia</italic>produced abundantly in pionnotes of aggregated conidiophores or on single
conidiophores, delicate, hyaline. <italic>Microconidia</italic> ellipsoidal to
clavate, aseptate, (3–)3.5–5 (–6.5) ×
1–1.5(–1.7) μm (n = 30), hyaline, abundant.
<italic>Macroconidia</italic> subcylindrical, moderately curved, slightly narrowing
toward each end, apical cell often slightly hooked with a more or less pointed
tip; basal cell not or scarcely pedicellate, predominantly 3–5-septate,
1-septate: 10–25 × 1.5–2 μm (n = 5), 3-septate:
(20–)30–42(–48) × (1.8-)2–2.5(–2.7) μm
(n = 40), 4–5-septate: (30–)37–43.5(–50) ×
(1.8-)2–2.5(–2.7) μm (n = 30), 6–7-septate:
40–48(–52) × (2–)2.3–2.7 μm (n = 25).
<italic>Chlamydospores</italic> not observed.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig3"><label>Fig. 3.</label><caption><p>A–J. <italic>Dialonectria ullevolea</italic>, ex-type strain (BBA 64549). A.
Micro- and macroconidia formed on CMA after 18 d. B. Colony surface on PDA
after 1 mo. C. Microconidia formed on CMA after 18 d. D–E. Phialides
bearing microconidia on agar surface (D) and submerged (E) on CMA after 14 d.
F. Cylindrical asci with obliquely uniseriate ascospores. G. Pyriform
perithecia in culture on CMA after 50 d. H. Cells at surface of perithecial
wall mounted in water. I. Perithecial apex mounted in water. J. Ascospores in
optical section mounted in water. Scale bars: C, D, E, J = 10 μm; A, F, H,
I = 20 μm; G = 200 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="79fig3"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Typification</italic>: <bold>Netherlands</bold>, Baarn, Groeneveld, perithecia on
branch of <italic>Fagus sylvatica</italic>, July 1984, K.A. Seifert 357,
<bold>holotype</bold> <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=H-3565&link_type=cbs">CBS
H-3565</ext-link>, <bold>ex-type</bold> cultures BBA 64549 =
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=512.84&link_type=cbs">CBS 512.84</ext-link> = NRRL
20688. GenBank barcodes: HQ897749 (<italic>rpb2</italic>), HQ897885
(<italic>acl1</italic>).</p><p><italic>Other material examined</italic>: <bold>USA</bold>, Pennsylvania, near Salt
Springs State Park, on pyrenomycete stroma on <italic>Fagus</italic>, May 2007, T.
Gräfenhan 2007-56, DAOM 235827; <bold>Canada</bold>, Quebec, Mayo, Forêt
la Blanche, on pyrenomycete stroma on deciduous tree, Oct. 2007, T.
Gräfenhan 2007-72, DAOM 235828.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: To preserve the taxonomic concept of <italic>F.
aquaeductuum</italic> var. <italic>medium sensu</italic> Wollenweber
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref117">1930</xref>), we typify
<italic>Dialonectria ullevolea</italic> with an isolate from <italic>Fagus sylvatica</italic>collected in The Netherlands. The species produces a teleomorph and both
microconidial and macroconidial synanamorphs; it seems to be pan-temperate and
has been collected in Europe and North America.</p><p><italic><bold>Fusicolla</bold></italic> Bonord., <italic>Handbuch der allgemeinen
Mykologie</italic> p. 150. 1851.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig4"><label>Fig. 4.</label><caption><p><italic>Fusicolla betae,</italic> lectotype (K). A. Sporodochium. B. Conidia and
phialides. Scale bar in B = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="79fig4"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Type species</italic>: <italic><bold>Fusicolla betae</bold></italic> (Desm.) Bonord.
1851.</p><p><italic>Stroma</italic> erumpent from host with hyphae forming a slimy, pale orange
sheet over the substratum, with perithecia fully or partially immersed.
<italic>Perithecia</italic> scattered to gregarious, or in small groups, globose to
pyriform with a short acute or disk-like papilla, pinched when dry, yellow,
pale buff to orange, KOH–, smooth walled, usually 100–200 μm
high. <italic>Asci</italic> cylindrical to narrowly clavate, with an apical ring, 8
uniseriate ascospores. <italic>Ascospores</italic> hyaline to pale brown, 1-septate,
smooth or becoming slightly verrucose when mature. <italic>Conidiophores</italic>initially as lateral phialides on somatic hyphae, sometimes monochasial,
verticillate or penicillate, hyaline. <italic>Phialides</italic> monophialidic,
cylindrical to subulate, hyaline. <italic>Microconidia</italic> sparse or absent,
ellipsoidal to allantoid, aseptate, hyaline. <italic>Macroconidia</italic> falcate,
more or less straight, or moderately to clearly curved, slightly narrowing
toward each end, apical cell often hooked with a more or less pointed tip,
basal cell slightly pedicellate, predominantly 1–3-septate, or
3–5-septate, in one species up to 10-septate, hyaline, mostly
thin-walled. <italic>Chlamydospores</italic> absent, sparse, or abundant, when present
globose, single, in pairs or chains, sometimes in macroconidia.</p><p><italic>Colonies</italic> on PDA slow growing, 30–55 mm diam in 14 d at room
temperature, surface smooth, whitish to pale brown, pink or orange, sometimes
with violet or reddish-brown tones, often entirely pionnotal; <italic>aerial
mycelium</italic> sparse or abundant, turf-like, felt-like, or coremioid if with
violet or reddish-brown tones.</p><p><italic>Habitat</italic>: On soil or plant matter in contact with soil, on woody
material, slime flux of trees, sometimes on stromata of other fungi, in
flowing water including drinking water and sewage.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Fusicolla</italic> has generally been considered a synonym
of <italic>Fusarium</italic> (see notes under <italic>F. betae</italic> below), but is adopted
here for elements of the <italic>F. aquaeductuum</italic> and <italic>F. merismoides</italic>species complexes. Some of the varieties attributed to those two species by
other authors are raised to species rank. The application of the name
<italic>Fusarium merismoides</italic> var. <italic>chlamydosporale</italic> remains uncertain
at this time, while <italic>F. merismoides</italic> var. <italic>crassum</italic> is
transferred to <italic>Atractium</italic> above.</p><p>Eight other species were described in <italic>Fusicolla</italic> before the genus
was synonymised with <italic>Fusarium</italic> by Wollenweber
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref117">1916</xref>, see below), six of
them by Karsten. We have not seen the type specimens of any of these species,
which have apparently not been revised since their original descriptions.</p></sec><sec><title>Accepted species</title><p><italic><bold>Fusicolla betae</bold></italic> (Desm.) Bonord.<italic>, Handbuch der
allgemeinen Mykologie</italic> p. 150. 1851.
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4">Fig. 4</xref>.
<italic>Basionym</italic>:
<italic>Fusisporium betae</italic> Desm., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., Sér. 1, 19:
436. 1830.</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Fusarium betae</italic> (Desm.) Sacc., Michelia 2: 132. 1880.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Pionnotes betae</italic> (Desm.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 726.
1886.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Pionnotes rhizophila</italic> var. <italic>betae</italic> (Desm.) De Wild.
& Durieu, Prodr. Fl. Belg. 2: 367. 1898.</p></list-item></list></p><p><italic>Typification</italic>: <bold>France</bold>, on tuber of <italic>Beta vulgaris</italic>,
spring 1826, Desmazières, <bold>lectotype</bold> designated here K(M) 167520,
Plantes Cryptogames du Nord de la France, no. 305; <bold>epitype</bold> designated
here: <bold>Germany</bold>, Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, on young plants of
<italic>Triticum aestivum</italic>, Jan. 1983, C. Bauers, preserved culture BBA 64317.
GenBank barcodes: HQ897781 (<italic>rpb2</italic>), HQ897917 (<italic>acl1</italic>).</p><p><italic>Other material identified</italic>: <bold>Germany</bold>, northern Germany,
rotting potato tuber, E. Langerfeld DE 8, FRC E-0114 = MRC 2196 = NRRL 47186.
<bold>Turkey</bold>, roots of <italic>Papaver</italic>, 2007, G. Turhan, T.G. 2007-70.
<bold>UK</bold>, on <italic>Beta vulgaris,</italic> IMI 105043 = NRRL 22133.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: Morphologically, <italic>Fusicolla betae</italic> closely resembles
other members of the <italic>Fusicolla merismoides</italic> species complex, and
critical taxonomic reevaluation of this complex is required to develop
reliable species concepts.</p><p>There has been confusion over the identity of this species with two
independent concepts in the literature. Wollenweber
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref117">1916</xref>, no. 99, 100) probably
studied type material of <italic>Fusisporium betae</italic>, but later listed the
species as synonym of <italic>Fusarium merismoides</italic> irrespective of precedence
of the older species epithet (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref120">Wollenweber
& Reinking 1935</xref>). Following this, the genus <italic>Fusicolla</italic>was usually listed as a synonym of <italic>Fusarium, e.g.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref11">Carmichael <italic>et al</italic>.
1980</xref>. Alternatively, Chupp
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref13">1954</xref>, p. 111) cited
<italic>Fusarium betae</italic> and “<italic>Fusidium betae</italic> Desm.”
(probably a <italic>lapsus</italic> for <italic>Fusisporium</italic>) as synonyms of
<italic>Cercospora beticola</italic>. He cited only the type of <italic>C. beticola</italic>and types of other <italic>Cercospora</italic> names synonymised with <italic>C.
beticola</italic>; types of the <italic>Fusarium</italic>/<italic>Fusidium</italic> names were not
cited. We conjecture that he proposed the synonymy based on the identity of
the host and a general congruence in conidial size and septation. Crous &
Braun (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref14">2003</xref>) followed the
latter synonymy including <italic>Fusisporium betae</italic> as a synonym of
<italic>Cercospora apii s. lat.;</italic> they also did not see type material (U.
Braun, pers. comm.). Our studies of the lectotype designated above confirm
that Desmaziéres' fungus produces sporodochia, phialides, and
<italic>Fusarium</italic>-like conidia identical to those of the epitype selected
above.</p><p><italic><bold>Fusicolla acetilerea</bold></italic> (Tubaki, C. Booth & T. Harada)
Gräfenhan & Seifert, <bold>comb. et stat. nov.</bold> MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB519434&link_type=mb">MB519434</ext-link>.
<italic>Basionym</italic>:
<italic>Fusarium merismoides</italic> var. <italic>acetilereum</italic> Tubaki, C. Booth &
T. Harada, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 66: 355. 1976.</p><p><italic>Typification</italic>: <bold>Japan</bold>, Osaka, near Osaka University, soil,
1973, T. Miyoshi, <bold>holotype</bold> IFO 30040, <bold>ex-type</bold> cultures IMI181488
= BBA 63789 = NRRL 20827. GenBank barcodes: HQ897701 (<italic>rpb2</italic>), HQ897839
(<italic>acl1</italic>).</p><p><italic>Other material identified</italic>: <bold>Australia</bold>, soil, FRC E-0052 =
NRRL 13261, FRC E-0120 = NRRL 47187, FRC E-0121 = NRRL 47188, ICMP 10485 =
NRRL 39744, IMI 175962 = NRRL 22137. <bold>Philippines</bold>, Nueva Vizcaya, FRC
E-0164 = NRRL 47201. <bold>south Africa</bold>, soil, FRC E-0130 = NRRL 47191, FRC
E-0136 = NRRL 47193, FRC E-0205 = NRRL 47210, FRC E-0226 = NRRL 47215, FRC
E-0229 = NRRL 47844, FRC E-0257 = NRRL 47222, FRC E-0265 = NRRL 47224, FRC
E-0287 = NRRL 47231, FRC E-0288 = NRRL 47232. <bold>Zambia</bold>, soil, FRC E-0208
= NRRL 47212.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: This species produces both macroconidia and microconidia.
The holotype is described, illustrated, and discussed by Tubaki <italic>et
al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref113">1976</xref>) and Gerlach
& Nirenberg (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref29">1982</xref>).</p><p><italic><bold>Fusicolla aquaeductuum</bold></italic> (Radlk. & Rabenh.)
Gräfenhan, Seifert & Schroers, <bold>comb. nov.</bold> MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB519435&link_type=mb">MB519435</ext-link>.
<italic>Basionym</italic>:
<italic>Selenosporium aquaeductuum</italic> Radlk. & Rabenh., Kunst-Gewerbe-Blatt
49: 10. 1863.</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Fusarium aquaeductuum</italic> (Radlk. & Rabenh.) Lagerh.,
Centralbl. Bakteriol. Parasitenk. 9: 655. 1891.</p></list-item></list></p><p><italic>Typification</italic>: <bold>Germany</bold>, Bayern, München, water fountain
near Gasteigberg, Nov. 1862, L. Radlkofer, <bold>lectotype</bold> designated here B
700014034. A permanent slide prepared by Radlkofer and sent to Wollenweber is
selected here as the lectotype of <italic>Selenosporium aquaeductuum</italic>; it is
the only known authentic material. <bold>epitype</bold> designated here:
<bold>Germany</bold>, Berlin-Dahlem, Julius-Kühn-Institute (formerly BBA),
isol. ex plugged water tap in BBA, May 1985, H.I. Nirenberg, <bold>ex-type</bold>cultures BBA 64559 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=837.85&link_type=cbs">CBS
837.85</ext-link> = NRRL 20865 = NRRL 37595. GenBank barcodes: HQ897744
(<italic>rpb2</italic>), HQ897880 (<italic>acl1</italic>).</p><p><italic>Other material examined</italic>: <bold>Germany</bold>, Berlin, drinking water,
1974, W. Gerlach, BBA 63669 =
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=734.79&link_type=cbs">CBS 734.79</ext-link> = NRRL
20686; <bold>The Netherlands</bold>, Baarn, rubber tubing, 1953, A.L. van Beverwijk,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=H-12677&link_type=cbs">CBS H-12677</ext-link>,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=268.53&link_type=cbs">CBS 268.53</ext-link> = NRRL
22115.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: No teleomorph is known for this species. For a description,
illustrations, and discussion of the microconidial and macroconidial
synanamorphs of this species as epitypified here, see Gerlach & Nirenberg
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref29">1982</xref>).</p><p>In Radlkofer (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref76">1863</xref>), two
figures illustrate <italic>Selenosporium aquaeductuum</italic>, one showing
1–2(–4)-septate conidia borne on phialides. Wollenweber
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref117">1916</xref>) studied a permanent
slide originally prepared by Radlkofer and drew the fungus with 1-septate and
3–4-septate conidia. On the herbarium sheet with that slide, Wollenweber
noted the presence of two <italic>Fusarium</italic> species, <italic>F. aquaeductuum</italic>with 1-septate conidia, 18–22 × 1.5–2 μm and <italic>F.
biasolettianum</italic> with 3-septate conidia, 30–55 × 2–2.5
μm. Based on similarities of the phenotype and substrate preferences, we
classify <italic>Fusarium aquaeductuum</italic> in <italic>Fusicolla</italic>.</p><p>Wollenweber & Reinking
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref120">1935</xref>) included <italic>Microcera
brachyspora</italic> Sacc. & Scalia as a synonym of <italic>F. aquaeductuum</italic>,
but this should be confirmed with type studies.</p><p>Wollenweber (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref119">1931</xref>) linked
<italic>Fusarium aquaeductuum</italic> var. <italic>aquaeductuum</italic> to
“<italic>Nectria” episphaeria</italic> var. <italic>coronata</italic> (syn.
<italic>“Nectria” purtonii,</italic> see below); subsequently this
anamorph-teleomorph connection was accepted by Booth
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref5">1959</xref>), Gerlach and Nirenberg
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref29">1982</xref>), Samuels <italic>et
al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref90">1991</xref>), and Rossman
<italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref82">1999</xref>).
According to our phylogenetic results, <italic>“Nectria” purtonii</italic>is not a member of <italic>Fusicolla</italic> but belongs to <italic>Stylonectria</italic>.
The reported anamorph-teleomorph connection could not be confirmed here.</p><p><italic><bold>Fusicolla epistroma</bold></italic> (Höhn.) Gräfenhan &
Seifert, <bold>comb. nov.</bold> MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB519436&link_type=mb">MB519436</ext-link>.
<italic>Basionym</italic>:
<italic>Dendrodochium epistroma Höhn.,</italic> Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad.
Wiss., Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl., Abt. 1, 118: 424. 1909.</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Fusarium epistroma</italic> (Höhn.) C. Booth as <italic>F.
epistromum</italic>, <italic>The Genus</italic> Fusarium p. 66. 1971.</p></list-item></list></p><p><italic>Typification</italic>: <bold>Germany</bold>, Brandenburg, “Schmidt's
Grund” near Tamsel, on old stromata of <italic>Diatrypella favacea</italic> on
branches of <italic>Betula</italic>, Nov. 1906, P. Vogel, Sydow's Mycotheca germanica
648 <italic>Hymenula epistroma</italic>, <bold>lectotype</bold> B 700014042 designated here,
<bold>isotypes</bold> FH 00286649, K, S F40143. <bold>epitype</bold> designated here:
<bold>UK</bold>, England, Yorkshire, Aberford & Gundale, on <italic>Diatrypella</italic>on <italic>Betula</italic>, Apr. 1961, C. Booth, IMI 85601, <bold>ex-type</bold> cultures
ATCC 24369 = BBA 62201 = NRRL 20461 = NRRL 20439. GenBank barcodes: HQ897765
(<italic>rpb2</italic>), HQ897901 (<italic>acl1</italic>).</p><p><italic>Other material examined</italic>: <bold>Germany</bold>, Triglitz, 1907, O. Jaap,
herb. von Höhnel 3087, FH 00286650.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: For descriptions, illustrations, and discussion of the
micro- and macroconidial synanamorphs of this species, see Booth
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref6">1971</xref>) and Gerlach &
Nirenberg (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref29">1982</xref>).</p><p>An anamorph-teleomorph connection of <italic>F. epistromum</italic> with
<italic>Nectria</italic> (“<italic>Cosmospora“</italic>) <italic>magnusiana</italic> was
suggested by Höhnel
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref35">1909</xref>) and later followed by
Jaap (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref41">1910</xref>), Booth
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref5">1959</xref>), Gerlach & Nirenberg
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref29">1982</xref>), and Samuels <italic>et
al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref90">1991</xref>). Höhnel
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref35">1909</xref>) based his assumption on
the observation that both fungi occurred on the same host fungus,
<italic>Diatrypella favacea</italic>. However, he did not collect or observe the
teleomorph together with his <italic>Dendrodochium epistroma</italic>. Wollenweber
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref117">1924</xref>, No. 539) studied a
specimen of <italic>N. magnusiana</italic> collected by Jaap (Fungi selecti exs. 418)
and questioned the link with Höhnel's anamorphic fungus. Booth's
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref5">1959</xref>) report of the
anamorph-teleomorph connection included a drawing of the anamorph that lacks
attribution to a specimen, but looks much like Wollenweber's <italic>Fusaria
autographice delineata</italic> no. 539. The conidiophores and conidia are
similar, having subulate phialides and non-septate, oblong to allantoid
conidia. We compared Rehm's type material (S F84956, B 700014041) to the
description given by Samuels <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref90">1991</xref>) based on Jaap's
exsiccati. In contrast to the latter, the KOH–ascomatal wall of the type
specimen appears slightly verrucose and the colour is dark orange-brown with
an obtuse apex and an ostiolar area that becomes almost black. Mature
ascospores of <italic>Nectria magnusiana</italic> measure
(12–)13–14.5(–15.5) ×
(5.5–)5.8–6.5(–6.8) μm and are significantly wider than
those of the Jaap exsiccata studied by Samuels <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref90">1991</xref>). The type material of
<italic>N. magnusiana</italic> is reminiscent of <italic>Neonectria</italic> or <italic>Nectria
s.str</italic>. An anamorph was associated with the same stroma from which
perithecia developed. Its buff-coloured hymenium bears oblong-ellipsoidal
microconidia conidia, 3.5–8 × 1–2 μm. These microconidia
match those observed in two authentic collections of <italic>Dendrodochium
epistroma</italic> (Sydow's Mycotheca Germanica 648 and Jaap's Fungi Selecti
Exsiccati 349). Booth (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref5">1959</xref>)
and Samuels <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref90">1991</xref>) concluded that <italic>D.
epistroma</italic> is the anamorph of <italic>N. magnusiana</italic>, both being host
specific to <italic>Diatrypella favacea.</italic> Only a few <italic>Fusarium</italic>-like
macroconidia were found on the type material of <italic>Dendrodochium
epistroma</italic>, but macroconidia were lacking on the hymenium of the type
collection of <italic>N. magnusiana</italic>. Interestingly, in culture the ex-type
isolate of <italic>Fusicolla epistroma</italic> produces predominantly 3-septate
conidia, rarely microconidia. From this, it remains unclear whether the
associated anamorph on the type material of <italic>N. magnusiana</italic> is
<italic>Fusicolla epistroma</italic>. Therefore, we decided to designate the epitype
for <italic>F. epistroma</italic> based on Booth's material and not to consider the
older species name <italic>Nectria magnusiana</italic> for this species.</p><p><italic><bold>Fusicolla matuoi</bold></italic> (Hosoya & Tubaki) Gräfenhan &
Seifert, <bold>comb. nov.</bold> MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB519437&link_type=mb">MB519437</ext-link>.
<italic>Basionym</italic>:
<italic>Fusarium matuoi</italic> Hosoya & Tubaki, Mycoscience 45: 264. 2004.</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Cosmospora matuoi</italic> Hosoya & Tubaki, Mycoscience 45:
262. 2004.</p></list-item><list-item><p>[= <italic>Fusarium splendens</italic> Matuo & Takah. Kobay., <italic>nom.
nud.</italic>, Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan 2(4): 13. 1960].</p></list-item></list></p><p><italic>Typification</italic>: <bold>Japan</bold>, Honshu, Yamagata Pref.,
Mamurogawa-machi, Mogami-gun, on <italic>Albizia julibrissin</italic>, Oct. 1958, T.
Kobayashi, <bold>holotype</bold> TNS F-11127, <bold>ex-type</bold> culture MAFF
410976.</p><p><italic>Other material examined</italic>: <bold>Iran</bold>, Prov. Gilan, near
Bandarepahlavi, on rotting stalk of <italic>Zea mays</italic>, Oct. 1968, D. Ershad,
BBA 62154 = FRC E-0089 = NRRL 47180. <bold>Japan</bold>, on <italic>Albizia
julibrissin</italic>, Oct. 1959, T. Kobayashi, ATCC 18694 =
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=581.78&link_type=cbs">CBS 581.78</ext-link> = MAFF
238445 = NRRL 20427.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: For a description, illustrations, and discussion of the
teleomorph and micro- and macroconidial synanamorphs of this species, see
Hosoya & Tubaki
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref40">2004</xref>).</p><p><italic><bold>Fusicolla merismoides</bold></italic> (Corda) Gräfenhan, Seifert &
Schroers, <bold>comb. nov.</bold> MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB519438&link_type=mb">MB519438</ext-link>.
<italic>Basionym</italic>:
<italic>Fusarium merismoides</italic> Corda, Icon. Fung. 2: 4. 1838.</p><p><italic>Typification</italic>: <bold>Czech Republic</bold>, Prague, on very wet shards of
a plant pot, winter 1836, Corda, <bold>holotype</bold> PRM 155493.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Fusicolla merismoides</italic> is morphologically well
characterised and has been widely accepted as a distinctive species
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref119">Wollenweber 1931</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref6">Booth 1971</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref29">Gerlach & Nirenberg 1982</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref62">Nelson <italic>et al.</italic> 1983</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref44">Leslie <italic>et al.</italic> 2006</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref22">Domsch <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>);
these authors provide descriptions, illustrations, and discussion of the
macroconidial anamorph of this species. The morphological species concept was
established by Wollenweber & Reinking
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref120">1935</xref>), who synonymised
numerous taxa with <italic>Fusarium merismoides</italic> var. <italic>merismoides</italic>.
Unlike <italic>F. betae</italic>, which is mainly known from roots and tubers of
plants, <italic>F. merismoides</italic> is commonly isolated from soils, polluted
water, slime fluxes of trees, rotting plant material, and many other
substrates. Gräfenhan <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref31">2008</xref>) discovered several
phylogenetic lineages in the <italic>F. merismoides</italic> morphological species,
including some ascospore isolates; the same conclusion can be drawn from
publically available sequences attached to this name. We studied Corda's type
material deposited in PRM and could not come to a satisfying conclusion on the
selection of an appropriate epitype based solely on the macroconidial
characteristics. Moreover, after examination of authentic material of
<italic>Fusarium biasolettianum</italic> (PRM 155487), we could not confirm the
reported synomymy with <italic>Fusicolla merismoides</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref120">Wollenweber & Reinking
1935</xref>). Macroconidia of <italic>Fusarium biasolettianum</italic> have
almost an pointed and slightly hooked apical cell and a pedicellate basal cell
(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5">Fig. 5</xref>) that rather resemble
macroconidium characteristics of <italic>Fusarium s. str.</italic> species. Rossman
<italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref82">1999</xref>)
mentioned <italic>Chrysogluten biasolettianum nom. rej.,</italic> but there is no
nomenclatural connection between this teleomorphic fungus and <italic>F.
biasolettianum;</italic> the coincidental epithets indicate only that they were
named in honour of the Italian botanist B. Biasoletto.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig5"><label>Fig. 5.</label><caption><p><italic>Fusarium biasolettianum</italic>, authentic material (PRM 155487).
Macroconidia. Scale bar = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="79fig5"></graphic></fig></p><p>Most of the varieties within <italic>F. merismoides</italic> are distinct species,
either within <italic>Fusicolla</italic> or in sister genera.</p><p><italic><bold>Fusicolla violacea</bold></italic> Gräfenhan & Seifert, <bold>sp.
nov.</bold> MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB519439&link_type=mb">MB519439</ext-link>.</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>= <italic>Fusarium</italic> <italic>merismoides</italic> var. <italic>violaceum</italic> W.
Gerlach, Phytopathol. Z. 90: 34. 1977. <italic>nom. inval.</italic> Art. 37.</p></list-item></list></p><p>Latin description in Gerlach, Phytopath. Z. 90: 34-35. 1977 under the name
“<italic>Fusarium merismoides</italic> var. <italic>violaceum“</italic>.</p><p><italic>Typification</italic>: <bold>Iran</bold>, Prov. Gilan, near Rasht, on
<italic>Quadraspidiotus perniciosus</italic> (San José insect) scaleon dying
twig of <italic>Prunus domestica</italic>, Nov. 1968, W. Klett, <bold>holotype</bold><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=634.76&link_type=cbs">CBS 634.76</ext-link>,
permanently cryopreserved culture, <bold>ex-type</bold> cultures BBA 62461 = NRRL
20896. GenBank barcodes: HQ897696 (<italic>rpb2</italic>).</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: For descriptions, illustrations, and discussion of the
micro- and macroconidial synanamorphs of this species, see Gerlach
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref28">1977</xref>) and Gerlach &
Nirenberg (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref29">1982</xref>).</p><p>The taxon was not validly published because the author did not designate a
holotype, instead listing one living strain with accession numbers in two
culture collections as “Cultura typica”.</p><p><italic><bold>Macroconia</bold></italic> (Wollenw.) Gräfenhan, Seifert &
Schroers, <bold>gen. et stat. nov.</bold> MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB519441&link_type=mb">MB519441</ext-link>.
<italic>Basionym</italic>:
<italic>Nectria</italic> sect. <italic>Macroconia</italic> Wollenw., Angew. Bot. 8: 179. 1926.
MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB519440&link_type=mb">MB519440</ext-link>.</p><p><italic>Type species</italic>: <italic><bold>Nectria leptosphaeriae</bold></italic> Niessl in
Krieger 1886, here recognised as <italic>Macroconia leptosphaeriae</italic> (Niessl)
Gräfenhan & Schroers.</p><p><italic>Stroma</italic> inconspicous or absent. <italic>Perithecia</italic> solitary,
subglobose with or without a small apical papilla, collapsing cupulate when
dry, orange to carmine red, KOH+ dark red to violet, sometimes with hyphal
hairs arising from outer wall, usually 100–250 μm high. <italic>Asci</italic>cylindrical to narrowly clavate, with a simple apex, 8 uniseriate to partially
biseriate ascospores. <italic>Ascospores</italic> yellowish, 1-septate, smooth or
becoming striate when mature. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> initially as lateral
phialides on somatic hyphae, later monochasial to verticillate, hyaline.
<italic>Phialides</italic> monophialidic, cylindrical to subulate, hyaline.
<italic>Microconidia</italic> absent or very rare, when present ellipsoidal to
allantoid, hyaline. <italic>Macroconidia</italic> robust, subcylindrical to moderately
curved, apical cell conical or hooked, basal cell mostly conspicuously
pedicellate, 3–7(–14)-septate, hyaline, mostly thick-walled.
<italic>Chlamydospores</italic> absent or rare, when present globose, single, in
pairs, or in chains in hyphae.</p><p>Colonies on PDA slow- or very slow-growing, 7–10 or ∼ 45 mm diam
in 14 d at room temperature, whitish to orange or reddish brown; aerial
mycelium abundant, with discrete pink, orange or reddish brown sporodochia or
small pionnotes.</p><p><italic>Habitat</italic>: Mostly growing on stromata of other ascomycetes on
herbaceous plants or deciduous trees.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: Based on the section name originally in <italic>Nectria</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref118">Wollenweber 1926</xref>), but also
used as a “Gruppe” in <italic>Fusarium</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref120">Wollenweber & Reinking
1935</xref>), we raise <italic>Macroconia</italic> to generic rank here for five
species with large <italic>Fusarium</italic>-like macroconidia and minute
perithecia.</p></sec><sec><title>Accepted species</title><p><italic><bold>Macroconia leptosphaeriae</bold></italic> (Niessl) Gräfenhan &
Schroers, <bold>comb. nov.</bold> MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB519442&link_type=mb">MB519442</ext-link>.
<italic>Basionym</italic>:
<italic>Nectria leptosphaeriae</italic> Niessl in Krieger, Fungi Saxonici Exsiccati.
Die Pilze Sachsen's 4: No. 165. 1886.</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Cucurbitaria leptosphaeriae</italic> (Niessl) O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen.
Plant. 3: 461. 1898.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Hypomyces leptosphaeriae</italic> (Niessl) Wollenw., Fus. autogr.
del., Edn 1: No. 57. 1916.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Lasionectria leptosphaeriae</italic> (Niessl) Petch, Trans. Brit.
Mycol. Soc. 21: 267. 1938.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Cosmospora leptosphaeriae</italic> (Niessl) Rossman & Samuels
in Rossman, Samuels, Rogerson & Lowen, Stud. Mycol. 42: 122. 1999.</p></list-item><list-item><p>? = <italic>Fusarium sphaeriae</italic> var. <italic>majus</italic> Wollenw., Fus. autogr.
del. No. 859. 1930.</p></list-item></list></p><p><italic>Typification</italic>: <bold>Germany</bold>, Sachsen, Königstein Fortress,
church yard, on <italic>Leptosphaeria doliolum</italic> on stems of <italic>Urtica
dioica</italic>, Sept. & Oct. 1885, W. Krieger, Krieger's Fungi saxonici 165,
<bold>lectotype</bold> designated here K(M) 165805, <bold>isotype</bold> B, BPI, K.</p><p><italic>Other material examined</italic>: <bold>Canada</bold>, Ontario, Ottawa,
Britannia, near Mud Lake, on <italic>Leptosphaeria</italic> on dead stem of <italic>Urtica
dioica</italic>, July 2008, T. Gräfenhan 2008-15, DAOM 235833. <bold>Italy</bold>,
Latio, ancient Etruscan village Corviano near Bomarzo, on
<italic>Leptosphaeria</italic> on dead stem of <italic>Urtica dioica</italic>, Aug. 2008, T.
Gräfenhan 2008-19, DAOM 235834. <bold>The Netherlands</bold>, Tilburg, on
<italic>Leptosphaeria</italic> on dead stem of <italic>Urtica dioica</italic>, L. Rommelaars,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=100001&link_type=cbs">CBS 100001</ext-link>,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=H 6030&link_type=cbs">CBS-H 6030</ext-link>.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: For description and illustration of the macroconidial
anamorph and teleomorph of this species, see Weese
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref116">1916</xref>), Wollenweber
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref117">1916</xref>, No. 57; 1926; 1930,
No. 859), Booth (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref5">1959</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref6">1971</xref>), and Samuels <italic>et
al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref90">1991</xref>).</p><p>The distinction between <italic>Macroconia leptosphaeriae</italic> and <italic>M.
sphaeriae</italic> is based on the size of ascospores and conidia in the type
collections. According to Wollenweber
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref118">1926</xref>), the ascospores of the
type material of <italic>M. leptosphaeriae</italic> are smaller (14–18 ×
5–5.5 μm) than those of <italic>M. sphaeriae</italic> (19–25 ×
5.8–6.5 μm). These observations were partly confirmed by Samuels
<italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref90">1991</xref>), who
discussed the history and synonymy of the species. Five-septate conidia of
<italic>M. leptosphaeriae</italic> measure 74–105 × 5–7 μm,
whereas 5-septate conidia of <italic>M. sphaeriae</italic> are 45–73 ×
4.5–5.5 μm (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref118">Wollenweber
1926</xref>). Further morphological studies of fresh collections from
<italic>Leptosphaeria</italic> on <italic>Urtica</italic> are needed to confirm these species
boundaries in these two species of <italic>Macroconia.</italic> Also, the occurrence
of cellular hairs or sterile appendages on ascomatal walls needs to be
reviewed critically. Therefore, we refrain from designating epitype material
for <italic>M. leptopshaeriae</italic> here.</p><p><italic><bold>Macroconia cupularis</bold></italic>(J. Luo & W.Y. Zhuang)
Gräfenhan & Seifert, <bold>comb. nov.</bold> MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB519443&link_type=mb">MB519443</ext-link>.
<italic>Basionym</italic>:
<italic>Cosmospora cupularis</italic> J. Luo & W.Y. Zhuang, Fungal Diversity 31:
88. 2008.</p><p><italic>Typification</italic>: <bold>China</bold>, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, Taihuyuan, 500 m
alt., on fruitbodies of a black ascomycete (<italic>Stylodothis</italic> sp.) on twigs
of an unidentified tree, Sep. 2005, J. Luo and W.Y. Li 6790-2, <bold>holotype</bold>HMAS 97514, <bold>ex-type</bold> culture HMAS 173240. GenBank barcodes: EF121864
(<italic>ITS</italic>), EF121870 (<italic>28S rDNA</italic>).</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: For description, illustrations, and discussion of the
teleomorph and macroconidial anamorph of this species, see Luo & Zhuang
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref52">2008</xref>). Its inclusion in
<italic>Macroconia</italic> is inferred from the morphology and sequences provided in
the protologue, although we did not include the species in our own
analysis.</p><p><italic><bold>Macroconia gigas</bold></italic> (J. Luo & W.Y. Zhuang) Gräfenhan
& Seifert, <bold>comb. nov.</bold> MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB519444&link_type=mb">MB519444</ext-link>.
<italic>Basionym</italic>:
<italic>Cosmospora gigas</italic> J. Luo & W.Y. Zhuang, Fungal Diversity 31: 85.
2008 non <italic>Fusarium gigas</italic> Speg., Anales Soc. Ci. Argent. 22: 221.
1886.</p><p><italic>Typification</italic>: <bold>Taiwan</bold>, Nantou, Huisun Forestry Farm, 700 m
alt., on rotten stem of bamboo associated with other fungi, Aug. 2005, W.Y.
Zhuang 6598, <bold>holotype</bold> HMAS 99592, <bold>ex-type</bold> culture HMAS 173239;
<bold>paratype</bold> <italic>ibid.</italic>, W.Y. Zhuang<italic>, 6595</italic>, HMAS 97513.
GenBank barcodes: EF121863 (<italic>ITS</italic>), EF121869 (<italic>28S rDNA</italic>).</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: For description, illustrations, and discussion of this
teleomorph and macroconidial anamorph of this species, see Luo & Zhuang
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref52">2008</xref>). Its inclusion in
<italic>Macroconia</italic> is inferred from the morphology and sequences provided in
the protologue, although we did not include the species in our own
analysis.</p><p><italic><bold>Macroconia papilionacearum</bold></italic> (Seaver) Gräfenhan &
Seifert, <bold>comb. nov.</bold> MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB519445&link_type=mb">MB519445</ext-link>.
<italic>Basionym:
Nectria papilionacearum</italic> Seaver, Mycologia 1: 62. 1909.</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Cosmospora papilionacearum</italic> (Seaver) Rossman & Samuels
in Rossman, Samuels, Rogerson & Lowen, Stud. Mycol. 42: 124. 1999.</p></list-item><list-item><p>? = <italic>Fusarium gigas</italic> Speg., Anales Soc. Ci. Argent. 22: 221.
1886.</p></list-item></list></p><p><italic>Typification</italic>: <bold>USA</bold>, Missouri, Lebanon, on living
<italic>Lespedeza</italic> with <italic>Parodiella perisporioides</italic>, Jul. 1887,
Kellerman 1003, <bold>lectotype</bold> NY designated by
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref90">Samuels <italic>et al.</italic>1991</xref>.</p><p><italic>Other material examined</italic>: <bold>USA</bold>, Florida, Tampa, near
Hillsborough River State Park, on pyrenomycete on <italic>Fabaceae</italic>, Dec.
2006, T. Gräfenhan 2007-03,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125495&link_type=cbs">CBS 125495</ext-link> = DAOM
238119.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: For a description, illustrations, and discussion of the
teleomorph, see Samuels <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref90">1991</xref>). Our material collected
in Florida closely resembles the description of <italic>M. papilionacearum</italic>given by Samuels <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref90">1991</xref>), except for the smooth
ascospores; the specimen from Florida has striate ascospores. In culture, the
macroconidial anamorph of the Florida collection corresponded with the sketchy
descriptions of <italic>Fusarium gigas</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref117">Wollenweber 1916</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref120">Wollenweber & Reinking
1935</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref6">Booth 1971</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref29">Gerlach & Nirenberg 1982</xref>).
We found no anamorphic structures during our examination of the type material
of <italic>Fusarium gigas</italic> (<bold>Paraguay</bold>, Arroyo-Guazu, on sterile
pyrenomycete on culm of <italic>Bambusaceae</italic>, Jan. 1882, B. Balansa, Pl. du
Paraguay 3471, Spegazinni's Fungi Guaranitici 426, B 700014033, B 700014032,
PAD). The synonymy of <italic>M. papilionacearum</italic> with the macroconidial
anamorph represented by the name “<italic>Fusarium</italic>”
<italic>gigas</italic> should be confirmed using fresh South American material.</p><p><italic><bold>Macroconia sphaeriae</bold></italic> (Fuckel) Gräfenhan &
Schroers, <bold>comb. nov.</bold> MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB519446&link_type=mb">MB519446</ext-link>.
<italic>Basionym</italic>:
<italic>Fusarium sphaeriae</italic> Fuckel, Jahrb. Nassauischen Vereins Naturk.
23–24: 370. 1870.</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>? = <italic>Nectria leptosphaeriae</italic> var. <italic>macrospora</italic> Wollenw.,
Angew. Bot. 8: 187. 1926.</p></list-item></list></p><p><italic>Typification</italic>: <bold>Germany</bold>, Hessen, Rheingau, Reichartshausen
near Oestrich-Winkel, on <italic>Leptosphaeria (Sphaeria) dioica</italic> on
<italic>Urtica dioica</italic>, in spring, L. Fuckel, Fuckel Fungi Rhenani 212,
<bold>lectotype</bold> designated here G 00111017, <bold>isotypes</bold> B, DAOM 126601 =
Herb. Barbey-Boissier 2634.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: The macroconidial anamorph and the teleomorph of this
species is described, illustrated, and discussed by Wollenweber
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref117">1916</xref>, No. 58;
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref118">1926</xref>). The proposed new
combination moves an anamorphically typified epithet into a teleomorphically
typified genus, resulting in a valid, legitimate but technically incorrect
name under the present Art. 59.</p><p><italic>Macroconia sphaeriae</italic> can be distinguished from <italic>M.
leptosphaeriae</italic> by its larger ascospores and smaller conidia
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref118">Wollenweber 1926</xref>; see <italic>M.
leptosphaeriae</italic> above). The lectotype material in G had a few ascomata,
but the two perithecia studied contained neither asci nor ascospores. The
isotype material lacked teleomorph structures. We follow Wollenweber's
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref118">1926</xref>) conclusion and treat
the two as separate species.</p><p><italic><bold>Mariannaea</bold></italic> G. Arnaud ex Samson, Stud. Mycol. 6: 74.
1974.</p><p><italic>Type species</italic>: <italic><bold>mariannaea elegans</bold></italic> (Corda)
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref84">Samson 1974</xref>.</p><p><italic>Stroma</italic> absent or inconspicuous. <italic>Perithecia</italic> solitary,
globose with a flat apex, not collapsing or collapsing by lateral pinching
when dry, pale yellow, orange or brown, KOH–, smooth or finely
roughened, 250–350 μm high. <italic>Asci</italic> cylindrical to narrowly
clavate, with a sometimes inconspicuous apical ring, 8 uniseriate or apically
biseriate ascospores. <italic>Ascospores</italic> hyaline, 1-septate, smooth to
spinulose when mature. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> verticillate to penicilliate,
hyaline, with conidiogenous cells arising directly from the stipe or from
whorls of metulae on lower parts of the stipe, the stipe hyaline or yellowish
brown at the base, often roughened at the base. <italic>Phialides</italic>monophialidic, flask shaped, hyaline, usually with obvious periclinal
thickening and inconspicuous collarettes. <italic>Conidia</italic> aseptate, hyaline,
in imbricate chains that eventually collapse to form slimy heads.
<italic>Chlamydospores</italic> produced by some species.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Mariannaea</italic> is a common hyphomycete genus in soil
and on woody substrates, and includes mononematous species with verticillate
conidiophores, phialidic conidiogenous cells, and often imbricate chains of
aseptate conidia. The genus was validly published by Samson
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref84">1974</xref>) and his concept is
accepted for this anamorph typified genus, with the addition of teleomorph
characters above. Although the conidia are small, the conidiophores and
conidia are not comparable to microconidia of the <italic>Fusarium</italic> complex,
and the genus is included here because of the similarity of its teleomorph to
the <italic>Cosmospora</italic> complex. In common with many of the
teleomorph-anamorph connections discussed in this paper, the exact identities
of the relevant morphs are imprecise. A teleomorph of a fungus similar to
<italic>M. elegans</italic> was described from specimens collected in Jamaica and
Venezuela as <italic>“Nectria” mariannaea</italic> by Samuels &
Seifert (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref92">1991</xref>). Although it is
<italic>Cosmospora-</italic>like, the name was not transferred by Rossman <italic>et
al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref82">1999</xref>) and remains
misclassified in <italic>Nectria.</italic> As discussed below, it seems unlikely that
<italic>“N.” mariannaea</italic> is the teleomorph of <italic>M. elegans s.
str.</italic>, and we are unable to infer its identity with any other of the named
anamorphic species. An LSU sequence for the ex-type culture of <italic>N.
mariannaeae</italic> was deposited in GenBank (AY554242) by Schroers <italic>et
al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref95">2005</xref>); the LSU of
the ex-type of <italic>M. samuelsii</italic> (HQ843766) differs by 5 substitutions
from <italic>N. mariannaeae</italic>, and 3 substitutions from <italic>M. aquaticola.</italic>Thus, given the limited amount of variation in the ITS and LSU normally seen
in the <italic>Nectriaceae,</italic> the phylogenetic data suggest that <italic>M.
aquaticola, N. mariannaeae</italic> and <italic>M. samuelsii</italic> represent different
species. We elect not to describe a new genus for <italic>N. mariannaeae</italic>,
preferring to use the older <italic>Mariannaea</italic> as a holomorphic genus.
Transferring it to <italic>Mariannaea</italic> would create a tautonym (Art. 23.4),
thus, we have elected to leave this name in limbo until its taxonomic status
can be more thoroughly evaluated.</p><p>Some of the species described in <italic>Mariannaea</italic> do not belong to the
<italic>Nectriaceae,</italic> but to the <italic>Cordycipitaceae</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref46">Liang 1991</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref50">Liu <italic>et al</italic>. 2002</xref>). A
phylogenetic analysis of internal transcribed spacer sequences of nectriacious
<italic>Mariannaea</italic> species was provided by Li <italic>et al</italic>.
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref45">2009</xref>) and suggests the
existence of four species, including the type, <italic>M. elegans,</italic> a variety
distinguished from the type that seems to be distinct at the species level,
<italic>i.e. M. aquaticola, M. camptospora,</italic> and <italic>M. elegans</italic> var.
<italic>punicea.</italic> To this we add a fifth species, <italic>M. samuelsii</italic>described below.</p><p><italic><bold>Mariannaea samuelsii</bold></italic> Seifert & Bissett, <bold>sp. nov.</bold>MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB519447&link_type=mb">MB519447</ext-link>.
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig6">Fig. 6</xref>.</p><p>Coloniae in agaro malto et peptono confecto post 7 dies 21 mm diam,
aureo-brunneae vel brunneolo-aurantiae; in agaro farina avenae confecto
28–29 mm diam, sub luce aurantio-griseae, obscuritate griseo-aurantiae.
Conidiophora 100–200 μm longa, stipite 2–3.5 μm lato, bis
vel ter verticillata, verticillos terminales (2–)3–5 phialidum, in
verticillis subterminalibus 25–35 μm distantibus 1–3 phialides
ferentia; raro phialides singulae circa 20 μm longae ex hyphis repentibus
orientes. Phialides 12–30 μm longae, in parte latissima 2–3.5
μm latae, subulatae, in summo periclinaliter inspissatae, collari
inconspicuo cylindrico praeditae. Conidia 3.5–7.5 × 2.5–3.5
μm, late fusiformia vel ellipsoidea, symmetrica, sed saepe asymmetrice ex
apertura conidiogena protrusa, hyalina, levia, in catenis imbricatis saepe
collabentibus adhaerentia. Holotypus DAOM 235814 (cultura dessicata).</p><p>On Blakeslee's MEA: <italic>Conidiophores</italic> arising from the agar surface,
from aerial hyphae or fascicles, mostly 100–200 μm long, the axis
2–3.5 μm wide, branching 2–3 level verticillate, with a
terminal whorl of (2–)3–5 phialides, and 1–2 lower nodes of
1–3 phialides spaced 25–35 μm apart, sometimes with a basal
branch that repeats the pattern of 1–2 levels of verticillate branching,
rarely with phialides single and terminal on an intercalary cell about 20
μm long. <italic>Phialides</italic> 12–30 μm long, 2–3.5 μm wide
at broadest part (19.8 +/- 0.9 × 2.9 +/- 0.06, n = 25), subulate,
sometimes with base slightly swollen, often longest in basal whorls,
periclinal thickening obvious with phase contrast, collarette inconspicuous,
about 1 × 1 μm, cylindrical. <italic>Conidia</italic> 3.5–7.5 ×
2.5–3.5 μm (6.0 +/- 0.2 × 3.1 +/- 0.06, n = 25), broadly
fusiform or ellipsoidal, L/B ratio about 2–2.5, symmetrical but often
sitting asymmetrically on conidiogenous aperture, hyaline, smooth-walled, in
imbricate chains that quickly collapse into hyaline, slimy heads.
<italic>Chlamydospores</italic> rarely produced, globose to ellipsoidal, hyaline,
∼5–10 × 3–5 μm, in chains of up to five cells.</p><p><italic>Colonies</italic> on Blakeslee's MEA after 7 d about 21 mm diam, golden
brown to brownish orange (5–6D6) in centre, fading towards entire
margin, planar, with sparsely lanose aerial mycelium and fascicles, reverse
concolourous; sporulation more intense on MEA in presence of 12:12 h
fluorescent light:continuous darkness, agar surface mealy. On OA 28–29
mm diam, orange gray (5B2) in light, and grayish orange (5D2) in dark, fading
towards entire, thin margin, with moderately dense lanose aerial mycelium and
fascicles, reverse concolourous.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig6"><label>Fig. 6.</label><caption><p><italic>Mariannaea samuelsii</italic>, ex-type strain. A, B. Obverse and reverse of
14 d old colony on oatmeal agar. C, D. Conidiophores showing verticillate
branching. E. Imbricate conidial chains. F. Conidia. Scale bars = 10
μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="79fig6"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Typification</italic>: <bold>Guatemala</bold>, Zacapa Prov., San Lorenzo Mt.,
isolated from soil under <italic>Podocarpus</italic> sp., surface litter and humus
horizons, containing roots, 0–2 cm, 12 Jul. 1986, John Bissett, herb.
DAOM 235814, <bold>ex-type</bold> culture
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125515&link_type=cbs">CBS 125515</ext-link>. GenBank
barcodes: HQ843766 (<italic>28S rDNA</italic>), HQ843767 (<italic>ITS</italic>), HQ897752
(<italic>rpb2</italic>), HQ897888 (<italic>acl1</italic>).</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Mariannaea samuelsii</italic> is morphologically similar to
<italic>M. elegans</italic>, the type of the genus
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref84">Samson 1974</xref>), and the
recently described <italic>M. aquaticola</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref45">Li <italic>et al</italic>. 2009</xref>) in
producing verticillate conidiophores and imbricate chains of fusiform conidia.
The conidiophores of <italic>M. aquaticola</italic> and <italic>M. samuelsii</italic> are
generally less elaborately branched than those of <italic>M. elegans,</italic> and
lack basal roughening. The size ranges of the conidia of these three species
overlap, with conidia of <italic>M. samuelsii</italic> (3.5–7.5 ×
2.5–3.5 μm) intermediate in length between the shorter conidia of
<italic>M. elegans</italic> (4–6 × 1.5–2.5 μm) and the longer
conidia of <italic>M. aquaticola</italic> (5–10 × 2–4.5 μm).
<italic>Mariannaea elegans</italic> produces chlamydospores, which have not been seen
in <italic>M. aquaticola</italic> and are rarely and sparsely produced in <italic>M.
samuelsii.</italic></p><p><italic>Mariannaea samuelsii</italic> differs by four base-pair substitutions (two
in the ITS1, two in the ITS2) from <italic>M. aquaticola</italic>, its sister
species.</p><p><italic><bold>Microcera</bold></italic> Desm., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 3, 10:
359. 1848.</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>= <italic>Pseudomicrocera</italic> Petch, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 7: 164.
1921.</p></list-item></list></p><p><italic>Type species</italic>: <italic><bold>microcera coccophila</bold></italic> Desm. 1848.</p><p><italic>Stroma</italic> and/or white byssus covering host. <italic>Perithecia</italic>solitary or in groups, globose, with a blunt papilla, collapsing cupulate or
pinched when dry, orange to dark red, KOH+ dark red or violet, finely
roughened, 200–400 μm high. <italic>Asci</italic> cylindrical to narrowly
clavate, with an apical ring, 8 uniseriate ascospores. <italic>Ascospores</italic>hyaline to pale yellow-brown, 1(–3)-septate, smooth or becoming
tuberculate when mature. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> initially as lateral phialides
on somatic hyphae, later monochasial, verticillate to penicilliate, hyaline,
usually forming discrete sporodochia or synnemata on the host.
<italic>Phialides</italic> monophialidic, cylindrical to subulate to subclavate,
hyaline. <italic>Microconidia</italic> absent. <italic>Macroconidia</italic> pale, orange,
pink or bright red in mass, subcylindrical, moderately curved, or
conspicuously curved, apical cell often slightly or conspicuously hooked,
basal cell scarcely to conspicuously pedicellate, mostly
(0–)3–5-septate, but up to 12 septate in one species, hyaline,
mostly thick-walled. <italic>Chlamydospores</italic> not observed.</p><p>Colonies on PDA slow growing, 18–35 mm diam in 14 d at room
temperature, surface smooth, felt-like or floccose, whitish to bright
orange-red, sometimes with violet or vinaceous tones; <italic>aerial mycelium</italic>sparse or appressed, sporulation occurring in sporodochia or sometimes in
slimy masses (pionnotes).</p><p><italic>Habitat</italic>: Mostly parasites of scale insects, also reported on
aphids, adelgids, and sometimes isolated as saprobes from soil or plant
debris.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: Along with <italic>Atractium</italic> discussed above,
<italic>Microcera</italic> was a generic name used for synnematous
<italic>Fusarium</italic>-like fungi, but in this case mostly parasites of scale
insects. Our phylogenetic analysis confirms the significance of this
ecological association, and the genus is here redefined to include additional
non-synnematous species associated with scale insects, some of which are
sometimes also found on other substrates. Until the 1920's, the generic name
<italic>Microcera</italic> was widely used for entomogenous species with slender,
falcate conidia (McAlpine
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref57">1899</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref58">1904</xref>;
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref72">Parkin 1906</xref>;
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref112">Trabut 1907</xref>;
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref60">Miyabe & Sawada 1913</xref>;
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref74">Petch 1921</xref>). The original
concept of <italic>Microcera</italic> included one species, <italic>M. coccophila</italic>,
based on two collections made by Roberge near Caen, France. Desmazières
did not mention perithecia on these specimens, but from the conidial shape he
inferred a close relationship with <italic>Fusarium</italic>. Tulasne & Tulasne
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref114">1861</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref115">1865</xref>) studied these and
additional specimens from the type and other locations. They redescribed the
species as a holomorph as <italic>Sphaerostilbe flammea</italic>, but concluded that
Desmazières' <italic>Microcera</italic> was a “<italic>Stilbum</italic>”
with long, curved, <italic>Fusarium</italic>-like macroconidia. Petch
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref74">1921</xref>) revised this group of
entomogenous species and studied the type material of <italic>M. coccophila,</italic>finding perithecia on well-developed stromata associated with the synnemata of
the anamorph. Mature perithecia were red with ascospores measuring 12–18
× 5–7 μm (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref74">Petch
1921</xref>).</p><p>The taxonomic synonymy of <italic>Microcera</italic> with <italic>Fusarium</italic>followed the work of Wollenweber. Wollenweber
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref117">1916</xref>) first classified
<italic>F. ciliatum</italic> in <italic>Microcera,</italic> based on his study of two
herbarium specimens originally identified as <italic>Fusarium pallens</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref117">Wollenweber 1916</xref>;
1<sup>st</sup> edition, No. 435, 436). Later, Wollenweber & Reinking
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref120">1935</xref>) discarded
<italic>Microcera</italic> and placed its species in <italic>Fusarium</italic>. In his first
monographic revision of <italic>Fusarium</italic>, Wollenweber
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref119">1931</xref>) did not consider
<italic>M. coccophila</italic>, but subsequently revised his generic concept
profoundly (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref120">Wollenweber & Reinking
1935</xref>). Then, <italic>M. coccophila,</italic> along with species described
in other genera such as <italic>Atractium, Discofusarium, Fusidium, Fusisporium,
Fusoma, Microcera, Pionnotes, Pseudomicrocera,</italic> and <italic>Selenosporium</italic>were placed in <italic>Fusarium</italic>. Of these, only the type species of
<italic>Pseudomicrocera</italic> (<italic>Ps. henningsii</italic>) would now be considered a
member of the <italic>Microcera</italic> clade. After Wollenweber's work,
<italic>Microcera</italic> was included as a synonym in major revisions of
<italic>Fusarium, e.g.</italic> Booth
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref6">1971</xref>), Gerlach & Nirenberg
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref29">1982</xref>), Nelson <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref62">1983</xref>), and Leslie <italic>et
al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref44">2006</xref>).</p><p>Twenty species were included in <italic>Microcera</italic> by various authors, and
the present status of most species is known
(<xref ref-type="table" rid="tbl4">Table 4</xref>). We presently accept
four species, which can be keyed out as follows.</p><p><table-wrap position="float" id="tbl4"><label>Table 4.</label><caption><p>Species attributed to <italic>Microcera</italic> and their current status. Basic
nomenclatural data from <italic>Index Fungorum</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="www.indexfungorum.org">www.indexfungorum.org</ext-link>).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="top" align="left"><bold>Species, authority and year of publication</bold></th><th valign="top" align="left"><bold>Status</bold></th><th valign="top" align="left"><bold>Reference</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>M. acuminata</italic> (Ellis & Everh.) Höhn. 1919
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> = <italic>Fusarium acuminatum</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Wollenweber & Reinking 1935
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>M. aurantiicola</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref74">Petch
1921</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top"> = <italic>M. larvarum</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> This paper
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>M. brachyspora</italic> Sacc. & Scalia 1904
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> ? = <italic>Fusicolla aquaeductuum</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Wollenweber & Reinking 1935
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>M. ciliata</italic> (Link) Wollenw. 1916
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> = <italic>“Fusarium” ciliatum</italic>, status unclear
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>M. clavariella</italic> Speg. 1886
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> = <italic>Cladosterigma fusispora</italic> Pat.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref99">Seifert 1985b</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>M. coccidophthora</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref74">Petch
1921</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top"> = <italic>Fusarium tasmanicum</italic> (McAlpine)
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref78">Rossman 1983</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref78">Rossman 1983</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>M. coccophila</italic> Desm. 1848
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Accepted species
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> This paper
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>M. curta</italic> Sacc. 1909
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> = <italic>M. larvarum</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> This paper
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>M. erumpens</italic> Ellis & Everh. 1894
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Unknown
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> –
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>M. fujikuroi</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref60">Miyabe & Sawada
1913</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top"> = <italic>M. diploa</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> This paper
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>M. henningsi</italic>i (Koord.) Petch 1914
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> = <italic>M. diploa</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> This paper
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>M. massariae</italic> Sacc. 1886
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> = “<italic>Fusarium</italic>” <italic>ciliatum</italic>, see above
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref120">Wollenweber & Reinking
1935</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>M. merrillii</italic> Syd. 1914
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> = <italic>M. diploa</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> This paper
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>M. mytilaspidis</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref58">McAlpine
1904</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top"> = <italic>Fusarium lateritium</italic> var. <italic>longum</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref120">Wollenweber & Reinking
1935</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>M. orthospora</italic> Syd. 1924
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> = <italic>Mycogloea orthospora</italic> (Syd.) R. McNabb ex Dingley 1989
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref19">Dingley 1989</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>M. parlatoriae</italic> Trab. 1907
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> = <italic>M. larvarum</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> This paper
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>M. pluriseptata</italic> Cooke & Massee 1888
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> = <italic>M. coccophila</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> This paper
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>M. rectispora</italic> Cooke & Massee
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> = <italic>Tetracrium rectisporum</italic> (Cooke & Massee)
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref74">Petch 1921</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref74">Petch 1921</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>M. tasmanica</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref58">McAlpine
1904</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top"> = <italic>Fusarium tasmanicum</italic> (McAlpine)
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref78">Rossman 1983</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref78">Rossman 1983</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>M. tonduzii</italic> Pat. 1912
</td><td align="left" valign="top">= <italic>M. larvarum</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top">This paper
</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></p></sec></sec><sec><title>KEY TO SPECIES OF <italic>MICROCERA</italic></title><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>1. Macroconidia straight to slightly curved, up to 140 μm long, up to 12
septate........................................................................
<italic>M. coccophila</italic>1. Macroconidia distinctly curved, usually less than
120 μm long, mostly 3–5
septate...................................................................................
2</p></list-item><list-item><p>2. Macroconidia slender, 40–120 μm
long..........................................................................................................................................
<italic>M. diploa</italic>2. Macroconidia usually less than 40 μm
long.................................................................................................................................................
3</p></list-item><list-item><p>3. Agar colonies with red
pigments......................................................................................................................................................
<italic>M. rubra</italic>3. Agar colonies lacking red
pigments............................................................................................................................................
<italic>M. larvarum</italic></p></list-item></list></p><sec><title>Accepted species</title><p><italic><bold>Microcera coccophila</bold></italic> Desm., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot.,
Sér. 3, 10: 359. 1848. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig7">Fig. 7A,
B</xref>.
<italic>Basionym</italic>: <italic>Tubercularia coccophila</italic> (Desm.)
Bonord., Abh. Geb. Mykol., p. 96. 1864.</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Fusarium coccophilum</italic> (Desm.) Wollenw. & Reinking,
<italic>Die Fusarien</italic>, p. 34. 1935.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Fusarium</italic> <italic>episphaeria</italic> f. <italic>coccophilum</italic>(Desm.) W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hansen, Amer. J. Bot. 32: 662. 1945.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Microcera pluriseptata</italic> Cooke & Massee in Cooke, Grevillea
17: 43. 1888.</p></list-item></list></p><p><italic>Typification</italic>: <bold>France</bold>, Normandy, near Caen, on
<italic>Eulecanium tiliae</italic> (nut scale) on living and young trunks of
<italic>Salix</italic> and <italic>Fraxinus excelsior</italic>, Feb. 1847, M. Roberge,
<bold>lectotype</bold> designated here K (M) 165807, Plantes Cryptogames de France,
Ed. II, Ser. I, No. 1350, <bold>isotypes</bold> P, K (M) 165806, Plantes Cryptogames
de France Ed. I, Ser. I, No. 1750.</p><p><italic>Additional material examined</italic>: <bold>Japan</bold>, Saitama, Hiki-gun,
Ogawa-machi, on scale insect on <italic>Broussonetia kazinoki × B.
papryifera</italic>, Jul. 1993, G. Okada.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: The macroconidial anamorph and the teleomorph of this
species as lectotypified here is described and discussed in detail by Petch
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref74">1921</xref>). For description,
illustrations, and further taxonomic synonyms of the anamorph, see Gerlach
& Nirenberg (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref29">1982</xref>).</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig7"><label>Fig. 7.</label><caption><p>Two <italic>Microcera</italic> species. A, B. <italic>Microcera coccophila.</italic> A.
Habit, with conical red perithecia on a stroma growing over scale insect and
flame-like synnema emerging from the top. B. Macroconidia. C, D. <italic>M.
larvarum</italic>. C. Flame-like conidiomata on scale insect. D. Conidia. Scale
bars = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="79fig7"></graphic></fig></p><p>There has been confusion about synonymies and anamorph-teleomorph
connections between this fungus, <italic>M. diploa</italic>, and <italic>M. larvarum</italic>.
Petch (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref74">1921</xref>) synonymised the
anamorphic name <italic>Atractium flammeum</italic> Berk. & Ravenel with
<italic>Microcera coccophila,</italic> arguing that <italic>Sphaerostilbe flammea</italic>Tul. & C. Tul. represented the holomorph of <italic>M. coccophila</italic> and
that <italic>Sphaerostilbe coccophila</italic> Tul. & C. Tul. was actually a
different species, <italic>M. larvarum</italic> (as “<italic>Nectria”
aurantiicola</italic>). He cited two Desmazières exsiccati of <italic>M.
coccophila</italic>, namely Plantes Cryptogames de France, Ed. I, Ser. I, No. 1750
and <italic>ibid.</italic> Ed. II, Ser. I, No. 1350. Our reexamination of the latter
confirms Petch's observation that mature perithecia have 1-septate ascospores,
12–18 × 5–7 μm, associated with the anamorph.
“<italic>Nectria</italic>” <italic>flammea</italic> reportedly has larger
ascospores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref18">Dingley 1951</xref>,
15–24 × 6–10 μm; Booth
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref6">1971</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref8">1981b</xref>, 16–20 ×
7.5–10 μm). The anamorph-teleomorph connection of <italic>Microcera
coccophila</italic> with “<italic>Nectria</italic>” <italic>flammea</italic> needs to
be critically reevaluated.</p><p>Gräfenhan <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref31">2008</xref>) noted the occurrence of
several phylogenetic species among anamorph and teleomorph collections that
are morphologically similar to <italic>M. coccophila, M. diploa</italic>, and <italic>M.
larvarum</italic>.</p><p><italic><bold>Microcera diploa</bold></italic> (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Gräfenhan
& Seifert, <bold>comb. nov.</bold> MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB519448&link_type=mb">MB519448</ext-link>.
<italic>Basionym</italic>:
<italic>Nectria diploa</italic> Berk. & M.A. Curtis, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 10: 378.
1869.</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Cucurbitaria diploa</italic> (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) O. Kuntze,
Rev. Gen. Plant. 3: 461. 1898.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Creonectria diploa</italic> (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Seaver,
Mycologia 1: 190. 1909.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Calonectria diploa</italic> (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Wollenw.,
Angew. Bot. 8: 193. 1926.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Cosmospora diploa</italic> (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Rossman &
Samuels in Rossman, Samuels, Rogerson & Lowen, Stud. Mycol. 42: 121.
1999.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Fusarium coccidicola</italic> Henn. [as
“<italic>coccideicola</italic>”], Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 34: 57. 1904.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Aschersonia henningsii</italic> Koord., Bot. Untersuch. Java p. 213.
1907.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Microcera henningsii</italic> (Koord.) Petch, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard.
Peradeniya 5: 533. 1914.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Pseudomicrocera henningsii</italic> (Koord.) Petch, Trans. Brit.
Mycol. Soc. <bold>7</bold>: 164. 1921.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Microcera fujikuroi</italic> Miyabe & Sawada, J. Coll. Agric. Tohoku
Imp. Univ. 5: 83. 1913.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Microcera merrillii</italic> Syd., Ann. Mycol. 12: 576. 1914.</p></list-item></list></p><p><italic>Typification</italic>: <bold>Cuba</bold>, on individual scale insects on bark, C.
Wright 606 ex Herb. Berk., Fungi Cubensis Wrightiana 767, <bold>lectotype</bold> K
designated by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref6">Booth 1971</xref>,
<bold>isotypes</bold> FH 00286651, FH 00286652, NYS.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: The holotype of this species is consistent with the
descriptions of the teleomorph by Booth
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref6">1971</xref>) and Rossman
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref78">1983</xref>). The macroconidial
anamorph is described by Booth
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref6">1971</xref>), Gerlach & Nirenberg
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref29">1982</xref>), and Rossman
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref78">1983</xref>). As explained in the
introduction, under the present Art. 59, the proposed new combination results
in a technically incorrect but valid and legitimate name.</p><p><italic>Microcera diploa</italic> is an entomogenous species reported from many
tropical and subtropical regions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref6">Booth
1971</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref78">Rossman
1983</xref>), commonly found on various scale insects sitting on several
plant species. Booth (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref6">1971</xref>)
studied the type collection and reported pustules of perithecia on a stroma
associated with the anamorph. From our observations of the same material, it
is clear that the stromata developed over individual scale insects. In
agreement with Rossman (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref78">1983</xref>),
we follow Booth's decision to interpret the Cuban specimen as the type of
<italic>Nectria diploa</italic>. Several <italic>Fusarium</italic> species were synonymised
with <italic>M. diploa</italic>, namely <italic>F. derridis, F. juruanum</italic>, and <italic>F.
pentaclethrae</italic>, which were described only from herbaceous material
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref120">Wollenweber & Reinking
1935</xref>). We studied Hennings' material (<italic>F. derridis</italic> = B
700014017; <italic>F. juruanum</italic> = B 700014035, B 700014036; <italic>F.
pentaclethrae</italic> = B 700014037), and none seem to be insect-associated.
Therefore, we reject these synonymies, except for <italic>F. coccidicola</italic> as
listed above.</p><p><italic><bold>Microcera larvarum</bold></italic> (Fuckel) Gräfenhan, Seifert &
Schroers, <bold>comb. nov.</bold> MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB519449&link_type=mb">MB519449</ext-link>.
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig7">Fig. 7C,
D</xref>.
<italic>Basionym</italic>: <italic>Fusarium larvarum</italic> Fuckel, Jahrb.
Nassauischen Vereins Naturk. 23–24: 369. 1870.</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>= <italic>Microcera parlatoriae</italic>Trab., Bull. Agric. Algérie Tunisie
13: 33. 1907.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Microcera curta</italic> Sacc., Ann. Mycol. 7: 437. 1909.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Microcera tonduzii</italic> Pat., Bull. Soc. Mycol. France 28: 142.
1912.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Microcera aurantiicola</italic> Petch, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 7: 163.
1921.</p></list-item></list></p><p><italic>Typification</italic>: <bold>Germany</bold>, Hessen, Rheingau, near
Oestrich-Winkel, on larva cuticles of insects on apple trees, in spring, L.
Fuckel, <bold>lectotype</bold> designated here G 00111015 <bold>epitype</bold> designated
here: <bold>Iran</bold>, Prov. Gilan, near Rasht, on <italic>Quadraspidiotus
perniciosus</italic> (San José insect) scale on <italic>Prunus domestica</italic>,
Oct. 1968, W. Gerlach & D. Ershad, <bold>epitype</bold> BBA, <bold>ex-type</bold>cultures BBA 62239 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=738.79&link_type=cbs">CBS
738.79</ext-link> = MUCL 19033 = NRRL 20473. GenBank barcodes: HQ897768
(<italic>rpb2</italic>), HQ897904 (<italic>acl1</italic>).</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: For descriptions, illustrations, and further taxonomic
synonyms of the teleomorph and macroconidial anamorph of this species, see
Petch (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref74">1921</xref>), Wollenweber
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref119">1931</xref>), Booth
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref6">1971</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref7">1981a</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref9">c</xref>), and Gerlach & Nirenberg
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref29">1982</xref>).</p><p>Our phylogenetic analysis and that of Bills <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref4">2009</xref>) clearly indicate that
the two varieties of <italic>M. larvarum</italic> segregated by Gerlach
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref28">1977</xref>) warrant species rank;
<italic>M. larvarum</italic> var. <italic>rubrum</italic> is recognised as a distinct species
below. Bills <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref4">2009</xref>) studied parnafungin
production by species of this complex, and their data suggest that perhaps two
additional phylogenetic species may exist in this group.</p><p>The synonymy of <italic>Microcera larvarum</italic> with
“<italic>Nectria</italic>” <italic>aurantiicola</italic> cited by Booth
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref6">1971</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref7">1981a</xref>), Gerlach & Nirenberg
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref29">1982</xref>), and Rossman <italic>et
al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref82">1999</xref>) should be
critically reviewed.</p><p><italic><bold>Microcera rubra</bold></italic> Gräfenhan & Seifert, <bold>sp.
nov.</bold> MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB519450&link_type=mb">MB519450</ext-link>.</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>= <italic>Fusarium larvarum</italic> var. <italic>rubrum</italic> W. Gerlach, Phytopath. Z.
90: 38. 1977. <italic>nom. inval.</italic> Art. 37.</p></list-item></list></p><p>Latin description in Gerlach, Phytopath. Z. 90: 38. 1977 under the name
“<italic>Fusarium” larvarum</italic> var. <italic>rubrum</italic>.</p><p><italic>Typification</italic>: <bold>Iran</bold>, Prov. Gilan, near Rasht, on
<italic>Quadraspidiotus perniciosus</italic> (San José insect) scale on
<italic>Prunus domestica</italic>, Oct. 1968, W. Gerlach & D. Ershad,
<bold>holotype</bold> <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=H-714&link_type=cbs">CBS
H-714</ext-link>, <bold>ex-type</bold> cultures BBA 62460 =
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=638.76&link_type=cbs">CBS 638.76</ext-link> = NRRL
20475 = NRRL 22111 = NRRL 22170. GenBank barcodes: HQ897767 (<italic>rpb2</italic>),
HQ897903 (<italic>acl1</italic>).</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: For descriptions, illustrations, and discussion of this
macroconidial species, see Gerlach
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref28">1977</xref>) and Gerlach &
Nirenberg (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref29">1982</xref>); for
phylogenetic relationships, see Bills <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref4">2009</xref>).</p><p>The taxon was not validly published because the author did not designate a
holotype, instead listing one living strain with accession numbers in two
culture collections as “Cultura typica”.</p><p><italic><bold>Pseudonectria</bold></italic> Seaver, Mycologia 1: 48. 1909.</p><p><italic>Type species</italic>: <italic><bold>Pseudonectria rousseliana</bold></italic> (Mont.)
Clements & Shear 1931, here recognised as <italic>P. buxi</italic> (DC.) Seifert,
Gräfenhan & Schroers.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Pseudonectria</italic> as presently circumscribed is not
monophyletic (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Fig. 1</xref>), with two
species branching out in separate clades in the <italic>Nectriaceae</italic>. The type
species of <italic>Pseudonectria,</italic> together with an undescribed taxon, forms a
sister clade to <italic>Atractium</italic>. The second species,
“<italic>Pseudonectria</italic>” <italic>pachysandricola</italic> together with
“<italic>Nectria</italic>” <italic>diminuta</italic> and “<italic>N.</italic>”
<italic>rubropeziza</italic>, falls between the terminal and basal
<italic>Fusarium</italic>-like clade. Therefore, only one species is presently
recognised in this genus, with the teleomorph typifying the oldest available
generic name <italic>Pseudonectria</italic> 1909, and the anamorph representing the
type of the later generic name <italic>Chaetodochium</italic> 1932. There is presently
no acceptable generic name for “<italic>Pseudonectria</italic>”
<italic>pachysandricola</italic>, which is well described and illustrated by Dodge
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref20">1944</xref>) and Rossman <italic>et
al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref81">1993</xref>).</p><p>The anamorphs of <italic>Pseudonectria</italic> are fairly well understood
pathogens on the <italic>Buxaceae</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">Bezerra
1963</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref81">Rossman <italic>et al</italic>.
1993</xref>), but these species are usually cited under their anamorph
names, <italic>i.e.</italic> “<italic>Volutella</italic>” <italic>buxi</italic> and
<italic>“V.” pachysandricola</italic>. Because these species do not share
common morphological characters with <italic>Volutella s. str.</italic> (see below)
and are phylogenetically distinct, these anamorph names should not be used.
The phylogenetic relationship of a biologically and morphologically similar
species described from <italic>Ruscus aculeatus</italic>, “<italic>V.”
rusci</italic>, remains unresolved.</p><p><italic><bold>Pseudonectria buxi</bold></italic> (DC.) Seifert, Gräfenhan &
Schroers, <bold>comb. nov.</bold> MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB519451&link_type=mb">MB519451</ext-link>.
<italic>Basionym</italic>:
<italic>Tubercularia buxi</italic> DC., Flore française, Edn. 3 (Paris) 6: 110.
1815.</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Chaetostroma buxi</italic> (DC.) Corda, Icon. Fung. 2: 30.
1838.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Volutella buxi</italic> (DC.) Berk., Outl. Brit. Fungi p. 340.
1860.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Chaetodochium buxi</italic> (DC.) Höhn., Mitt. bot. Inst.
tech. Hochsch. Wien 9: 45. 1932.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Pseudonectria rousseliana</italic> (Mont.) Clements & Shear,
<italic>Genera of Fungi</italic> p. 280. 1931.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Nectria rousseliana</italic> Mont. in Castagne, Cat. P1. Marseille
Suppl. p. 44. 1851. For additional obligate synonyms, see
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref81">Rossman <italic>et al</italic>.
1993</xref>.</p></list-item></list></p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: Bezerra
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">1963</xref>) and Rossman <italic>et
al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref81">1993</xref>) redescribed
and illustrated both the anamorph and teleomorph of <italic>P. buxi,</italic> a common
pathogen of <italic>Buxus sempervirens.</italic> The conidia of the anamorph tend
toward fusiform, a shape not seen in species of <italic>Volutella s. str.,</italic>and the sporodochia tend to be broadly attached to the substratum. These are
subtle characters, and at present we cannot suggest robust morphological
characters to unequivocally distinguish the anamorphs of
<italic>Pseudonectria</italic> from <italic>Volutella</italic>. However, the teleomorphs are
rather different, with the perithecia of <italic>Volutella</italic> being red and
those of <italic>Pseudonectria</italic> being green.</p><p>Because this fungus has a known teleomorph and anamorph, Art. 59 applies,
and our transfer of an anamorphically typified epithet to a teleomorphically
typified generic name is technically incorrect according to the present ICBN,
but it is valid and legitimate.</p><p><italic><bold>Stylonectria</bold></italic>Höhn., Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss.,
Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl., Abt. 1, 124: 52. 1915.</p><p><italic>Type species</italic>: <italic><bold>Stylonectria applanata</bold></italic> Höhn.
1915.</p><p><italic>Stroma</italic> thin, whitish or yellow, hyphal or subiculum-like.
<italic>Perithecia</italic> gregarious in groups of up to 20, subglobose, pyriform to
subcylindrical, with a rounded or broad, circular, flat disc on a venter-like
neck, sometimes laterally collapsing when dry, pale yellow, orange-red,
orange-brown, or pale to dark red, KOH+ dark red to purple, yellow in lactic
acid, smooth, usually shiny, slightly iridescent, 150–250(–350)
μm high. <italic>Perithecial wall</italic> consisting of two regions: inner region
of hyaline, thin-walled, compressed, elongate cells; outer region of distinct,
isodiametric to oblong, angular or globose, thick-walled cells. <italic>Asci</italic>cylindrical to clavate, apex simple or with a ring, with 8 uniseriate,
biseriate or irregularly disposed ascospores. <italic>Ascospores</italic> hyaline or
yellow to pale brown, 1-septate, cylindrical to allantoid or ellipsoidal,
smooth or tuberculate, generally thick-walled. <italic>Conidiophores</italic>initially formed mostly as unbranched phialides on somatic hyphae,
occasionally loosely branched, sometimes forming small sporodochia.
<italic>Phialides</italic> monophialidic, almost cylindrical to subcylindrical, often
with a distinct collarette. <italic>Microconidia</italic> sparsely produced, allantoid
to lunulate, slightly to strongly curved, aseptate, in slimy heads.
<italic>Macroconidia</italic> orange in mass, subcylindrical or moderately to strongly
curved, falcate, mostly 0–1-septate, apex narrower than base, apical
cell blunt or hooked, basal cell not or scarcely pedicellate.
<italic>Chlamydospores</italic> not observed.</p><p>In culture on PDA slow- to very slow-growing, 10–30 mm diam in 14 d
at room temperature, surface white, later becoming off-white to pale or bright
orange, occasionally with orange sporodochia; aerial mycelium mostly lacking,
if present, sparse and appressed margin smooth to broadly lobed</p><p><italic>Habitat</italic>: Restricted to stromata of ascomycetes, mainly in the
<italic>Diaporthales</italic>.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Stylonectria</italic> was described by Höhnel
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref37">1915</xref>) as an anamorph genus
with the type and only species, <italic>S. applanata</italic>, for which the
teleomorph was considered to be “<italic>Nectria” applanata</italic> var.
<italic>succinea</italic>. Booth (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref5">1959</xref>)
presented convincing evidence that Höhnel
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref37">1915</xref>) actually was dealing
with a teleomorphic fungus, which was further explained by Rossman <italic>et
al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref82">1999</xref>). Species of
<italic>Stylonectria</italic> are considered to be host specific, probably to the
fungal host, which itself may be host specific to the plant.</p></sec><sec><title>Accepted species</title><p><italic><bold>Stylonectria applanata</bold></italic> Höhn., Sitzungsber. Kaiserl.
Akad. Wiss., Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl., Abt. 1, 124: 52. 1915.</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>= <italic>Nectria applanata</italic> var. <italic>succinea Höhn.,
Sitzungsber.</italic> Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl., Abt. 1,
124: 51. 1915.</p></list-item></list></p><p><italic>Typification</italic>: <bold>Austria</bold>, Niederösterreich, near
Sonntagsberg, on stromata of <italic>Melogramma bulliardii</italic> on dead twigs of
<italic>Corylus avellana</italic>, Aug. 1914, P. Strasser, <bold>lectotype</bold> designated
here FH 00286663.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: For descriptions and discussion of the teleomorph,
microconidial anamorph, and macroconidial synanamorph of this species, see von
Höhnel (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref37">1915</xref>) and Weese
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref116">1916</xref>).</p><p>Von Höhnel (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref37">1915</xref>)
distinguished “<italic>Nectria</italic>” <italic>applanata</italic> var.
<italic>succinea</italic> from “<italic>N.</italic>” <italic>applanata</italic> var.
<italic>applanata</italic> based on the pale yellow colour of the translucent
perithecia. Otherwise, the two varieties were described with identical macro-
and microscopic characters. Because host specificity is an important character
for distinguishing species of <italic>Stylonectria</italic> (<italic>cf.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref30">Gräfenhan 2009</xref>), we
recognise <italic>S. applanata</italic> as a distinct species from <italic>S.
carpini,</italic> described below, <italic>i.e. Nectria applanata</italic> var.
<italic>applanata</italic>.</p><p><italic><bold>Stylonectria carpini</bold></italic> Gräfenhan, <bold>nom. nov.</bold>MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB519452&link_type=mb">MB519452</ext-link>.</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Nectria applanata</italic> Fuckel, Jahrb. Nassauischen Vereins
Naturk. 25–26: 310. 1871 (1872).</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Cucurbitaria applanata</italic> (Fuckel) O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen.
Plant. 3: 460. 1898.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Dialonectria applanata</italic> (Fuckel) Petch, Trans. Brit. Mycol.
Soc. 25: 170. 1941.</p></list-item></list></p><p><italic>Etymology</italic>: The species epithet is derived from the plant host
genus <italic>Carpinus</italic>.</p><p><italic>Typification</italic>: <bold>Germany</bold>, Hessen, Rheingau, Aepfelbach im
Oestricherwald, on black pyrenomycete on decaying, corticated branches of
<italic>Carpinus betulus</italic>, L. Fuckel, Fuckel Fungi Rhenani 2356,
<bold>lectotype</bold> designated here G 00111018, <bold>isotypes</bold> B 700014054, FH
00286648, K, DAOM 119800 = Herb. Barbey-Boissier 862.</p><p><italic>Other material examined</italic>: <bold>Austria</bold>, Niederösterreich,
Gießhübl, Wasserspreng, Talgrund, (Finsterer Gang), MTB 7863/1, on
<italic>Melanconis spodiaea</italic> on <italic>Carpinus betulus</italic>, Aug. 2006, H.
Voglmayr W.J. 3013, DAOM 235819. <bold>Germany</bold>, Schleswig-Holstein, near
Stegelkamp, Naturwaldzelle Endern, on pyrenomycete on <italic>Carpinus
betulus</italic>, Aug. 2008, T. Gräfenhan 2008-17, DAOM 235829.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: This species produces both a micro- and a macroconidial
synanamorph in addition to a teleomorph. Our examination of Höhnel's type
material of <italic>Stylonectria applanata</italic> (FH 00286663) and that of Fuckel's
“<italic>Nectria</italic>” <italic>applanata</italic> (G 00111018) suggests the
two species are not conspecific, but both are species of
<italic>Stylonectria;</italic> the latter is therefore renamed here.</p><p>The distribution of <italic>Stylonectria carpini</italic> corresponds to the
distribution of <italic>Carpinus betulinus</italic> in Europe. In North America, a
different species of <italic>Stylonectria</italic> occurs on a black pyrenomycete on
the congeneric native host, <italic>Carpinus caroliniana,</italic> and has a
microconidial anamorph in culture and a distinctly different teleomorph.
Collections made from a pyrenomycete on <italic>Betula</italic> are morphologically
similar to <italic>S. carpini</italic> but phylogenetically distinct.</p><p><italic><bold>Stylonectria purtonii</bold></italic> (Grev.) Gräfenhan, <bold>comb.
nov.</bold> MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB519453&link_type=mb">MB519453</ext-link>.
<italic>Basionym</italic>:
<italic>Sphaeria purtonii</italic> Grev., Scot. Crypt. Fl. 6: 23. 1828.</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Nectria purtonii</italic> (Grev.) Berk., Outl. Brit. Fung. p. 394.
1860.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Dialonectria purtonii</italic> (Grev.) Cooke, Grevillea 12: 110.
1884.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Cucurbitaria purtonii</italic> (Grev.) O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Plant.
3: 461. 1898.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Cosmospora purtonii</italic> (Grev.) Rossman & Samuels in
Rossman, Samuels, Rogerson & Lowen, Stud. Mycol. 42: 124. 1999.</p></list-item></list></p><p><italic>Typification</italic>: <bold>UK</bold>, Scotland, Edinburgh, Rosslyn Woods, on
black pyrenomycete on small branches of coniferous tree, 1820, Greville,
<bold>lectotype</bold> E designated by Booth 1958.</p><p><italic>Other material examined</italic>: <bold>France</bold>, Provence, St. Remy, on old
stromata of pyrenomycete on <italic>Coronilla emerus</italic>, Oct. 1974, W. Gams,
culture <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=717.74&link_type=cbs">CBS 717.74</ext-link>.
<bold>Germany</bold>, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Detmold, Externsteine, on small branches
of felled trees of <italic>Picea abies</italic>, Apr. 2007, T. Gräfenhan 2007-30,
DAOM 235818.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: For descriptions, illustrations, and further taxonomic
synonyms of the teleomorph as well as microconidial and macroconidial
synanamorphs of this species, see Booth
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref5">1959</xref>) and Samuels
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref85">1976</xref>).</p><p><italic><bold>Stylonectria wegeliniana</bold></italic> (Rehm) Gräfenhan, Voglmayr
& Jaklitsch, <bold>comb. nov.</bold> MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB519454&link_type=mb">MB519454</ext-link>.
<italic>Basionym</italic>:
<italic>Nectria episphaeria</italic> var. <italic>wegeliniana</italic> Rehm, Hewigia 30: 260.
1891.</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Dialonectria wegeliniana</italic> (Rehm) Petch, Trans. Brit. Mycol.
Soc. 21: 266. 1938 as <italic>D. wegeliana</italic>.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Cosmospora wegeliniana</italic> (Rehm) Rossman & Samuels in
Rossman, Samuels, Rogerson & Lowen, Stud. Mycol. 42: 131. 1999.</p></list-item></list></p><p><italic>Typification</italic>: <bold>switzerland</bold>, Heimiswyl bridge near Bern, on
<italic>Hapalocystis bicaudata</italic> (= <italic>Pseudovalsa berkeleyi</italic>) on dry
branches of <italic>Ulmus</italic>, Oct. 1887, Wegelin, Rehm Ascomyceten 1045,
<bold>lectotype</bold> designated here S F86597, <bold>isotype</bold><italic>NY.</italic></p><p><italic>Other material examined</italic>: <bold>Austria</bold>, Niederösterreich,
Distr. Mödling, Comm. Hinterbrühl, Wassergspreng, Finsterer Gang
west of Gießhübl, margin of a forest road, elev. 400 m, map grid
7863/3, on <italic>Hapalocystis bicaudata</italic> on corticated dead branches of
<italic>Ulmus glabra</italic> attached to the living tree, May 2009, H. Voglmayr, WU
29855, culture <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125490&link_type=cbs">CBS
125490</ext-link>.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: This species produces microconidia and macroconidia in
culture; the teleomorph was only found in nature. For a description,
illustrations, and discussion of the species, see Weese
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref116">1916</xref>).</p><p><italic><bold>Volutella</bold></italic> Tode 1790: Fr. 1832. Fungi Mecklenb. Sel. 1: 28.
1790: Syst. Mycol. 3: 458, 466 1832, <italic>nom. cons.</italic> [non
<italic>Volutella</italic> Forsk. 1775 (<italic>Lauraceae</italic>)]</p><p><italic>Type species</italic>: <italic><bold>Volutella ciliata</bold></italic> (Alb. & Schw.:
Fr.) Fr. 1832, <italic>typus cons.</italic></p><p><italic>Perithecia</italic> nonstromatic, pyriform, collapsing by lateral pinching
or not collapsing when dry, brownish orange to brownish red, yellow in 100 %
lactic acid, darkest around papilla, hyphal hairs covering surface, hyaline,
thick walled. <italic>Perithecial wall</italic> 15–25 um wide, with two
intergrading layers of angular cells; cells next to centrum thin walled; cells
of layer region thick walled. <italic>Asci</italic> narrowly clavate to broadly
cylindrical, apex with or without refractive ring, eight-spored.
<italic>Ascospores</italic> fusiform or biconic, equally or unequally 2-celled, smooth
or finely roughed, hyaline, white in mass, obliquely uniseriate or partially
biseriate near base, completely filling each ascus. <italic>Conidiophores</italic>aggregated into sporodochia or synnemata, with an inconspicuous basal stroma;
unbranched, hyaline setae around margin of conidiomata. <italic>Synnemata</italic>,
when produced, determinate, pale, composed of a stipe of parallel hyphae and a
divergent capitulum of conidiophores giving rise to a slimy conidial mass;
differentiated marginal hyphae absent. <italic>Conidiophore branching</italic> once or
twice monochasial, 2-level verticillate, monoverticillate or irregularly
biverticillate. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> monophialidic, hyaline, subulate,
usually with conspicuous periclinal thickening. <italic>Conidial masses</italic>slimy, white, yellow, orange or pink. <italic>Conidia</italic> aseptate, hyaline,
ellipsoidal, ovate or oblong. <italic>Chlamydospores</italic> produced in culture by
some species. <italic>Verticillium</italic>-like synanamorph present in some species:
<italic>Conidiophores</italic> hyaline, with 2 or more whorls of conidiogenous cells;
phialides and conidia with similar characters to those described for the
conidiomata. Agar cultures growing relatively slowly, usually less than 30 mm
diam in 14 d, with little aerial mycelium.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Volutella</italic> is a classical hyphomycete genus that
has received little study, despite the common occurrence and broad
distribution of its species. The genus is typified by <italic>V. ciliata</italic>,
which has sporodochial conidiomata with conspicuous hyaline, thick-walled,
unbranched, spine-like setae, phialidic conidiogenous cells arising from more
or less penicillately branched conidiophores, and ameroconidia accumulating in
a profuse, colourful slime. Domsch <italic>et al</italic>.
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref22">2007</xref>) provided a general
overview of the type and a few other soil-borne species of the genus. In
anticipation of a more comprehensive revision of <italic>Volutella</italic>, the
inclusion of one synnematous species in this genus is discussed here.</p><p><italic>Volutella s. str.</italic> should be restricted to the clade that includes
the type species, <italic>V. ciliata, V. consors</italic> (referred to as <italic>V.
minima</italic> by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref22">Domsch <italic>et al</italic>.
2007</xref>), and the synnematous <italic>V. citrinella</italic>. The teleomorphs
associated with <italic>Volutella</italic> provide clues to its polyphyly.
“<italic>Cosmospora</italic>” <italic>consors</italic> was reported as the
teleomorph of <italic>V. ciliata</italic> by Samuels
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref86">1977</xref>, as <italic>Nectria
consors</italic>); the identity of the anamorph was later changed to <italic>V.
minima</italic> by Domsch <italic>et al</italic>.
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref22">2007</xref>). This species differs
from <italic>V. ciliata</italic> primarily by its cylindrical conidia. <italic>Volutella
citrinella,</italic> considered at more length below, has a similar teleomorph,
“<italic>Nectria</italic>” <italic>stilbellae</italic>. Neither teleomorph genus
is appropriate, with <italic>Cosmospora</italic> now restricted to species with
<italic>Acremonium</italic>-like anamorphs, discussed above, and <italic>Nectria</italic> is
restricted to species with <italic>Tubercularia</italic> anamorphs
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref34">Hirooka <italic>et al.</italic>2011</xref>). We have elected not to describe a new teleomorph genus for
this clade, preferring to refer to these fungi by the oldest available generic
name <italic>Volutella</italic>. As noted by Summerbell <italic>et al</italic>.
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref106">2011</xref>) in their discussion of
<italic>Trichothecium</italic>, replacing a classic and well known generic name with a
virtually unknown teleomorphically typified generic name would be
taxonomically capricious. The other two holomorphic species with anamorphs
attributed to <italic>Volutella</italic> are species presently classified in
<italic>Pseudonectria</italic> (see above), which produce setose perithecia and
aseptate ascospores, rather different than the smooth- or rough-walled
perithecia and 1-septate ascospores of <italic>V. citrinella</italic> and <italic>V.
consors.</italic></p><p>The synnematous fungus <italic>V. citrinella</italic> was formerly known as
<italic>Stilbella aciculosa</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref98">Seifert
1985a</xref>) but is more appropriately classified in <italic>Volutella.</italic>There have been scattered comments in the literature about synnematous species
of <italic>Volutella,</italic> including the comment by Domsch <italic>et al</italic>.
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref22">2007</xref>) that some strains or
species are “short stipitate”. Thus, the inclusion of synnematous
species only subtly alters the existing generic concept. Although there was
scant mention of <italic>Volutella</italic> in the monograph of the synnematous genus
<italic>Stilbella</italic> by Seifert
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref98">1985a</xref>), it was included in
the key to <italic>Stilbella</italic>-like genera because of these observations by
other authors.</p><p>Few of the approximately 120 described species of <italic>Volutella</italic> have
been revised, and most species were seldom reported after their original
descriptions. A preliminary survey of type specimens accessioned in K by
Seifert (unpublished) suggests that many of the described species represent
<italic>Colletotrichum, Sarcopodium,</italic> and other anamorphic genera.
Comparatively few species that conform to the modern concept were uncovered.
However, given the morphological variation we have seen in unidentifed
specimens and cultures, we suggest <italic>Volutella s. str.</italic> will ultimately
include many more species.</p></sec><sec><title>Accepted species</title><p><italic><bold>Volutella ciliata</bold></italic> (Alb. & Schwein.) Fr., Syst. Mycol.
3: 467. 1832.
<italic>Basionym</italic>: <italic>Tubercularia ciliata</italic> Alb. &
Schwein., Consp. fung. p. 68. 1805.</p><p><italic>Typification</italic>: We were unable to locate authentic material of
<italic>T. ciliata</italic>; the sole specimen in the Schweinitz herbarium (PH) dates
to a later publication (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref97">Schweinitz
1822</xref>). Because this name is formally conserved, careful attention
must be paid to appropriate typification, and we chose not to propose a
neotype or epitype here.</p><p><italic><bold>Volutella consors</bold></italic> (Ellis & Everh.) Seifert,
Gräfenhan & Schroers<bold>, comb. nov.</bold> MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB519455&link_type=mb">MB519455</ext-link>.
<italic>Basionym</italic>:
<italic>Dialonectria consors</italic> Ellis & Everh., J. Mycol. 4(12): 122.
1888.</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Nectria consors</italic> (Ellis & Everh.) Seaver, Mycologia 1:
61. 1909.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Nectriella consors</italic> (Ellis & Everh.) Sacc., Syll. fung.
9: 941. 1891.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Cosmospora consors</italic> (Ellis & Everh.) Rossman &
Samuels in Rossman, Samuels, Rogerson & Lowen, Stud. Mycol. 42: 119.
1999.</p></list-item><list-item><p>? = <italic>Volutella comata</italic> Ellis, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 9: 20.
1892.</p></list-item><list-item><p>? = <italic>Volutella minima</italic> Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien,
Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1, 118: 1543. 1909.</p></list-item></list></p><p><italic>Typification</italic>: <bold>USA</bold>: Louisiana, St. Martinsville, Sep. 1888,
Langlois 1485. <bold>holotype</bold> NY (examined by
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref86">Samuels 1977</xref>).</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig8"><label>Fig. 8.</label><caption><p><italic>Volutella citrinella</italic>, colony and microscopic characters. A, B.
Colony on oatmeal agar showing typical purple pigment and yellowish slime of
the synnemata. C, D. Determinate synnemata developed in culture. E.
Conidiophores. F. Conidia. G, H, I. Seta-like marginal hypha in culture (DAOM
226716, 165570). Scale bars = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="79fig8"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Material examined</italic>: <italic>Volutella comata.</italic> <bold>USA</bold>, New
Jersey, Newfield, on fallen petioles on <italic>Robinia</italic>, June 1881, Ellis
North American Fungi no. 811. <bold>Isotypes</bold> DAOM, K.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Volutella consors</italic> predates the commonly used name
for this morphological species, <italic>V. minima</italic> and the newly synonymised
<italic>V. comata</italic>. As noted in the Introduction, the transfer of a teleomorph
typified name into an anamorph genus creates a technically incorrect name that
is nevertheless valid and legitimate.</p><p>Several morphological variants of this species exist including specimens
with reddish brown sporodochial tissues and white conidial masses as in the
isotypes of <italic>V. comata</italic> or white stipes and bright yellow conidial
masses as in several specimens from India in CBS-H and IMI 205174, as
<italic>Stilbella</italic> sp. In addition, some living strains have
<italic>Verticillium</italic>-like synanamorphs as noted but not illustrated by
Matsushima (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref55">1975</xref>) and visible
in the strain <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=552.89&link_type=cbs">CBS
552.89</ext-link>. This is probably a species complex, and the synonymies
with <italic>V. minima</italic> and <italic>V. comata</italic> should be reevaluated in future
studies.</p><p><italic><bold>Volutella citrinella</bold></italic>(Cooke & Massee) Seifert, <bold>comb.
nov.</bold> MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB519456&link_type=mb">MB519456</ext-link>.
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig8">Fig. 8</xref>.
<italic>Basionym</italic>:
<italic>Stilbum citrinellum</italic> Cooke & Massee, Grevillea 16: 81. 1887.</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>= <italic>Stilbum aciculosum</italic> Ellis & Everhart, J. Mycol. 1: 153.
1885.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Stilbella aciculosa</italic> (Ellis & Everhart) Seifert, Stud.
Mycol. 27: 44. 1985 non <italic>Volutella aciculosa</italic> (Ellis & Harkn.)
Sacc., <italic>Syll. fung.</italic> 4: 687. 1886.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Nectria stilbellae</italic> Samuels & Seifert, Sydowia 43: 250.
1991.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Cosmospora stilbellae</italic> (Samuels & Seifert) Rossman
& Samuels in Rossman, Samuels, Rogerson & Lowen, Stud. Mycol. 42: 125.
1999.</p></list-item></list></p><p>For other synonyms, see Seifert
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref98">1985a</xref>) under <italic>Stilbella
aciculosa.</italic></p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: The holomorph was described and illustrated by Samuels
& Seifert (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref92">1991</xref>). Seifert
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref98">1985a</xref>) noted that the hyphae
of the synnema stipes of this species sometimes become slightly thick-walled,
and, if they diverge from the synnema, may appear somewhat seta-like. With the
sister relationship of <italic>V. citrinella</italic> to <italic>V. ciliata</italic> revealed
by the phylogenetic analysis, the taxonomic significance of this morphological
observation becomes clear. Examination of three cultures of this fungus and
reexamination of a slide of the holotype of <italic>Stilbum aciculosum</italic>revealed thickened hyphae with nearly occluded lumina in all of them. These
hyphae (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig7">Fig. 7F–H</xref>) are
1.5–3 μm wide with cell walls thickened up to 1 μm at the base,
thinning towards the acute apex. They are common on specimens from nature. In
culture, they are less frequent sometimes giving the synnemata a slightly
hirsute appearance, but they generally do not penetrate into the
capitulum.</p><p>In addition to the distributional records provided by Seifert
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref98">1985a</xref>), specimens have since
been examined originating in Grenada, New Zealand, and South Africa.</p></sec></sec></body><back><ack><p>This study would have been impossible without the tremendous contributions
of Gary J. Samuels. His habit of sharing collections selflessly and his
holistic approach to describing fungi make him a role model for both beginning
and experienced mycologists. He could have been easily a co-author of this
study, but then we could not have written this acknowledgement for him!</p><p>We thank Kerry O'Donnell for providing unpublished DNA sequences
(<italic>rpb2</italic>) for many <italic>Fusicolla</italic> and <italic>Microcera</italic> strains
deposited with NRRL. We enjoyed numerous fruitful discussions with Scott
Redhead on interpretations of Article 59 of the ICBN but assume full
responsibility for the nomenclatural decisions made here. We thank the
curators of the herbaria B, DAOM, G, FH, K, L, PAD, PH, PRM, S, and UPS for
the loan of type and other material or for searching for relevant material. We
are especially indebted to Harrie Sipman at the Botanical Museum in Berlin for
providing information on fungal specimens deposited by H. Richter and H.W.
Wollenweber.</p><p>We appreciate the continued support of and consultation with our mentor
Prof. W. Gams, who prepared the Latin diagnosis for <italic>M. samuelsii,</italic>while proclaiming his horror at the nomenclatural mutations proposed here by
his devoted former students.</p><p>We are grateful for DNA sequencing by Gerry Louis-Seize, and for the
support from the Canadian Collection of Fungal Cultures. Last but not least,
we thank W. Jaklitsch and H. Voglmayr for permission to study their specimens
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