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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Leaf-inhabiting genera of the <italic>Gnomoniaceae, Diaporthales</italic></title><author><name sortKey="Sogonov, M V" sort="Sogonov, M V" uniqKey="Sogonov M" first="M. V." last="Sogonov">M. V. Sogonov</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><italic>Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, U.S.A.</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><italic>Systematic Mycology & Microbiology Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2350, U.S.A.</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Castlebury, L A" sort="Castlebury, L A" uniqKey="Castlebury L" first="L. A." last="Castlebury">L. A. Castlebury</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><italic>Systematic Mycology & Microbiology Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2350, U.S.A.</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rossman, A Y" sort="Rossman, A Y" uniqKey="Rossman A" first="A. Y." last="Rossman">A. Y. Rossman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><italic>Systematic Mycology & Microbiology Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2350, U.S.A.</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mejia, L C" sort="Mejia, L C" uniqKey="Mejia L" first="L. C." last="Mejía">L. C. Mejía</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><italic>Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, U.S.A.</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><italic>Systematic Mycology & Microbiology Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2350, U.S.A.</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="White, J F" sort="White, J F" uniqKey="White J" first="J. F." last="White">J. F. White</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><italic>Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, U.S.A.</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">19287541</idno><idno type="pmc">2621335</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2621335</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:2621335</idno><idno type="doi">10.3114/sim.2008.62.01</idno><date when="2008">2008</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000100</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000100</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Leaf-inhabiting genera of the <italic>Gnomoniaceae, Diaporthales</italic></title><author><name sortKey="Sogonov, M V" sort="Sogonov, M V" uniqKey="Sogonov M" first="M. V." last="Sogonov">M. V. Sogonov</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><italic>Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, U.S.A.</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><italic>Systematic Mycology & Microbiology Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2350, U.S.A.</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Castlebury, L A" sort="Castlebury, L A" uniqKey="Castlebury L" first="L. A." last="Castlebury">L. A. Castlebury</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><italic>Systematic Mycology & Microbiology Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2350, U.S.A.</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rossman, A Y" sort="Rossman, A Y" uniqKey="Rossman A" first="A. Y." last="Rossman">A. Y. Rossman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><italic>Systematic Mycology & Microbiology Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2350, U.S.A.</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mejia, L C" sort="Mejia, L C" uniqKey="Mejia L" first="L. C." last="Mejía">L. C. Mejía</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><italic>Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, U.S.A.</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><italic>Systematic Mycology & Microbiology Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2350, U.S.A.</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="White, J F" sort="White, J F" uniqKey="White J" first="J. F." last="White">J. F. White</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><italic>Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, U.S.A.</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Studies in Mycology</title><idno type="ISSN">0166-0616</idno><idno type="eISSN">1872-9797</idno><imprint><date when="2008">2008</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> are characterised by ascomata that are generally
immersed, solitary, without a stroma, or aggregated with a rudimentary stroma,
in herbaceous plant material especially in leaves, twigs or stems, but also in
bark or wood. The ascomata are black, soft-textured, thin-walled, and
pseudoparenchymatous with one or more central or eccentric necks. The asci
usually have a distinct apical ring. The <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> includes
species having ascospores that are small, mostly less than 25 μm long,
although some are longer, and range in septation from non-septate to
one-septate, rarely multi-septate. Molecular studies of the
<italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> suggest that the traditional classification of genera
based on characteristics of the ascomata such as position of the neck and
ascospores such as septation have resulted in genera that are not
monophyletic. In this paper the concepts of the leaf-inhabiting genera in the
<italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> are reevaluated using multiple genes, specifically
nrLSU, translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1-α), and RNA
polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2) for 64 isolates. ITS sequences
were generated for 322 isolates. Six genera of leaf-inhabiting
<italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> are defined based on placement of their type species
within the multigene phylogeny. The new monotypic genus
<italic>Ambarignomonia</italic> is established for an unusual species, <italic>A.
petiolorum</italic>. A key to 59 species of leaf-inhabiting Gnomoniaceae is
presented and 22 species of <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> are described and
illustrated.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Stud Mycol</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">simycol</journal-id><journal-title>Studies in Mycology</journal-title><issn pub-type="ppub">0166-0616</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1872-9797</issn><publisher><publisher-name>CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">19287541</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">2621335</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">0001</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3114/sim.2008.62.01</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Leaf-inhabiting genera of the <italic>Gnomoniaceae, Diaporthales</italic></article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sogonov</surname><given-names>M.V.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Castlebury</surname><given-names>L.A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rossman</surname><given-names>A.Y.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mejía</surname><given-names>L.C.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>White</surname><given-names>J.F.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label><italic>Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, U.S.A.</italic></aff><aff id="aff2"><label>2</label><italic>Systematic Mycology & Microbiology Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2350, U.S.A.</italic></aff><author-notes><fn><p> *<italic>Correspondence</italic>: A.Y. Rossman,
<email>Amy.Rossman@ars.usda.gov</email></p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2008</year></pub-date><volume>62</volume><issue-title>Leaf-inhabiting genera of the Gnomoniaceae,
Diaporthales</issue-title><fpage>1</fpage><lpage>77</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © Copyright 2008 CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre</copyright-statement><license><p>You are free to share - to copy, distribute and transmit the work, under
the following conditions:</p><p><bold>Attribution:</bold> You must attribute
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<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/legalcode">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/legalcode.</ext-link> Any of the above
conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder.
Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the author's moral rights.</p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:title="pdf" xlink:href="1.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><p>The <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> are characterised by ascomata that are generally
immersed, solitary, without a stroma, or aggregated with a rudimentary stroma,
in herbaceous plant material especially in leaves, twigs or stems, but also in
bark or wood. The ascomata are black, soft-textured, thin-walled, and
pseudoparenchymatous with one or more central or eccentric necks. The asci
usually have a distinct apical ring. The <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> includes
species having ascospores that are small, mostly less than 25 μm long,
although some are longer, and range in septation from non-septate to
one-septate, rarely multi-septate. Molecular studies of the
<italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> suggest that the traditional classification of genera
based on characteristics of the ascomata such as position of the neck and
ascospores such as septation have resulted in genera that are not
monophyletic. In this paper the concepts of the leaf-inhabiting genera in the
<italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> are reevaluated using multiple genes, specifically
nrLSU, translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1-α), and RNA
polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2) for 64 isolates. ITS sequences
were generated for 322 isolates. Six genera of leaf-inhabiting
<italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> are defined based on placement of their type species
within the multigene phylogeny. The new monotypic genus
<italic>Ambarignomonia</italic> is established for an unusual species, <italic>A.
petiolorum</italic>. A key to 59 species of leaf-inhabiting Gnomoniaceae is
presented and 22 species of <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> are described and
illustrated.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Foliicolous fungi</kwd><kwd>multilocus phylogenetics</kwd><kwd>polyphasic taxonomy</kwd><kwd>species identification</kwd><kwd>species recognition</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta><notes><fn-group><fn><p><bold>Taxonomic novelties:</bold> New genus: <italic>Ambarignomonia</italic>. New
species: <italic>Gnomonia incrassata, G. monodii, G. neognomon, G. orcispora, G.
pendulorum, G. rodmanii, G. skokomishica, G. virginianae, Gnomoniopsis
paraclavulata, Ophiognomonia balsamiferae, O. pseudoclavulata, O. vasiljevae,
Plagiostoma barriae.</italic> New combinations: <italic>Ambarignomonia petiolorum;
Apiognomonia hystrix; Gnomonia alnea, G. carpinicola, Gnomoniopsis clavulata,
G. comari, G. fructicola, G. macounii, G. racemula, G. tormentillae;
Ophiognomonia alni-viridis, O. gei-montani, O. intermedia, O. ischnostyla, O.
leptostyla, O. micromegala, O. nana, O. rubi-idaei, O. setacea, O.
trientensis; Plagiostoma aesculi, P. amygdalinae, P. robergeanum, and P.
salicellum.</italic></p></fn></fn-group></notes></front><body><sec><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>The ascomycete order <italic>Diaporthales</italic> includes a number of plant
pathogenic fungi. The most notorious of these is the chestnut blight fungus
[<italic>Cryphonectria parasitica</italic> (Murrill) M.E. Barr] that killed all of the
American chestnut trees [<italic>Castanea dentata</italic> (Marsh.) Borkh.] in a few
decades and thus altered the landscape of eastern North America
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1">Anagnostakis 1987</xref>). Additional
tree diseases are caused by members of the <italic>Diaporthales</italic> particularly
in the <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> G. Winter. These include oak anthracnose
[<italic>Apiognomonia errabunda</italic> (Roberge ex Desm.) Höhn.], cherry leaf
scorch <italic>[A. erythrostoma</italic> (Pers.) Höhn.], sycamore canker [<italic>A.
veneta</italic> (Sacc. & Speg.) Höhn.]
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref61">Sinclair & Lyon 2005</xref>) and
ash anthracnose [<italic>Gnomoniella fraxini</italic> Redlin & Stack, now
<italic>Plagiostoma fraxini</italic> (Redlin & Stack) Sogonov, anamorph
<italic>Discula fraxinea</italic> Redlin & Stack]. Dogwood anthracnose, a disease
that has killed dogwood trees (<italic>Cornus florida</italic> L., <italic>C.
nuttallii</italic> Audubon ex Torr. & A. Gray) on both the east and west
coasts of North America, is caused by <italic>Discula destructiva</italic> Redlin
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref50">1991</xref>), an asexually
reproducing species in the <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> for which no sexual state is
known (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref78">Zhang & Blackwell
2001</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref9">Castlebury <italic>et
al.</italic> 2002</xref>). Recently it was discovered that the cause of
butternut canker (<italic>Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum</italic> Nair <italic>et
al.</italic>), a fungus that threatens to destroy another North American tree
species (<italic>Juglans cinerea</italic> L.) belongs in the <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref45">Ostry 1996</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref38">Mejia <italic>et al.</italic>2008</xref>).</p><p>The <italic>Diaporthales</italic> are a well-defined order of the
<italic>Sordariomycetes, Sordariomycetidae</italic>, as demonstrated using a four-gene
phylogeny (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref79">Zhang <italic>et al.</italic>2006</xref>). Diaporthalean fungi are characterised morphologically by
brown to black perithecial fruiting bodies immersed in a stroma or the
substrate, lack of true paraphyses at maturity, and unitunicate asci that
float free within the centrum at maturity and often have a conspicuous ring in
the apex (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">Barr 1978</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref59">Samuels & Blackwell 2001</xref>).
The ascospores vary from non-septate to multi-septate or muriform, ellipsoidal
to elongate, and hyaline or pale yellow to dark brown, rarely black. The
asexual states of <italic>Diaporthales</italic> are generally coelomycetous, producing
phialidic, often annellidic conidiogenous cells, and mostly non- or
one-septate conidia in acervuli or pycnidia with or without a well-developed
stroma, although some anamorphic states produce dark brown, multi-septate
conidia.</p><p>Within the <italic>Diaporthales</italic> up to eight variously conceived families
have been included over the past 30 years. These familial classifications of
the <italic>Diaporthales</italic> were summarised by Zhang & Blackwell
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref78">2001</xref>) comparing Wehmeyer
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref74">1975</xref>), Barr
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">1978</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref4">1990</xref>), and Kirk <italic>et al</italic>.
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref31">2001</xref>). In a molecular study
Castlebury <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref9">2002</xref>) analysed nuclear large
subunit ribosomal DNA sequence data and outlined six major lineages, mostly
recognised as families, within the <italic>Diaporthales</italic>. Since then three
families have been added. A recent review discusses the definition of the nine
currently accepted families included in the <italic>Diaporthales</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref56">Rossman <italic>et al.</italic>2007</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref57">Rossman <italic>et al.</italic>2007</xref>).</p><p>The family <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> based on the genus <italic>Gnomonia</italic> has
been variously conceived since it was established by Winter
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref77">1886</xref>). This name was proposed
for conservation by Hawksworth & Eriksson
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref25">1988</xref>) against
<italic>Obryzaceae</italic> Körber and the proposal was accepted
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref37">McNeill <italic>et al.</italic>2006</xref>). The concept of the <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> as monographed by
Monod (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">1983</xref>) is in general
agreement with results of molecular studies that include <italic>Gnomonia</italic> and
its many segregate genera (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref9">Castlebury
<italic>et al.</italic> 2002</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref15">DeSilva
<italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref38">Mejia
<italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>). Other concepts of the family such as those
proposed by Kobayashi (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref33">1970</xref>),
Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">1978</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref4">1990</xref>), Vasilyeva
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref68">1998</xref>), and Eriksson <italic>et
al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref16">2001</xref>) differ
significantly from these results. The most commonly accepted concept of the
<italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> prior to the molecular studies cited above was that of
Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">1978</xref>). She recognised the
suborder <italic>Gnomoniineae</italic> with the two families <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> and
<italic>Valsaceae</italic> Tul. & C. Tul. distinguished by the placement of the
neck. The <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> was defined as having “perithecia
upright; necks central, rarely eccentric, erumpent separately” and
included three subfamilies, one of which was the <italic>Gnomonioideae</italic> that
included four genera now recognised within the <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic>, i.e.
<italic>Apiognomonia</italic> Höhn.<italic>, Gnomonia, Gnomoniella</italic> Sacc., and
<italic>Ophiognomonia</italic> (Sacc.) Sacc. The <italic>Valsaceae</italic> was defined as
having “perithecia oblique or horizontal; necks oblique or lateral,
erumpent separately or converging through stromatic disc” with the
subfamily <italic>Plagiostomoideae</italic> that included four genera now recognised
in the <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic>, i.e. <italic>Apioplagiostoma</italic> M.E. Barr<italic>,
Plagiosphaera</italic> Petr.<italic>, Plagiostoma</italic> Fuckel, and
<italic>Pleuroceras</italic> Riess. Kobayashi
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref33">1970</xref>) followed Höhnel
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref26">1917</xref>) in placing all genera
of the <italic>Diaporthales</italic> in one family, <italic>Diaporthaceae</italic> Höhn.
The family <italic>Cryptosporellaceae</italic> Arx & E. Müll.
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2">Von Arx & Müller
1954</xref>) was established for the genus <italic>Cryptosporella</italic> Sacc.
but this family name is considered invalid because of the lack of a Latin
description (ICBN Art. 36.1). Mejia <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref38">2008</xref>) demonstrated that
<italic>Cryptosporella</italic> belongs to the <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> as outlined by
Castlebury <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref9">2002</xref>), thus the name
<italic>Cryptosporellaceae</italic> is a synonym of the much older
<italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic>.</p><p>Species in the <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> are characterised by ascomata that are
immersed, rarely erumpent or superficial, solitary, without a stroma, or
aggregated with a rudimentary stroma, in herbaceous plant material, especially
in leaves, twigs or stems, but also in bark or wood. The ascomata are dark
brown to black, generally soft-textured, thin-walled, and pseudoparenchymatous
with either central or eccentric necks. Generally the asci have a distinct
apical ring although this is not the case for species having long ascospores
as in <italic>Crytosporella</italic>. The ascospores are generally small, mostly less
than 25 μm long, although some are longer especially those of
<italic>Cryptosporella,</italic> and range in septation from non-septate to
one-septate, either in median or eccentric position. The asexual states of
members of the <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> are acervular or pycnidial with a broad
opening; conidiogenous cells are phialidic, and conidia are pallid,
non-septate (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">Monod, 1983</xref>).</p><p>The <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> sensu Monod
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">1983</xref>) included 22 genera,
some of which were excluded from this family by Castlebury <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref9">2002</xref>). According to the latter
authors, the family comprised the teleomorph genera <italic>Apiognomonia,
Apioplagiostoma, Ditopella</italic> De Not., <italic>Gnomonia, Gnomoniella,
Gnomoniopsis</italic> (Sacc.) Berl, <italic>Linospora</italic> Fuckel, <italic>Ophiognomonia,
Phragmoporthe</italic> Petr., <italic>Plagiostoma,</italic> and <italic>Pleuroceras</italic> as
well as species of the anamorph genera <italic>Discula</italic> Sacc. and
<italic>Sirococcus</italic> Preus. Some genera previously placed in the
<italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> sensu Monod
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">1983</xref>) have been removed such
as <italic>Mazzantia</italic> Mont., now placed within the <italic>Diaporthaceae,</italic> and
<italic>Sydowiella</italic> Petr., type of the <italic>Sydowiellaceae</italic> Lar.N.
Vassiljeva (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref56">Rossman <italic>et al.</italic>2007</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref57">Rossman <italic>et al.</italic>2007</xref>). Two genera, namely <italic>Cryptodiaporthe</italic> and
<italic>Cryptosporella</italic> with its synonym <italic>Ophiovalsa</italic> on woody
substrates, were placed in the <italic>Valsaceae</italic> by Barr
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">1978</xref>) and not considered by
Monod (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">1983</xref>); however,
Castlebury <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref9">2002</xref>) determined that these
genera belong in the <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic>.</p><p>Considerable confusion exists about the generic concepts in the
<italic>Diaporthales</italic> including the <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> such that one
species may have been placed in several different genera. For example,
<italic>Ophiognomonia melanostyla,</italic> originally described in <italic>Sphaeria,</italic>was transferred to <italic>Cryptoderis</italic> Auersw., <italic>Gnomonia,
Gnomoniella,</italic> and <italic>Pleuroceras</italic>, all before 1899 when it was
designated the type species of the genus <italic>Ophiognomonia</italic>.</p><p>The genus <italic>Gnomonia</italic> includes nearly 280 specific and subspecific
names. The type species, <italic>Gnomonia gnomon</italic>, and <italic>G. setacea</italic>(Pers.: Fr.) Ces. & De Not. were recently re-described by Sogonov <italic>et
al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref63">2005</xref>). Species of
<italic>Gnomonia</italic> typically have solitary, thin-walled, immersed perithecia
with long necks and lack any stroma. In most species ascospores have one
median septum. Species of <italic>Gnomonia</italic> generally occur on overwintered
leaves and are relatively commonly collected in temperate regions. Recent data
show that the genus <italic>Gnomonia</italic> is not monophyletic
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref63">Sogonov <italic>et al.</italic>2005</xref>); some species have been transferred to the
<italic>Sydowiellaceae</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref41">Moročko
& Fatehi 2007</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref56">Rossman
<italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref57">Rossman
<italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>).</p><p>The genus <italic>Apiognomonia</italic> has been distinguished from
<italic>Gnomonia</italic> by unequally septate ascospores
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">Barr 1978</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">Monod 1983</xref>). Most of the 28
species and subspecific names placed in <italic>Apiognomonia</italic> were originally
described in <italic>Gnomonia</italic>. Results of a molecular study demonstrated that
the type species, <italic>A. veneta,</italic> is closely related but distinct from
<italic>A. errabunda</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref64">Sogonov <italic>et
al.</italic> 2007</xref>). Both have a <italic>Discula</italic> asexual state. In
molecular studies <italic>A. errabunda</italic> has previously grouped with
<italic>Cryptodiaporthe aesculi</italic> and <italic>Plagiostoma</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref38">Mejia <italic>et al.</italic>2008</xref>).</p><p><italic>Cryptodiaporthe</italic> Petr. is based on <italic>C. aesculi</italic> (Fuckel)
Petr. that occurs on branches of <italic>Aesculus hippocastanum</italic>. Unlike
typical members of the <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic>, this genus occurs on woody plant
parts as do species of <italic>Cryptosporella</italic>. Both genera were placed in the
<italic>Valsaceae</italic> by Barr
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">1978</xref>) and Monod
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">1983</xref>) based on the presence
of stromatic tissues. Castlebury <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref9">2002</xref>) demonstrated that <italic>C.
aesculi</italic> belongs in the <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic>. At present 56 species names
have been placed in <italic>Cryptodiaporthe</italic>. Pathogenic species in
<italic>Cryptodiaporthe</italic> include <italic>C. populi</italic> (Sacc.) Butin, cause of
Cryptodiaporthe canker of poplar, and <italic>C. salicella</italic> (Fr.) Petr., cause
of Cryptodiaporthe canker of willow
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref61">Sinclair & Lyon 2005</xref>).
<italic>Cryptodiaporthe corni</italic>, cause of golden canker of alternate leaf
dogwood, <italic>Cornus alternifolia</italic> L. f.
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref51">Redlin & Rossman 1991</xref>)
has been excluded from the <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> and shown to belong in the
<italic>Cryphonectriaceae</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref9">Castlebury
<italic>et al.</italic> 2002</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref24">Gryzenhout <italic>et al.</italic>2006</xref>).</p><p>The genus <italic>Plagiostoma</italic> was established for <italic>Gnomonia</italic>-like
fungi having eccentric necks that result in horizontal or oblique ascomata and
one-septate ascospores. Barr
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">1978</xref>) included this genus in
the <italic>Valsaceae</italic> based on these characteristics of the ascomata, while
Monod (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">1983</xref>) placed
<italic>Plagiostoma</italic> in the <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic>. The type species, <italic>P.
euphorbiae</italic> (Fuckel) Fuckel, is known from dead stems of
<italic>Euphorbia</italic> in Europe and has been included in molecular studies
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref9">Castlebury <italic>et al.</italic>2002</xref>). At present about 32 additional species are included in
<italic>Plagiostoma</italic>, most of which occur on overwintered herbaceous and woody
plant parts of diverse dicotyledonous plants including hardwood trees.</p><p>The genus <italic>Cryptosporella</italic> based on <italic>C. hypodermia</italic> (Fr.)
Sacc., now includes the genus <italic>Ophiovalsa</italic> Petr., type species <italic>O.
suffusa</italic> (Fr.) Petr., and occurs exclusively on woody substrates as
recently monographed by Mejia <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref38">2008</xref>). Species of
<italic>Cryptodiaporthe</italic> have traditionally been defined as having one-septate
ascospores. At present, <italic>Cryptosporella</italic> is a distinct genus within the
<italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> and includes nine species
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref38">Mejia <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>).
Unlike most other members of the <italic>Gnomoniaceae, Cryptosporella</italic> is
characterised by a distinctly valsoid arrangement of ascomata. However,
<italic>Cryptosporella</italic> is similar to other members of the
<italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> in having stromatal tissues that are prosenchymatous,
forming small ectostromatic discs between the erumpent cluster of necks. This
genus is not considered in detail here.</p><p>The type species of <italic>Ditopella, D. ditopa</italic> (Fr.) J. Schröt., is
common on woody branches of <italic>Alnus</italic>. In addition to being
morphologically similar to the phragmosporous <italic>Phragmoporthe conformis</italic>(Berk. & Broome) Petr., Castlebury <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref9">2002</xref>) showed their close
phylogenetic relationship using LSU sequences. Species of <italic>Ditopella</italic>and <italic>Phragmoporthe</italic> are morphologically similar to <italic>Gnomonia</italic>except that their necks are individually surrounded by a rudimentary stroma
and thus were placed in the tribe <italic>Ditopelleae</italic> of the
<italic>Pseudovalsaceae</italic> M.E. Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">Barr
1978</xref>). Thirteen species were described in <italic>Ditopella</italic>, of
which two were excluded from the <italic>Diaporthales</italic> by Barr
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">1978</xref>). <italic>Ditopella</italic> is
characterised by having one-septate, rarely non-septate ascospores in
polysporous asci, while <italic>Phragmopothe</italic> differs from <italic>Ditopella</italic>by ascosporses having more than one septum in eight-spored asci. In addition
to the type, two other species are placed in <italic>Phragmoporthe, P.
ploettneriana</italic> (Henn.) Petr. and <italic>P. pseudotsugae</italic> A. Funk. Two
species placed in <italic>Phragmoporthe</italic> by Monod
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">1983</xref>) belong in
<italic>Magnaporthe</italic> outside the <italic>Diaporthales</italic> (Kraus & Webster
1972, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">Barr 1978</xref>).</p><p>The genus <italic>Gnomoniella</italic> was established for <italic>Gnomonia</italic>-like
species having non-septate ascospores. The type species, <italic>G.
tubaeformis</italic> (Fr.) Sacc., occurs on overwintered leaves and petioles of
<italic>Alnus</italic> in Europe and North America
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">Barr 1978</xref>). <italic>Gnomoniella
fraxini</italic> was recognised as a member of the <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> by
Castlebury <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref9">2002</xref>). At present 85 species
and subspecific names are included in <italic>Gnomoniella</italic>, most of which are
poorly known.</p><p><italic>Gnomoniopsis</italic> was originally described as a subgenus within
<italic>Gnomonia</italic> for species having ascospores that develop additional septa.
The type species is <italic>Gnomoniopsis chamaemori</italic> (Fr.) Berl. Barr
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">1978</xref>) suggested that the
development of additional septa was “of only occasional
occurrence” and thus considered <italic>Gnomoniopsis</italic> to be a synonym of
<italic>Gnomonia</italic>. The only other species in <italic>Gnomoniopsis, G. devexa</italic>(Desm.) Moesz & Smarods, was recognised as <italic>Plagiostoma devexum</italic>(Desm.) Fuckel by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">Barr
1978</xref>.</p><p>The genus <italic>Ophiognomonia</italic> was based on <italic>Gnomoniella</italic> subgenus
<italic>Ophiognomonia</italic> Sacc. for species having elongate, often septate
ascospores. The type species, <italic>O. melanostyla</italic> (DC.: Fr.) Sacc., occurs
on overwintered leaves and petioles of <italic>Tilia</italic> spp. in temperate
regions. About 15 additional species are currently included in this genus but
most of these are obscure. Two of these species are known as endophytes of
woody plants, <italic>O. cryptica</italic> D. Wilson & M.E. Barr isolated from
leaves of <italic>Quercus emoryi</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref76">Wilson
<italic>et al.</italic> 1997</xref>) and <italic>O. elasticae</italic> (Koord.) M. Monod
on <italic>Ficus</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref46">Paulus <italic>et al.</italic>2007</xref>). Although <italic>O. cryptica</italic> is a dominant endophyte with
interesting ecological implications, no living isolates of this species have
been preserved (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref76">Wilson <italic>et al.</italic>1997</xref>).</p><p>With collection and culturing of fresh specimens it has become possible to
re-evaluate the generic concepts in the <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> by analyzing the
phylogenetic relationship of many species using multiple genes. Phylogenetic
affinities of uncultureable species can be determined by sequencing multicopy
genes and analyzing these sequences in relation to phylogenetically
circumscribed genera. This study was undertaken to accurately define the
leaf-inhabiting genera of the <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> including the type and
additional species of as many genera as possible. In the course of this
project many new species were collected and are described herein.</p></sec><sec sec-type="materials|methods"><title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title><sec><title>Collection and observation of herbarium specimens</title><p>Fresh specimens were collected by the first author in Canada (British
Columbia, Ontario), Russia (Novgorod, Nizhniy Novgorod, Tver oblasts),
Switzerland, and the United States (District of Columbia, Georgia, Hawaii,
Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Mississippi, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina,
Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia, Washington) in 2004–2007. Living and
dead, attached or fallen, overwintered leaves, and overwintered dead parts of
herbaceous plants were examined for the presence of ascomata or conidiomata.
Those containing seemingly gnomoniaceous fungi were air dried and stored in
paper bags or envelopes. Additional fresh material was collected by others and
sent for use in this study from Austria, Bulgaria, Finland, Lithuania, Russia
(Primorsky Kray), and the United Kingdom (Scotland). All specimens were
deposited in the U.S. National Fungus Collections (BPI).</p><p>Additional herbarium specimens were examined from the U.S. National Fungus
Collections (BPI) as well as the Museum Botanicum Berolinense (B),
Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Farlow Reference Library and
Herbarium of Cryptogamic Botany in Harvard University (FH), Conservatoire et
Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève (G), Royal Botanic Gardens at
Kew (K), Leiden University branch of the Nationaal Herbarium Nederland (L),
Musée et Jardins Botanique Cantonaux in Lausanne (LAU), Botanische
Staatssammlung München (M), New York State Museum Mycological Collections
Herbarium (NYS), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (PC), Mycology
Herbarium of Royal Ontario Museum (TRTC), Uppsala University (UPS), and
Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule in Zürich (ZT).</p><p>Fresh and herbarium specimens were first examined on natural substrates
using a Wild M5A (Wild Heerbrugg Ltd., Heerbrugg, Switzerland) or Leica MZ APO
(Leica Microsystems AG, Weitzlar, Germany) dissecting microscope and
photographed with a DXM 1200 digital camera (Nikon Instruments Inc., Melville,
NY, U.S.A.). Perithecia and pycnidia-like conidiomata were extracted from leaf
tissue using a sterile surgical scalpel under a dissecting microscope, placed
into a drop of 3 % aqueous KOH, 7 % aqueous sodium acetate solution or water
on a clean microscope slide. After rehydration, perithecia were examined and
measured. Perithecia and pycnidia-like conidiomata were crushed to release
their contents, which were transferred with an attenuated glass capillary, a
scalpel or a micropipette to a clean area of the slide. For acervular
conidiomata, a small part of the conidial mass with the underlying hyphal mat
intermixed with leaf tissue was extracted to a slide. The material was covered
with a cover slip and examined under Nomarski differential interference
contrast (DIC) with an Axioplan2 microscope (Carl Zeiss, New York, NY, U.S.A.)
and photographed.</p></sec><sec><title>Culture preparation and morphology</title><p>For preparation of pure cultures, fresh material was rehydrated and crushed
in sterile 7 % sodium acetate solution or water. Ascospores and asci or
conidia were removed by means of an attenuated glass capillary or a
micropipette and transferred to cornmeal agar (CMA, Sigma®, Sigma Chemical
Co., St. Louis, MO, U.S.A.) plates containing 1 % (v/v) of an antibiotics
solution (0.2 % streptomycin sulfate and 0.2 % neomycin sulfate in sterile
distilled water). Plates were incubated at room temperature and periodically
examined for germination of ascospores or conidia with a dissecting microscope
in transmitted light or the Axioplan2 microscope with low-magnification
(×2.5–20) objectives. Germinated ascospores or conidia were
transferred to fresh CMA or potato dextrose agar (PDA, Difco™, Becton,
Dickinson & Co., Sparks, MD, U.S.A.) and incubated at room temperature.
Most cultures obtained in this study were deposited at the Centraalbureau voor
Schimmelcultures (CBS, Utrecht, The Netherlands). For macroscopic descriptions
of colonies, strains were grown on PDA, malt extract agar (MEA) containing 3 %
malt extract (Bacto™) and 1.5 % agar (Bacto™), and malt yeast agar
(MYA) containing MEA supplemented with 0.3 % yeast extract (Bacto™).
Cultures were placed in an incubator with a 12 h light/dark cycle with
blacklight (near UV) and cool white fluorescent light at 23 °C presented
as (23 °C l/d) in the descriptions. In order to stimulate sporulation
and/or perithecial formation by imitating natural conditions, some cultures
were incubated on the same media as follows: 4 h blacklight/white fluorescent
light at 2 °C, 10 h same light at 10 °C, 1 h darkness at 10 °C,
and 9 h darkness at 2 °C. This cycle is presented as 2/10 °C l/d in
the descriptions. Cultures were observed for up to five mo. Colours were
determined according to Kornerup & Wanscher
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref34">1978</xref>) with only colour names
used herein.</p></sec><sec><title>Measurements and data management</title><p>Measurements in descriptions are given as minimum and maximum values in
parentheses and ranges as intervals between the first and third quartile.
Arithmetic means, standard deviations and number of measurements are given in
parentheses. Thus, measurements are provided as length × width =
(min–)Q<sub>1</sub>–Q<sub>3</sub>(–max) ×
(min–)Q<sub>1</sub>–Q<sub>3</sub>(–max) μm (mean1 ×
mean2, SD1, SD2, n). Measurement of microstructures are rounded to the nearest
0.5 μm. Images were processed with Adobe Photoshop 5.0 (Adobe Systems,
Inc., San Jose, CA, U.S.A.). Original software
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref62">Sogonov 2005</xref>) built on MS
Access 2000 (Microsoft Corporation, Bellevue, WA, U.S.A.) was used for
collecting and storing data and images of the samples and for statistical
evaluations.</p></sec><sec><title>DNA amplification and sequencing</title><p>Genomic DNA was extracted directly from actively growing surface mycelium
scraped from PDA plates with the PUREGENE Cell and Tissue kit (Gentra Systems,
Minneapolis, MN, U.S.A.) according to the manufacturer's instructions using
approximately 50 mg fresh mycelium. For some collections, ribosomal genes were
amplified directly from perithecial or conidiomatal contents in one of two
ways. A small amount of ascal or conidial masses was extracted from a
perithecium or conidioma with a sterile scalpel under the dissecting
microscope and placed on the inner sidewall of a 0.2 mL PCR tube cap.
Approximately 5 μL of PCR-grade water were added to the mass of spores with
a micropipette. Alternatively, a perithecium or conidioma was placed in a drop
of PCR-grade water on a fresh microscope slide and squeezed using a scalpel.
Then approximately 5 μL of the water containing a cloud of asci or conidia
was transferred either with a micropipette to the inner sidewall of a 0.2 mL
PCR tube as above. PCR tubes containing spore suspensions were stored at -18
°C until amplification. The spore suspension was then spun to the bottom
of the tube in a microcentrifuge (∼30 s) after the PCR mix had been added
to the tube. Before amplification, the spore suspensions were incubated for 5
min at 95 °C.</p><p>The genes coding for the internal transcribed spacer regions 1 and 2,
including the 5.8S rDNA (ITS) and a region of the large ribosomal subunit
(nrLSU), a fragment of the translation elongation factor 1-alpha
(<italic>tef1-α</italic>) containing introns 4 and 5,and RNA polymerase II
(<italic>rpb2</italic>) were amplified in 25 or 50 μL reactions on a GeneAmp 9700
thermal cycler (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, U.S.A.) under the
following conditions: 0.2–0.3 ng/μL of genomic DNA, 4 mM/μL each
dNTP, 0.05 units/μL DNA polymerase (AmpliTaq®, Applied Biosystems,
Foster City, CA, U.S.A. or GeneChoice®, Cat. No. T-12, GeneChoice, Inc.,
Frederick, MD, U.S.A.), 0.5 pmoles/μL each primer and 10 % vol. of the
manufacturer's supplied 10× PCR buffer containing 15 mM
MgCl<sub>2</sub>. The thermal cycler program was as follows: 2 min at 95
°C followed by 35 cycles of 30 s at 94 °C, 30 s at 55 °C, 1 min at
72 °C, with a final extension period of 10 min at 72 °C. If no
amplicon was obtained from a reaction under these conditions, the annealing
temperature was decreased to 50 or 52 °C and/or 4 % of DMSO (v/v) was
added to the reaction mix. Following amplification, the PCR products were
purified with ExoSAP-IT (USB Corporation, Cleveland, OH, U.S.A.) according to
the manufacturer's instructions. Internal transcribed spacer regions 1 and 2,
including the 5.8S rDNA, were amplified and sequenced using the primers ITS5
and ITS4 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref75">White <italic>et al.</italic>1990</xref>). A region of the <italic>tef1-α</italic> gene was amplified
using primers EF1–728F designed by Carbone & Kohn
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref8">1999</xref>) and EF1–1567R
designed by Rehner (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref54">2001</xref>). The
<italic>tef1-α</italic> fragment was sequenced using primers EF1–983F and
EF1–1567R (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref54">Rehner
2001</xref>).</p></sec><sec><title>Phylogenetic analyses</title><p>Sequences were edited using Sequencher v. 4.2 for Windows (Gene Codes
Corporation, Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.A.). Alignments were manually adjusted using
BioEdit v. 7.0.5.2 (Hall,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.mbio.ncsu.edu/BioEdit/">http://www.mbio.ncsu.edu/BioEdit/</ext-link>)
or JalView (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref10">Clamp <italic>et al.</italic>2004</xref>). Sequences were deposited in GenBank and listed in
<xref ref-type="table" rid="tbl1">Table 1</xref> or as specimens
sequenced for those not used in the phylogenetic analysis.</p><p><table-wrap position="float" id="tbl1"><label>Table 1.</label><caption><p>Specimens and cultures of <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> sequenced for this
study.<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn1">*</xref></p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="bottom"><hr></hr></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom"><hr></hr></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom"><hr></hr></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom"><hr></hr></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom"><hr></hr></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom"><hr></hr></th><th colspan="4" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom"><bold>GenBank Accession Numbers</bold><hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><bold>Taxon</bold></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><bold>Specimen</bold></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><bold>Culture</bold></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><bold>Country</bold></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><bold>Host</bold></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><bold>Collector</bold></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><bold>tef1-α</bold></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><bold>ITS</bold></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><bold>nrLSU</bold></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><bold>rpb2</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Ambarignomonia petiolorum</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> BPI 844274
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121227&link_type=CBS">CBS 121227</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> U.S.A. : VA
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Liquidambar styraciflua</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> M.V. Sogonov
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU221898
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU254748
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU255070
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU219307
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Amphiporthe hranicensis</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> BPI 843515
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=119289&link_type=CBS">CBS 119289</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> Austria
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Tilia platyphylla</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> W. Jaklitsch
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU221890
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU199178
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU199122
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU199137
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Apiognomonia borealis</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> NA
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=799.79&link_type=CBS">CBS 799.79</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> Norway
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Geranium sylvaticum</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> M. Monod
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU221971
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU255000
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU255169
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU219275
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Apiognomonia errabunda</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> NA
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=109747&link_type=CBS">CBS 109747</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> Switzerland
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Fagus sylvatica</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> M. Monod
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU221914
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> DQ313525
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> AF408334
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU219261
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Apiognomonia hystrix</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> CBSH 11343
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=911.79&link_type=CBS">CBS 911.79</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> Switzerland
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Acer pseudoplatanus</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> M. Monod
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU221986
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> DQ313549
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU255180
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU219260
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Apiognomonia veneta</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> NA
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=897.79&link_type=CBS">CBS 897.79</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> Switzerland
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Platanus orientalis</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> M. Monod
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU221910
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> DQ313532
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU255195
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU219259
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>“Apioplagiostoma” aceriferum</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> NA
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=778.79&link_type=CBS">CBS 778.79</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> Switzerland
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Acer campestre</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> M. Monod
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU221970
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU254750
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU255072
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU219316
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Cryphonectria cubensis</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> BPI 841768
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=101281&link_type=CBS">CBS 101281</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> Cameroon
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Eucalyptus urophylla</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> I. Gibson
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU222012
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> NS
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> AF408338
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> DQ862016
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Cryphonectria nitschkei</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> BPI 747935
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=109758&link_type=CBS">CBS 109758</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> Russia
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Quercus mongolica</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> L. Vasilyeva
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> DQ862031
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> NS
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> AF408335
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> DQ862015
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Cryphonectria parasitica</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> NA
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> ATCC 38755
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> U.S.A.: CT
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Castanea dentata</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> N. DePalma
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU222014
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> NS
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU199123
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> DQ862017
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Cryptosporella alnicola</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> NA
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121074&link_type=CBS">CBS 121074</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> U.S.A.: MN
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Corylus cornuta</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> L. Vasilyeva
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU221960
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU199204
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU255076
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU199160
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Cryptosporella betulae</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> BPI 748448
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=109763&link_type=CBS">CBS 109763</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> Austria
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Betula alba</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> W. Jaklitsch
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU221884
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU199180
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> AF408375
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU199139
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Cryptosporella confusa</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> BPI 843580
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121063&link_type=CBS">CBS 121063</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> U.S.A.: TN
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Betula papyrifera</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> W. Jaklitsch
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU221958
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU199219
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU255079
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU199175
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Cryptosporella femoralis</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> BPI 872326
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121076&link_type=CBS">CBS 121076</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> U.S.A.: NY
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Alnus rugosa</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> L. Vasilyeva
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU221951
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU199220
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU255080
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU199176
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Cryptosporella hypodermia</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> NA
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=171.69&link_type=CBS">CBS 171.69</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> The Netherlands
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Ulmus campestris</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> H.A. van der Aa
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU221881
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU199225
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> DQ862028
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> DQ862018
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Cryptosporella suffusa</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> BPI 871231
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121077&link_type=CBS">CBS 121077</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> Austria
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Alnus incana</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> W. Jaklitsch
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU221891
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU199184
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU199124
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU199142
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Cryptosporella wehmeyeriana</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> BPI 843485
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121085&link_type=CBS">CBS 121085</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> U.S.A.: NC
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Tilia sp.</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> L. Vasilyeva
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU221959
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU199205
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU255082
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU199161
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Diaporthe phaseolorum</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> NA
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> ATCC 64802
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> U.S.A.: MS
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Stokesia laevis</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> F. Uecker
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU222020
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> NS
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU255083
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU219348
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Discula destructiva</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> BPI 1107757
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=109771&link_type=CBS">CBS 109771</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> U.S.A.: WA
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Cornus nuttallii</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> J. Ammirati
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU221897
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU199186
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> AF408359
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU199144
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Ditopella ditopa</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> BPI 748439
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=109748&link_type=CBS">CBS 109748</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> Austria
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Alnus glutinosa</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> W. Jaklitsch
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU221943
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> DQ323526
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> AF408360
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU219297
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Gnomonia amoena</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> BPI 877469
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121262&link_type=CBS">CBS 121262</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> U.S.A.: TN
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Carpinus caroliniana</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> M.V. Sogonov
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU221983
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU254771
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU255091
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU219293
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Gnomonia gnomon</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> NA
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=199.53&link_type=CBS">CBS 199.53</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> Italy
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Corylus avellana</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> M. Ribaldi?
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU221885
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> AY818956
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> AF408361
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU219295
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Gnomonia neognomon</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> BPI 877526C
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121265&link_type=CBS">CBS 121265</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> Canada: BC
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Corylus californica</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> M.V. Sogonov
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU221982
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU254787
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU255098
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU219336
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Gnomonia orcispora</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> BPI 877465C
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121247&link_type=CBS">CBS 121247</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> U.S.A.: WA
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Corylus californica</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> M.V. Sogonov
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU221922
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU254788
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU255099
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU219314
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Gnomonia pseudoamoena</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> BPI 877518
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121261&link_type=CBS">CBS 121261</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> Canada: BC
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Corylus californica</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> M.V. Sogonov
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU221984
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU254795
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU255102
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU219305
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Gnomonia rodmanii</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> BPI 878211A
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121909&link_type=CBS">CBS 121909</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> U.S.A.: GA
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Carpinus caroliniana</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> M.V. Sogonov
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> NS
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU254796
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> NS
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU219337
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Gnomonia skokomishica</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> BPI 877465B
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121245&link_type=CBS">CBS 121245</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> U.S.A.: WA
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Corylus californica</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> M.V. Sogonov
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU221929
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU254797
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU255103
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU219291
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Gnomonia virginianae</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> BPI 844264
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121913&link_type=CBS">CBS 121913</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> U.S.A.: MD
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Ostrya virginiana</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> M.V. Sogonov
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU221900
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU254801
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU255105
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU219309
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Gnomoniopsis chamaemori</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> NA
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=803.79&link_type=CBS">CBS 803.79</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> Finland
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Rubus chamaemorus</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> M. Monod
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> NS
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU254808
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU255107
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> NS
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Gnomoniopsis comari</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> CBSH 12997
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=806.79&link_type=CBS">CBS 806.79</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> Finland
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Comarum palustre</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> M. Monod
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> NS
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU254821
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU255114
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU219286
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Gnomoniopsis fructicola</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> NA
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=208.34&link_type=CBS">CBS 208.34</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> France
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Fragaria sp.</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> G. Arnaud
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU221968
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU254826
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU255116
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU219284
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Gnomoniopsis macounii</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> BPI 871008
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121468&link_type=CBS">CBS 121468</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> U.S.A.: NY
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Spiraea sp.</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> L. Vasilyeva
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU221979
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU254762
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU255087
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU219243
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Gnomoniopsis paraclavulata</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> BPI 877448
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121263&link_type=CBS">CBS 121263</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> U.S.A.: TN
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Quercus alba</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> M.V. Sogonov
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU221939
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU254839
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU255120
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU219248
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Gnomoniopsis racemula</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> BPI 871003
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121469&link_type=CBS">CBS 121469</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> U.S.A.: MN
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Chamerion angustifolium</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> L. Vasilyeva
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU221889
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU254841
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU255122
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU219241
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Gnomoniopsis tormentillae</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> NA
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=904.79&link_type=CBS">CBS 904.79</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> Switzerland
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Potentilla erecta</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> M. Monod
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> NS
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU254856
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU255133
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> NS
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Leucostoma niveum</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> BPI 748232
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=109489&link_type=CBS">CBS 109489</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> Russia
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Populus sp.</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> L. Vasilyeva
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU222015
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> NS
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> AF362558
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU219343
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Mazzantia napelli</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> BPI 748443
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=109769&link_type=CBS">CBS 109769</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> Austria
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Aconitum vulparia</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> W. Jaklitsch
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU222017
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> NS
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> AF408368
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> NS
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Melanconis alni</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> BPI 748444
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=109773&link_type=CBS">CBS 109773</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> Austria
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Alnus viridis</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> W. Jaklitsch
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU221896
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> DQ323523
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> AF408371
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU219300
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Melanconis marginalis</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> BPI 748446
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=109744&link_type=CBS">CBS 109744</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> Canada: BC
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Alnus rubra</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> M.E. Barr
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU221991
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU199197
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> AF408373
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU219301
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Melanconis stilbostoma</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> BPI 748447
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=109778&link_type=CBS">CBS 109778</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> Austria
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Betula alba</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> W. Jaklitsch
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU221886
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> DQ323524
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> AF408374
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU219299
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Ophiognomonia alni-viridis</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> NA
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=782.79&link_type=CBS">CBS 782.79</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> Switzerland
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Alnus viridis</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> M. Monod
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU221974
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU254864
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU255138
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU219333
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Ophiognomonia balsamiferae</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> BPI 877606
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121266&link_type=CBS">CBS 121266</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> Canada:BC
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Populus balsamifera</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> M.V. Sogonov
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU221955
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU254870
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU255140
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU219322
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Ophiognomonia intermedia</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> NA
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=119194&link_type=CBS">CBS 119194</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> United Kingdom
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Betula pubescens</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> S. Green
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU222008
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU254873
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> DQ323520
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU219321
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Ophiognomonia ischnostyla</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> NA
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=837.79&link_type=CBS">CBS 837.79</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> Switzerland
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Corylus avellana</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> M. Monod
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU221972
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU254890
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU255142
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU219334
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Ophiognomonia leptostyla</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> NA
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=844.79&link_type=CBS">CBS 844.79</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> Switzerland
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Juglans regia</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> M. Monod
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU221996
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU254910
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU255149
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU219338
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Ophiognomonia micromegala</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> BPI 877615A
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121910&link_type=CBS">CBS 121910</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> U.S.A.: DC
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Carya tomentosa</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> M.V. Sogonov
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU221944
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU254918
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU255150
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU219332
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Ophiognomonia nana</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> NA
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=883.79&link_type=CBS">CBS 883.79</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> Finland
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Betula nana</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> M. Monod
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU221949
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> DQ323534
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> DQ323522
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU219326
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Ophiognomonia nervisequa</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> BPI 877467B
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121908&link_type=CBS">CBS 121908</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> U.S.A.: NC
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Carpinus americana</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> M.V. Sogonov
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU221930
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU254902
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU255147
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU219330
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Ophiognomonia padicola</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> NA
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=845.79&link_type=CBS">CBS 845.79</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> Switzerland
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Prunus padus</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> M. Monod
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU221946
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU199192
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU255152
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU199150
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Ophiognomonia pseudoclavulata</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> BPI 844280
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121236&link_type=CBS">CBS 121236</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> U.S.A.: PA
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Carya tomentosa</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> M.V. Sogonov
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU222004
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU254923
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU255153
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU219317
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Ophiognomonia rosae</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> BPI 877636
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121267&link_type=CBS">CBS 121267</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> U.S.A.: ME
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Rosa sp.</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> M.V. Sogonov
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU221956
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU254936
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU255158
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU219319
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Ophiognomonia sassafras</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> BPI 877639
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121243&link_type=CBS">CBS 121243</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> U.S.A.: PA
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Sassafras albidum</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> M.V. Sogonov
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU221941
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU254941
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU255159
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU219327
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Ophiognomonia setacea</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> BPI 843499
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=116850&link_type=CBS">CBS 116850</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> U.S.A.: TN
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Quercus sp.</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> L. Vasilyeva
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU222007
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> AY818953
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> AY818959
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU219339
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Ophiognomonia vasiljevae</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> BPI 877671
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121253&link_type=CBS">CBS 121253</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> U.S.A.: TN
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Juglans nigra</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> M.V. Sogonov
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU221999
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU254977
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU255162
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU219331
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Phragmoporthe conformis</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> BPI 748450
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=109783&link_type=CBS">CBS 109783</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> Canada: BC
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Alnus rubra</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> M.E. Barr
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU221993
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> DQ323527
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> AF408377
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> NS
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Plagiostoma aesculi</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> BPI 748430
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=109765&link_type=CBS">CBS 109765</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> Austria
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Aesculus hippocastanum</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> W. Jaklitsch
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU221913
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU199179
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> AF408342
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU199138
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Plagiostoma amygdalinae</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> NA
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=791.79&link_type=CBS">CBS 791.79</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> Switzerland
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Euphorbia amygdaloides</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> M. Monod
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> NS
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU254995
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU255165
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> NS
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Plagiostoma apiculatum</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> BPI 843527
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121466&link_type=CBS">CBS 121466</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> Austria
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Salix alba</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> W. Jaklitsch
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU221957
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU254996
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU255166
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU219278
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Plagiostoma barriae</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> BPI 877717B
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121249&link_type=CBS">CBS 121249</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> U.S.A.: WA
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Acer macrophyllum</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> M.V. Sogonov
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU221947
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU254997
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU255167
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU219270
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Plagiostoma devexum</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> BPI 843489
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=123201&link_type=CBS">CBS 123201</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> U.S.A.: NY
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Polygonum sp.</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> L. Vasilyeva
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU221933
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU255001
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU255170
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU219258
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Plagiostoma euphorbiae</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> NA
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=340.78&link_type=CBS">CBS 340.78</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> The Netherlands
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Euphorbia palustris</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> W. Gams
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU219234
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU199198
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> AF408382
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU219292
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Plagiostoma fraxini</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> BPI 746412
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=109498&link_type=CBS">CBS 109498</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> U.S.A.: MD
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Fraxinus pennsylvanica</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> S. Redlin
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU221987
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> AY455810
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> AF362552
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU219263
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Plagiostoma geranii</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> NA
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=824.79&link_type=CBS">CBS 824.79</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> Switzerland
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Geranium sylvaticum</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> M. Monod
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> NS
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU255009
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> NS
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU219273
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>“Plagiostoma” inclinatum</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> NA
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=772.79&link_type=CBS">CBS 772.79</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> Switzerland
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Acer campestre</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> M. Monod
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> NS
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU255034
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU255183
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU219315
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Plagiostoma petiolophilum</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> BPI 863769
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> AR 3821
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> U.S.A.: NY
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Acer sp.</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> L. Vasilyeva
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU221988
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU255039
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU255185
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU219257
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Plagiostoma rhododendri</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> NA
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=847.79&link_type=CBS">CBS 847.79</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> Switzerland
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Rhododendron hirsutum</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> M. Monod
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> NS
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU255044
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU255187
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU219272
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Plagiostoma robergeana</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> BPI 843593
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121472&link_type=CBS">CBS 121472</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> Austria
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Staphylea pinnata</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> W. Jaklitsch
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU221908
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU255046
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU255188
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU219262
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Plagiostoma salicellum</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> BPI 747938
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=109775&link_type=CBS">CBS 109775</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> Austria
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Salix sp.</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> W. Jaklitsch
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU221916
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> DQ323529
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> AF408345
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU199141
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Pleuroceras oregonense</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> BPI 877719
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121260&link_type=CBS">CBS 121260</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> Canada: BC
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Salix sitchensis</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> M.V. Sogonov
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU221931
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU255060
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU255196
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU219313
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Pleuroceras pleurostylum</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> NA
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=906.79&link_type=CBS">CBS 906.79</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> Switzerland
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Salix helvetica</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> M. Monod
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU221962
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU255061
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU255197
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU219311
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Pleuroceras tenellum</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> BPI 871059
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121082&link_type=CBS">CBS 121082</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> U.S.A.: NC
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Acer rubrum</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> M.V. Sogonov
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU221907
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU199199
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU255202
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU199155
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Sirococcus clavigignentijuglandacearum</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> NA
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121081&link_type=CBS">CBS 121081</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> U.S.A.: MN
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Juglans cinerea</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> M. Ostry
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU221998
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU199200
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU199133
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU199156
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Sirococcus conigenus</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> BPI 871248
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=101225&link_type=CBS">CBS 101225</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> Austria
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Picea abies</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> R. Schneider
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU221927
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU199201
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU199134
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU199157
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Valsa ceratosperma</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> BPI 748459
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=109777&link_type=CBS">CBS 109777</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> Austria
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Quercus robur</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> W. Jaklitsch
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU222016
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> NS
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU255209
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"> EU219344
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Valsella salicis</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">BPI 748461
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=109754&link_type=CBS">CBS 109754</ext-link></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">Austria
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><italic>Salix fragilis</italic></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">W. Jaklitsch
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">EU222018
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">NS
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">EU255210
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">AF408389
</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tblfn1"><label>*</label><p>ATCC = American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA U.S.A.; BPI = U.S.
National Fungus Collections, USDA ARS, Beltsville, MD U.S.A.; CBS =
Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Utrecht, The Netherlands; NA = None
available; NS = Not Sequenced.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></p><p>Genes were aligned individually and concatenated in a text editor. The
alignment consisted of nrLSU (791 bp)<italic>, tef1-α</italic> (470 bp), and
<italic>rpb2</italic> (1089 bp) sequences for a total of 2350 and 75 taxa. Of these,
64 belonged to the <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic>, three to the
<italic>Melanconidaceae</italic>, and eight to other representatives of the
<italic>Diaporthales</italic>. The alignment was partitioned by gene and by codon
position for <italic>tef1-α</italic> and <italic>rpb2</italic>. Partitions were analysed
for conflict using the 70 % reciprocal NJ bootstrap analysis as in Reeb <italic>et
al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref53">2004</xref>) using distance
settings identified by ModelTest (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref49">Posada
& Crandall 1998</xref>) for the maximum likelihood analysis detailed
below. Trees were inferred by maximum parsimony (MP) using the heuristic
search option with random sequence addition (1000 replications), MULTREES on
and the branch swapping (tree bisection-reconnection) option of PAUP v. 4.0b10
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref67">Swofford 2002</xref>). All
characters were unordered and either given equal weight during the analysis or
weighted according to a scheme of weight=3 for first and second codon
positions, weight=1 for third codon positions and weight=2 for nrLSU. Gaps
were treated as missing in the parsimony analysis. Relative support of
branches was estimated with 1000 bootstrap replications
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref17">Felsenstein 1985</xref>) with
MULTREES and TBR on and 10 random sequence additions for the MP bootstraps.
Bootstrap values are indicated on
<xref rid="fig1" ref-type="fig">Fig.1</xref> under the respective
branches.</p><p>Trees were also inferred using maximum likelihood as implemented in PAUP v.
4.0b10. ModelTest v. 3.7 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref49">Posada &
Crandall 1998</xref>) was used to determine the model used for the
analysis. Likelihood settings were as follows: base=(0.2419 0.2900 0.2534),
nst=6, rmat=(1.0000 3.8112 1.0000 1.0000 7.4314), rates=gamma, shape=0.7954
pinvar=0.5555. A heuristic search was performed with 10 random addition
sequences using the MP tree as the starting tree. Maximum likelihood bootstrap
analysis was not performed.</p><p>MrModeltest (v. 2.2) was used to estimate the model that best fit the data
for the alignment. Each gene was analysed individually and the entire
alignment was analysed unpartitioned. All analyses resulted in the same model.
A Bayesian analysis using the resulting GTR+I+G model was applied to the three
partitions (genes) was conducted. Three hot and one cold chain with Markov
Chain Monte Carlo 2 million generations in MrBayes v. 3.1.2
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref28">Huelsenbeck & Ronquist
2001</xref>) was used for the analyses. Trees were sampled every 100
generations and the first 1 000 000 generations were eliminated (burn in
period) after comparison in Excel when determining posterior probabilities
(PP) for clades. Two separate runs were performed and posterior probabilities
were pooled and indicated on <xref rid="fig1" ref-type="fig">Fig.
1</xref> above the branches. Only probabilities greater than 95 % are
shown.</p><p>In this study, 322 ITS sequences were obtained from specimens or cultures
and deposited in GenBank as EU254748—EU255069 with host information,
voucher specimen/culture and locality data. The ITS sequences could not be
aligned across the whole family and were therefore not used in multigene
phylogenetic analysis. However, ITS sequences were used to place taxa within
genera through the use of a local BLAST server in BioEdit. The BLAST database
contained 426 ITS sequences from taxa within the <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> and
included previously sequenced isolates from GenBank. Taxa used in the
multigene phylogenetic analysis were used as reference taxa for this database
in determining generic placements. All genera are represented by their
respective type species in the multigene analysis.</p></sec></sec><sec><title>RESULTS AND DISCUSSION</title><sec><title>Phylogenetic analyses</title><p>Results of the 70 % reciprocal NJ bootstrap analyses showed no conflict
among the genes (trees not shown). However, <italic>tef1-α</italic> and nrLSU
individually did not resolve all of the genera identified in the multigene
analysis. Combined analysis of the <italic>tef1-α</italic> and nrLSU partitions
did resolve all genera with >70 % support. The <italic>rpb2</italic> individual NJ
bootstrap analysis resolved all genera with >70 % support indicating that
<italic>rpb2</italic> is providing most of the signal for resolution of the
genera.</p><p>Maximum parsimony analyses resulted in 24 equally parsimonious trees
(score= 5095) and six equally parsimonious trees (score= 7047) for the
unweighted and weighted analyses, respectively. Strict consensus trees
calculated for each parsimony analysis did not differ in the identification of
the clades at the genus level, with minor backbone differences (trees not
shown). Maximum likelihood analysis resulted in one tree with a –lnL
score of 26702.18332 (<xref rid="fig1" ref-type="fig">Fig.1</xref>)
with Bayesian PP and MP bootstraps shown above and below the branches Seven
genera with multiple species were strongly supported by the multi-gene
phylogenetic analysis at a Bayesian PP level of 95 % or greater and MP
bootstrap support of 70 % or greater: <italic>Apiognomonia, Cryptosporella,
Gnomoniopsis, Gnomonia, Ophiognomonia, Plagiostoma,</italic> and <italic>Pleuroceras.
Ambarignomonia</italic> is newly recognised with a single species, <italic>A.
petiolorum,</italic> and <italic>Amphiporthe</italic> is recognised with the type species,
<italic>A. hranicensis,</italic> in the <italic>Gnomoniaceae.</italic> The type species of
<italic>Ditopella</italic> and <italic>Phragmoporthe</italic> are morphologically and
biologically similar differing primarily in the number of ascospores in the
asci and appear to be congeneric in this analysis, but are not further
considered due to the small number of isolates sampled.</p><p>Bayesian analyis and MP boostrapping both supported a group containing
<italic>Amphiporthe, Apiognomonia, Cryptosporella, Ditopella/Phragmoporthe,</italic>and <italic>Plagistoma</italic>, with <italic>Ambarignomonia, Ophiognomonia</italic>, and
<italic>Pleuroceras</italic> forming a closely related second group of genera. The
type species of <italic>Ophiognomonia, O. melanostyla,</italic> could not be sequenced
for the multigene analysis. However, an ITS sequence was obtained directly
from a specimen and was found by BLAST analysis to be very closely related to
<italic>O. sassafras,</italic> which has been used as the reference taxon for
<italic>Ophiognomonia</italic> in the multigene analysis. All other genera are
represented by type species in the multigene analysis. In all analyses
<italic>Gnomoniopsis</italic> is basal to other gnomoniaceaous taxa in this alignment
with the <italic>Melanconidaceae</italic> forming a very closely related sister group
to the <italic>Gmononiaceae. Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum</italic>, the
butternut canker pathogen with no known sexual state, is strongly supported as
within <italic>Ophiognomonia</italic>. However, <italic>Sirococcus conigenus</italic>, the
type species of the anamorph genus <italic>Sirococcus,</italic> is placed with
<italic>Gnomoniopsis</italic> in these analyses. The dogwood anthracnose pathogen,
<italic>Discula destructiva,</italic> is not strongly supported as belonging to any of
the genera present in this tree, but it forms a consistent relationship with
<italic>Ambarignomonia</italic> and <italic>Pleuroceras</italic>. ITS data suggest a close
relationship with <italic>Pleuroceras</italic> (trees not shown).</p></sec><sec><title>Revised concepts of accepted genera</title><p>Based on the molecular data presented here the previously established
concepts for many of the genera in the <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> must be rejected.
These were based primarily on characteristics of stromal development,
perithecial neck orientation, and ascospore septation
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">Barr 1978</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">Monod 1983</xref>). The new concepts
of the genera in the <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> presented here cannot be defined
based on a single morphological characteristic; however, some generalisations
can be made about the characteristics of each genus as presented in
<xref ref-type="table" rid="tbl2">Table 2</xref>.</p><p><table-wrap position="float" id="tbl2"><label>Table 2.</label><caption><p>Characteristics of genera in the <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic>.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><bold><italic>Gnomonia</italic></bold></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Ambarignomonia</italic></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Apiognomonia</italic></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Cryptosporella</italic></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Gnomoniopsis</italic></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Ophiognomonia</italic></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><italic>Plagiostoma</italic></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Habit of perithecia
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Single on leaves of trees and shrubs.
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Single on leaves of trees and shrubs.
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Single on leaves of trees and shrubs and on herbaceous plants. In groups on
twigs.
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">In groups on twigs.
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Single on leaves of trees and shrubs. Single or in groups on herbaceous plants
or on twigs.
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Single on leaves of trees and shrubs and on herbaceous plants.
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Single on leaves of trees and shrubs and on herbaceous plants. In groups on
twigs.
</td></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Stroma
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Without stroma. Some species with collar around neck.
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Without stroma. With collar around neck.
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Without stroma or with weak stroma if on twigs.
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">With weak stroma.
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Without stroma.
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Without stroma.
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Without stroma or with weak stroma if on twigs.
</td></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Perithecia
<hr></hr></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Erumpent, concave when dry; or remaining immersed but then with very short
necks or with collar around neck.
<hr></hr></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">Perithecia remaining immersed, convex when dry.
<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Two species may have some irregularly shrunk or concave perithecia when dry,
partly erumpent.
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Ascospores
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">One median or supramedian septum, rarely non-septate; ellipsoidal to fusiform
or acerose, appendages short or long.
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">One median septum, fusiform, appendages medium.
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">One septum, variable from submedian, median to supramedian, ellipsoidal,
appendages absent or present.
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Usually non-septate, rarely with one median septum, ellipsoidal, fusiform,
femoroid to vermiculate.
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">One submedian or median septum, ellipsoidal, slightly broader in their upper
part with no apendages.
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">One median septum, rarely submedian, supramedian in filiform ascospores, or
absent, ellipsoidal or fusiform (acerose), rarely filiform, appendages short
or long but not stout.
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">One median septum, rarely submedian or absent, ellipsoidal, appendages absent
or present.
</td></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Colony growth rate
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Slow—moderate.
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Slow.
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Fast.
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Slow—moderate.
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Moderate—fast.
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Moderate—fast.
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Fast.
</td></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Conidiomata formation in culture
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Rarely.
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Never.
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Often, sometimes abundant.
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">In some species none, in some abundant.
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Usually abundant.
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Rarely.
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Often, sometimes abundant.
</td></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Host
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Strictly family Betulaceae, mostly subfamily Coryloideae.
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Known only from Liquidambar styraciflua (Hamamelidaceae).
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Diverse taxonomic groups (mostly Aceraceae, Fagaceae, Geraniaceae,
Platanaceae, occasionally Anacardiaceae, Hippocastanaceae, Juglandaceae,
Onagraceae, Rosaceae, Tiliaceae).
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Betulaceae, Tiliaceae, Ulmaceae.
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Diverse taxonomic groups (Ericaceae, Fagaceae, Rosaceae, Tiliaceae).
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Mostly Fagales (Betulaceae, Fagaceae, Juglandaceae), a few species on
Lauraceae, Rosaceae, Salicaceae, Tiliaceae.
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Diverse taxonomic groups (Aceraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Geraniaceae,
Hippocastanaceae, Oleaceae, Polygonaceae, Salicaceae, Staphyleaceae).
</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></p><p>This study presents a revised concept of the genus <italic>Gnomonia</italic>. It
includes relatively few species, some of which are newly described, that group
with the type species <italic>G. gnomon</italic> in the multigene phylogeny
(<xref rid="fig1" ref-type="fig">Fig. 1</xref>) or that ITS sequences
show to be congeneric with <italic>G. gnomon. Gnomonina alnea</italic>, the type of
the genus <italic>Gnomonina,</italic> is placed with <italic>Gnomonia</italic> based on ITS
data and therefore <italic>Gnomonina</italic> is considered a synonym of
<italic>Gnomonia</italic>. This revised concept of <italic>Gnomonia</italic> correlates with a
number of morphological and host characteristics. All species occur on
decaying leaves of woody trees and shrubs. The perithecia lack a stroma.
Unlike most other species in the <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> except for a few
species in <italic>Ophiognomonia</italic> that become partially erumpent, those
species of <italic>Gnomonia</italic> without a neck become erumpent. If remaining
immersed, the perithecia of species of <italic>Gnomonia</italic> have a short neck and
lack a collar. A few species of <italic>Gnomonia</italic> have a collar, specifically
<italic>G. amoena</italic> and <italic>G. pseudoamoena</italic>. The perithecia become concave
or collapse from the top when dry, as illustrated in Figs
<xref rid="fig2" ref-type="fig">2</xref>,
<xref rid="fig5" ref-type="fig">5</xref>,
<xref rid="fig9" ref-type="fig">9</xref>, and
<xref rid="fig12" ref-type="fig">12</xref>, unlike other genera in the
<italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> that collapse from the base. The ascospores are
ellipsoidal to fusiform, rarely acerose, bicellular with a median,
occasionally supra-median, septum, or rarely non-septate, with short to long
appendages. The colonies in culture grow at a slow to moderate rate and rarely
form conidiomata in culture. Similar to the stromatic <italic>Cryptosporella</italic>,
the genus <italic>Gnomonia</italic> occurs primarily on members of the
<italic>Betulaceae.</italic></p><p><fig position="float" id="fig1"><label>Fig. 1.</label><caption><p>ML phylogenetic analysis (ML score = -lnL 26702.18832) of sequences for the
tef1-α, nrLSU and rpb2 multigene analysis of genera in the
<italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> for 64 gnomoniaceous taxa and 11 outgroup diaporthalean
taxa. Bayesian posterior probabilities greater than 95 % are shown above each
branch. MP bootstrap values greater than 70 % are shown below each branch.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig1"></graphic></fig></p><p>The genus <italic>Ambarignomonia</italic> is established for the distinctive
species, <italic>A. petiolorum</italic>, that is common on <italic>Liquidambar
styraciflua</italic> (<italic>Hamamelidaceae</italic>), native to North America. Easy to
recognise because of the white collar around the relatively long neck of the
perithecia, <italic>Ambarignomonia</italic> is otherwise similar to members of the
<italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> in their occurrence on fallen leaves, lack of stromatic
development, and perithecia that remain immersed in the substrate and collapse
from the top when dry. The ascospores are fusiform, have one median septum,
and bear appendages at both ends. The colonies are relatively slow-growing and
do not produce conidiomata in cultures. In all analyses <italic>A. petiolorum</italic>appears to be unique among species in the <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic>.</p><p>The type species of <italic>Apiognomonia, A. veneta,</italic> and a second species,
<italic>A. errabunda</italic>, were redescribed by Sogonov <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref64">2007</xref>). In the present work
three additional species have been determined to be congeneric with these
species including <italic>A. hystrix</italic>, on woody substrates.
<italic>Apiognomonia</italic> includes species producing solitary perithecia without a
stroma or with a weakly developed stroma on decaying leaves and twigs. The
perithecia remain immersed and become convex or collapse from the base when
dry. The ascospores have one septum that is variable in placement ranging from
median to supramedian. They are ellipsoidal with or without appendages. In
culture species of <italic>Apiognomonia</italic> are relatively fast-growing and often
produce abundant conidiomata. Species of <italic>Apiognomonia</italic> occur on a wide
variety of woody plant hosts in the <italic>Aceraceae, Fagaceae</italic>, and
<italic>Plantanaceae</italic> as well as herbaceous families such as the
<italic>Anacardiaceae, Geraniaceae, Onagraceae</italic>, and <italic>Rosaceae</italic>.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig2"><label>Fig. 2.</label><caption><p>Morphology on natural substrates, perithecia. A, B. <italic>Gnomonia
gnomon.</italic> A. Epitype BPI 844273. B. BPI 596632. C–E. <italic>G</italic>.
<italic>alnea</italic>. C, E. Epitype BPI 877462A. D. BPI 799019. F, G. <italic>G</italic>.
<italic>incrassata</italic>, holotype BPI 611818A. H, I. <italic>G</italic>. <italic>monodii</italic>,
holotype BPI 877499A. A, C, D, F, H. Intact air-dry perithecia on leaves. B,
E, G, I. Extracted and rehydrated perithecia. Scale 200 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig2"></graphic></fig></p><p>The concept of <italic>Gnomoniopsis</italic> is herein expanded to include the
type, <italic>G. chamaemori,</italic> and six additional species. Perithecia are
generally single, rarely in groups, on decaying leaves or twigs of woody
trees, shrubs or herbaceous plants. No stromatic tissues are associated with
the perithecia. The perithecia remain immersed in the substrate and become
convex collapsing from the base when dry. The ascospores are ellipsoidal,
slightly broader in the upper portion, have one submedian or median septum,
and lack appendages. In cultures these fungi are moderately fast growing and
usually produce abundant conidiomata on PDA. Species of <italic>Gnomoniopsis</italic>occur on a vast range of plant families including the <italic>Ericaceae, Fagaceae,
Rosaceae</italic>, and <italic>Tiliaceae. Ditopellopsis racemula</italic> is herein placed
in <italic>Gnomoniopsis</italic>.</p><p>Many species previously regarded as belonging to <italic>Gnomonia</italic> are now
placed in <italic>Ophiognomonia</italic>. The perithecia occur singly on leaves of
woody trees and shrubs as well as herbaceous plants. They lack a stroma and
remain immersed becoming convex upon drying, although two species, <italic>O.
balsamiferae</italic> and <italic>O. melanostyla</italic>, are partially erumpent and were
found to collapse irregularly upon drying. The ascospores are ellipsoidal to
fusiform with pointed ends, rarely filiform, have one median septum, with or
without appendages of variable length. The cultures are moderately fast
growing, rarely producing conidiomata. Most species of <italic>Ophiognomonia</italic>occur on members of the <italic>Fagales</italic> including the <italic>Betulaceae,
Fagaceae</italic>, and <italic>Juglandaceae</italic>, but some also have been reported
from other plant families.</p><p>The genus <italic>Plagiostoma</italic> is herein recognised to include the type
species <italic>P. euphorbiae</italic>, one new species, and eleven additional species
transferred from other genera. The type species of the genus
<italic>Cryptodiaporthe, C. aesculi,</italic> groups with <italic>P. euphorbiae</italic> and
its relatives, thus <italic>Cryptodiaporthe</italic> is considered a synonym of
<italic>Plagiostoma</italic>. Perithecia of <italic>Plagiostoma</italic> occur singly or in
groups on leaves and twigs of woody trees and shrubs as well as herbaceous
plants. Often the perithecia lack a stroma. Like all genera of the
<italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> dealt with in this study except <italic>Ambarignomonia</italic>and <italic>Gnomonia</italic>, the perithecia remain immersed in the substrate
becoming convex with the base collapsing upward when dry. The ascospores are
ellipsoidal, have one median septum that is rarely submedian or absent, and
may or may not bear appendages. The species grow relatively fast in culture
and often produce abundant conidiomata on PDA. Species of <italic>Plagiostoma</italic>occur on a diverse range of woody and herbaceous hosts.</p></sec><sec><title>Evaluation of morphological and host characteristics</title><p>The groupings of species based on the multigene phylogeny presented here
suggest that the morphological characters previously used to define genera
must be re-evaluated. The generic classification proposed by Barr
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">1978</xref>) and Monod
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">1983</xref>) are presented as
rectangular tables, referred to as a “pigeon-hole” system in which
columns and rows show genera corresponding to ascospore and
perithecial/stromatal characteristics. The phylogenies resulting from the
analysis of multiple genes do not agree with such a rigid definition of genera
based on one or two characteristics. Little congruence can be found between
the newly defined genera based on molecular data and the genera based on a
single morphological characteristic.</p><p>Host specificity is an important character in circumscription of genera and
species of the <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic>. The genus <italic>Gnomonia</italic> is almost
strictly associated with plant hosts in the <italic>Betulaceae</italic>, mostly in the
subfamily <italic>Coryloideae</italic>. Likewise, most of the species of
<italic>Gnomonia</italic> are limited in their host range to a single genus and often
to a single plant species. For example, the type species, <italic>G. gnomon</italic>,
is restricted to species of <italic>Corylus</italic> except for one collection
reported from a <italic>Populus</italic> seedling that may be an accidental
colonisation of a non-specific host. The monotypic <italic>Ambarignomonia</italic>with <italic>A. petiolorum</italic> is likewise restricted to one plant host,
<italic>Liquidambar styraciflua</italic>. The other genera of the
<italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> do not show such consistency in host associations. The
genus <italic>Apiognomonia</italic> has the most diverse range of hosts that include
hardwood trees as well as herbaceous plants. Species of <italic>Apiognomonia</italic>exhibit a diversity of host specificity with some species such as <italic>A.
veneta</italic> occurring on plants in at least 10 different plant families while
others such as <italic>A. acerina</italic> are restricted to one plant host. Species
of <italic>Gnomoniopsis</italic> are mostly associated with either <italic>Fagaceae</italic>or <italic>Rosaceae</italic> also with the range of host specificity varying among
species. While the type species <italic>G. chamaemori</italic> appears to be
restricted to <italic>Rubus chamaemorus</italic>, other species are specific at the
level of host genus such as <italic>G. clavulata</italic> on <italic>Quercus</italic> spp.
Species of <italic>Ophiognomonia</italic> occur predominantly on members of the
<italic>Fagales</italic> with some exceptions such as the type species <italic>O.
melanostyla</italic> that infects overwintered leaves of <italic>Tilia</italic> spp. The
genus <italic>Plagiostoma</italic> shows a broad host range with species occurring on
a variety of hosts such as <italic>P. devexum</italic> on <italic>Persicaria,
Polygonum,</italic> and <italic>Rumex</italic> (<italic>Polygonaceae</italic>) while others are
species specific such as <italic>P. euphorbiae</italic> is known only from
<italic>Euphorbia palustris</italic>. Few members of the <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> are
known to infect hosts outside of the dicotyledonous plants; the asexual genus
<italic>Sirococcus</italic> on conifers provides one exception
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref56">Rossman <italic>et al.</italic>2007</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref57">Rossman <italic>et al.</italic>2007</xref>).</p><p>Members of the <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> occur most commonly on fallen or still
attached, overwintered leaves including petioles or herbaceous stems although
some occur on woody substrates such as species of <italic>Cryptosporella</italic> but
also, for example, <italic>Apiognomonia hystrix</italic> and <italic>Plagiostoma
salicellum</italic>. When ascomata develop on woody substrates, these are often
found on relatively small branches, one or two years old, that are dead but
still attached to the host tree. A number of species of <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic>have been reported as endophytes of woody plants
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref69">Viret & Petrini 1994</xref>,
Cohen <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref12">1999</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref13">2004</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref14">Danti <italic>et al.</italic> 2002</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref71">Vujanovic & Britton 2002</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref21">Green 2004</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref40">Moricca &Ragazzi 2008</xref>) but
these are often not accurately identified. In addition, some species are
pathogenic such as <italic>Apiognomonia veneta</italic>, cause of sycamore
anthracnose, and <italic>Gnomoniopsis fructicola,</italic> cause of strawberry stem
rot (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref36">Maas 1998</xref>).</p><p>One morphological character that was emphasised in earlier classification
systems is the type and extent of stroma
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref33">Kobayashi 1970</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">Barr 1978</xref>, Monod 1980,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref68">Vasilyeva, 1998</xref>). No members
of the <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> have a well-developed stroma. Species of
<italic>Cryptosporella</italic> as well as <italic>Amphiporthe hranicensis, Apiognomonia
hystrix,</italic> and <italic>Plagiostoma salicellum,</italic> i.e. species that occur on
woody substrates, produce limited stromatic tissues.</p><p>These stromatic tissues may be associated with the rupture through the
surface of the substrate. In addition, three species of <italic>Linospora</italic>,
not considered in this study, produce a layer of tissue that covers the
aggregated ascomata that are superficial or slightly immersed on leaves
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">Barr 1978</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">Monod 1983</xref>). In other families
of the <italic>Diaporthales</italic> such as the <italic>Cryphonectriaceae, Diaporthaceae,
Pseudovalsaceae</italic>, and <italic>Valsaceae</italic>, stromata are often
well-developed (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref9">Castlebury <italic>et al.</italic>,
2002</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref24">Gryzenhout <italic>et
al.</italic> 2006</xref>, Voglmayer & Jaklitsch 2008).</p><p>Most members of the <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> including all species of
<italic>Ambarignomonia, Gnomonia,</italic> and <italic>Ophiognomonia,</italic> produce
ascomata singly, immersed, although some species of <italic>Gnomonia</italic> become
erumpent. Similar to the development of a rudimentary stroma, the formation of
grouped perithecia appears to be more common in species that develop on woody
substrates. This is exemplified by <italic>Apiognomonia hystrix. Apiognomonia
hystrix</italic> as <italic>Cryptodiaporthe hystrix</italic> was traditionally placed in
the <italic>Valsaceae</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">Barr
1978</xref>) because of its occurrence on woody substrates with ascomata
developing a rudimentary stroma. One of its synonyms, <italic>Gnomonia
cerastis,</italic> was traditionally placed in the <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> due to
its occurrence on overwintered leaves with ascomata lacking any stroma. As
suggested by Monod (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">1983</xref>),
specimens of <italic>A. hystrix</italic> are known to occur both on woody substrates
as well as on overwintered leaves. Some species of <italic>Gnomoniopsis</italic> and
<italic>Plagiostoma,</italic> i.e. <italic>P. salicellum</italic>, produce grouped perithecia
on woody substrates. All species of <italic>Cryptosporella</italic> occur on woody
substrates and produce ascomata in groups
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref38">Mejia <italic>et al.</italic>2008</xref>).</p><p>Ascomata of species of <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> are perithecial, i.e. no
cleistothecial members are known, dark brown to black, smooth, with or without
an elongated neck. In a few species, the neck is surrounded by a distinct,
powdery collar. The perithecial walls are thin-walled, less than 30 μm
diam, composed of only one or two regions. The outer region is composed of
<italic>textura angularis</italic> with cell walls dark brown, slightly thickened,
1–2 μm. The inner region is composed of hyaline, elongate cells. The
structure of the ascomata is relatively constant within the family. However,
one characteristic of the ascomata that has some taxonomic significance is the
collapse upon drying. In species of <italic>Ambarignomonia</italic> and
<italic>Gnomonia</italic> the ascomata collapse from the top becoming concave when dry
while in other members of the <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> the ascomata collapse from
the base becoming convex when dry. This difference in collapse appears to be
associated with the structure of the ascomata in which the basal wall is
relatively thin compared to the side walls
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref32">Klebahn 1918</xref>).</p><p>One of the morphological characters formerly thought to be taxonomically
significant at the generic level is the position of the neck categorised as
either lateral or central. This character is sometimes difficult to assess in
terms of discrete categories. Many species have necks that are centrally
located. Necks may also be eccentric, e.g. not arising from the centre of the
perithecium, in which case they can be either marginal and lateral. The term
“lateral” is used herein only if the neck emerges from the margin
of the perithecium and is oriented horizontal to the perithecium, at least at
the base. Necks rising vertically from the margin of the perithecium are
described as “marginal”. Necks often are eccentric i.e. not
positioned in the exact centre of the perithecium, but neither are they truly
central. We intentionally use the term “marginal” for the position
of the neck in these genera to distinguish it from “lateral” in
the narrow sense. This character may vary even within a single species
<italic>e.g. Ophiognomonia setacea</italic> and does not correlate with the
phylogenetically defined genera. Nevertheless, tendencies exist for some
genera to have the neck in a certain position on the perithecium. For example,
most species in <italic>Ophiognomonia</italic> have a central or slightly eccentric
neck whereas eccentric to marginal necks are more common in other genera.
Truly lateral necks do not occur in the genera treated in this paper although
they are common in <italic>Pleuroceras</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">Barr 1978</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">Monod 1983</xref>). Most species have
only one neck but one species, <italic>Gnomonia carpinicola</italic>, has perithecia
each with 2–3 necks emerging from both sides of a leaf blade.</p><p>In the <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> the asci are generally broadly clavate to
broadly cylindric with a conspicuous ascal ring always present. The width of
the ascal ring may vary and, for <italic>Gnomonia orcispora</italic>, the ascal ring
that is over 4.5 μm diam is diagnostic. The shape of the ascus base varies
from being rounded to narrowing to the base with a distinct stalk. Asci may
accumulate at the top of the often elongated necks. All species of
<italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> have eight-spored asci except <italic>Ditopella ditopa</italic>which has 32 ascospores in each ascus. The arrangement of the ascospores in
the asci varies with the shape of the ascospores from obliquely distichous for
shorter ascospores to irregularly parallel for elongated ascospores.</p><p>Within the <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> ascospores are hyaline but vary
considerably in shape and septation including location of the septum,
characters that traditionally been important for defining genera
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">Barr 1978</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">Monod 1983</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref68">Vasilyeva 1998</xref>). Ascospore
shape and septation including the placement of the septum within the ascospore
is no longer considered an important character for defining genera within the
<italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic>. Ascospores range in shape from oval or short-fusiform
to long cylindric and most species of <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> have non- or
one-septate ascospores although <italic>Phragmoporthe conformis</italic> and three
species of <italic>Pleuroceras</italic> have multi-septate ascospores. Species now
known to be congeneric differ in ascospore shape and septation. Species with
elongate, one-septate ascospores such as <italic>Ophiognomonia melanostyla</italic>and <italic>O. sassafras</italic> are congeneric with species having oval or fusiform
ascospores such as <italic>O. intermedia</italic> and <italic>O. pseudoclavulata</italic>.
Previously all species with non-septate ascospores were placed in the genus
<italic>Gnomoniella</italic>; however, based on this study, species having non-septate
ascospores are placed <italic>Ophiognomonia, O. nana,</italic> and <italic>Plagiostoma, P.
euphorbiae-verrucosae</italic> and <italic>P. fraxini</italic>. Considerable variation in
ascospore morphology occurs in the wood-inhabiting genus
<italic>Cryptosporella</italic> that range from ellipsoid or fusiform to femoroid to
elongated cylindric although most of the ascospores are non-septate
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref38">Mejia <italic>et al.</italic>2008</xref>).</p><p>The location of the septum within the ascospore is variable in the
<italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> ranging from central i.e. in the middle of the
ascospore, to below the septate, referred to as submedian or above the septum,
referred to as supramedian. In this study the location of the septum was
measured as the percent of the total length above the base of the ascospore,
thus centrally located septa are generally 45–55 %. Within genera,
location of the ascospore septum may vary from usually median in
<italic>Ophiognomonia</italic> and <italic>Plagiostoma</italic> to median and supramedian in
<italic>Gnomonia</italic> or median and submedian in <italic>Gnomoniopsis</italic>, and
submedian, median or supremedian in <italic>Apiognomonia</italic>. At the species
level, the location of the septum is consistent.</p><p>Many species of <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> bear appendages at both ends of the
ascospore. These appendages vary in length from very short, stout to rather
long, filiform but the appendages never envelop the entire ascospore. Within
genera, the presence or absence of appendages is variable, although no species
of <italic>Gnomoniopsis</italic> are known to have appendages. At the species level,
the presence or absence of appendages is a useful diagnostic character
although this may vary within species.</p><p>Anamorphs of members of the <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> have been placed in a
number of genera including <italic>Cylindrosporella, Discula, Disculina,
Gloeosporium</italic> and <italic>Neomarssonina</italic> but in general the anamorphs are
similar within genera. All anamorphs in <italic>Cryptosporella</italic> for which
anamorphs are known have been placed in <italic>Disculina</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref66">Sutton 1980</xref>). The conidia of
species in the <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> are primarily non-septate, hyaline, and
slimy. The asexual state appears in leaf spots often on the surface opposite
the sexual state in late summer prior to leaf fall. Then, the sexual state
develops on overwintered leaves in the spring as noted by Klebahn
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref32">1918</xref>). The nomenclature for
the asexual states is complicated and is not dealt with here.</p><p>Cultures of species of <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> usually produce pale to dark
grey, brown or black pigments, often with other colors such as yellow and
orange that diffuse into the media. This pigmentation may vary considerably
within a single species. Perithecia develop in isolates of some species
relatively quickly within 2 wk while others will do so after several mo at the
warm/cold light/dark regime described in the Materials and Methods. Some
species never produced perithecia or conidia in culture.</p></sec></sec><sec><title>TAXONOMY</title><p>Following is a key to the 59 species of <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> included in
this study. These represent the commonly encountered species in the five
genera treated here.</p><sec><title>Key to the species of <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> in this study</title><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>1. Perithecia immersed in woody substrates, developing in groups, with
perithecial necks oriented toward the centre, often on dead, still attached,
one–two year old
branches.........................................................................................................................
2</p></list-item><list-item><p>1'. Perithecia immersed or erumpent on overwintered, fallen or attached
leaves or on dead herbaceous stems; not grouped with necks oriented toward the
centre...................................................................................................................................
7</p></list-item><list-item><p>2. Ascospores non-septate, ellipsoid to cylindric including femoroid, with
broadly rounded ends....... <italic>Cryptosporella</italic> (see
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref38">Mejia <italic>et al</italic>.
2008</xref>)</p></list-item><list-item><p>2'. Ascospores one-septate, ellipsoid to
fusiform...........................................................................................................................................
3</p></list-item><list-item><p>3. On overwintered twigs and branches of <italic>Acer</italic>spp.....................................................................................................................................
4</p></list-item><list-item><p>3'. On overwintered twigs and branches of woody hosts other than
<italic>Acer</italic>, specifically <italic>Aesculus, Salix</italic> and
<italic>Spiraea</italic>.................................... 5</p></list-item><list-item><p>4. Ascospores 14–20 × 2–2.5 μm <italic>fide</italic> Barr
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">1978</xref>). On <italic>Acer
pseudoplatanus</italic> and various other hardwoods............. <italic>Apiognomonia
hystrix</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>4'. Ascospores 7–12 × 1–2.5 μm <italic>fide</italic> Barr
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">1978</xref>). On <italic>Acer
saccharum</italic> and <italic>A. spicatum</italic>...................................
<italic>Plagiostroma petiolophilum</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>5. Ascospores 7.5–10 × 1.5–2.5 μm <italic>fide</italic> Barr
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">1978</xref>). On
<italic>Spiraea</italic>..........................................................................
<italic>Gnomoniopsis macounii</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>5'. Ascospores greater than 10 μm
long........................................................................................................................................................
6</p></list-item><list-item><p>6. On <italic>Aesculus</italic>; ascospores 14–23 × 4.5–7 μm
<italic>fide</italic> Barr
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">1978</xref>)...................................................................................
<italic>Plagiostoma aesculi</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>6'. On <italic>Salix</italic>; ascospores 11–20 × 4.5–6 μm
<italic>fide</italic> Barr
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">1978</xref>).....................................................................................
<italic>Plagiostoma salicellum</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>7. Individual necks surrounded with whitish powdery collars. Perithecia
concave when dry, immersed in the substrate, on petioles or basal parts of
major leaf
veins...........................................................................................................................
8</p></list-item><list-item><p>7'. Lacking a collar around perithecial neck or neck lacking. Perithecia
convex or concave when dry, in the latter case (partly) erumpent upon
maturation........................................................................................................................................
10</p></list-item><list-item><p>8. Ascospores (9–)11–12.5(–15) × 1.5–2 μm.
On
<italic>Liquidambar</italic>.........................................................................
<italic>Ambarignomonia petiolorum</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>8'. Ascospores 2.5–3.2 μm wide. On
<italic>Betulaceae</italic>..........................................................................................................................................
9</p></list-item><list-item><p>9. Ascospores 17–23 × 2.5–3 μm <italic>fide</italic> Monod
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">1983</xref>). On <italic>Carpinus
betulus</italic> in Europe and U.S.A. (TN)........................ <italic>Gnomonia
amoena</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>9'. Ascospores 11–14.5 × 2.7–3.2 μm <italic>fide</italic>Monod (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">1983</xref>). On <italic>Corylus
avellana</italic> in Europe and Canada............. <italic>Gnomonia
pseudoamoena</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>10. Perithecia small, to 200 μm diam, with 2–3 necks opening on
both sides of a leaf blade. Ascospores septum submedian, 12–15 ×
2.7–4 μm <italic>fide</italic> Monod
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">1983</xref>). On <italic>Carpinus
betulus</italic> in Europe <italic>.................................. Gnomonia
carpinicola</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>10'. Perithecia with one
ostiole.......................................................................................................................................................................
11</p></list-item><list-item><p>11. Perithecia concave when dry, (partly) erumpent upon maturation.
Ascopores oval to fusiform with septum median or supramedian but ascospores
always widest close to their middle. On
<italic>Betulaceae</italic>...............................................................
12</p></list-item><list-item><p>11'. Perithecia convex when dry, remaining immersed in the substrate. If
perithecia irregularly dented or concave when dry and erumpent with
maturation, then ascospores filiform and upper cell wider than the lower, and
septum supramedian <italic>......</italic> 23</p></list-item><list-item><p>12. Lacking elongated perithecial necks. On <italic>Alnus, Carpinus</italic> or
<italic>Ostrya......................................................................................................</italic>13</p></list-item><list-item><p>12'. Elongated perithecial necks present, at least on fully mature
perithecia; elongated necks may be absent in immature perithecia on
<italic>Corylus.</italic> On <italic>Carpinus, Corylus</italic> or
<italic>Ostrya.......................................................................................................</italic>14</p></list-item><list-item><p>13. On <italic>Alnus.</italic> Ascospores (13.5–)16–17.5(–20.5)
× (3.5–)4–4.5(–5) μm
<italic>..............................................................................
Gnomonia alnea</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>13'. On <italic>Carpinus</italic> or <italic>Ostrya.</italic> Ascospores 17–23
× 3.5–4.5 μm <italic>fide</italic> Monod
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">1983</xref>)
<italic>.................................................... Gnomonia
arnstadtiensis</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>14. Ascospore septum median to slightly supramedian. Ascospores fusiform.
Necks central, occasionally eccentric................................. 15</p></list-item><list-item><p>14'. Ascospore septum distinctly supramedian. Ascospores oval to fusiform.
Necks eccentric to marginal except in <italic>G. incrassata</italic> and <italic>G.
monodii</italic>..............................................................................................................................................................
19</p></list-item><list-item><p>15. Ascospores (13.5–)15–16.5(–18.5) × 2–2.5
μm. On <italic>Carpinus caroliniana</italic> in Georgia,
U.S.A.................................... <italic>Gnomonia rodmanii</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>15'. On
<italic>Corylus..............................................................................................................................................................................................</italic>16</p></list-item><list-item><p>16. Ascospore septum slightly supramedian, located at 56 %. Ascospores
(16.5–)17.5–19(–20.5) × 2–2.5(–3) μm.
On <italic>Corylus californica</italic> in Washington, U.S.A.
<italic>......................................................................................................
Gnomonia skokomishica</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>16'. Ascospore septum median, located at 48–50 %, mean ascospore
length exceeding 19
μm................................................................. 17</p></list-item><list-item><p>17. Ascospores (20–)21–22(–23) ×
(2.5–)3(–3.5) μm. On <italic>Corylus californica</italic> in North
America................................. <italic>Gnomonia pendulorum</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>17'. Ascospores narrower than 2.5
μm..........................................................................................................................................................
18</p></list-item><list-item><p>18. Ascospores (17–)19.5–21(–24.5) ×
1.5–2(–2.5) μm. Perithecial necks central. On <italic>Corylus
avellana</italic> in Europe <italic>........ Gnomonia gnomon</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>18'. Ascospores (18.5–)20–22.5(–24.5) × 2–2.5
μm. Perithecial necks eccentric. On <italic>Corylus californica</italic> in North
America....... <italic>Gnomonia neognomon</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>19. Ascospores (14–)15.5–17.5(–19.5) ×
(4.5–)5–5.5(–6) μm, oval, ends blunt, distinct hila on
bases of evanescent appendages; two large guttules per cell. Apical ring
exceeding 4.5 μm diam. Necks marginal. On <italic>Corylus californica</italic> in
North
America......................................................................................................................
<italic>Gnomonia orcispora</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>19'. Ascospores oval to fusiform or lanceolate, tapering toward ends or
ends blunt, no hila present. Apical ring less than 4 μm diam. Necks
marginal, eccentric to central. On <italic>Corylus avellana</italic> in Europe or
<italic>Ostrya</italic> in Europe or North
America.....................................................................................................................................................................
20</p></list-item><list-item><p>20. Ascospores mostly lanceolate or oval, broadened in upper part and
distal ends broadly rounded or nearly truncated. Ascospores
(12.5–)15–17(–20.5) ×
(3–)3.5–4.5(–6) μm. On <italic>Ostrya carpinifolia</italic> in
Europe............. <italic>Gnomonia ostryae</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>20'. Ascospore fusiform, tapering to both ends. Mean ascospore width
smaller than 3.5 μm. On <italic>Corylus avellana</italic> in Europe or <italic>Ostrya
virginiana</italic> in North
America....................................................................................................
21</p></list-item><list-item><p>21. Necks marginal. Ascospores (12–)13–14(–14.5) ×
(2–)2.5–3 μm. On <italic>Ostrya virginiana</italic> in North
America............... <italic>Gnomonia virginianae</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>21'. Necks eccentric or central. Mean ascospore length exceeding 14.5
μm. On <italic>Corylus avellana</italic> in
Europe............................................. 22</p></list-item><list-item><p>22. Ascospores (13.5–)15.5–17(–18.5) ×
(2.5–)3–3.5(–4) μm, strongly constricted at
septum...................................... <italic>Gnomonia incrassata</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>22'. Ascospores (14–)15–16(–18.5) ×
(2–)2.5(–3) μm, not or slightly constricted at
septum.............................................. <italic>Gnomonia
monodii</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>23. Ascospores
one-celled............................................................................................................................................................................
24</p></list-item><list-item><p>23'. Ascospores
two-celled............................................................................................................................................................................
26</p></list-item><list-item><p>24. Ascospores 20–22.5 × 5.3–6 μm <italic>fide</italic> Monod
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">1983</xref>), with pointed ends. On
<italic>Euphorbia</italic> in Europe <italic>.... Plagiostoma
euphorbiae-verrucosae</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>24'. Ascospores smaller, ends
rounded.........................................................................................................................................................
25</p></list-item><list-item><p>25. Necks shorter than 200 μm. Ascospores
(7.7–)8.6–12.7(–13.8) ×
(2.2–)2.8–5.9(–6.6) μm <italic>fide</italic> Redlin & Stack
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref52">1988</xref>). On
<italic>Chionanthus</italic> and <italic>Fraxinus</italic> (<italic>Oleaceae</italic>)
<italic>..............................................................................
Plagiostoma fraxini</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>25'. Necks longer than 400 μm. Ascospores 8–10 × 2.5–4
μm <italic>fide</italic> Monod
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">1983</xref>). On <italic>Betula
nana</italic> in Europe <italic>............. Ophiognomonia nana</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>26. Ascospores filiform, upper cell wider than lower cell. Necks
long...........................................................................................................
27</p></list-item><list-item><p>26'. Ascospores oval, clavate or fusiform with variable septum position,
or, if ascospores filiform, then septum median and cells of equal width. Necks
short or
long................................................................................................................
28</p></list-item><list-item><p>27. Ascospores (30–)37–42.5(–44) × 1.5–2
μm. On <italic>Tilia</italic> spp., known from Europe and North America
<italic>................ Ophiognomonia melanostyla</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>27'. Ascospores 38–65 × 1 μm <italic>fide</italic> Barr
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">1978</xref>). On
<italic>Sassafras...............................................................................
Ophiognomonia sassafras</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>28. Ascospore septum supramedian, 15–17 × 3.7–4.5 μm
<italic>fide</italic> Monod (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">1983</xref>). On
<italic>Geranium</italic> spp. in Europe............ <italic>Apiognomonia
borealis</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>28'. Ascospore septum median or
submedian...............................................................................................................................................
29</p></list-item><list-item><p>29. Ascospore septum submedian, if septum nearly median, than upper cell
wider than lower, ascospores clavate.................................. 30</p></list-item><list-item><p>29'. Ascospore septum
median......................................................................................................................................................................
39</p></list-item><list-item><p>30. Ascospores 13–16 × 4–5 μm <italic>fide</italic> Monod
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">1983</xref>), lower cell of
ascospore conical, upper cell rounded. On overwintered but still attached
pedicels and branches of <italic>Rhododendron</italic> spp. in Europe
<italic>............................. Plagiostoma rhododendri</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>30'. Both cells of ascospores of similar
shape...............................................................................................................................................
31</p></list-item><list-item><p>31. Majority of asci clavate with base tapering to long, narrow stalk.
Apical ring exceeding 1.8 μm diam, bluntly hexagonal in side view.
Ascospores equally wide in upper and lower parts or wider in lower
part.............................................. 32</p></list-item><list-item><p>31'. Majority of asci allantoid or obpyriform with bases rounded or shortly
tapering. Apical ring less than 2.5 μm diam, more or less circular in side
view. Ascospores usually slightly wider in upper
part........................................................... 35</p></list-item><list-item><p>32. Ascospores straight or slightly curved, 10–13 × 2–2.5
μm <italic>fide</italic> Monod
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">1983</xref>). On <italic>Geum
montanum</italic> in the Alps
(Europe)...........................................................................................................................<italic>Ophiognomonia
gei-montani</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>32'. Ascospores curved, wider than 3.5. On other
hosts................................................................................................................................
33</p></list-item><list-item><p>33. Perithecia exceeding 250 μm diam on average. Ascospores 15–24
× 4.5–5.5 μm <italic>fide</italic> Monod
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">1983</xref>). On <italic>Acer</italic> spp.
in Europe <italic>.........Apiognomonia acerina</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>33'. Perithecia less than 250 μm diam on average. Ascospores shorter
than 17 μm and narrower than 6 μm on average. Mostly on <italic>Fagus,
Platanus, Quercus,</italic> and
<italic>Tilia</italic>..........................................................................................................
34</p></list-item><list-item><p>34. Ascospores (13–)15.5–17.5(–23) ×
(3.5–)5–5.5(–7.5) μm <italic>fide</italic> Sogonov <italic>et
al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref64">2007</xref>). On
<italic>Platanus</italic> spp. in temperate regions
<italic>....................................................................................................................
Apiognomonia veneta</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>34'. Ascospores (10.5–)15–16.5(–19.5) ×
(3.5–)4.5–5.5(–6.5) μm <italic>fide</italic> Sogonov <italic>et
al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref64">2007</xref>). On various
hosts in temperate regions
<italic>...............................................................................................................
Apiognomonia errabunda</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>35. Perithecia in groups of 3–9. Ascospores 7.5–11 ×
2–3.5 μm <italic>fide</italic> Barr
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">1978</xref>). On <italic>Chamerion
angustifolium</italic> in North America
<italic>....................................................................................................
Gnomoniopsis racemula</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>35'. Perithecia scattered
singly......................................................................................................................................................................
36</p></list-item><list-item><p>36. Mean l:w of ascospores exceeding 3.5, upper ascospore cell slightly
wider than lower. On
<italic>Rosaceae</italic>................................................. 37</p></list-item><list-item><p>36'. Mean l:w of ascospores smaller than 3.5, upper ascospore cell
distinctly wider than lower. On
<italic>Fagaceae...........................................</italic> 38</p></list-item><list-item><p>37. Necks marginal. Ascospores 6.5–9 × 1.5–2 μm
<italic>fide</italic> Monod (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">1983</xref>). On
<italic>Potentilla</italic> spp. in Europe and North America.... <italic>Gnomoniopsis
tormentillae</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>37'. Necks central. Ascospores (10–)10.5–11.5(–13)
× (2–)2.5(–3) μm <italic>.................. Gnomoniopsis
chamaemori, G. comari,</italic> and <italic>G. fructicola</italic> (These three species
are morphologically similar. Additional work is required to clarify their
morphological limits.)</p></list-item><list-item><p>38. Septum located above 37 % of ascospore length in the ascus. Ascospores
(5–)8.5–9.5(–11) × (2–)3.5–4(–5.5)
μm....... <italic>Gnomoniopsis clavulata</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>38'. Septum located below 37 % of ascospore length in the ascus. Ascospores
(8–)9–10(–11) × (3–)3.5–4 μm
<italic>Gnomoniopsis paraclavulata</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>39. Ascospores with l:w smaller than
3.........................................................................................................................................................
40</p></list-item><list-item><p>39'. Ascospores with l:w exceeding
3.5.........................................................................................................................................................
41</p></list-item><list-item><p>40. Necks 140–250 μm. Ascospores (6.5–)7.5–8(–9)
× (2.5–)3–3.5 μm. On <italic>Carya</italic> in North America
<italic>........... Ophiognomonia pseudoclavulata</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>40'. Necks 300–500 μm long. Ascospores 8–11 ×
2.2–3 μm <italic>fide</italic> Monod
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">1983</xref>). On <italic>Alnus
viridis</italic> in Europe and Canada (BC)
<italic>...................................................................................................
Ophiognomonia trientensis</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>41. Ascospores filiform, 39–51 × 1 μm <italic>fide</italic> Monod
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">1983</xref>). Necks central. On
<italic>Prunus padus</italic>.................................. <italic>Ophiognomonia
padicola</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>41'. Ascospores shorter or ascospore width exceeding 4.2
μm.....................................................................................................................
42</p></list-item><list-item><p>42. Ascospores 26–36 × 5.5–10 μm <italic>fide</italic> Barr
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">1978</xref>). Necks eccentric or
lateral, stout. On <italic>Carya................... Ophiognomonia
micromegala</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>42'. Ascospores
shorter.................................................................................................................................................................................
43</p></list-item><list-item><p>43. On <italic>Rosaceae</italic>. Necks typically tapering to pointed ends. Asci
with long, narrow stipe at the base. Ascospores 13–22 ×
1–1.5 μm <italic>fide</italic> Monod
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">1983</xref>), with long, filamentous
appendages............. <italic>Ophiognomonia rosae, Ophiognomonia rubi-idaei</italic>(These species cannot be reliably distinguished based on morphology. <italic>O.
rubi-idaei</italic> occurs only on <italic>Rubus</italic> while <italic>O. rosae</italic> is found
on various <italic>Rosaceae</italic>.)</p></list-item><list-item><p>43'. Not on <italic>Rosaceae</italic>. Necks cylindrical or slightly tapering,
their width exceeding 25 μm below
apex........................................................ 44</p></list-item><list-item><p>44. Necks marginal. Ascospores 8–10 × 2–3 μm
<italic>fide</italic> Monod (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">1983</xref>) On
<italic>Persicaria</italic> and <italic>Polygonum</italic>, rarely on <italic>Rumex</italic> and
<italic>Vitis..........................................................................................................................................................................
Plagiostoma devexum</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>44'. Necks central or eccentric, few in a collection marginal. Ascospores
generally longer than 10 μm. On other hosts..............................
45</p></list-item><list-item><p>45. Necks shorter than 170 μm. Ascospores shorter than 18
μm.................................................................................................................
46</p></list-item><list-item><p>45'. Necks mostly longer or, if necks shorter than 170 μm, then
ascospores longer than 18 μm on
average............................................... 49</p></list-item><list-item><p>46. Ascospores (11.5–)14–15.5(–17.5) ×
(2.5–)3.5–4(–4.5) μm. On <italic>Acer</italic> in Washington,
U.S.A.................................... <italic>Plagiostoma barriae</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>46'. On <italic>Euphorbia</italic> in Europe
<italic>..........................................................................................................................................................................</italic>47</p></list-item><list-item><p>47. Necks shorter than 100 μm. Ascospores
(12–)13–13.5(–15.5) × (3–)3.5(–4)
μm............................................... <italic>Plagiostoma
euphorbiae</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>47'. Necks longer than 100
μm......................................................................................................................................................................
48</p></list-item><list-item><p>48. Ascospores 14–17.5 × 3.5–4.5 μm <italic>fide</italic>Monod
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">1983</xref>).................................................................................
<italic>Plagiostoma euphorbiaceum</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>48'. Ascospores 13–15.5 × 2.3–3 μm <italic>fide</italic> Monod
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">1983</xref>).........................................................................................
<italic>Plagiostoma amygdalinae</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>49. On dead stems of herbaceous plants, <italic>Geranium</italic> spp. in Europe.
Ascospores 13–18 × 1.8–2.5 μm <italic>fide</italic> Monod
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">1983</xref>)... <italic>Plagiostoma
geranii</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>49'. On overwintered leaves, one species also on twigs of trees and
shrubs................................................................................................
50</p></list-item><list-item><p>50. Necks shorter than 250 μm. Ascospores19–23 × 3.5 μm
<italic>fide</italic> Monod (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">1983</xref>). On
<italic>Juglans</italic> spp. in Europe and North America
<italic>....................................................................................................................................................
Ophiognomonia leptostyla</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>50'. Necks typically longer than 250 μm. If necks shorter than 250
μm, then ascospores shorter than 19 μm on
average.......................... 51</p></list-item><list-item><p>51. Necks 940–1150 μm. Ascospores
(15–)18–19(–21) × 2.5–3(–3.5) μm. On
<italic>Populus...................................Ophiognomonia
balsamiferae</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>51'. Necks shorter; if longer than 900 μm, then ascospores shorter than
15 μm
<italic>...........................................................................................</italic>52</p></list-item><list-item><p>52. Ascospores (17.5–)18.5–19.5(–21) ×
(2.5–)3(–3.5) μm. Ascal apical ring 2.7–3.2 μm diam.
On <italic>Juglans</italic>.........<italic>Ophiognomonia vasiljevae</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>52'. Ascospores shorter than 17.5 μm on
average........................................................................................................................................
53</p></list-item><list-item><p>53. Ascal apical ring 3–3.5 μm diam. Ascospores 11–18
× 1.5–2.5 μm <italic>fide</italic> Monod
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">1983</xref>). On twigs of broad
range of hosts, predominately on
<italic>Acer...........................................................................................................
Apiognomonia hystrix</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>53'. Ascal apical ring less than 2.7 μm diam. Ascospores mostly narrower
than 2.6 μm. If ascospores wider than 2.6 μm, then ascospores shorter
than 12
μm...................................................................................................................................
54</p></list-item><list-item><p>54. Ascospores (10–)11.5–13.5(–17) ×
(1.5–)2–2.5 μm with or without cuneiform appendages. On
<italic>Castanea, Fagus</italic> and <italic>Quercus</italic>(<italic>Fagaceae</italic>)...................................................................................................
<italic>Ophiognomonia setacea</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>54'. On <italic>Betulaceae</italic>, occasionally on other
hosts...........................................................................................................................................
55</p></list-item><list-item><p>55. Ascospores (12.5–)13.5–15.5(–18.5) ×
(1.5–)2(–2.5) μm with cuneiform or long appendages. On
<italic>Alnus, Betula, Corylus</italic> and <italic>Carpinus</italic>, possibly also
<italic>Ostrya</italic>.......................................................................
<italic>Ophiognomonia ischnostyla</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>55'. Ascospores generally smaller than 12
μm..............................................................................................................................................
56</p></list-item><list-item><p>56. Ascospores (9.5–)10–11(–13.5) ×
(2.2–)2.5–3(–3.6) μm without appendages. On
<italic>Alnus</italic> and <italic>Betula</italic>............ <italic>Ophiognomonia
intermedia</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>56'. Ascospores (10–)11–11.5(–12.5) × 2–2.5
μm with long appendages. On <italic>Alnus</italic> and <italic>Betula,</italic>occasionally <italic>Myricaria</italic> and
<italic>Vaccinium</italic>...............................................................................................................
<italic>Ophiognomonia alni-viridis</italic></p></list-item></list></p></sec></sec><sec><title>DESCRIPTIONS OF GENERA AND SPECIES OF THE <italic>GNOMONIACEAE</italic></title><p>Following are the descriptions of five genera and their generic synonyms
representing the the most common leaf-inhabiting species in the
<italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic>. The genus <italic>Cryptosporella</italic> is not included as it
has been dealt with elsewhere (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref38">Mejia
<italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>). A description for each of the five genera
is included along with a description of the type species and the type species
of any synonymous genera. Thirteen new species are described in full. In
addition, many new combinations are made for taxa that should be placed in the
phylogenetically defined genera.</p><p><italic><bold>GNOMONIA</bold></italic> Ces. & De Not., Comment. Soc. Crittog. Ital.
1: 231. 1863. Type: <italic>G. gnomon</italic> (Tode: Fr.) J. Schröt., designated
by Höhnel (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref26">1917</xref>).</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>= <italic>Gnomonina</italic> Höhn., Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 35: 635. 1917.
Type: <italic>Gnomonina alnea</italic> (Fr.) Höhn., herein recognised as
<italic>Gnomonia alnea</italic> (Fr.) Sogonov</p></list-item><list-item><p>[≡ <italic>Laestadia</italic> Auersw., Hedwigia 8: 177. 1869 non Kunth ex
Lessing, 1832.]</p></list-item></list></p><p>Perithecia solitary, without stroma, on overwintered, fallen or attached
leaves of trees and shrubs, usually epiphyllous or on petioles, rarely
hypophyllous. Perithecia black, immersed at first, later erumpent, rarely
partly erumpent or with wide opening with white or pink powdery collar
surrounding the neck, powdery substance not dissolving in water or 3 % KOH
solution. Perithecia oblate-spheroidal to oblate when moist, concave when dry,
circular in top view, rarely perithecia convex, nearly flat, with one neck,
occasionaly with two or three necks emerging on both sides of a leaf blade.
Necks central to marginal, never truly lateral, slightly curved to distinctly
curved, their length mostly 1–2, sometimes to 5 times the perithecial
diam, sometimes absent. Asci oval to fusiform, with an apical ring, with eight
spores arranged unevenly parallel or irregularly multiseriate, occasionally
obliquely uniseriate. Ascospores two-celled, fusiform to acerose, l:w
3–15, ends rounded; appendages cuneiform with diffuse ends or ovoid,
subulate, or acicular, rarely absent.</p><p><italic>Cultures</italic>: Colonies reaching (0.5–)1–4 cm diam after 2
wk at 23 °C dark/light on MEA/MYA and PDA. Colony surface velvety, pale
grey, yellowish grey, greyish yellow, brownish grey, or brown. In some species
fertile perithecia formed after 5–6 mo at 2/10 °C l/d on MEA, MYA,
and PDA, rarely sterile perithecia noted within one month at 23 °C l/d.
Conidiogenous structures not produced.</p><p><italic>Hosts</italic>: Limited to family <italic>Betulaceae</italic>, mostly in the
subfamily <italic>Coryloideae</italic>. Individual fungal species are host specific at
plant species level or, less commonly, at genus level.</p><p><italic><bold>Gnomonia gnomon</bold></italic> (Tode: Fr.) J. Schröt. in Cohn's
Krypt. Fl. Schles. 3(2): 390. 1897. Figs
<xref rid="fig2" ref-type="fig">2A,B</xref>;
<xref rid="fig3" ref-type="fig">3A–C</xref>;
<xref rid="fig4" ref-type="fig">4A–M</xref>.</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Sphaeria gnomon</italic> Tode: Fr., Fungi Mecklenb. 2: 50. 1791:
Syst. Mycol. 2: 517. 1823.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Cryptosphaeria gnomon</italic> (Tode: Fr.) Grev., Fl. edin.: 360.
1824.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Gnomonia vulgaris</italic> Ces. & De Not., Comment. Soc.
Crittog. Ital. 1: 232. 1863.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Gnomoniella vulgaris</italic> (Ces. & De Not.) Sacc., Syll.
Fung. 1: 416. 1882.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Gnomoniella gnomon</italic> (Tode: Fr.) Magnus, Pilze von Tirol:
490. 1906.</p></list-item></list></p><p><italic>Anamorph</italic>: Unknown.</p><p>Perithecia hypophyllous, scattered randomly over leaf blade, immersed at
first, erumpent at maturity, black, oblate when moist,
(58–)163–206(–239) μm high ×
(144–)206–262(–318) μm diam (mean = 179 × 230, SD
35, 40, n1=51, n2=96), concave when dry. Necks central, occasionally
eccentric, straight or slightly sinuous, (179–)250–335(–561)
μm long (mean = 296, SD 70, n=71), (18–) 27–37.5(–53)
μm wide at base, (14.5–)23.5–33(–42.5) μm wide at
apex. Asci fusiform with narrow tapering stipe,
(28.5–)35.5–43(–56.5) ×
(5.5–)7–9.5(–11.5) μm (mean = 39.5 × 8, SD 6, 1.5,
n=70), apical ring 1.5–2.5 μm diam, with eight ascospores more or
less parallel. Ascospores fusiform, straight to slightly curved, (17–)
19.5–21(–24.5) × 1.5–2(–2.5) μm (mean = 20.5
× 1.5, SD 1.5, 0.2, n=276), l:w (8.5–)11–13(–16.5),
two-celled, slightly constricted at septum; septum located at
(36–)47–51(–61) % (mean = 49, SD 3, n=266) of ascospore
length; cells tapering to blunt, rounded ends, 4–8 guttules per cell,
usually one large guttule close to septum; appendages 2.5–4 μm long,
cuneiform, sometimes whip-shaped, up to 27 μm long, sometimes absent.</p><p><italic>Cultures</italic>: Colony diam after 14 d at 23 °C 25–30 mm diam
on PDA, 5–25 mm on MEA, 10–20 mm on MYA. Colonies flat, radially
or irregularly furrowed, velvety or with few loose felty tufts, pale grey to
orange-grey, yellow-brown or dark brown; margin even or lobate; reverse
yellow-brown to dark brown. On MEA colonies flat, orange-brown or greyish
orange, aerial mycelium nearly lacking or whitish dendroid tufts formed;
margin wavy; reverse greyish orange. On MYA colonies greyish orange to
brownish orange, aerial mycelium scant; margin irregular; reverse brownish
orange, pale brown or dark brown. Perithecia typically produced on PDA, MEA
and MYA in cultures incubated at 2/10 °C dark/light regime, fertile or
sterile depending on the strain, best sporulation observed on PDA. Asci and
ascospores in culture not significantly different from those produced on
natural substrates, although ascospores sometimes shorter, swollen, and with
more guttules.</p><p><italic>Habitat</italic>: On overwintered leaves of <italic>Corylus</italic> spp., most
common on <italic>C. avellana</italic> L. (<italic>Betulaceae</italic>), one collection on
<italic>Populus nigra</italic> L. (<italic>Salicaeae</italic>).</p><p><italic>Distribution</italic>: Europe (Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Finland,
Germany, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom).</p><p><italic>Lectotype</italic>: <bold>Germany</bold>, Mecklenburg, <italic>Corylus avellana,</italic>1791, H.I. Tode, illustration in `Fungi mecklenb.', Tab. 16, Figs
125a–125f designated by Sogonov <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref63">2005</xref>).</p><p><italic>Epitype</italic>: <bold>Finland</bold>, Helsinki, Helsinki University Botanical
Garden, overwintered fallen leaves of <italic>C. avellana,</italic> 19 Apr 2004, D.S.
Shchigel MS0036 (BPI 844273; ex-type culture AR 4062 =
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=116383&link_type=CBS">CBS 116383</ext-link>)
designated by Sogonov <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref63">2005</xref>).</p><p><italic>Additional specimens examined</italic>: All on dead leaves of
<italic>Corylus avellana</italic> except where noted. <bold>Austria,</bold> Lower Austria,
Krems, Apr. 1871, Thümen (BPI 611815); Vienna, 1 May 2004, W. Jaklitsch
WJ2501 (BPI 844279, culture <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=116384&link_type=CBS">CBS
116384</ext-link>); <bold>Czech Republic</bold>, Bohemia, Žlutice (Luditz),
Krašov (Krasch), May 1913, R. Steppan (BPI 611818); Bohemia, Turnov, 02
May 1907, J. M. Kabat (BPI 611820); Hranice, 1913, F. Petrak (BPI 611817);
<bold>France</bold>, Haute-Savoie, Petit-Saleve, near Geneve, Feb. 1852, collector
unknown (BPI 596635). <bold>Germany</bold>, Brandenburg, Prignitz, Triglitz, 14 Apr.
1906, O. Jaap, Fungi selecti exsiccati 220 (BPI 596638); Brandenburg,
Prignitz, Triglitz, Willd., 06 Apr. 1911, O. Jaap (Jaap, Fungi selecti
exsiccati 519, BPI 596287, BPI bound); Dillkreis, 02 Apr. 1934, collector
unknown (BPI 596633); same details (BPI 596634); Dillkreis, Langenaubach, Apr.
1923, collector unknown (BPI 611435); Hessen, Oestrich, near Dillkreis,
Langenaubach, 30 Apr. 1933, A. Ludwig (BPI 611808); Nossen, 24 Apr. 1889, W.
Krieger (BPI 611809); Leipzig, May 1871, G. Winter (BPI 611810); same
location, May 1874, G. Winter (BPI 611811); Schleussig, near Leipzig, May
1871, G. Winter (BPI 611812); Thüringen, Steiger near Erfurt, 13 May
1905, collector unknown (BPI 596632); locality unknown, date unknown, J.C.
Schmidt & G. Kunze, Deutschlands Schwämme 57, BPI (611814);
<bold>Russia</bold>, Nizhniy Novgorod oblast, Pil'na, birch park close to the river
P'yana, 20 May 2004, G.M. Sogonova MS0103 (BPI 863598); Novgorod oblast,
Kholm, Dendropark, Jun. 2005, M.V. Sogonov MS0274b (BPI 877514C); Novgorod
oblast, Kholm, ulitsa Naberezhnaya Reki Lovat', 07 Jun. 2005, D.N. Borisov
MS0275b (BPI 877517C,); <bold>Slovakia</bold>, Prenčov, 28 Mar. 1887, A. Kmet
(BPI 611821); <bold>Sweden</bold>, E.M. Fries, Scleromyceti Sueciae 285, BPI
(bound); <bold>Switzerland</bold>, Bischofszell, date unknown, H. Wegelin (ZT);
Oberbuchsiten, 01 Mar. 1946, coll. J.A. von Arx (ZT); Changins, 1 March 1976,
M. Monod, No. 2 (LAU); Vaud, Bex, Le Bévieux, 13 May 1976, M. Monod,
No. 47 (LAU); Valais, <italic>Populus nigra</italic>, 13 May 1977, A. Bolay, No. 267
(LAU, culture <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=829.79&link_type=CBS">CBS
829.79</ext-link>); Misox, Grono, 17 May 1988 E. Müller (ZT); Domleschg,
Rodel, 04 May 1988, E. Müller (ZT); Albulatal, Filisur, Solis, 20 May
1988, E. Müller (ZT); Schanfigg, Lüen, 24 May 1989, E. Müller
(ZT); Vorderrheintal, Panix, 13 June 1989, E. Müller (ZT); Valais,
vicinity of Martigny, overwintered but still hanging leaves, 21 May 2005, M.
Monod MS0335a (BPI 877499B); Ticino, Monte San Salvatore, 28 May 2005, M.V.
Sogonov MS0205 (BPI 871054A, culture AR4189 =
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121233&link_type=CBS">CBS 121233</ext-link>) GenBank
EU254779; Vaud, St-Cergue, 20 May 2005, M.V. Sogonov MS0336 (BPI 877492); same
data, MS0392 (BPI 877490A) GenBank EU254780; <bold>Ukraine</bold>, Ivano-Frankivsk
oblast, Kalkhingel, near Podluze, 12 May 1918, F. Petrak (BPI 611816);
<bold>United Kingdom</bold>, England, 1873?, Plowright (BPI 611813).</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig3"><label>Fig. 3.</label><caption><p>Morphology on natural substrates, asci and ascospores. A–C.
<italic>Gnomonia gnomon</italic>. A. Epitype BPI 844273. B. BPI 871054A. C. BPI
844279. D–F. <italic>G</italic>. <italic>alnea</italic>, epitype BPI 877462A. G.
<italic>G</italic>. <italic>incrassata</italic>, holotype BPI 611818A. H, I. <italic>G</italic>.
<italic>monodii</italic>, holotype BPI 877499A. Scale 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig3"></graphic></fig></p><p><fig position="float" id="fig4"><label>Fig. 4.</label><caption><p><italic>Gnomonia gnomon</italic>, cultures. A–F, M. Ex-type
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=116383&link_type=CBS">CBS 116383</ext-link>.
G–L. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121233&link_type=CBS">CBS
121233</ext-link>. A–H. Colony habit, 40 d, 23 °C. A, C, E, G.
Surface. B, D, F, H. Reverse. I, J. Perithecia, 4.5 mo, 2/10 °C.
K–M. Ascospores and asci, 4.5 mo, 2/10 °C. A, B, G, H, J, M. PDA. C,
D, K, L. MEA. E, F, I. MYA. Scale: A–H. 1 cm. I, J. 200 μm.
K–M. 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig4"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Gnomonia gnomon</italic>, the type species of the genus
<italic>Gnomonia</italic>, was described and illustrated by Sogonov <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref63">2005</xref>). This species is
generally restricted to <italic>Corylus</italic> spp. in Europe although the one
specimen on <italic>Populus</italic> exists for which the host identification has been
verified. Species previously reported as <italic>G. gnomon</italic> from North America
have been determined to be <italic>G. neognomon</italic> or <italic>G.
pendulorum</italic>.</p><p><italic><bold>Gnomonia alnea</bold></italic> (Fr.) Sogonov, <bold>comb. nov.</bold> MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB512161&link_type=MB">MB 512161</ext-link>. Figs
<xref rid="fig2" ref-type="fig">2C–E</xref>;
<xref rid="fig3" ref-type="fig">3D–F</xref>.
Basionym:
<italic>Sphaeria alnea</italic> Fr., Syst. Mycol. 2: 520. 1823.</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Sphaeriella alnea</italic> (Fr.) Auersw. in Gonn. & Rabenh.,
Mycol. Europ. 5/6: Tab. 2, <xref rid="fig15" ref-type="fig">Fig.
15</xref>. 1869.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Laestadia alnea</italic> (Fr.) Auersw., Hedwigia 8: 177. 1869.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Guignardia alnea</italic> (Fr.) Schröt., Pilze Schlesiens 2:
330. 1894.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Gnomonina alnea</italic> (Fr.) Höhn., Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges.
35: 628. 1917.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Plagiostoma alneum</italic> (as <italic>alnea</italic>) (Fr.) Arx, Antonie
van Leeuwenhoek 17: 264. 1951.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Gnomonia perversa</italic> Rehm, Hedwigia 24: 70. 1885.</p></list-item></list></p><p><italic>Anamorph</italic>: Unknown.</p><p>Perithecia solitary, without stroma, hypophyllous, scattered randomly over
leaf blade, immersed at first, erumpent or partly erumpent at maturity, black,
oblate when moist, 100–140 μm high × 140–240 μm diam,
collapsed concave or convex, occasionally irregularly wrinkled or flat when
dry. Neck absent, ostiole marginal. Asci fusiform,
(47.5–)58–67.5(–78) ×
(9.5–)12–13(–16) μm (mean = 63 × 12.5, SD 7, 1.5,
n=19), apical ring 4–4.5 μm diam, with eight ascospores arranged
obliquely uniseriate or irregularly multiseriate. Ascospores fusiform
(13.5–)16–17.5(–20.5) ×
(3.5–)4–4.5(–5) μm (mean = 17 × 4.5, SD 1.5, 0.5,
n=89), l:w (3.1–)3.7–4.3(–5), two-celled with septum located
at (44–)48–51(–55) % (mean = 49, SD 3, n=60) of ascospore
length, ends blunt, rounded, each cell with two large guttules; appendages
ovoid to cuneiform, <italic>ca.</italic> 2 μm long, or absent.</p><p><italic>Habitat</italic>: On fallen overwintered leaves of <italic>Alnus glutinosa</italic>(L.) Gaertn.<italic>, A. incana</italic> (L.) Moench and <italic>A. viridis</italic> (Chaix)
DC. (<italic>Betulaceae</italic>).</p><p><italic>Distribution</italic>: Europe (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Germany, Sweden,
Ukraine).</p><p><italic><bold>Lectotype (designated here)</bold></italic><bold>: Sweden,</bold> date unknown,
E.M. Fries, Scleromyceti Sueciae 59, specimen bound in Shear's Types and
Rarities (BPI 799019).</p><p><italic>Additional specimens examined</italic>: <bold>Bulgaria,</bold> Sredna Gora
Mt (western), Lozenska Planina, along the track to Barbeka Lake locality, near
river, 21 May 2005, D. Stoykov MS0310 (BPI 877462A) GenBank EU 254767.
<bold>Czech Republic</bold>, Bohemia, 1913, J.A. Stevenson (BPI 611541); Bohemia,
Žlutice (Luditz), Krašov (Krasch), Jun. 1913, R. Steppan (BPI
611543); <bold>Germany</bold>, Bielatal near Königstein, Apr. 1884, W. Krieger
(BPI 611540<bold>,</bold> <italic><bold>lectotype</bold></italic> <bold>of</bold> <italic><bold>Gnomonia
perversa</bold></italic> <bold>designated here</bold>); <bold>Ukraine,</bold> Ivano-Frankivsk
oblast, Czarny Las, near Rybno, 08 Jun. 1918, F. Petrak (BPI
611542).</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Gnomonia alnea</italic> is restricted to species of
<italic>Alnus</italic> in Europe. The synonymy of <italic>G. perversa</italic> is based on an
examination of its type specimen as listed above. The taxonomic synonymy of
<italic>Gnomonia vleugelii</italic> Kleb. listed by Monod
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">1983</xref>) is rejected because
Monod's description disagrees with the original one. Klebahn
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref32">1918</xref>) described the species
as having necks up to 1 mm long while necks are absent in <italic>G. alnea.
Gnomonia alnea</italic> is unlike the other species of <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> on
<italic>Alnus</italic> in the lack of an elongated neck. <italic>Ophiognomonia
alni-viridis, O. ischnostyla</italic> and <italic>O. trientensis</italic> all have
elongated necks on the perithecium.</p><sec><title>New and revised species of <italic>Gnomonia</italic></title><p><italic><bold>Gnomonia incrassata</bold></italic> Sogonov, <bold>sp. nov.</bold> MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB512162&link_type=MB">MB 512162</ext-link>, Figs
<xref rid="fig2" ref-type="fig">2F,G</xref>;
<xref rid="fig3" ref-type="fig">3G</xref>.</p><p>Perithecia 130–310 μm alta × 190–380 μm diam.
Rostrum 220–420 μm longum, basi 40–65 μm diam, apice
30–50 μm diam. Ascosporae fusiformes, leviter curvatae,
(13.5–)15.5–17(–18.5) ×
(2.5–)3–3.5(–4) μm, L:l (4–)4.5–5(–6).
Differt a speciebus aliis <italic>Gnomoniae</italic> ascosporis insigniter constrictis
et septatis supra medio, et rostris crassis. <italic>Holotypus</italic>: BPI
611818A.</p><p><italic>Anamorph</italic>: Unknown.</p><p><italic>Etymology</italic>: Refers to thickened ascospore cells separated by the
septum and thick necks.</p><p>Perithecia solitary, without stroma, hypophyllous, in irregular groups,
immersed at first, erumpent at maturity, black, oblate to spheroidal when
moist, 130–310 μm high × 190–380 μm wide, concave when
dry. Necks eccentric or central, slightly sinuous, 220–420 μm long,
40–65 μm wide at base, 30–50 μm wide at apex, compressed
when dry. Asci fusiform, (46–)49–51(–61.5) ×
(9.5–)12.5–13.5(–15) μm (mean = 51.5 × 12.5, SD 5,
1.5, n=10), apical ring 2.5–3.5 μm diam, with eight ascospores
arranged irregularly multiseriate. Ascospores fusiform, slightly curved
(13.5–) 15.5–17(–18.5) ×
(2.5–)3–3.5(–4) μm (mean = 16 × 3.5, SD 1, 0.5,
n=72), l:w (3.9–)4.5–5.1(–6.2), two-celled, strongly
constricted at septum, septum located at (55–)60–65(–75) %
(mean = 63, SD 4, n=72) of ascospore length, ends blunt, rounded, each cell
with 2 (–3), large and sometimes several smaller guttules; appendages
absent or ovoid to subulate to 7 μm long.</p><p><italic>Cultures</italic>: Not observed.</p><p><italic>Habitat</italic>: On overwintered fallen leaves of <italic>Corylus
avellana</italic> (<italic>Betulaceae</italic>).</p><p><italic>Distribution</italic>: Europe (Czech Republic, France, Germany,
Switzerland).</p><p><italic>Holotype</italic>: <bold>Czech Republic</bold>, Bohemia, Žlutice,
Krašov, May 1913, R. Steppan (BPI 611818A).</p><p><italic>Additional specimen examined</italic>: <bold>France</bold>, Petit Saleve,
Geneve, 05 Apr. 1851, J. Müller (BPI 596639); <bold>Germany</bold>,
Thüringen, Steiger near Erfurt, 13 May 1905, H. Diedicke Mycotheca
Germanica 482 (BPI bound); <bold>Switzerland</bold>, Calancatal, ob Buseno, 17 Jun.
1989, E. Müller (ZT).</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: Some of the specimens here regarded as <italic>Gnomonia
incrassata</italic> were identified as <italic>Apiognomonia ostryae</italic> by Monod
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">1983</xref>).</p><p><italic><bold>Gnomonia monodii</bold></italic> Sogonov, <bold>sp. nov.</bold> MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB512163&link_type=MB">MB 512163</ext-link>, Figs
<xref rid="fig2" ref-type="fig">2H, I</xref>;
<xref rid="fig3" ref-type="fig">3H, I</xref>.</p><p>Perithecia 180–220 μm high × 270–310 μm diam.
Rostrum 320–420 μm longum, basi 40–45 μm diam, apice
35–40 μm diam. Ascosporae fusiformes, rectae vel inaequilaterae,
(14–)15–16(–18.5) × (2–)2.5(–3) μm, L:l
(5–)5.5–6.5(–7.5). Ad aliis cum rostro eccentrico
<italic>Gnomoniae</italic> speciebus ascosporae magnitudine differt.
<italic>Holotypus</italic>: BPI 877499A.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig5"><label>Fig. 5.</label><caption><p>Morphology on natural substrates, perithecia. A, B. <italic>Gnomonia
neognomon</italic>. A. BPI 877466A. B. BPI 877526C. C–H. <italic>G</italic>.
<italic>orcispora</italic>. C, D. BPI 877526A. E–H. Holotype BPI 877465C.
I–L. <italic>G</italic>. <italic>ostryae</italic>. I–K. BPI 611536. L. BPI 871051.
A, C–F, I, J. Intact air-dry perithecia on leaves. B, H, K, L. Extracted
and rehydrated perithecia. G. Semi-rehydrated perithecium on a small fragment
of a leaf. Scale 200 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig5"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Anamorph</italic>: Unknown.</p><p><italic>Etymology</italic>: Named after Michel Monod, Lausanne, Switzerland, in
recognition of his contribution to the taxonomy of the
<italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic>.</p><p>Perithecia solitary, without stroma, hypophyllous, on leaf blade or veins,
in loose irregular groups, immersed at first, erumpent, black, oblate or
suboblate when moist, concave when dry, 180–220 μm high ×
270–310 μm diam. Necks eccentric, straight or slightly curved,
320–420 μm long, 40–45 μm wide at base, 35–40 μm
wide at apex. Asci fusiform, (42.5–)45.5–46.5(–51) ×
9–11(–13) μm (mean = 46 × 10.5, SD 3, 1.5, n=6), apical
ring 2–2.5 μm diam, with eight ascospores arranged irregularly
multiseriate. Ascospores fusiform, straight or inequilateral
(14–)15–16(–18.5) × (2–)2.5(–3) μm
(mean = 15.5 × 2.5, SD 1, 0.2, n=54), l:w
(4.9–)5.7–6.4(–7.3) (mean = 6, SD 0.6, n=54), two-celled,
septum located at (53–)60–64(–70) % (mean = 62, SD 4, n=54)
of ascospore length, not or slightly constricted at septum, ends blunt,
rounded, each cell with 2(–3) large, some smaller, guttules; appendages
absent or ovoid, cuneiform or subulate to whip-shaped, to 20 μm long.</p><p><italic>Habitat</italic>: On overwintered leaves of <italic>Corylus avellana</italic>(<italic>Betulaceae</italic>).</p><p><italic>Distribution</italic>: Europe (Denmark, Switzerland).</p><p><italic>Holotype</italic>: <bold>Switzerland</bold>, Valais, vicinity of Martigny, on
overwintered but still attached leaves, 21 May 2005, M. Monod & M.V.
Sogonov MS0335 (BPI 877499A).</p><p><italic>Additional specimen examined</italic>: <bold>Denmark</bold>, Jylland,
Krabbesholm Skov, on leaves of <italic>Corylus avellana</italic>, 07 Apr. 1901, J.
Lind (BPI 611819); <bold>Switzerland</bold>, Valais, La Tallaz, vallon de Gueuroz,
05 Jun. 1979, M. Monod, No. 741 (LAU).</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: Two of the specimens here regarded as <italic>Gnomonia
monodii</italic> were identified as <italic>Apiognomonia ostryae</italic> by Monod
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">1983</xref>).</p><p><italic><bold>Gnomonia neognomon</bold></italic> Sogonov, <bold>sp. nov.</bold> MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB512254&link_type=MB">MB 512254</ext-link>, Figs
<xref rid="fig5" ref-type="fig">5A,B</xref>;
<xref rid="fig6" ref-type="fig">6A–C</xref>;
<xref rid="fig7" ref-type="fig">7A–O</xref>.</p><p>Perithecia 170–250 μm alta × 220–370 μm diam.
Rostrum 400–1075 μm longum, basi 35–52 μm diam, apice
31–40 μm diam. Ascosporae fusiformes, leviter curvatae,
(18.5–)20–22.5(–24.5)×(2–)2(–2.5) μm,
L:l (8–)9.5–11(–12.5). Ad alteris <italic>Gnomoniae</italic>speciebus ascosporae longitudine latitudineque differt. Ascosporae longitudo
latitudoque similares <italic>G. gnomon</italic>, sed perithecii rostris longioribus
et semper eccentricis differt. <italic>Holotypus</italic>: BPI 877465A.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig6"><label>Fig. 6.</label><caption><p>Morphology on natural substrates, asci and ascospores. A–C.
<italic>Gnomonia neognomon</italic>, holotype BPI 877465A. D–F. <italic>G</italic>.
<italic>orcispora</italic>. D. BPI 877466B. E, F. Holotype BPI 877465C. G, H.
<italic>G</italic>. <italic>ostryae</italic>. G. BPI 611536. H. BPI 871051. Scale 10
μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig6"></graphic></fig></p><p><fig position="float" id="fig7"><label>Fig. 7.</label><caption><p>Culture morphology. A–O. <italic>Gnomonia neognomon</italic>. A–F.
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121244&link_type=CBS">CBS 121244</ext-link>.
G–L. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121265&link_type=CBS">CBS
121265</ext-link>. M–O. Ex-type
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121246&link_type=CBS">CBS 121246</ext-link>.
P–X. <italic>G</italic>. <italic>orcispora</italic>. P–S. AR 4286. T–X.
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121247&link_type=CBS">CBS 121247</ext-link>.
A–L, P–S, U–X. Colony habit, 40 d, 23 °C. A, C, E, G, I,
K, P, R, U, W. Surface. B, D, F, H, J, L, Q, S, U, X. Reverse. M–O, T.
Perithecia, 2/10 °C. M, N, T. 4.5 mo. O. 8 mo. A, B, G, H, P, Q, U, V.
PDA. C, D, I, J, N, R, S, W, X. MEA. E, F, K–M, O, T. MYA. Scale:
A–L, P–S, U–X. 1 cm. M–O, T. 200 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig7"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Anamorph</italic>: Unknown.</p><p><italic>Etymology</italic>: Refers to the morphological similarity with <italic>G.
gnomon</italic>.</p><p>Perithecia solitary, without stroma, hypophyllous, loosely scattered on
blades and veins, immersed at first, erumpent at maturity, black, suboblate
when moist, 170–250 μm high × 220–370 μm diam, concave
when dry. Necks eccentric, straight or slightly sinuous, 400–1075 μm
long, 35–52 μm wide at base, 31–40 μm wide at apex. Asci
fusiform, (39.5–)41–44.5(–48.5) ×
(8–)9–11(–12.5) μm (mean = 43.5 × 10, SD 3, 1.5,
n=13), apical ring 1.5–3 μm diam, with eight parallel ascospores.
Ascospores fusiform, slightly curved, (18.5–)20–22.5(–24.5)
× 2–2.5 μm (mean = 21.5 × 2, SD 1.5, 0.2, n=29), l:w
(7.9–)9.7–10.8(–12.7) (mean = 10.2, SD 1, n=29), two-celled,
slightly constricted at septum, septum located at
(45–)49–52(–57) % (mean = 50, SD 3, n=29) of ascospore
length, cells tapering, at ends blunt, rounded, each cell with 4–7,
guttules, usually one large guttule close to septum; appendages usually
2.5–4 μm long, cuneiform, sometimes absent, sometimes whip-shaped, to
16 μm long.</p><p><italic>Cultures</italic>: Colonies on PDA attaining 35 mm diam after 40 d at 23
°C, radially furrowed, velvety, greyish orange to brownish orange, with
droplets of clear exudate; margin well-defined, wavy; reverse dark brown.
Colonies on MEA attaining 60 mm diam after 40 d at 23 °C, flat, pale brown
to dark brown, smooth with scant aerial mycelium; margin diffuse, wavy;
reverse pale brown to dark brown. Colonies on MYA attaining 40 mm after 40 d
at 23 °C, flat or radially furrowed, greyish brown or pale brown to dark
brown, velvety, with scant droplets of clear exudate; margin well-defined,
even or broadly wavy; reverse dark brown. Cultures incubated at 2/10 °C
dark/light regime produce sterile perithecia after 4.5 mo on MEA and MYA but
not on PDA. Perithecia remain sterile.</p><p><italic>Habitat</italic>: On overwintered fallen or hanging leaves of <italic>Corylus
californica</italic> (A. DC.) Rose (<italic>Betulaceae</italic>).</p><p><italic>Distribution</italic>: Canada (British Columbia) and U.S.A. (WA).</p><p><italic>Holotype</italic>: <bold>U.S.A.,</bold> Washington, Mason Co., Potlatch State
Park, next to U.S. route 101, on overwintered fallen leaves, 16 May 2006, M.V.
Sogonov MS0364 (BPI 877465A, ex-type culture AR 4287 =
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121246&link_type=CBS">CBS 121246</ext-link>) GenBank
EU254786.</p><p><italic>Additional specimens examined</italic>: <bold>Canada</bold>, British
Columbia, Vancouver Island, Goldstream Provincial Park, on veins of
overwintered but still hanging leaves, 11 May 2006, M.V. Sogonov MS0408b (BPI
877526C, culture AR 4336 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121265&link_type=CBS">CBS
121265</ext-link>); <bold>U.S.A.</bold>, Washington, Mason Co., Potlatch State
Park, on overwintered leaves, 16 May 2006, M.V. Sogonov MS0363 (BPI 877466A,
culture AR 4285 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121244&link_type=CBS">CBS
121244</ext-link>).</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: Specimens previously identified as <italic>Gnomonia gnomon</italic>on <italic>Corylus</italic> in North America may actually be <italic>G. neognomon</italic> or
<italic>G. pendulorum</italic>.</p><p><italic><bold>Gnomonia orcispora</bold></italic> Sogonov, <bold>sp. nov.</bold> MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB512164&link_type=MB">MB 512164</ext-link>. Figs
<xref rid="fig5" ref-type="fig">5C–H</xref>;
<xref rid="fig6" ref-type="fig">6D–F</xref>;
<xref rid="fig7" ref-type="fig">7P–X</xref>.</p><p>Perithecia 150–280 μm alta × 160–310 μm diam.
Rostrum usque ad 350 μm longum, basi 32–42 μm diam, apice
24–29 μm diam. Ascosporae ovales, inaequilaterae,
(14–)15.5–17.5(–19.5) × (4.5–)
5–5.5(–6) μm. Ad plerumque <italic>Gnomoniae</italic> speciebus
ascosporae longitudine latitudineque differt. Ascosporae longitudo latitudoque
similares <italic>G. ostryae</italic>, sed ascosporis in extremitatibus hilo
terminatis et guttulis majoribus in ascosporae cellulis differt.
<italic>Holotypus</italic>: BPI 877465C.</p><p><italic>Anamorph</italic>: Unknown.</p><p><italic>Etymology</italic>: Refers to the appearance of spores from Latin
<italic>orca</italic> (barrel-shaped) and <italic>spora</italic> (spore).</p><p>Perithecia solitary, without stroma, hypophyllous, loosely scattered on
blades and veins, immersed at first, erumpent at maturity, black, spherical
when moist, 150–280 μm high × 160–310 μm diam, concave
when dry. Necks marginal, straight or slightly sinuous, absent at ascospore
formation, growing at maturity of ascospores, reaching 350 μm long,
32–42 μm wide at base, 24–29 μm wide at apex. Asci oval to
fusiform, (53–)58.5–62.5(–69.5) × (19.5–)
20–20.5(–22) μm (mean = 61 × 20.5, SD 5.9, 0.9, n=5),
apical ring 5–5.5 μm diam, with eight ascospores with eight
ascospores evenly or slightly unevenly parallel. Ascospores oval,
inequilateral, (14–)15.5–17.5(–19.5) ×
(4.5–)5–5.5(–6) μm (mean = 16.5 × 5, SD 1.1, 0.4,
n=45), l:w (2.8–)3–3.3(–3.7) (mean = 3.2, SD 0.2, n=45),
two-celled, constricted at septum, septum located at
(54–)59–63(–66) % (mean = 61, SD 3, n=45) of ascospore
length, ends blunt, rounded or somewhat truncated, each cell with two large
guttules; appendages navicular, large to 15 μm long, 8 μm wide but very
thin and often indistinct, with base surrounded by a pronounced hilum on
ascospore wall.</p><p><italic>Cultures</italic>: Two cultures
(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121247&link_type=CBS">CBS 121247</ext-link> and AR
4286) differ significantly in their morphology.
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121247&link_type=CBS">CBS 121247</ext-link>:
Colonies on PDA attaining 18 mm diam after 40 d at 23 °C, irregularly
furrowed, shortly velvety, dark brown and dark grey to almost black, with
whitish submerged mycelium at margin; margin diffuse, irregular; reverse dark
brown, almost black with orange-brown to whitish margins. Colonies on MEA
attaining 17 mm diam after 40 d at 23 °C, flat, glabrous with scant aerial
mycelium, black with dark brown margins; margin clear, slightly wavy; black
with dark brown margins. AR 4286: Colonies on PDA attaining 33 mm diam after
40 d at 23 °C, radially furrowed, velvety, whitish to greyish orange, with
droplets of clear exudate; margin well-defined, slightly wavy; reverse reddish
orange to dark brown; agar stained with orange pigment. Colonies on MEA
attaining 15 mm diam after 40 d at 23 °C, slightly radially furrowed,
greyish orange overlaid by white short felty aerial mycelium; margin
well-defined, slightly wavy; reverse reddish orange. Sterile perithecia
observed in <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121247&link_type=CBS">CBS
121247</ext-link> incubated at 2/10 °C dark/light regime for 4.5 mo on
MYA.</p><p><italic>Habitat</italic>: On overwintered fallen or still hanging leaves of
<italic>Corylus californica</italic> (<italic>Betulaceae</italic>).</p><p><italic>Distribution</italic>: Canada (British Columbia) and U.S.A. (WA).</p><p><italic>Holotype</italic>: <bold>U.S.A.,</bold> Washington, Mason Co., Potlatch State
Park, next to U.S. route 101, on overwintered fallen leaves, 16 May 2006, M.V.
Sogonov MS0364b (BPI 877465C, ex-type culture
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121247&link_type=CBS">CBS 121247</ext-link>).</p><p><italic>Additional specimen examined</italic>: <bold>Canada</bold>, British
Columbia, Vancouver Island, Goldstream Provincial Park, on overwintered but
still hanging leaves, 11 May 2006, M.V.Sogonov MS0408 (BPI 877526A) GenBank
EU254789; <bold>U.S.A.,</bold> Washington, Mason Co., Potlatch State Park, on
overwintered fallen leaves, 16 May 2006, M.V. Sogonov MS0363a culture AR 4286
(BPI 877466B).</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: Perithecia of <italic>Gnomonia orcispora</italic> have marginal
necks and are thus distinct from other species of <italic>Gnomonia</italic> on
<italic>Corylus</italic> in North America.</p><p><italic><bold>Gnomonia ostryae</bold></italic> De Not., Sfer. Ital. cent. 1, fasc. 1: 42.
1863. 5. 8I–L; 6G–H; 8A–H.</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Apiognomonia ostryae</italic> (De Not.) M. Monod, Beih. Sydowia 9:
50 1983.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Gnomonia veneta</italic> Speg., Michelia 1: 457. 1879.</p></list-item></list></p><p>Perithecia solitary, without stroma, hypophyllous, on leaf blade or veins,
in loose irregular groups, immersed at first, erumpent later, black, oblate or
suboblate when moist, 130–200 μm high × 170–260 μm
diam, concave when dry. Necks eccentric to marginal, slightly curved,
175–290 μm long, 25–45 μm wide at base, 25–45 μm
wide at apex. Asci fusiform, 49–57 × 12–16 μm, apical
ring 2.9–3.8 μm diam, with eight ascospores arranged irregularly
multiseriate to obliquely uniseriate. Ascospores varying from fusiform with
both ends gradually tapering although rounded at tips to oblanceolate or
obovoid, broadened in upper part, with distal end extensively rounded or
smoothly truncated, inequilateral, (12.5–)15–17(–20.5)
× (3–)3.5–4.5(–6) μm (mean = 16 × 4, SD 1.5,
0.5, n=90), l:w (3–)3.6–4.1(–4.9) (mean = 3.9, SD 0.4),
two-celled, constricted at septum, septum located at
(55–)62–65(–71) % (mean = 63, SD 3) of ascospore length,
ascospore cells usually with two large or/and several small guttules;
appendages subulate 2–5 μm long.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig8"><label>Fig. 8.</label><caption><p>Culture morphology. A–H. <italic>Gnomonia ostryae</italic><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121242&link_type=CBS">CBS 121242</ext-link>. I, J.
<italic>G</italic>. <italic>pendulorum</italic> ex-type
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121264&link_type=CBS">CBS 121264</ext-link>.
K–P. <italic>G</italic>. <italic>rodmanii</italic> ex-type
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121909&link_type=CBS">CBS 121909</ext-link>.
A–F, I–P. Colony habit, 40 d, 23 °C. A, C, E, I, K, M, O.
Surface. B, D, F, J, L, N, P. Reverse. <italic>G</italic>. Conidiomata, 4 mo, 2/10
°C. H. Conidia, 4.5 mo, 2/10 °C. A, B, G, H, K, L. PDA. C, D, M, N.
MEA. E, F, I, J, O, P. MYA. Scale: A–F, I–P. 1 cm. G. 200 μm.
H. 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig8"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Cultures</italic>: Colonies on PDA attaining 30 mm diam after 40 d at 23
°C, radially furrowed, felty orange-white to greyish orange in central
part, velvety, dark brownish grey at margin; droplets of clear exudate present
all over the colony but more abundant at margin; margin well-defined, crenate;
reverse dark brown with pale brown patterns. Colonies on MEA attaining 50 mm
diam after 40 d at 23 °C, flat, superficial, with almost no aerial
mycelium, greyish orange, with tufts of orange-white aerial mycelium in
central part; margins submerged; margin irregular; reverse greyish orange.
Colonies on MYA attaining 30 mm diam after 40 d at 23 °C, radially
furrowed, short felty orange-grey in central part, velvety, dark brownish grey
at margin; droplets of clear exudate present all over the colony but more
abundant at margin; margin well-defined, crenate; reverse dark brown with pale
brown patterns. No perithecia observed in cultures at 2/10 °C dark/light
regime. Cultures on PDA after 8 mo at 2/10°C regime produce amorphous
slimy conidiomata. Conidia oval or allantoid, 4.9–7.1 ×
1.9–2.7 μm.</p><p><italic>Habitat</italic>: On overwintered leaves of <italic>Ostrya carpinifolia</italic>Scop. (<italic>Betulaceae</italic>).</p><p><italic>Distribution</italic>: Europe (Bulgaria, Italy, Switzerland).</p><p><italic>Specimens examined</italic>: <bold>Italy</bold>, Varone near Riva
(Valsesia), Garda-See, May 1900, H. Rehm (BPI 611536). <bold>Switzerland</bold>,
Ticino, Monte San Salvatore, 28 May 2005, M.V. Sogonov MS0204, culture
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121242&link_type=CBS">CBS 121242</ext-link> (BPI
871051) GenBank EU254790.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: The asexual state of <italic>Gnomonia ostryae</italic> has been
placed in <italic>Cylindrosporella</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">Monod, 1983</xref>). The varieties
of <italic>G. ostryae</italic> as <italic>Apiognomonia ostryae</italic> defined by Monod
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">1983</xref>) are herein recognised
as distinct species.</p><p><italic><bold>Gnomonia pendulorum</bold></italic> Sogonov, <bold>sp. nov.</bold> MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB512165&link_type=MB">MB 512165</ext-link>, Figs
<xref rid="fig8" ref-type="fig">8I,J</xref>;
<xref rid="fig9" ref-type="fig">9A,B</xref>;
<xref rid="fig10" ref-type="fig">10A,B</xref>.</p><p>Perithecia 230–280 μm alta × 470–580 μm diam.
Rostrum 770–970 μm longum, basi 65–70 μm diam, apice
40–55 μm diam. Ascosporae fusiformes, leviter curvatae,
(20–)21–22(–23)×(2.5–)3(–3.5) μm, L:l
(6–)7–7.5(–8). Similares <italic>G. gnomon</italic>, sed ascosporae
latioribus et perithecii rostris longioribus differt. <italic>Holotypus</italic>: BPI
877526B.</p><p><italic>Anamorph</italic>: Unknown.</p><p><italic>Etymology</italic>: Refers to the fact that perithecia of this species were
found on hanging, overwintered leaves.</p><p>Perithecia solitary, without stroma, hypophyllous, mostly on major veins,
immersed at first, later erumpent, black, suboblate when moist, 230–280
μm high × 470–580 μm diam, concave when dry. Necks central,
straight or slightly sinuous, 770–970 μm long, 65–70 μm wide
at base, 40–55 μm wide at apex. Asci fusiform, 55–60 ×
10–11 μm, apical ring 2.5 μm diam, with eight ascospores arranged
unevenly parallel or irregularly multiseriate. Ascospores fusiform, slightly
curved (20–)21–22(–23) × (2.5–)3(–3.5)
μm (mean = 21.5 × 3, SD 0.5, 0.3, n=16), l:w
(6–)6.8–7.4(–8.2) (mean = 7.1, SD 0.6), two-celled,
constricted at septum, septum located at (47–)49–51 % (mean = 49,
SD 1.5) of ascospore length, ends blunt, rounded, each cell with 2–10
guttules, usually one large guttule close to septum; appendages whip-shaped,
7–32 μm long.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig9"><label>Fig. 9.</label><caption><p>Morphology on natural substrate, perithecia. A, B. <italic>Gnomonia
pendulorum</italic>, holotype BPI 877526B. C, D. <italic>G</italic>. <italic>rodmanii</italic>,
holotype BPI 878211A. E–G. <italic>G</italic>. <italic>skokomishica</italic>. E, G.
Holotype BPI 877465B. F. BPI 877535. A, C, E, F. Intact air-dry perithecia on
leaves. B, D, G. Extracted and rehydrated perithecia. Scale 200 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig9"></graphic></fig></p><p><fig position="float" id="fig10"><label>Fig. 10.</label><caption><p>Morphology on natural substrate, asci and ascospores. A, B. <italic>Gnomonia
pendulorum</italic>, holotype BPI 877526B. C, D. G. <italic>rodmanii</italic>, holotype
BPI 878211A. E, F. <italic>G</italic>. <italic>skokomishica</italic>, holotype BPI 877465B.
Scale 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig10"></graphic></fig></p><p><fig position="float" id="fig11"><label>Fig. 11.</label><caption><p><italic>Gnomonia skokomishica</italic>, culture morphology. A–L. Ex-type
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121245&link_type=CBS">CBS 121245</ext-link>.
M–Q. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121398&link_type=CBS">CBS
121398</ext-link>. A–F. Colony habit, 14 d, 23 °C. G–L.
Colony habit, 40 d, 23 °C. A, C, E, G, I, K. Surface. B, D, F, J, L.
Reverse. M–P. Perithecia, 2/10 °C. M. 40 d. N. 40 d. O. 4.5 mo. P. 8
mo, ×1/2. Q. Asci and ascospores, 8 mo, 2/10 °C. A, B, G, H, M. PDA.
C, D, I, J. MEA. E, F, K, L, N–Q. MYA. Scale: A–L. 1 cm.
M–O. 200 μm. P. 500 μm. Q. 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig11"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Cultures</italic>: Not observed on PDA and MEA. Colonies on MYA attaining
30 mm diam after 40 d at 23 °C, thick, radially furrowed, short felty,
orange-white; margin well-defined, even; reverse orange to brownish orange.
Neither perithecia nor conidiomata observed in cultures at 2/10 °C after
4.5 mo.</p><p><italic>Habitat</italic>: On overwintered dead but still attached leaves of
<italic>Corylus californica</italic> (<italic>Betulaceae</italic>).</p><p><italic>Distribution</italic>: Canada (British Columbia).</p><p><italic>Holotype</italic>: <bold>Canada,</bold> British Columbia, Vancouver Island,
Goldstream Provincial Park, 11 May 2006, M.V. Sogonov MS0408a (BPI 877526B;
ex-type culture <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121264&link_type=CBS">CBS
121264</ext-link>) GenBank EU254791.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: Among species of <italic>Gnomonia</italic> on <italic>Corylus, G.
pendulorum</italic> in North America is similar to <italic>Gnomonia gnomon</italic> in
Europe in having a central neck on the perithecia.</p><p><italic><bold>Gnomonia rodmanii</bold></italic> Sogonov, <bold>sp. nov.</bold> MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB512166&link_type=MB">MB 512166</ext-link>, Figs
<xref rid="fig8" ref-type="fig">8K–P</xref>;
<xref rid="fig9" ref-type="fig">9C,D</xref>;
<xref rid="fig10" ref-type="fig">10C,D</xref>.</p><p>Perithecia 180–260 μm alta × 220–330 μm diam.
Rostrum 300–530 μm longum, basi 41–48 μm diam, apice
22–28 μm diam. Ascosporae fusiformes, rectae, interdum leviter
curvatae, (13.5–)15–16.5(–18.5) × 2–2.5 μm,
L:l (6–)6.5–7.5(–8.5). Abd aliis cum rostro eccentrico
<italic>Gnomoniae</italic> speciebus ascosporae longitudine latitudineque differt.
Ascosporae longitudo latitudoque similares <italic>G. monodii</italic> et <italic>G.
virginianae</italic>, sed septi positione et hospitis genere differt.
<italic>Holotypus</italic>: BPI 878211A.</p><p><italic>Anamorph</italic>: Unknown.</p><p><italic>Etymology</italic>: Named after Dr. James Rodman in recognition of his
promotion of taxonomic research. The holotype specimen of this species was
collected during the 6th meeting of National Science Foundation Partnership
for Enhancing Expertise in Taxonomy program that was initiated by Dr.
Rodman.</p><p>Perithecia solitary, without stroma, hypophyllous, mostly next to midrib
but some scattered over leaf blade, immersed at first, erumpent at maturity,
black, suboblate when moist, 180–260 μm high × 220–330
μm diam, concave when dry. Necks eccentric, slightly sinuous, 300–530
μm long, 41–48 μm wide at base, 22–28 μm wide at apex.
Asci fusiform with narrow tapering stipe,
(40.5–)43.5–46(–50.5) ×
(11–)13–14(–14.5) μm (mean = 45 × 13, SD 2.4, 1.1,
n=11), apical ring 2–2.5 μm diam, with eight ascospores arranged
irregularly multiseriate to obliquely uniseriate. Ascospores fusiform,
straight, occasionally slightly curved,
(13.5–)15–16.5(–18.5) × 2–2.5 μm (mean = 16
× 2.5, SD 1.1, 0.2, n=64), l:w (5.8–)6.6–7.3(–8.3)
(mean = 6.9, SD 0.5), two-celled, not constricted at septum, septum located at
(41–)48–50(–55) % (mean = 49, SD 2) of ascospore length,
cells tapering, at ends blunt, rounded, each cell with 2–4 guttules,
usually one large guttule close to septum; appendages whip-shaped, to 30 μm
long.</p><p><italic>Cultures</italic>: Colonies on PDA attaining 85 mm diam after 40 d at 23
°C, flat, loosely velvety, granular from young perithecia in central part,
dark brown; margin diffuse; reverse black. Colonies on MEA attaining 90 mm
after 40 d at 23 °C, flat, dark brown to black, smooth with scant
appressed aerial mycelium, with black dots of submerged young perithecia;
margin diffuse; reverse black. Colonies on MYA attaining 85 mm diam after 40 d
at 23 °C, shallowly and irregularly furrowed in centre, flat at marginal
parts, velvety, greyish dark brown to black; margin diffuse; reverse dark
brown to black.</p><p><italic>Habitat</italic>: On overwintered fallen leaves of <italic>Carpinus
caroliniana</italic> Walter (<italic>Betulaceae</italic>).</p><p><italic>Distribution</italic>: U.S.A. (GA).</p><p><italic>Holotype</italic>: <bold>U.S.A.</bold>, Georgia, Clarke Co., Athens, Botanical
Garden, Orange Trail, 28 Mar. 2007, M.V. Sogonov MS0535 (BPI 878211A, ex-type
culture <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121909&link_type=CBS">CBS
121909</ext-link>).</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: Among species of <italic>Gnomonia</italic> on <italic>Carpinus, G.
rodmanii</italic> has an elongated, eccentric neck on each perithecium unlike
<italic>G. arnstaeditensis</italic> in which an elongated neck is lacking. In
addition, the necks of <italic>G. rodmanii</italic> lack a collar unlike <italic>G.
amoena</italic> that has a central neck surrounded by a collar and is unlike
<italic>G. carpinicola,</italic> a species having two or three necks on each
perithecium.</p><p><italic><bold>Gnomonia skokomishica</bold></italic> Sogonov, <bold>sp. nov.</bold> MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB512167&link_type=MB">MB512167</ext-link>, Figs
<xref rid="fig9" ref-type="fig">9E–G</xref>;
<xref rid="fig10" ref-type="fig">10E,F</xref>;
<xref rid="fig11" ref-type="fig">11A–L</xref>.</p><p>Perithecia 190–340 μm alta × 260–480 μm diam.
Rostrum 610–930 μm longum, basi (34.5–)36.5–42(–44)
μm diam, apice (22.5–)29.5–34.5(–37) μm diam.
Ascosporae fusiformes, rectae, (16.5–)17.5–19(–20.5) ×
2–2.5(–3) μm, L:l (7–)7.5–8.5(–9.5).
Similares <italic>G. gnomon</italic>, sed ascosporae latioribus et ascosporarum septis
leviter sed semper supra medio differt. <italic>Holotypus</italic>: BPI 877465B.</p><p><italic>Anamorph</italic>: Unknown.</p><p><italic>Etymology</italic>: Refers to the Native American tribe near whose
reservation the holotype was collected.</p><p>Perithecia solitary, without stroma, hypophyllous, scattered loosely on
midribs or in dense groups on petioles, immersed at first, erumpent, partly
erumpent or immersed at maturity, black, oblate when moist, 190–340
μm high × 260–480 μm diam, concave when dry. Necks central,
curved, 610–930 μm long (mean = 722, SD 134, n=6),
(34.5–)36.5–42(–44) μm wide at base,
(22.5–)29.5–34.5(–37) μm wide at apex. Asci fusiform with
tapering stipe, (38.5–)40–46.5(–51) ×
(8.5–)10–10.5(–11.5) μm (mean = 43.5 × 10, SD 4, 1,
n=12), apical ring 2–2.5 μm diam, with eight ascospores arranged
evenly or unevenly parallel. Ascospores fusiform, straight
(16.5–)17.5–19(–20.5) × 2–2.5(–3) μm
(mean = 18.5 × 2.5, SD 1, 0.1, n=37), l:w
(6.8–)7.5–8.5(–9.6) (mean = 8, SD 0.7, n=37), two-celled,
constricted at septum, septum located at (51)54–58(–62) % (mean =
56, SD 3) of ascospore length, each cell with 2–3 large or one large and
3–5, smaller guttules, largest guttule close to septum; appendages
whip-shaped to 27 μm long.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig12"><label>Fig. 12.</label><caption><p>Morphology on natural substrate, perithecia. A–C. <italic>Gnomonia
virginianae</italic>. A. BPI 878210. B. BPI 877565A. C. BPI 878209. D–F.
<italic>G</italic>. <italic>amoena</italic>. D, E. BPI 877469. F. BPI 877468. G. <italic>G</italic>.
<italic>arnstadiensis</italic>, BPI 877470. H. <italic>G</italic>. <italic>pseudoamoena,</italic> BPI
877516. A, B, D, F–H. Intact air-dry perithecia on leaves and petioles.
C. Extracted and rehydrated perithecia. E. Air-dry perithecium on fragment of
petiole with removed outer tissue. Scale 200 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig12"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Cultures</italic>: Colonies on PDA and MYA at 23 °C initially forming
velvety pale brown or brown surface, later overgrown by orange-grey to whitish
(PDA) or snow-white (MYA) short felty mycelium expanding from the centre of
colonies, attaining 80 mm diam after 40 d; margin well-defined, low, wavy or
irregularly serrate; reverse greyish brown to dark brown. Colonies on MEA
attaining 90 mm diam after 40 d at 23 °C, flat, thin, greyish orange for
the most part, with dark brown areas or almost entirely dark brown, thin,
smooth with scant appressed aerial mycelium, with black dots of submerged
young perithecia; margin diffuse; reverse of same colours as front side.
Cultures at 2/10 °C produce sterile perithecia after 4.5 mo on PDA and
MYA, asci and ascospores were observed only on MYA in
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121245&link_type=CBS">CBS 121245</ext-link> after 8
mo at 2/10 C. Perithecia produced in culture often with 2–3, rarely 4
necks; necks often hairy. Ascospores similar to those on natural
substrates.</p><p><italic>Habitat</italic>: On overwintered fallen leaves of <italic>Corylus
californica</italic> (<italic>Betulaceae</italic>).</p><p><italic>Distribution</italic>: U.S.A. (WA).</p><p><italic>Holotype</italic>: <bold>U.S.A.,</bold> Washington, Mason Co., Potlatch State
Park, next to U.S. route 101, on overwintered fallen leaves, 16 May 2006, M.V.
Sogonov MS0364a (BPI 877465B, ex-type culture
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121245&link_type=CBS">CBS 121245</ext-link>).</p><p><italic>Additional specimen examined</italic>: <bold>U.S.A.</bold>, Washington, King
Co., Tiger Mountain State Forest, near U.S. route 18, 16 May 2006, M.V.
Sogonov MS0393 (BPI 877535, culture
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121398&link_type=CBS">CBS 121398</ext-link>) GenBank
EU254798.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: This new taxon is similar to <italic>Gnomonia californica</italic>described by Monod (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">1983</xref>) as
compared with the description and illustrations only. According to Monod the
type specimen of <italic>G. californica</italic> is deposited in TRTC from where it
was requested but was not found. <italic>Gnomonia skokomishica</italic> lacks a dark
red collar as described for <italic>G. californica</italic> by Monod
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">1983</xref>) as “collum rubrum
rostrum cingens ex substrato”, “le substrat forme une couronne
rougeâtre, non pulvérulente à la sortie du bec”. In
addition <italic>G. skokomishica</italic> has a submedian ascospore septum while
<italic>G. californica</italic> is described as having a median septum
(“ascosporae... septatae dimidio longitudinis”,
“ascospores... cloisonnées à mi-longueur”)
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">Monod 1983</xref>).</p><p><italic><bold>Gnomonia virginianae</bold></italic> Sogonov, <bold>sp. nov.</bold> MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB512168&link_type=MB">MB 512168</ext-link>. Figs
<xref rid="fig12" ref-type="fig">12A–C</xref>;
<xref rid="fig13" ref-type="fig">13A–C</xref>;
<xref rid="fig14" ref-type="fig">14A–F</xref>.</p><p>Perithecia 115–160 μm high × 150–260 μm diam.
Rostrum 200–430 μm longum, basi 21–33 μm diam, apice
18–28 μm diam. Ascosporae fusiformes, leviter curvatae,
(12–)13–14(–14.5) × (2–) 2.5–3 μm, L:l
(4–)4.5–5(–6). Ad plerumque cum rostro eccentrico
<italic>Gnomoniae</italic> speciebus ascosporae longitudine latitudineque differt.
Ascosporae longitudo latitudoque similares <italic>G. romanii</italic>, sed septi
positione et hospitis genere differt. <italic>Holotypus</italic>: BPI 844264.</p><p><italic>Anamorph</italic>: Unknown.</p><p><italic>Etymology</italic>: Refers to species epithet of the host plant.</p><p>Perithecia hypophyllous, on leaf blade or veins, in loose irregular groups,
immersed at first, erumpent later, black, suboblate to oblate spheroidal when
moist, 115–160 μm high × 150–260 μm diam, concave when
dry. Necks marginal, straight or slightly sinuous, 200–430 μm long,
21–33 μm wide at base, 18–28 μm wide at apex. Asci fusiform
with narrow tapering stipe, (33–)34.5–42(–47.5) ×
(8–)9.5–11(–14) μm (mean = 38.5 × 10.5, SD 5, 1.5,
n=14), apical ring 2–2.5 μm diam, with eight ascospores arranged
unevenly parallel, less commonly in evenly parallel or irregularly
multiseriate. Ascospores fusiform, slightly curved
(12–)13–14(–14.5) × (2–)2.5–3 μm (mean
= 13.5 × 2.5, SD 0.5, 0.2, n=47), l:w
(4.2–)4.7–5.3(–5.8) (mean = 5, SD 0.4), two-celled, slightly
constricted at septum, septum located at (55–)59–62(–66) %
(mean = 61.5, SD 3) of ascospore length, cells tapering, at ends blunt,
rounded, distal cell usually with two, basal cell with two or three large
guttules, several smaller guttules may be present in each cell; appendages
whip-shaped, 7–45 μm long.</p><p><italic>Cultures</italic>: Colonies on PDA attaining 30 mm diam after 40 d at 23
°C, with knobbed surface, velvety, greyish orange, brownish orange, pale
brown or brownish grey, with droplets of clear exudate; margin well-defined,
irregular; reverse pale brown to dark brown. Colonies on MEA attaining 30 mm
diam after 40 d at 23 °C, radially wrinkled and furrowed, velvety,
orange-grey to brownish orange; margins with two brims differing from the rest
of colony, 1–2 mm wide each, a dark brown velvety inner brim and greyish
orange waxy outer brim; margin well-defined, even; reverse greyish orange and
orange-grey to brownish orange and brown. Colonies on MYA attaining 22 mm diam
after 40 d at 23 °C, densely radially wrinkled, velvety to felty,
orange-white with pale brown 3 mm brim; margin well-defined, even; reverse
greyish brown to pale brown. Neither perithecia nor conidiomata observed in
cultures on PDA, MEA and MYA after 8 mo at 2/10 C. Scarce fertile perithecia
were observed in cultures on CMA after 5 mo at 15 °C in darkness.</p><p><italic>Habitat</italic>: On overwintered fallen leaves of <italic>Ostrya
virginiana</italic> (<italic>Betulaceae</italic>).</p><p><italic>Distribution</italic>: U.S.A. (AR, GA, MD, NC).</p><p><italic>Holotype</italic>: <bold>U.S.A.,</bold> Maryland, Montgomery Co., Chesapeake
& Ohio Canal National Historic Park, 10 April 2004, M.V. Sogonov MS0016
(BPI 844264, ex type culture
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121913&link_type=CBS">CBS 121913</ext-link>).</p><p><italic>Additional specimens examined</italic>: <bold>U.S.A.</bold>, Arkansas, Ozark
Natural Science Center, 21 June 2006, L.N. Vasilyeva (BPI 877565A) GenBank
EU254804; Georgia, Clarke Co., Athens, Oconee Forest Park, 30 March 2007, M.V.
Sogonov MS0532 (BPI 878209) GenBank EU254805; Georgia, Clarke Co., Athens,
Botanical Garden, Orange Trail, 28 March 2007, M.V. Sogonov MS0534 (BPI
878210); Maryland, Mongomery Co., Chesapeake & Ohio Canal National
Historic Park, 10 April 2004, M.V. Sogonov MS0023 (BPI 877564) GenBank
EU254802; North Carolina, Wake Co., Raleigh, William B. Umstead State Park,
hardwood forest, 03 April 2005, M.V. Sogonov MS0169 (BPI 877566) GenBank
EU254803; same collecting data MS0170 (BPI 877422).</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Gnomonia virginianae</italic> is the only species of
<italic>Gnomonia</italic> on <italic>Ostrya</italic> in North America and is distinct from the
two European species on <italic>Ostrya, G. arnestadtiensis</italic> and <italic>G.
ostryae. Gnomonia arnstadtiensis</italic> has perithecia lacking an elongated neck
while ascospores of <italic>G. ostryae</italic> are longer and wider than those of
<italic>G. virginianae</italic>. Many specimens of <italic>Gnomonia virginianae</italic> were
identified as <italic>Apiognomonia ostryae</italic> variété 2 by Monod
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">1983</xref>).</p></sec><sec><title>Additional species accepted in <italic>Gnomonia</italic></title><p><italic><bold>Gnomonia amoena</bold></italic> (Nees: Fr.) Ces. & De Not., Comment.
Soc. Crittog. Ital. 1: 232. 1863.
Figs
<xref rid="fig12" ref-type="fig">12D–F</xref>;
<xref rid="fig13" ref-type="fig">13D,E</xref>;
<xref rid="fig14" ref-type="fig">14G–L</xref>.</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Sphaeria amoena</italic> Nees: Fr., Nova Acta Acad. Caes.
Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur. 9: 257. 1818: Syst. Mycol. 2: 517. 1823.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Gnomoniella amoena</italic> (Nees: Fr.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 1: 414.
1882.</p></list-item></list></p><p><italic>Habitat</italic>: On dead leaves and petioles of <italic>Carpinus betulus</italic>and <italic>C. caroliniana</italic> (<italic>Betulaceae</italic>).</p><p><italic>Distribution</italic>: Europe (Germany, Switzerland) and U.S.A. (TN).</p><p><italic>Specimens examined</italic>: <bold>Switzerland,</bold> Lausanne, on
overwintered leaves of <italic>Carpinus betulus</italic>, 25 May 2005, coll. M.V.
Sogonov (BPI 877468) GenBank EU254770; Vaud, near hospital St-Loup, on
overwintered leaves of <italic>Carpinus betulus</italic>, 24 May 2005,
EU254769.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Gnomonia amoena</italic> is unique among species of
<italic>Gnomonia</italic> on <italic>Carpinus</italic> in having a distinct collar around the
central neck. Monod (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">1983</xref>)
provides a detailed description of this species. Barr
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">1978</xref>) erred in reporting this
species on <italic>Corylus</italic> based on specimens later identified by Monod
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">1983</xref>) as <italic>G.
californica</italic> M. Monod. Specimens of <italic>G. amoena</italic> on <italic>Liquidambar
styraciflua</italic> L. are reidentified as <italic>Ambarignomonia
petiolorum</italic>.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig13"><label>Fig. 13.</label><caption><p>Morphology on natural substrate, asci and ascospores. A–C.
<italic>Gnomonia viriginianae</italic>. A. BPI 877565A. B. Holotype BPI 844264. C. BPI
878209. D, E. <italic>G</italic>. <italic>amoena</italic>, BPI 877469. F, G. <italic>G</italic>.
<italic>pseudoamoena</italic>. F. BPI 877518. G. Stirpes Cryptogamae Vogeso-Rhenanae
1251, BPI bound. Scale 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig13"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic><bold>Gnomonia arnstadtiensis</bold></italic> Auersw. in Gonn. & Rabenh.,
Mycol. Europ. 5/6: 22. 1869. <xref rid="fig12" ref-type="fig">Fig.
12G</xref>.</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Plagiostoma arnstadtiense</italic> (Auersw.) M. Monod, Beih.
Sydowia 9: 143. 1983.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Hypospila rehmii</italic> Sacc., Syll. Fung. 2: 189. 1883 <italic>fide</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">Monod 1983</xref>.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Gnomonina rehmii</italic> (Sacc.) Höhn., Ann. Mycol. 16: 52.
1918.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Plagiostoma rehmii</italic> (Sacc.) Arx, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
17: 264. 1951.</p></list-item></list></p><p><italic>Habitat</italic>: On fallen leaves of <italic>Carpinus betulus</italic> and
<italic>Ostrya carpinifolia</italic> (<italic>Betulaceae</italic>).</p><p><italic>Distribution</italic>: Europe (Bulgaria, Germany, Switzerland,
“Yugoslavia”)</p><p><italic>Specimens examined:</italic> Bulgaria, Mt Belasitsa, nearby Belasitsa
challet, alt. <italic>ca.</italic> 750 m, on overwintered leaves of <italic>Ostrya
carpinifolia</italic>, 30 Apr 2005, Stoykov, D. (BPI 877470) GenBank EU254772;
Balkan foot-hill region, Golyama Zhelyazna village, Promkombinat locality, on
overwintered leaves of <italic>Ostrya carpinifolia</italic>, 4 Apr 2005, Stoykov, D.
(BPI 877472B) GenBank EU254773.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig14"><label>Fig. 14.</label><caption><p>Culture morphology. A–F. <italic>Gnomonia virginianae</italic> ex-type
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121913&link_type=CBS">CBS 121913</ext-link>.
G–L. <italic>G</italic>. <italic>amoena</italic><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121262&link_type=CBS">CBS 121262</ext-link>.
M–T. <italic>G</italic>. <italic>pseudoamoena</italic><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121261&link_type=CBS">CBS 121261</ext-link>.
A–R. Colony habit. A–N, Q, R. 40 d, 23 °C. O, P. 14 d, 23
°C. S. A, C, E, G, I, K, M, O, Q. Surface. B, D, F, H, J, L, N, P, R.
Reverse. Perithecium, 4.5 mo, 2/10 °C. T. Asci, 4.5 mo, 2/10 °C. A, B,
G, H, M, N. PDA. C, D, I, J, O, P, S, T. MEA. E, F, K, L, Q, R. MYA. Scale:
A–R. 1 cm. S. 200 μm. T. 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig14"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Gnomonia arnstadtiensis</italic> is unique among species of
<italic>Gnomonia</italic> on <italic>Carpinus</italic> and <italic>Ostrya</italic> in lacking an
elongated neck on the perithecium.</p><p><italic><bold>Gnomonia carpinicola</bold></italic> (Höhn.) Sogonov, <bold>comb.
nov.</bold> MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB512169&link_type=MB">MB
512169</ext-link>.
Basionym: <italic>Plagiostomella carpinicola</italic>Höhn., Ann. Mycol. 16: 52. 1918.</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Apioplagiostoma carpinicola</italic> (Höhn.) M.E. Barr, Mycol.
Mem. 7: 103. 1978.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Gnomonia stahlii</italic> Kleb., Haupt- und Nebenfruchtformen der
Ascomyzeten: 279. 1918 <italic>fide</italic> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">Monod
1983</xref>.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Apiospora carpinea</italic> Rehm, Ber. naturalist. Ver. Augburg 26: 119.
1881 non <italic>Gnomonia carpinea</italic> (Fr.) Kleb. 1918 <italic>fide</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">Monod 1983</xref>.</p></list-item></list></p><p><italic>Habitat</italic>: On fallen leaves of <italic>Carpinus betulus</italic> L.
(<italic>Betulaceae</italic>).</p><p><italic>Distribution</italic>: Europe (Bulgaria, Germany, Switzerland).</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: The perithecia of <italic>Gnomonia carpinicola</italic> are unusual
in often having two or three necks emerging on both sides of the leaf blades.
In addition the ascospores have a submedian septum.</p><p><italic><bold>Gnomonia pseudoamoena</bold></italic> M. Monod, Beih. Sydowia 9: 86. 1983.
Figs <xref rid="fig12" ref-type="fig">12H</xref>;
<xref rid="fig13" ref-type="fig">13F,G</xref>;
<xref rid="fig14" ref-type="fig">14M–T</xref>.</p><p><italic>Habitat</italic>: On fallen leaves of <italic>Corylus avellana</italic> and <italic>C.
californica</italic> (<italic>Betulaceae</italic>).</p><p><italic>Distribution</italic>: Canada (British Columbia) and Europe (Bulgaria,
Germany, Sweden, Switzerland)</p><p><italic>Specimens examined</italic>: <bold>Switzerland,</bold> Vaud, near hospital
St-Loup, on overwintered leaves of <italic>Corylus avellana</italic>, 24 May 2005,
coll. M.V. Sognov (BPI 877512) GenBank EU254794; Flühli, on overwintered
leaves of <italic>Corylus avellana</italic>, 27 May 2005, coll. M.V. Sogonov (BPI
877513) GenBank EU254793; same as above (BPI 877516) GenBank
EU254792.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig15"><label>Fig. 15.</label><caption><p>Morphology on natural substrate, perithecia. <italic>Ambarignomonia
petiolorum</italic>. A, B. Epitype BPI 844274. C, D. BPI 877511. A, C. Intact
air-dry perithecia on petioles. B. Air-dry perithecium on fragment of petiole
with removed outer tissue. D. Extracted and rehydrated perithecia. Scale 200
μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig15"></graphic></fig></p><p><fig position="float" id="fig16"><label>Fig. 16.</label><caption><p>Morphology on natural substrate, asci and ascospores. <italic>Ambarignomonia
petiolorum</italic>. A. Epitype BPI 844274. B, C. BPI 877509. Scale 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig16"></graphic></fig></p><p><fig position="float" id="fig17"><label>Fig. 17.</label><caption><p><italic>Ambarignomonia petiolorum</italic> ex-type
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121227&link_type=CBS">CBS 121227</ext-link>, culture
morphology, colony habit. A, C, E. Surface. B, D, F. Reverse. A, B. PDA. C, D.
MEA. E, F. MYA. Scale 1 cm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig17"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Gnomonia pseudoamoena</italic> is unique among species of
<italic>Gnomonia</italic> on <italic>Corylus</italic> in having a distinct collar around the
central neck. Stoykov & Denchev
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref65">2006</xref>) reported this species
from Bulgaria as <italic>G. amoena</italic>.</p><p><bold>AMBARIGNOMONIA</bold> Sogonov <bold>gen. nov</bold>. MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB512170&link_type=MB">MB 512170</ext-link>.</p><p>Perithecia solitaria, sine stromate, immerse, in foliis caducis, in sicco
concava. Rostri centralia, recti, apice contracti, basi circumcincti collo
albo pulveraceo. Ascosporae fusiformes, bicellulares. <italic>Holotypus</italic>:
<italic>Ambarignomonia petiolorum</italic> (Schwein.: Fr.) Sogonov, <bold>comb.
nov.</bold></p><p>Perithecia solitary, without stroma, on fallen leaves, on petioles and
basal parts of major veins of fallen leaves, immersed, black, suboblate when
moist, concave when dry, round in top view. Necks central, straight, tapering
to their ends, at base surrounded by white powdery collar not soluble in water
or 3 % KOH, length 3–4 times greater than perithecial diam. Asci
fusiform, with apical ring, with eight spores arranged irregularly
fasciculate. Ascospores fusiform, l:w <italic>ca.</italic> 7, two-celled; appendages
ovoid to subulate. Colonies usually slowly to moderately growing, reaching 0.5
cm diam or less in 2 wk at 23 °C dark/light. Colony surface glabrous,
sometimes velvety in central part, yellowish brown. Conidiogenous structures
or perithecia never formed in culture. Known only from <italic>Liquidambar
styraciflua</italic> (<italic>Hamamelidaceae</italic>).</p><p><italic><bold>Ambarignomonia petiolorum</bold></italic> (Schwein.: Fr.) Sogonov, <bold>comb.
nov.</bold> MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB512171&link_type=MB">MB
512171</ext-link>. Figs
<xref rid="fig15" ref-type="fig">15A–D</xref>;
<xref rid="fig16" ref-type="fig">16A–C</xref>;
<xref rid="fig17" ref-type="fig">17A–F</xref>.
Basionym:
<italic>Sphaeria petiolorum</italic> Schwein.: Fr., Schr. Naturf. Ges. Leipzig 1: 41.
1822: Syst. Mycol. 2: 517. 1823.</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Gnomonia petiolorum</italic> (Schwein.: Fr.) Cooke, Grevillea 7:
54. 1878.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Gnomoniella amoena</italic> var. <italic>petiolorum</italic> (Schwein.:
Fr.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 1: 414. 1882.</p></list-item></list></p><p>Perithecia solitary, without stroma, evenly and densely distributed over
petioles of fallen leaves, sometimes also on basal parts of major veins,
immersed, black, suboblate when moist, 180–220 μm high ×
300–420 μm diam, concave when dry, round in top view. Necks central,
straight, 200–700 μm long, 65–80 μm wide at base,
35–45 μm wide at apex. Asci fusiform with narrow tapering stipe,
(24–)27.5–29.5(–33.5) ×
(6.5–)8–9.5(–11) μm (mean = 29 × 9, SD 2.5, 1.2,
n=25), apical ring 1.3–2 μm diam, with eight ascospores arranged
irregularly multiseriate or unevenly parallel. Ascospores fusiform, slightly
curved (9–)11–12.5(–15) × 1.5–2 μm (mean =
11.5 × 2, SD 1.5, 0.2, n=44), l:w (5–)6.1–6.9(–8)
(mean = 6.5, SD 0.6), two-celled, not constricted at septum located at
(36–)45–50(–54) % (mean = 47, SD 4) of ascospore length,
each cell with several (usually 3–5) guttules, usually one large guttule
close to septum; appendages subulate 1–4 μm long, rarely whip-like to
10 μm long.</p><p><italic>Cultures</italic>: Colonies on PDA attaining 40 mm diam after 40 d at 23
°C, branched, at margin with patches of aerial mycelium connected with
each other, in centre surface knobbed, aerial mycelium velvety to felty,
orange-white, orange-grey or pale orange; margin well-defined, irregular, in
some parts submerged; reverse dark brown; agar stained with orange-brown
pigment. Colonies on MEA extremely slow growing, forming a brim of only
1–2 mm around original inoculum after 40 d at 23 °C, velvety,
orange-grey; margin clear; reverse dark brown. Colonies on MYA attaining 10 mm
diam after 40 d at 23 °C, mostly submerged, radially stringy, pale brown,
with an entire spot of orange-grey felty aerial mycelium, orange-white with
pale brown 3 mm brim; margin diffuse; reverse pale brown to dark brown.
Neither perithecia nor conidiomata observed in cultures on PDA, MEA and MYA
after 4.5 mo at 2/10 C.</p><p><italic>Habitat</italic>: On petioles and basal vein parts of fallen leaves of
<italic>Liquidambar styraciflua</italic> (<italic>Hamamelidaceae</italic>).</p><p><italic>Distribution</italic>: U.S.A. (AL, DE, GA, LA, MD, MS, NC, NJ, SC, TN, TX,
VA).</p><p><italic>Lectotype designated here</italic>: <bold>U.S.A.</bold>, North Carolina, L.D.
Schweinitz (Shear Study Collection Types & Rarities Series I, BPI 800519).
<italic><bold>Epitype</bold></italic> <bold>designated here</bold>: <bold>U.S.A.</bold>, Virginia,
Accomack Co., southern part of Assateague Island, 09 May 2004, M.V. Sogonov
MS0037 (BPI 844274, ex-type culture
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121227&link_type=CBS">CBS 121227</ext-link>).</p><p><italic>Additional specimens examined</italic>: <bold>U.S.A.</bold>, Alabama,
Septent, 2 June 1854, T.M. Peters, D.A. Watt Herb. 569, Missouri Bot. Gard.
Herb. 60514 (BPI 611281); Delaware, Newark, 25 May 1908, H.S. Jackson 2159
(BPI 611282); Georgia, Darien, date unknown, H.W. Ravenel, Fungi Americani
Exsiccati 374 (BPI 611547); Louisiana, 04 March 1896, collector unknown,
Herbarium of Rev.A.B. Langlois (BPI 596288); Louisiana, 22 Dec. 1888, and
others, collector unknown, Herbarium of Rev. A.B. Langlois (BPI 596290);
Louisiana, 23 March 1893, collector unknown, Herbarium of Rev. A.B. Langlois
(BPI 596291); Louisiana, St. Martinsville, March 1890, Rev. A.B. Langlois,
Ellis & Everhart 2543 (BPI 596292); same location, 11 Nov. 1890, Rev. A.B.
Langlois, Herb. S.M. Tracy (BPI 596295); Louisiana, near St. Martinsville, 05
Nov. 1899, Rev. A.B. Langlois, Flora Ludoviciana (BPI 596294); Maryland, St.
Mary's, 29 May 1921, C.L. Shear (BPI 611546); Maryland, Suitland, date
unknown, H.H. Whetzel, R.W. Davidson <italic>et al.</italic> (BPI 611280); Maryland,
Prince George Co., Greenbelt, Greenbelt Park, 21 Apr. 2004, M.V. Sogonov
MS0028 (BPI 877511); Maryland, Prince George's Co., Beltsville, BARC, forest
near B011A, 06 Apr. 2005, M.V. Sogonov MS0178 (BPI 877510); Mississippi, Pike
Co., Percy Quinn State Park, 27 Feb. 2006, M.V. Sogonov MS0331 (BPI 877509);
New Jersey, Monmouth Co., Turkey Swamp Wildlife Management Area, 08 Jan. 1995,
G. Bills (BPI 802807); South Carolina, date unknown, collector unknown,
Michener Collection, Shear Study Collection Types & Rarities Series I (BPI
800520); ibid. (BPI 800521); Tennessee, Great Smoky Mountains National Park,
Cosby Cabin, 13 May 2002, L.N. Vasilyeva (BPI 843530, culture
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=116866&link_type=CBS">CBS 116866</ext-link>);
Tennessee, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tremont, 04 June 2002, L.N.
Vasilyeva (BPI 863545); Texas, Houston, year 1869, H.W. Ravenel (BPI
596289).</p><p><italic>Additional sequence from GenBank</italic>: <bold>U.S.A.</bold>, North Carolina,
Durham, Duke Forest, litter, date unknown, H.E. O'Brien, J.L. Parrent, J.A.
Jackson, J.-M. Moncalvo, R. Vilgalys, nrDNA ITS1–5.8S–ITS2
(AY969703).</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Ambarignomonia petiolorum</italic> is an extremely common
species on petioles of overwintered leaves of sweetgum (<italic>Liquidambar
styraciflua</italic>) in eastern North America. This species is easily identified
by the whitish powdery collar surrounding the central neck.</p><p><bold>APIOGNOMONIA</bold> Höhn., Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 35: 635. 1917.</p><p>Type species: <italic>Apiognomonia veneta</italic> (Sacc. & Speg.)
Höhn.</p><p>Perithecia solitary, on fallen leaves, epiphyllous or on petioles, or on
dead but still attached pedicels of trees and shrubs, or on dead parts of
herbaceous plants, otherwise in groups of 5–15 perithecia with or
without weakly developed stroma on twigs of trees and shrubs. Perithecia
black, remaining immersed in substrate, oblate to spherical when moist,
convex, sometimes with some irregular dents when dry, round in top view, with
one neck. Necks central to marginal, never truly lateral, mostly 0.5–2
perithecial diam long but varying from almost lacking to length 3–4
times perithecial diam. Asci fusiform, with an apical ring, with eight spores
arranged irregularly multiseriate or obliquely uniseriate. Ascospores mostly
two-celled, rarely one-celled, oval to fusiform, l:w 2.5–6; ends mostly
rounded, rarely pointed; appendages mostly absent or less commonly present,
subulate, navicular or whip-shaped, to 30 μm long.</p><p><italic>Cultures</italic>: Colonies fast growing, often reaching edges of 90 mm
Petri plates after 2 wk at 23 °C l/d or at least 60–70 mm diam.
Colonies floccose or lanose all over surface or in lobes or concentric rings
intermingled with glabrous or velvety areas. Colonies whitish, grey,
orange-grey, brownish orange, dark brown, olive. Some species produce fertile
perithecia in culture after 5–6 mo at 2/10 °C l/d. Conidiomata often
produced after 2–4 wk at 23 °C l/d.</p><p><italic>Hosts</italic>: In diverse taxonomic groups (<italic>Aceraceae, Ericaceae,
Euphorbiaceae, Fagaceae, Geraniaceae, Hippocastanaceae, Oleaceae, Platanaceae,
Polygonaceae, Salicaceae</italic>). Most species are specific to one host species
or genus, however, a few species are on a diverse range of plants.</p><p><italic><bold>Apiognomonia veneta</bold></italic> (Sacc. & Speg.) Höhn., Ann.
Mycol. 16: 51. 1918.</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Laestadia veneta</italic> Sacc. & Speg., Michelia 1: 351.
1878.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Apiospora veneta</italic> (Sacc. & Speg.) Kleb., Z.
Pflanzenkrankh. 7: 258. 1902.</p></list-item><list-item><p>[≡ <italic>Gnomonia veneta</italic> (Sacc. & Speg.) Kleb., Jahrb. Wiss.
Bot. 41: 533. 1905 <italic>non</italic> Speg. 1879.]</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Gnomonia platani</italic> Kleb., Vortr. Ges. Bot. 1: 28. 1914.</p></list-item></list></p><p><fig position="float" id="fig18"><label>Fig. 18.</label><caption><p>Morphology on natural substrate, perithecia. A–C. <italic>Apiognomonia
acerina</italic>. A, C. BPI 877677. B. BPI 877678. D, E. <italic>A</italic>.
<italic>hystrix</italic>. D. Monod 464, LAU bound. E. BPI 877692. A, B, D, E. Intact
air-dry perithecia on stems, twigs, leaves and petioles. C. Extracted and
rehydrated perithecia. Scale 200 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig18"></graphic></fig></p><p><fig position="float" id="fig19"><label>Fig. 19.</label><caption><p>Morphology on natural substrate, asci and ascospores. A, B.
<italic>Apiognomonia acerina</italic>, BPI 877677. C–E. <italic>A. hystrix</italic>. C.
BPI 877697. D. BPI 877698. E. BPI 877692. Scale 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig19"></graphic></fig></p><p><fig position="float" id="fig20"><label>Fig. 20.</label><caption><p><italic>Apiognomonia borealis</italic><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=799.79&link_type=CBS">CBS 799.79</ext-link>, culture
morphology, colony habit, 40 d, 23 °C. A, C, E. Surface. B, D, F. Reverse.
A, B. PDA. C, D. MEA. E, F. MYA. Scale 1 cm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig20"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Habitat</italic>: On overwintered leaves of <italic>Platanus occidentalis</italic>and <italic>P. orientalis</italic> (<italic>Platanaceae</italic>), rarely, <italic>Tilia</italic> sp.
(<italic>Tiliaceae</italic>).</p><p><italic>Distribution</italic>: Widespread in temperate regions including Canada
(British Columbia), Europe (Bulgaria, France, Germany, Switzerland), New
Zealand, and U.S.A. (MD, TN).</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: A detailed description of <italic>Apiognomonia veneta</italic> and
its distinction from the closely related <italic>A. errabunda</italic> is provided by
Sogonov <italic>et. al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref64">2007</xref>).</p></sec><sec><title>Additional species of Apiognomonia</title><p>The following taxa are accepted species of <italic>Apiognomonia</italic> based on
their inclusion in multigene and ITS phylogeny.</p><p><italic><bold>Apiognomonia acerina</bold></italic> (Starbäck) M. Monod, Beih.
Sydowia 9: 63. 1983. Figs
<xref rid="fig18" ref-type="fig">18A–C</xref>;
<xref rid="fig19" ref-type="fig">19A,B</xref>.</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Gnomonia acerina</italic> Starbäck, Bih. K. Svenska Vetensk
Akad. Handl. 14, Afd. 3, n. 5: 17. 1889.</p></list-item></list></p><p><italic>Habitat</italic>: On fallen leaves of <italic>Acer opalus</italic> Mill.<italic>, A.
platanoides</italic> L., and <italic>A. pseudoplatanus</italic> L.
(<italic>Aceraceae</italic>).</p><p><italic>Distribution</italic>: Europe (Bulgaria, Germany, Switzerland)</p><p>Specimen <italic>examined</italic>: <bold>Switzerland</bold>, Valais, Salvan/Les
Marécottes, Pont du Triège, 1300 m a.s.l., on overwintered
leaves of <italic>Acer pseudoplatanus</italic>, May 2005, coll. M. Monod (BPI 877677)
GenBank EU254990.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: Among species of <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> on <italic>Acer,
Apiognomonia acerina</italic> is unique in having ascospores that are wider than
3.5 μm and having a central neck. Barr
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">1978</xref>) considered the basionym
<italic>Gnomonia acerina</italic> to be synonym of <italic>Apioplagiostoma aceriferum</italic>(Cooke) M.E. Barr but Monod
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">1983</xref>) recognised this name as
a distinct species and provides detailed descriptions of both species. ITS
sequences of <italic>Apiognomonia acerina and Apioplagiostoma aceriferum</italic> show
these species to be distinct. <xref rid="fig1" ref-type="fig">Fig.
1</xref> shows <italic>Apioplagiostoma acerifum</italic> in <italic>Pleuroceras</italic>,
a genus not detailed in this study.</p><p><italic><bold>Apiognomonia borealis</bold></italic> (J. Schröt.) M. Monod, Beih.
Sydowia 9: 61. 1983. Figs
<xref rid="fig20" ref-type="fig">20A–F</xref>.</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Gnomonia borealis</italic> J. Schröt., Jahresber. Schles. Ges.
Vaterl. Cult. 65: 275. 1888.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Gnomonia pratensis</italic> Svrček, Česká Mykol. 28:
219. 1974 <italic>fide</italic> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">Monod
1983</xref>.</p></list-item></list></p><p><italic>Habitat</italic>: On overwintered leaves and stems of <italic>Geranium
pratense</italic> L.<italic>, G. sanguineum</italic> L., and <italic>G. sylvaticum</italic> L.
(<italic>Geraniaceae</italic>).</p><p><italic>Distribution</italic>: Europe (Czech Republic, Finland, Norway, Sweden,
Switzerland).</p><p><italic>Specimen examined</italic>: <bold>Switzerland,</bold> Vaud, col du
Mollendruz, on <italic>Geranium sylvaticum</italic>, Monod 274,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=796.79&link_type=CBS">CBS 796.79</ext-link>, GenBank
EU254999.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Apiognomonia borealis</italic> is distinguished from other
species of <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> on <italic>Geranium</italic> by the ascospores having
a supramedium septum. Monod
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">1983</xref>) provides a detailed
description of this species.</p><p><italic><bold>Apiognomonia errabunda</bold></italic> (Roberge) Höhn., Ann. Mycol.
16: 51. 1918.</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Sphaeria errabunda</italic> Roberge in Desm., Ann. Sci. nat. Bot.,
ser. 3 10: 355. 1848.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Gnomonia errabunda</italic> (Roberge) Auersw. in Gonn. &
Rabenh., Mycol. Eur. 5/6, p. 25. 1869.</p></list-item></list></p><p>More synonyms are listed in Sogonov <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref64">2007</xref>).</p><p><italic>Habitat</italic>: On overwintered leaves primarily of hardwoods trees in
the <italic>Fagaceae, Salicaceae</italic>, and <italic>Tiliaceae</italic> as well as other
woody and herbaceous plants including <italic>Chamerion angustifolium</italic> (L.)
Holub<italic>, Rhus glabra</italic> L. and <italic>Sorbus aria</italic> (L.) Crantz as listed
in Sogonov <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref64">2007</xref>). <italic>Distribution</italic>:
Widespread in northern temperate regions as listed in Sogonov <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref64">2007</xref>).</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig21"><label>Fig. 21.</label><caption><p>Morphology on natural substrate, perithecia. A–C. <italic>Gnomoniopsis
chamaemori</italic>, BPI 877438. D–G. <italic>G</italic>. <italic>clavulata</italic>.
D–F. Epitype BPI 877443. G. Lectotype BPI 611339. H–K. <italic>G</italic>.
<italic>paraclavulata</italic>, holotype BPI 877448. L, M. <italic>G</italic>.
<italic>fructicola</italic>. L. BPI 877446. M. BPI 877454. N, O. <italic>G</italic>.
<italic>racemula</italic>, BPI 871003. P. Q. <italic>G</italic>. cf. <italic>chamaemori</italic>. P.
BPI 877452A. Q. BPI 877456. A, B, D, H, I, L–N, P, Q. Intact air-dry
perithecia on leaves and stems. C, E–G, J, K, O. Extracted and
rehydrated perithecia. Scale 200 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig21"></graphic></fig></p><p><fig position="float" id="fig22"><label>Fig. 22.</label><caption><p>Morphology on natural substrate, asci and ascospores. A–C.
<italic>Gnomoniopsis chamaemori</italic>, neotype BPI 877438. D–F. <italic>G</italic>.
<italic>clavulata</italic>. D. BPI 877440. E. BPI 877442. F. BPI 877441. G, H.
<italic>G</italic>. <italic>paraclavulata</italic>. G. Holotype BPI 877448. H. BPI 877449. I.
<italic>G</italic>. <italic>fructicola</italic>, BPI 877446. J. <italic>G</italic>. <italic>racemula</italic>,
BPI 871003. K, L. <italic>G</italic>. cf. <italic>chamaemori</italic>. K. BPI 877455. L. BPI
877456. Scale 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig22"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Apiognomonia errabunda</italic> is the cause of oak
anthracnose (Sinclair <italic>&</italic> Lyon 2005 as <italic>A. veneta</italic>). A
detailed description including the differences between <italic>A. errabunda</italic>and the closely related <italic>A. veneta</italic> are provided by Sogonov <italic>et.
al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref64">2007</xref>). Like many
species in the <italic>Gnomoniaceae, A. errabunda</italic> is frequently isolated as
an endophyte in woody plants.</p><p><italic><bold>Apiognomonia hystrix</bold></italic> (Tode: Fr.) Sogonov, <bold>comb. nov.</bold>MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB512172&link_type=MB">MB512172</ext-link>.
Figs <xref rid="fig18" ref-type="fig">18D,E</xref>;
<xref rid="fig19" ref-type="fig">19C–E</xref>.
Basionym:
<italic>Sphaeria hystrix</italic> Tode, Fungi Meckl. 2: 53. 1791.</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Diatrype hystrix</italic> Tode: Fr., Sum. Veg. Scand.: 383.
1846.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Mamiana hystrix</italic> (Tode: Fr.) De Not., Comment. Soc.
Crittog. Ital. 1: 43. 1863.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Cryptospora hystrix</italic> (Tode: Fr.) Fuckel, Jb. Nassau Ver.
Naturk. 23–24: 194. 1870.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Diaporthe hystrix</italic> (Tode: Fr.) Sacc., Fung. Ven. 4: 6.
1873.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Chorostate hystrix</italic> (Tode: Fr.) Traverso, Fl. Ital. Crypt.
2: 212. 1906.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Cryptodiaporthe hystrix</italic> (Tode: Fr.) Petr., Ann. Mycol. 19:
119. 1921.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Valsa longirostris</italic> Tul. & C. Tul., Sel. Fung. Carp. 2: 200.
1863 <italic>fide</italic> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref73">Wehmeyer
1933</xref>.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Diaporthe longirostris</italic> (Tul. & C. Tul.) Sacc., Syll.
Fung. 1: 609. 1882.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Diaporthe mamiania</italic> Sacc., Syll. Fung. 1: 609. 1882 <italic>fide</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref73">Wehmeyer 1933</xref>.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Chorostate mamiania</italic> (Sacc.) Traverso, Fl. Ital. Crypt. 2:
201. 1906.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Sphaeria cerastis</italic> Riess, Hedwigia 1: 24. 1853.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Gnomonia cerastis</italic> (Riess) Ces. & De Not., Comment.
Soc. Crittog. Ital. 1: 233. 1863.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Sphaeria petioli</italic> Fuckel, Jahrb. Ver. Naturkunde Herzogthume
Nassau 15: 68. 1860 <italic>fide</italic> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">Monod
1983</xref>.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Gnomonia petioli</italic> (Fuckel) Cooke in Rabenh., Fungi Europaei
exsiccati 927. 1866.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Gnomoniella brunaudiana</italic> Pass. in Brunaud, Champ. Saint. 5, 1,
1891 <italic>fide</italic> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">Monod
1983</xref>.</p></list-item><list-item><p><italic>= Gnomoniella hippocastani</italic> Brunaud, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 36: 336.
1889 <italic>fide</italic> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">Monod
1983</xref>.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Gnomonia aesculi</italic> Oudem., Beih. bot. Centralbl. 11: 527. 1902
<italic>fide</italic> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">Monod 1983</xref>.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Gnomonia cerastis</italic> Riess f. <italic>nedundinis</italic> Karakulin, Morbi
plant. Script. Lect. Phyto. Hort. Bot. U.S.S.R. 14: 81. 1925 <italic>fide</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">Monod 1983</xref>.</p></list-item></list></p><p><fig position="float" id="fig23"><label>Fig. 23.</label><caption><p><italic>Gnomoniopsis chamaemori</italic><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=803.79&link_type=CBS">CBS 803.79</ext-link>, culture
morphology, colony habit. A, C, E. Surface. B, D, F. Reverse. A, B. PDA. C, D.
MEA. E, F. MYA. Scale 1 cm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig23"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Habitat</italic>: On overwintered leaves, twigs and branches of <italic>Acer
pseudoplatanus</italic> (<italic>Aceraceae</italic>) and various other hardwoods.</p><p><italic>Distribution</italic>: Europe (Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Germany,
Switzerland).</p><p><italic>Specimens examined</italic>: <bold>Canada,</bold> Ontario, Etobicoke, Dean
West Park, on overwintered leaves of <italic>Acer saccharum</italic>, 1 Apr 2005,
coll. M.V. Sogonov (BPI 877696) GenBank EU255019. <bold>Russia,</bold> Novgorod
province, Kholm, Arboretum (Dendropark), on overwintered leaves of
<italic>Fraxinus excelsior</italic>, 7 Jun 2005, coll. M.V. Sogonov (BPI 877698)
GenBank255022. <bold>The Netherlands,</bold> Baarn, Garen Eemnersserweg 90, on leaf
spot of seedling of <italic>Acer negundo</italic>, Oct 1997, coll. H.A. van der Aa
12406 (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=100566&link_type=CBS">CBS 100566</ext-link>)
GenBank EU255032.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Apiognomonia hystrix</italic> as <italic>Cryptodiaporthe
hystrix</italic> with its synonym <italic>Gnomonia cerastis</italic> and its relationship
to members of the <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> was recognised by Monod
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">1983</xref>) who provides a detailed
description of this species as <italic>C. hystrix</italic>.</p><p><bold>GNOMONIOPSIS</bold> Berl., Icon. Fung. 1: 93. 1894.</p><p><italic>Type species</italic>: <italic>Gnomoniopsis chamaemori</italic> (Fr.) Berl.</p><p>Perithecia solitary or groups up to 5, without stroma, on fallen,
overwintered leaves and twigs of trees and shrubs, usually epiphyllous or on
petioles, on dead parts of herbaceous plants.</p><p>Perithecia black, remaining immersed, spheroidal to suboblate when moist,
convex or irregularly dented when dry, round in top view, with one neck. Necks
central to lateral, slightly curved to curved, shorter or slightly longer than
perithecial diam, sometimes almost absent. Asci oval to fusiform, with an
apical ring, with eight spores arranged mostly biseriate or obliquely
uniseriate, less commonly irregularly multiseriate. Ascospores two-celled,
oval to fusiform, l:w 1.5–5, usually somewhat ovoid or pyriform; ends
rounded; appendages absent.</p><p><italic>Cultures</italic>: Colonies fast growing, often reaching egdes of 90 mm
Petri plates after 2 wk at 23 °C l/d, or moderately growing 40–60 mm
diam. Colony surface usually glabrous, velvety or lanose. Colonies whitish,
grey, dark brown, olive. Some species produce fertile perithecia in culture
after 5–6 mo at 2/10 Cl/d; rarely fertile perithecia produced after
2–4 wk at 23 °C l/d. Conidiomata produced by most species after
2–4 wk at 23 °C l/d.</p><p><italic>Hosts</italic>: In diverse taxonomic groups (<italic>Ericaceae, Fagaceae,
Pinaceae, Rosaceae</italic>). Most species are specific at the host species or
genus level; however, a few species occur on a diverse range of plant
hosts.</p></sec><sec><title>Type species of <italic>Gnomoniopsis</italic></title><p><italic><bold>Gnomoniopsis chamaemori</bold></italic> (Fr.) Berl., Icon. Fung. 1: 93.
1894. Figs <xref rid="fig21" ref-type="fig">21A–C</xref>;
<xref rid="fig22" ref-type="fig">22A–C</xref>;
<xref rid="fig23" ref-type="fig">23A–F</xref>.</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Sphaeria chamaemori</italic> Fr., Syst. Mycol. 2: 519. 1823.</p></list-item></list></p><p>Perithecia hypophyllous or less commonly epiphyllous, immersed,
subepidermal, mostly on veins, black, oblate spheroidal when moist,
150–220 μm high × 210–320 μm diam, convex when dry.
Necks central, straight, 60–85 μm long, diam 45–65 μm. Asci
fusiform or obclavate, 28–40 × 7–9 μm, apical ring
1.5–2 μm diam, with eight ascospores arranged irregularly
multiseriate or obliquely uniseriate. Ascospores fusiform, straight to
slightly curved, (10–)10.5–11.5(–13) ×
(2–)2.5(–3) μm (mean = 11 × 2.5, SD 0.5, 0.3, n=28), l:w
(3.3–)4–4.8(–5.5) (mean = 4.4, SD 0.6), two-celled, not
constricted or slightly constricted at septum, septum located at
(27–)33–38(–46) % (mean = 36, SD 5) of ascospore length,
ends blunt, rounded, each cell with two large guttules, or with one big
guttule and several small ones, or several indistinct guttules; appendages
absent.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig24"><label>Fig. 24.</label><caption><p><italic>Gnomoniopsis clavulata</italic>, culture morphology. A–F.
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121231&link_type=CBS">CBS 121231</ext-link>.
G–L. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121257&link_type=CBS">CBS
121257</ext-link>. M–R. Ex-type
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121259&link_type=CBS">CBS 121259</ext-link>.
S–W. <italic>G</italic>. cf. <italic>clavulata</italic>,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=119028&link_type=CBS">CBS 119028</ext-link>.
A–T, V, W. Colony habit, 40 d, 23 °C. A, C, E, G, I, K, M, O, Q, S,
V. Surface. B, D, F, H, J, L, N, P, R, T, W. Reverse. U. Conidiomata, 17 d, 23
°C. A, B, G, H, M, N, S, T. PDA. C, D, I, J, O, P, U. MEA. E, F, K, L, Q,
R, V, W. MYA. Scale: A–T, V, W. 1 cm. U. 1 mm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig24"></graphic></fig></p><p><fig position="float" id="fig25"><label>Fig. 25.</label><caption><p><italic>Gnomoniopsis clavulata</italic>, culture morphology, 40 d, 23 °C.
A–F. Ex-type <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121259&link_type=CBS">CBS
121259</ext-link>. G–I.
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121257&link_type=CBS">CBS 121257</ext-link>.
A–C. Conidiomata. D–I. Conidia. A, D, G. PDA. B, E, H. MEA. C, F,
I. MYA. Scale: A–C. 1 mm. D–I. 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig25"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Cultures</italic>: Colonies on PDA usually attaining 90 mm after 40 d at 23
°C, flat, velutinous to shortly woolly, dark brown in centre, gradually
lightening to pale reddish grey at margin; margin diffuse; reverse of almost
same colours as surface. Colonies on MEA attaining 90 mm after 40 d at 23
°C, flat, almost glabrous, overlaid by loose and short woolly-like
mycelium, pale reddish grey with indistinct pale orange-brown patterns in
centre; margin diffuse; reverse of almost same colours as surface. Colonies on
MYA attaining 90 mm after 40 d at 23 °C, flat, dark brown in centre, brown
with some shades of red, becoming pale reddish grey at margin, overlaid by
whitish woolly, aerial mycelium; margin diffuse; reverse of same colours as
surface.</p><p><italic>Habitat</italic>: On overwintered leaves of <italic>Rubus chamaemorus</italic> L.
(<italic>Rosaceae</italic>).</p><p><italic>Distribution</italic>: Europe (Finland, Russia).</p><p><italic>Specimen examined</italic>: <bold>Russia</bold>, Novgorod oblast, Kholm
raion, Rdeyskiy Zapovednik, vicinity of Fryunino, on overwintered leaves of
<italic>Rubus chamaemorus</italic>, 11 Jun. 2005, M.V. Sogonov & D.A. Maykov
MS0273 (BPI 877438) GenBank EU254809. <italic>Additional culture examined</italic>:
<bold>Finland</bold>, Oulanka, on overwintered leaves of <italic>Rubus</italic><italic>chamaemorus</italic>, 10 Jul. 1977, M. Monod, No. 345 (culture
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=803.79&link_type=CBS">CBS 803.79</ext-link>).
<italic>Specimens examined of</italic> G. <italic>aff.</italic> chamaemori: <bold>Bulgaria,</bold>Sredna Gora Mt (western), Lozenska Planina, above Pancharevo lake, near the
track from `Stenata' locality to VEC Kokaljane, on overwintered stems of
<italic>Agrimonia eupatoria</italic>, 21 May 2005, coll. D. Stoykov (BPI 877452A)
GenBank EU254812. <bold>Russia,</bold> Novgorod province, Kholm, on dead petioles of
<italic>Potentilla anserina</italic>, 7 Jun 2005, coll. M.V. Sogonov (BPI 877455),
GenBank EU254811; Tver' province, Toropets district, v. Bubonitsy, on
overwintered stems of <italic>Potentilla canescens</italic>, 14 Jun 2005, coll. M.V.
Sogonov (BPI 877456) GenBank254810.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: Monod
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">1983</xref>) provided a detailed
description of this species as <italic>Gnomonia chamaemori.</italic></p></sec><sec><title>New and revised species of <italic>Gnomoniopsis</italic></title><p><italic><bold>Gnomoniopsis clavulata</bold></italic> (Ellis) Sogonov, <bold>comb. nov.</bold>MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB512173&link_type=MB">MB
512173</ext-link>. Figs
<xref rid="fig21" ref-type="fig">21D–G</xref>;
<xref rid="fig22" ref-type="fig">22D–F</xref>;
<xref rid="fig24" ref-type="fig">24A–W</xref>;
<xref rid="fig25" ref-type="fig">25A–I</xref>.
Basionym:
<italic>Gnomonia clavulata</italic> Ellis, Amer. Nat. 17: 318. 1883.</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Didymiella clavulata</italic> (Ellis) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 9: 666.
1891.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Cercidospora clavulata</italic> (Ellis) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 3
(2): 453. 1898.</p></list-item></list></p><p>Perithecia solitary, without stroma, hypophyllous, scarce, mostly in upper
and marginal parts of leaf blades, spheroidal when moist, 110–150 μm
high × 120–140 μm wide, convex when dry. Necks central,
slightly flexuous, (158–)160–166(–169) μm long (mean =
163, SD 8, n=2), (37–)37.5–39(–39.5) μm wide at base,
(34.5–)36–39(–40.5) μm wide at apex. Asci fusiform to
cylindrical, (28–)33.5–41.5(–47) ×
(6.5–)7–10(–11) μm (mean = 38 × 8.5, SD 5.5, 1.5,
n=34), apical ring 1.5–2.5 μm diam, with eight ascospores biseriate
or obliquely uniseriate. Ascospores pyriform, inequilateral,
(5–)8.5–9.5(–11) × (2–)3.5–4(–5.5)
μm (mean = 9 × 4, SD 1, 0.5, n=149), l:w
(1.8–)2.2–2.4(–3) (mean = 2.3, SD 0.2), two-celled,
constricted at septum; septum located at (29–)37–43(–49) %
(mean = 40, SD 4) of ascospore length; ends broadly rounded, distal cell with
2–3 and basal cell with 1–2 small guttules, sometimes both cells
without guttules; appendages absent.</p><p><italic>Cultures</italic>: Colonies on PDA usually attaining 90 mm after 40 d at 23
°C, in <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121257&link_type=CBS">CBS
121257</ext-link> slower growing, attaining 50 mm, flat, velutinous to
woolly, pale brown to brown, overlaid by scant or abundant orange-grey,
greyish orange or brownish orange slimy conidial mass drops, ex-epitype
culture <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121259&link_type=CBS">CBS 121259</ext-link>with pale grey woolly mycelium; margin clear, even to lobate; reverse pale
brown or orange-brown to dark brown; agar stained by yellow soluble pigment in
some strains; conidia oval to oblong, sometimes slightly obovoid, straight or
curved, allantoid or sigmoid, (5–)6–6.5(–8) ×
(2–)2.5–3(–4) μm (mean = 6.5 × 3, SD 0.5, 0.3,
n=285), l:w (1.4–)2.1–2.6(–3.7) (mean = 2.4, SD 0.4, n=285).
Colonies on MEA attaining 90 mm after 40 d at 23 °C, flat, thin,
semitransparent, loosely woolly, colourless or whitish, with areas of pale
orange, brown or dark brown, with numerous orange-grey or greyish orange slimy
conidial mass drops; margin diffuse; reverse of same colours as surface;
conidia oval to oblong, sometimes slightly obovoid, straight or slightly
curved (4.5–)6–7(–8) ×
(2–)2.5–3(–3.5) μm (mean = 6.5 × 2.5, SD 0.5, 0.3,
n=315), l:w (1.4–)2.2–2.7(–3.8) (mean = 2.5, SD 0.4).
Colonies on MYA attaining 90 mm after 40 d at 23 °C, flat, with areas of
whitish to greyish orange felty aerial mycelium and areas of brownish yellow,
pale brown, brown or brownish grey woolly, partly fasciculate mycelium;
orange-grey or greyish orange slimy conidial mass drops; margin clear, even or
irregular; reverse greyish orange, orange-brown, greyish brown or dark brown;
conidia oval to oblong, sometimes slightly obovoid, straight or slightly
curved (4.5–)6–6.5(–8) ×
(2–)2.5–3(–3.5) μm (mean = 6 × 3, SD 0.6, 0.4,
n=151), l:w (1.4–)2–2.5(–3.5) (mean = 2.2, SD 0.4). No
perithecia observed in cultures at 2/10 °C after 8 mo.</p><p><italic>Habitat</italic>: On overwintered leaves of <italic>Quercus</italic> spp.
<italic>(Fagaceae).</italic></p><p><italic>Distribution</italic>: U.S.A. (MD, NC, NJ, TN, VA).</p><p><italic><bold>Lectotype designated here</bold></italic><bold>: U.S.A.,</bold> New Jersey,
Newfield, on <italic>Quercus nigra</italic>, May 1884, J.B. Ellis, North American
Fungi 1685 (lectotype BPI 611339; isotype BPI bound).</p><p><italic><bold>Epitype designated here</bold></italic><bold>: U.S.A.</bold>, Maryland, Prince
George's Co., Riverdale, Anacostia River Park, on <italic>Quercus
marilandica</italic>, 12 Jun. 2006, M.V. Sogonov MS0401 (BPI 877443, ex-epitype
culture <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121259&link_type=CBS">CBS 121259</ext-link>)
GenBank EU254820.</p><p><italic>Additional specimens examined</italic>: <bold>U.S.A.</bold>, Maryland,
Prince George's Co., Beltsville, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, near
building 011A, on <italic>Q. falcata</italic>, 06 Apr. 2005, M.V. Sogonov MS0181 (BPI
877441); same location, <italic>Q. rubra</italic>, 29 Jun. 2005, M.V. Sogonov MS0206
(BPI 877444); same location, <italic>Q. prinus</italic>, 19 May 2006, M.V. Sogonov
MS0371 (BPI 877477); same location, <italic>Q. rubra</italic>, 19 May 2006, M.V.
Sogonov MS0434 (BPI 877522); same location, <italic>Q. falcata</italic>, 08 Jun. 2006,
M.V. Sogonov MS0397 (BPI 877439, culture
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121255&link_type=CBS">CBS 121255</ext-link>) GenBank
EU254818; North Carolina, Wake Co., Raleigh, Carl Alwin Schenk memorial
forest, on <italic>Q. ilicifolia</italic>, 03 Apr. 2005, M.V. Sogonov MS0161 (BPI
877442, culture <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121239&link_type=CBS">CBS
121239</ext-link>) GenBank EU254816; Tennessee, Sevier Co., Greenbrier,
University of Tennessee field station, Conley Huskey Way, on <italic>Q.
falcata</italic>, 25 May 2004, M.V. Sogonov MS0399 (BPI 877440, culture
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121257&link_type=CBS">CBS 121257</ext-link>) GenBank
EU254819; Virginia, Albermarle Co., Charlottesville, University of Virginia
campus, between Edgement Road and U.S. route 29 BYP, on <italic>Q. prinus</italic>, 02
Mar. 2005, M.V. Sogonov MS0139 (BPI 871056, culture
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121231&link_type=CBS">CBS 121231</ext-link>) GenBank
EU254815.</p><p>Additional cultures <italic>examined</italic>: <bold>U.S.A.</bold>, Maryland, Prince
George's Co., Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, on <italic>Quercus rubra</italic>, S.
Cohen (R153 = AR 4123 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121911&link_type=CBS">CBS
121911</ext-link>); same data, (R154 = AR 4124) GenBank EU254814.</p><p><italic>Additional culture</italic> G. cf. <italic>clavulata</italic>: <bold>Switzerland,</bold>isol. from <italic>Fagus sylvatica</italic>, AR 4183 =
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=119028&link_type=CBS">CBS 119028</ext-link> (BPI
871052) GenBank EU254817.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Gnomoniopsis clavulata</italic> is common on overwintered
leaves of oak (<italic>Quercus</italic> spp.) in eastern North America and was
frequently isolated as an endophyte from <italic>Quercus rubra</italic> (Cohen,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref12">1999</xref>;
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref13">2004</xref>) mistakenly identified as
<italic>Discula umbrinella. Gnomoniopsis clavulata</italic> and <italic>G.
paraclavulata</italic> are distinct from most species of <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> on
<italic>Quercus</italic> in having ascospores with a submedian septum. The ascospores
of <italic>G. clavulata</italic> are larger than those of <italic>G.
paraclavulata</italic>.</p><p><italic><bold>Gnomoniopsis paraclavulata</bold></italic> Sogonov, <bold>sp. nov.</bold>MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB512174&link_type=MB">MB
512174</ext-link>. Figs
<xref rid="fig21" ref-type="fig">21H–K</xref>;
<xref rid="fig22" ref-type="fig">22G,H</xref>;
<xref rid="fig26" ref-type="fig">26A–M</xref>.</p><p>Perithecia (139–)149–170(–180) μm alta ×
(156–)188–231(–241) μm diam. Rostrum
(157–)180–21)180–210(–216) μm longum, basi
(37.3–)38.9–41(–41.5)–41.5) μm diam, apice
(40.8–)41.1–42.9(–44.3) μm diam. Ascosporae pyriformes,
inaequilaterae (8–)9–10(–11) × (3–)3.5–4
μm, L:l (2.1–)2.4–2.8(–3.6). Similis to <italic>G.
clavulatae</italic>, sed ascosporarum Longitudo/latitudo ratione leviter majore et
septi positione inferiore differt. <italic>Holotypus</italic>: BPI 877448.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig26"><label>Fig. 26.</label><caption><p><italic>Gnomoniopsis paraclavulata</italic>, culture morphology. A–M. Ex-type
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121263&link_type=CBS">CBS 121263</ext-link>.
N–S. <italic>G</italic>. cf. <italic>paraclavulata</italic><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121269&link_type=CBS">CBS 121269</ext-link>.
A–F, N–S. Colony habit, 40 d, 23 °C. A, C, E, N, P, R.
Surface. B, D, F, O, Q, S. Reverse. G–J. Conidiomata, 40 d, 23 °C.
K–M. Conidia, 40 d, 23 °C. A, B, G, K, N, O. PDA. C, D, H, I, L, P,
Q. MEA. E, F, J, M, R, S. MYA. Scale: A–F, N–S. 1 cm. G–J. 1
mm. K–M. 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig26"></graphic></fig></p><p><fig position="float" id="fig27"><label>Fig. 27.</label><caption><p>Culture morphology. A–N. <italic>Gnomoniopsis fructicola</italic><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121226&link_type=CBS">CBS 121226</ext-link>.
O–S. <italic>G</italic>. <italic>macounii</italic><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121468&link_type=CBS">CBS 121468</ext-link>.
T–Y. <italic>G</italic>. <italic>racemula</italic><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121469&link_type=CBS">CBS 121469</ext-link>.
A–F, O, P, R–Y. Colony habit, 40 d, 23 °C. A, C, E, O, R, T,
V, X. Surface. B, D, F, P, Q, U, W, Y. Reverse. G. Perithecia and
coniodiomata, 40 d, 23 °C. I. Perithecia immersed in agar, reverse view,
40 d, 23 °C. J. Coniodiomata, 40 d, 23 °C. K, L. Asci and ascospores,
40 d, 23 °C. M. Conidia, 40 d, 23 °C. N. Conidia, 40 d, 2/10 °C.
Q. Conidia, 4.5 mo, 2/10 °C. A, B, G, K, M–P, T, U. PDA. C, D, I,
L,Q, V, W. MEA. E, F, J, R, S, X, Y. MYA. Scale: A–F, O, P, R–Y. 1
cm. G–J. 1 mm. K–N, Q. 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig27"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Etymology</italic>: Refers to similarity and affinity with <italic>G.
clavulata</italic>.</p><p>Perithecia solitary, without stroma, hypophyllous, scarce, mostly in upper
and marginal parts of leaf blades, spheroidal when moist,
(139–)149–170(–180) μm high ×
(156–)188–231(–241) μm diam (mean = 159 × 206, SD
20, 44, n=3), convex when dry. Necks central, slightly flexuous,
(157–)180–210(–216) μm long (mean = 192, SD 31, n=3),
(37–)39–41(–42) μm wide at base, 41–43(–45)
μm wide at apex. Asci fusiform to cylindrical,
(38–)45–48(–51.5) × 7–8.5(–10.5) μm
(mean = 46 × 8, SD 4, 1.5, n=7), apical ring 2–2.5 μm diam,
with eight ascospores biseriate or obliquely uniseriate. Ascospores pyriform,
inequilateral, (8)9–10(–11) × (3–)3.5–4 μm
(mean = 9.5 × 3.5, SD 0.5, 0.3, n=24), l:w
(2.1–)2.4–2.8(–3.6) (mean = 2.6, SD 0.3), two-celled,
constricted at septum; septum located at (25–)31–37(–44) %
(mean = 34, SD 4) of ascospore length; distal and basal cells usually with
correspondingly 1–5 and 0–2 small guttules; appendages absent.</p><p><italic>Cultures</italic>: Colonies on PDA usually attaining 90 mm after 40 d at 23
°C, flat, with pale red to greyish orange, smooth to shortly woolly and
whitish to reddish white woolly areas, overlaid by abundant pale orange to
orange-grey slimy conidial masses; margin submerged, irregular; reverse with
areas of yellow-grey, pale orange and brownish orange; conidia oval to oblong,
sometimes slightly obovoid, straight or slightly curved
(6–)7.5–8(–9.5) × (2–)3–3(–3.5)
μm (mean = 7.5 × 3, SD 0.5, 0.3, n=108), l:w
(1.6–)2.4–2.9(–4.2) (mean = 2.6, SD 0.4). Colonies on MEA
attaining 90 mm after 40 d at 23 °C, flat, thin, semitransparent,
colourless with brown centre and scattered flocks of white aerial mycelium,
with black conidiomata which, at maturity, produce orange-grey slimy conidial
mass drops; margin diffuse; reverse greyish orange to orange-grey; conidia
oval to oblong or obovoid, straight or slightly curved
(6.5–)7.5–8.5(–9.5) × (3–)3–3.5 μm
(mean = 8 × 3.5, SD 0.5, 0.2, n=75), l:w
(2–)2.3–2.6(–3.2) (mean = 2.5, SD 0.2). Colonies on MYA
attaining 90 mm after 40 d at 23 °C, flat, whitish to orange-white felty,
with small areas of shorter brownish grey woolly, partly fasciculate mycelium;
moderate number of orange-grey or greyish orange slimy conidial mass; margin
irregular, partly submerged; reverse greyish orange, orange-brown, greyish
brown or brown, conidia obovoid to oblong, straight or slightly curved
(6–)7–7.5(–8.5) × (2.5–)3(–3.5) μm
(mean = 7 × 3, SD 0.5, 0.2, n=60), l:w
(1.6–)2.3–2.6(–3.4) (mean = 2.4, SD 0.3). No perithecia
observed in cultures at 2/10 °C after 8 mo.</p><p><italic>Habitat</italic>: On overwintered leaves of <italic>Quercus alba</italic> L.
(<italic>Fagaceae</italic>).</p><p><italic>Distribution</italic>: U.S.A. (MD, TN).</p><p><italic>Holotype</italic>: <bold>U.S.A.</bold>, Tennessee, Sevier Co., Greenbrier,
University of Tennessee field station, Conley Huskey Way, 22 May 2004, M.V.
Sogonov MS0406 (BPI 877448, ex-type culture
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121263&link_type=CBS">CBS121263</ext-link>)</p><p><italic>Additional specimens examined</italic>: <bold>U.S.A.</bold>, Maryland, Prince
George's Co., Beltsville, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, near
building 011A, 14 Feb. 2005, M.V. Sogonov MS0127 (BPI 877450) GenBank EU
254837; same location, 20 Mar. 2005, M.V. Sogonov MS0152 (BPI 877449) GenBank
EU 254838.</p><p><italic>Additional cultures examined</italic>: <bold>U.S.A.</bold>, Maryland, Prince
George's Co., Patuxent Wild Life Research Center, S. Cohen W623 = AR 4125;
same data W633 = AR 4126, GenBank EU254835; same data (W645 = AR 4127 =
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=123202&link_type=CBS">CBS
123202</ext-link>).</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Gnomoniopsis clavulata</italic> and <italic>G.
paraclavulata</italic> are distinct from most species of <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> on
<italic>Quercus</italic> in having ascospores with submedian septum. The ascospores of
<italic>G. clavulata</italic> are larger than those of <italic>G. paraclavulata</italic>.</p></sec><sec><title>Additional species accepted in <italic>Gnomoniopsis</italic></title><p><italic><bold>Gnomoniopsis comari</bold></italic> (Karst.) Sogonov, <bold>comb. nov.</bold>MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB512175&link_type=MB">MB
512175</ext-link>.
Basionym: <italic>Gnomonia comari</italic> Karst., Mycol. Fenn.
2: 122. 1873.</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Gnomoniella comari</italic> (Karst.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 1: 415.
1882.</p></list-item></list></p><p><italic>Habitat</italic>: On overwintered leaves of <italic>Comarum palustre</italic> L.
(<italic>Rosaceae</italic>).</p><p><italic>Distribution</italic>: Europe (Finland, Germany, Switzerland)</p><p><italic>Specimen examined</italic>: <bold>Finland,</bold> on <italic>Comarum palustre</italic>,
Monod 366, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=806.79&link_type=CBS">CBS
806.79</ext-link>, GenBank EU254821; Monod 353,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=807.79&link_type=CBS">CBS 807.79</ext-link>, GenBank
EU 254822.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: The concept of <italic>Gnomoniopsis comari</italic> is conceived
here in a much narrower sense than by Monod
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">1983</xref>), thus the numerous
taxonomic synonyms listed by Monod
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">1983</xref>) are not included. The
multigene phylogeny presented here suggests that <italic>G. comari</italic> is
distinct from <italic>G. fructicola</italic> (<xref rid="fig1" ref-type="fig">Fig.
1</xref>).</p><p><italic><bold>Gnomoniopsis fructicola</bold></italic> (Arnaud) Sogonov, <bold>comb. nov.</bold>MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB512176&link_type=MB">MB
512176</ext-link>. Figs
<xref rid="fig21" ref-type="fig">21L,M</xref>;
<xref rid="fig22" ref-type="fig">22I</xref>;
<xref rid="fig27" ref-type="fig">27A–N</xref>.
Basionym:
<italic>Gnomonia fragariae</italic> f. <italic>fructicola</italic> Arnaud, Traité de
Pathol. Veg. p. 1558. 1931.</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Gnomonia fructicola</italic> (Arnaud) Fall., Can. J. Bot. 29: 309.
1951.</p></list-item></list></p><p><italic>Habitat</italic>: On overwintered leaves and fruits of <italic>Fragaria</italic>spp. (<italic>Rosaceae</italic>), occasionally pathogenic on fruits causing strawberry
stem-end rot. The causal organism has often been referred to as <italic>Gnomonia
comari,</italic> now considered <italic>Gnomoniopsis comari.</italic></p><p><italic>Distribution</italic>: Canada (British Columbia), Europe (Belgium, France)
and U.S.A. (MD, NY).</p><p><italic>Specimens examined</italic>: <bold>Belgium</bold>, on <italic>Fragaria</italic> sp.,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=255.61&link_type=CBS">CBS 255.61</ext-link>, GenBank
EU254828. <bold>Canada,</bold> Ontario, on <italic>Fragaria</italic> sp.,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=275.51&link_type=CBS">CBS 275.51</ext-link>, GenBank
EU254829. <bold>France,</bold> on <italic>Fragaria</italic> sp. coll. G. Arnaud,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=208.34&link_type=CBS">CBS 208.34</ext-link>, GenBank
EU254826. <bold>U.S.A.,</bold> New York, Sullivan Co., Roscoe, area around Campbell
Inn, on dead petioles of <italic>Fragaria</italic> sp., Jul 2005, coll. M.V. Sogonov
(BPI 877446) GenBank EU254830.</p><p><italic>Specimens examined G</italic>. <italic>cf.</italic> fructicola: <bold>Russia,</bold>Novgorod province, Kholm, valley of Lovat' river, on dead petioles of <italic>Geum
rivale</italic>, 10 Jun 2005, coll. M.V. Sogonov (BPI 877454) GenBank
EU254832.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: Considerable confusion has existed among the species of
<italic>Gnomoniopsis</italic> on <italic>Fragaria. Gnomonipsis fructicola</italic> is herein
recognised to be distinct from <italic>G. comari</italic>. “<italic>Gnomonia”
fragariae</italic> Kleb. causes another disease of strawberry in Europe called
leaf blotch, root rot and petiole blight
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref36">Maas 1998</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref42">Moročko <italic>et al.</italic>2006</xref>). Moročko & Fatehi
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref41">2007</xref>) determined that
“<italic>Gnomonia” fragariae</italic> belongs outside of the
<italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> in the <italic>Sydowiellaceae</italic>.</p><p><italic><bold>Gnomoniopsis macounii</bold></italic> (Dearn.) Sogonov, <bold>comb. nov.</bold>MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB512177&link_type=MB">MB
512177</ext-link>. Figs
<xref rid="fig27" ref-type="fig">27O–S</xref>.
Basionym:
<italic>Diaporthe macounii</italic> Dearn., Mycologia 8:100. 1916.</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Cryptodiaporthe macounii</italic> (Dearn.) Wehm., The Genus
<italic>Diaporthe</italic>: 191. 1933.</p></list-item></list></p><p><italic>Habitat</italic>: On overwintered branches of <italic>Spiraea douglasii</italic>Hook. var. <italic>menziesii</italic> (Hook.) C. Presl and <italic>Spiraea</italic> sp.
(Rosaceae).</p><p><italic>Distribution</italic>: Canada (British Columbia) and U.S.A. (NH, NY).</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">1978</xref>)
and Wehmeyer (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref73">1933</xref>) provide a
detailed description of <italic>G. macounii</italic> as <italic>C. macounii</italic>.</p><p><italic><bold>Gnomoniopsis racemula</bold></italic> (Cooke & Peck) Sogonov, <bold>comb.
nov.</bold> MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB512178&link_type=MB">MB
512178</ext-link>. Figs
<xref rid="fig21" ref-type="fig">21N,O</xref>;
<xref rid="fig22" ref-type="fig">22J</xref>;
<xref rid="fig27" ref-type="fig">27T–Y</xref>.
Basionym:
<italic>Sphaeria racemula</italic> Cooke & Peck in Peck, Ann. Rep. New York State
Museum 26: 87. 1874</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Diaporthe racemula</italic> (Cooke & Peck) Sacc., Syll. Fung.
1: 691. 1882.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Ditopellopsis racemula</italic> (Cooke & Peck) M.E. Barr,
Mycol. Mem. 7: 91. 1978.</p></list-item></list></p><p><italic>Habitat</italic>: On overwintered stalks of <italic>Chamerion
angustifolium</italic> (<italic>Onagraceae</italic>).</p><p><italic>Distribution</italic>: Canada (British Columbia) and U.S.A. (ME, MN, NY,
OR).</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Gnomoniopsis racemula</italic> is unusual in this genus in
having perithecia in groups of 3–9 that occur on fibrous overwintered
stalks. Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">1978</xref>) provided a
detailed description of <italic>G. racemula</italic> as <italic>Ditopellopsis
racemula</italic>.</p><p><italic><bold>Gnomoniopsis tormentillae</bold></italic> <bold>(</bold>Lind) Sogonov, <bold>comb.
nov.</bold> MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB512179&link_type=MB">MB
512179</ext-link>.
Basionym: <italic>Gnomoniella tormentillae</italic> Lind, Bot.
Tidsskr. 41: 217. 1931.</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Plagiostoma tormentillae</italic> (Lind) Bolay, Ber. Schweiz. Bot.
Ges. 81: 436. 1971.</p></list-item></list></p><p><italic>Habitat</italic>: On overwintered petioles, veins and stalks of
<italic>Potentilla canadensis L.</italic> and <italic>P. erecta</italic> (<italic>L</italic>.)
<italic>Raeusch</italic> (<italic>Rosaceae</italic>).</p><p><italic>Distribution</italic>: Europe (Switzerland) and U.S.A. (MA).</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: Both Barr
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">1978</xref>) and Monod
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">1983</xref>) provide a detailed
description of <italic>Gnomoniopsis tormentillae</italic> as <italic>P. tormentillae</italic>.
The perithecial neck of this species is marginal.</p><p><bold>OPHIOGNOMONIA</bold> (Sacc.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 14: 613. 1899. Lectotype
species designated by Höhnel (1919): <italic><bold>Ophiognomonia
melanostyla</bold></italic> (DC.: Fr.) Berl.</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Gnomoniella</italic> subgenus <italic>Ophiognomonia</italic> Sacc., Syll.
Fung. 1: 419. 1882.</p></list-item></list></p><p>Perithecia solitary, without stroma, on underside of leaf blade, petioles
or rachises, occasionally on upper side of blade of overwintered fallen
leaves, rarely on dead but attached pedicels, and on dead stems of herbaceous
plants. Perithecia dark brown to black, remaining immersed or becoming partly
erumpent at maturity, oblate when moist, convex or irregularly shrunk when
dry, in some species, part of perithecia may be concave, round in top view,
with one neck. Neck central to eccentric, rarely marginal, never truly
lateral, mostly length 2.5–5 perithecial diam, in some species shorter,
down to length of one perithecial diam. Asci oval to almost filiform, with an
apical ring, with eight spores per ascus arranged mostly unevenly parallel,
also irregularly multiseriate or obliquely uniseriate, occasionally evenly
parallel. Ascospores mostly two-celled, rarely one-celled, oval to filiform,
l:w 2.5–25; ends rounded, with or without appendages, may vary within
species.</p><p><italic>Cultures</italic>: Colonies growing at a moderate rate, reaching 1–6
cm diam in 2 wk at 23 °C l/d, in some strains reach edges of 90 mm Petri
plates in 2 wk on PDA. Colony surface leathery to coarsely farinose or
velvety, in some species with floccose areas. Colonies mostly whitish, yellow,
greyish yellow, pale orange, olive-brown. Some species produce fertile
perithecia in culture after 5–6 mo at 2/10 °C l/d, rarely sterile
perithecia formed within one month at 23 °C l/d. Conidiomata in cultures
formed by a few species but then not requiring long-term cultivation at low
temperatures.</p><p><italic>Hosts</italic>: Mostly on <italic>Fagales (Betulaceae, Fagaceae,
Juglandaceae</italic>), a few species on <italic>Lauraceae, Rosaceae, Salicaceae</italic>,
and <italic>Tiliaceae</italic>. Individual fungal species are host-specific at genus
or, less commonly, at family level.</p></sec><sec><title>Type species of Ophiognomonia</title><p><italic><bold>Ophiognomonia melanostyla</bold></italic> (DC.: Fr.) Berl., Icon. Fung. 2:
146. 1899. Figs <xref rid="fig28" ref-type="fig">28A–C</xref>;
<xref rid="fig29" ref-type="fig">29A–C</xref>.</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Sphaeria melanostyla</italic> DC.: Fr., Fl. Franç., 5/6:
129. 1815: Syst. Mycol. 2: 517. 1823.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Gnomonia melanostyla</italic> (DC.: Fr.) Auersw. in Gonn. &
Rabenh., Mycol. Europ. 5/6: 28. 1869.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Gnomoniella melanostyla</italic> (DC.: Fr.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 1:
419. 1882.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Cryptoderis melanostyla</italic> (DC.: Fr.) G. Winter, Rabenhorst's
Kryptogamen-Flora I, Abt. 2: 592. 1887.</p></list-item></list></p><p>Perithecia solitary, without stroma, hypophyllous, evenly distributed over
large areas of leaf blades, sometimes on upper part of petioles, immersed at
first, partly erumpent at maturity, oblate to suboblate when moist,
180–220 μm high × 220350 μm diam, convex, occasionally
irregularly dented or concave when dry. Necks central or eccentric, usually
sinuous, 550–1100 μm long, 30–45 μm wide at base,
25–33 μm wide at apex. Asci narrowly fusiform, 55–65 ×
4.5–5 μm, apical ring 1–1.5 μm diam, with eight ascospores
evenly or slightly unevenly parallel. Ascospores clavately filiform, slightly
sinuous (30–)37–42.5(–44) × 1.5–2 μm (mean =
39 × 1.5, SD 4, 1, n=16), l:w (20.3–)22.4–26.4(–29.3)
(mean = 24.6, SD 2.6), two-celled, slightly constricted at septum, septum
located at (55–)65–68(–71) % (mean = 66, SD 4) of ascospore
length, ends blunt, rounded, basal cell is narrower than distal cell, ca. 1.2
μm wide, each cell with a few small guttules; appendages subulate to
whip-shaped, 5–25 μm long.</p><p><italic>Habitat</italic>: On fallen overwintered leaves of <italic>Tilia</italic> spp.
(<italic>Tiliaceae</italic>).</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig28"><label>Fig. 28.</label><caption><p>Morphology on natural substrates, perithecia. A–C. <italic>Ophiognomonia
melanostyla</italic>. A. Lectotype G 00053951. B. Epitype BPI 877610. C. BPI
877611. D–F. <italic>O</italic>. <italic>balsamiferae</italic>, holotype BPI 877606. G,
H. <italic>O</italic>. <italic>pseudoclavulata</italic>. G. BPI 877615B. H. BPI 877631. A, D,
F, G. Intact air-dry perithecia on leaves and petioles. B, C, E, H. Extracted
and rehydrated perithecia. Scale 200 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig28"></graphic></fig></p><p><fig position="float" id="fig29"><label>Fig. 29.</label><caption><p>Morphology on natural substrates, asci and ascospores. A–C.
<italic>Ophiognomonia melanostyla</italic>. A, B. Epitype BPI 877610. C. BPI 877607.
D, E. O. <italic>balsamiferae</italic>, holotype BPI 877606. F–H. <italic>O</italic>.
<italic>pseudoclavulata</italic>. F. Holotype BPI 844280. G. BPI 877632. H. BPI
877633A. Scale 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig29"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Distribution</italic>: Europe (Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Germany,
Switzerland, Ukraine), Canada (Ontario) and U.S.A. (NY, PA)
<italic>Lectotype</italic>: <bold>Switzerland</bold>, vicinity of Geneva, <italic>Tilia</italic>sp., March, year unknown, M. Chaillet, (G 00053951).</p><p><italic>Additional specimens examined</italic>: <bold>Austria</bold>, Sonntagberg,
near Rosenau, on <italic>Tilia</italic> sp., Apr., year unknown, P.P. Strasser (BPI
596571); <bold>Czech Republic</bold>, Moravia, Hranice na Moravě, Teplice, on
<italic>Tilia platyphyllos</italic>, Apr. 1914, F. Petrak (BPI 596581); same location,
on <italic>Tilia</italic> sp., May 1924, F. Petrak (BPI 596572); <bold>Germany</bold>,
Frankensteinerkopf near Oestrich (Nassau), on <italic>Tilia parvifolia</italic>, Spr.
1894, L. Fuckel (BPI 596576, BPI 596577); Oestrich (Nassau), on <italic>Tilia
parvifolia</italic>, 1894, L. Fuckel (BPI 596575); <bold>Switzerland</bold>, Vaud,
Lausanne, Parc Bourge, on <italic>Tilia cordata</italic>, 28 May 2005, M.V. Sogonov
MS0333 (BPI 877611) GenBank EU254913; Vaud, St. Cergue, on <italic>Tilia
cordata</italic>, 20 May 2005, M.V. Sogonov MS0197 (BPI 877610) GenBank EU254911;
<bold>Ukraine</bold>, Lviv oblast, Stryi raion, Pidhirtsi, on <italic>Tilia
platyphyllos</italic>, 27 Mar. 1918, F. Petrak (BPI 596579); <bold>U.S.A.</bold>, New
York, Heldenburg Mts., on <italic>Tilia americana</italic>, May, year unknown, C.H.
Peck (BPI 596574); New York, Ithaca vicinity, Arnot forest, on <italic>Tilia
americana</italic>, 10 Jul. 2002, L.N. Vasilyeva MS0353 (BPI 877609); New York,
Sullivan Co., Roscoe vicinity, area around Campbell Inn, on <italic>Tilia
americana</italic>, Jul. 2005, M.V. Sogonov MS0299 (BPI 877608) GenBank EU254912;
Pennsylvania, Franklin Co., Cove Gap, Buchanan Birthplace State Park, on
<italic>Tilia americana</italic>, 05 May 2006, M.V. Sogonov MS0358 (BPI
877607).</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Ophiognomonia melanostyla</italic> is relatively common on
overwintered leaves of <italic>Tilia</italic> spp. The very long ascospores over 35
μm long distinguish this species from other species of the
<italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> on <italic>Tilia</italic>.</p></sec><sec><title>New species of <italic>Ophiognomonia</italic></title><p><italic><bold>Ophiognomonia balsamiferae</bold></italic> Sogonov, <bold>sp. nov.</bold>MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB512180&link_type=MB">MB
512180</ext-link>. Figs
<xref rid="fig28" ref-type="fig">28D–F</xref>;
<xref rid="fig29" ref-type="fig">29D,E</xref>;
<xref rid="fig30" ref-type="fig">30A–N</xref>.</p><p>Perithecia 320–390 μm alta × 370–425 μm diam.
Rostrum 940–1150 μm longum, basi 73–90 μm diam, apice
42–55 μm diam. Ascosporae fusiformes, leviter curvatae,
(15–)18–19(–21) × 2.5–3(–3.5) μm, L:l
(4.9–)6.2–7.2(–8.1). Ad aliis <italic>Ophiognomoniae</italic>speciebus morphologiae characteribus combinatis differt. Singularis
<italic>Ophiognomoniae</italic> species lecta in <italic>Salicaceis. Holotypus</italic>: BPI
877606.</p><p><italic>Etymology</italic>: Named after the epithet of the plant host.</p><p>Perithecia solitary, without stroma, evenly and densely distributed over
petioles, immersed or partly emerging, dark brown, oblate spheroidal when
moist, 320–390 μm high × 370–425 μm diam, convex when
dry, round from top. Necks central, straight, curved or flexuous when dry,
straight when moist, 940–1150 μm long, 73–90 μm wide at
base, 42–55 μm wide at apex. Asci fusiform with tapering stipe,
36–70 × 9–17 μm, apical ring 2.5–3 μm diam, with
eight ascospores arranged obliquely uniseriate, irregularly multiseriate or
unevenly parallel. Ascospores fusiform, slightly curved,
(15–)18–19(–21) × 2.5–3(–3.5) μm (mean
= 18.5 × 3, SD 1.5, 0.3, n=29), l:w
(4.9–)6.2–7.2(–8.1) (mean = 6.7, SD 0.7), two-celled,
slightly constricted at septum; septum located at
(44–)47–51(–52) % (mean = 48, SD 2) of ascospore length,
cells tapering, at ends blunt, rounded or indistinctly truncated, each cell
with 3–5, guttules, often one large guttule close to septum; appendages
subulate to navicular, 10–15 μm long.</p><p><italic>Cultures</italic>: Colonies on PDA attaining 90 mm after 40 d at 23 °C,
flat, short woolly in centre, velvety with loose tufts at margin, pale
brownish grey to brown; margin very irregular; reverse dark brown. Colonies on
MEA attaining 90 mm after 40 d at 23 °C, flat, woolly, whitish, with
scarce dark brown amorphous conidiomata attaining 500 μm diam; margin
diffuse; reverse orange-white to orange and brownish orange; conidia oval,
cylindrical, oblanceolate or allantoid, (6–)8.5–10(–13.5)
× (1.5–)2–2.5(–3) μm (mean = 9.5 × 2.5, SD
1.5, 0.5, n=61); l:w (1.8–)3.6–4.5(–7.2) (mean = 4.1, SD
0.9). Colonies on MYA almost attaining 90 mm after 40 d at 23 °C, flat,
felty to woolly, pale brownish grey to dark brown, with droplets of clear
exudate; margin irregular; reverse dark brown. Cultures at 2/10 °C after
4.5 mo produce dark thick-walled conidiomata with conidia on MYA, sterile
conidioma-like structures on PDA with sparse conidia after 8 mo, on MEA,
sterile after 8 mo.</p><p><italic>Distibution</italic>: Canada (British Columbia).</p><p><italic>Habitat</italic>: On overwintered petioles of <italic>Populus balsamifera</italic>L. (<italic>Salicaceae</italic>).</p><p><italic>Holotype</italic>: <bold>Canada</bold>, British Columbia, Manning Provincial
Park, rest area at West Gate, beginning of Engineers Loop Trail, 13 May 2006,
M.V. Sogonov, MS0409 (BPI 877606, ex-type culture AR 4320 =
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121266&link_type=CBS">CBS 121266</ext-link>).</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Ophiognomonia balsamiferae</italic> has a central neck on
the perithecium unlike other species of <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> on
<italic>Populus</italic>, specifically <italic>Apioplagiostoma populi</italic> and
<italic>Plagiostoma salicella</italic> in which the necks are lateral. <italic>Gnomonia
gnomon</italic> is known to occur rarely on <italic>Populus</italic> but has ascospores
that are considerably narrower, 1.5–2 μm wide, than those of <italic>O.
balsamiferae</italic>.</p><p><italic><bold>Ophiognomonia pseudoclavulata</bold></italic> Sogonov, <bold>sp. nov.</bold>MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB512181&link_type=MB">MB
512181</ext-link>. Figs
<xref rid="fig28" ref-type="fig">28G–H</xref>;
<xref rid="fig29" ref-type="fig">29F–H</xref>;
<xref rid="fig30" ref-type="fig">30O–Z</xref>.</p><p>Perithecia 170–190 μm alta × 210–280 μm diam.
Rostrum 140–250 μm longum, basi 37–54 μm diam, apice
34–44 μm diam. Ascosporae late ellipsoidal vel ellipsoidal, rectae
vel leviter inaequilateralae, (6.5–)7.5–8(–9) ×
(2.5–)3–3.5(–3.6) μm (mean = 7.7 × 3.1, SD 0.6,
0.3, n=112), L:l (2.12–)2.3–2.7(–3.4). Ad aliis
<italic>Ophiognomoniae</italic> speciebus parvis peritheciis et brevibus ascosporis
differt. Similis <italic>Gnomoniopsis clavulata</italic> et <italic>G. paraclavulata</italic>,
sed ascosporis raro clavatis et septis ascosporarum fere semper in medio
differt. <italic>Holotypus</italic>: BPI 844280.</p><p><italic>Etymology</italic>: Refers to the confusion with <italic>Gnomoniopsis
clavulata</italic>. The oldest specimen of <italic>O. pseudoclavulata</italic> observed in
this study was originally identified as <italic>G. clavulata.</italic></p><p>Perithecia solitary, without stroma, hypophyllous, mostly on and next to
midrib, or scattered randomly over leaf blade, immersed, dark brown, oblate
when moist, 170–190 μm high × 210–280 μm diam, convex
when dry. Necks curved when dry, slightly curved when moist, 140–250
μm long, 37–54 μm wide at base, 34–44 μm wide at apex.
Asci ellipsoidal to fusiform, with tapering stipe,
(30–)33.5–41.5(–46) ×
(6.5–)7–9.5(–11.5) μm (mean = 37.5 × 8.5, SD 4.5,
1.5, n=24), apical ring 2–3 μm diam, with eight ascospores arranged
biseriate or irregularly multiseriate. Ascospores broadly ellipsoidal to
ellipsoidal, often broader in upper part, straight or slightly inequilateral,
(6.5–)7.5–8(–9) × (2.5–)3–3.5 μm (mean
= 7.5 × 3, SD 0.5, 0.3, n=112), l:w
(2.1–)2.3–2.7(–3.4) (mean = 2.5, SD 0.3), two-celled, not
constricted at septum; septum located at (40–)47–51(–58) %
(mean = 49, SD 3) of ascospore length; cells broadly rounded at ends, without
guttules or with 2–5 small guttules; appendages absent or of different
irregular shapes or filiform to 20 μm long.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig30"><label>Fig. 30.</label><caption><p>Culture morphology. A–N. <italic>Ophiognomonia balsamiferae</italic> ex-type
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121266&link_type=CBS">CBS 121266</ext-link>.
O–Z. <italic>O</italic>. <italic>pseudoclavulata</italic>. O–T. Ex-type
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121236&link_type=CBS">CBS 121236</ext-link>.
U–Z. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121232&link_type=CBS">CBS
121232</ext-link>. A–L, O–Z. Colony habit. A, C, E, G, I, K, O,
Q, S, U, W, Y. Surface. B, D, F, H, J, L, P, R, T, V, X, Z. Reverse. M.
Conidiomata. N. Conidia. A–F. 14 d, 23 °C. G–Z. 40 d, 23
°C. A, B, G, H, O, P, U, V. PDA. C, D, I, J, M, N, Q, R, W, X. MEA. E, F,
K, L, S, T, Y, Z. MYA. Scale: A–L, O–Z. 1 cm. M. 200 μm. N. 10
μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig30"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Cultures</italic>: Two cultures
(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121232&link_type=CBS">CBS 121232</ext-link> and
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121236&link_type=CBS">CBS 121236</ext-link>) differ
significantly in their morphology, especially on MEA and MYA.
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121232&link_type=CBS">CBS 121232</ext-link>:
Colonies on PDA attaining 60 mm diam after 40 d at 23 °C, with lobate
convex concentric zones, felty to woolly, whitish; margin well-defined,
lobate; reverse dark brown in central part, then greyish orange, at margin
whitish. Colonies on MEA attaining 22 mm diam after 40 d at 23 °C,
slightly radially furrowed, velvety to woolly, orange-white; margin
well-defined, slightly wavy; reverse dark brown in central part, then greyish
orange, at margin orange-white. Colonies on MYA attaining 30 mm diam after 40
d at 23 °C, slightly furrowed, in centre glabrous greyish orange with
tufts of white aerial mycelium, then woolly, whitish, at margin felty,
whitish; margin well-defined, lobate; reverse dark brown in central part, then
greyish orange, at margin orange-white.
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121236&link_type=CBS">CBS 121236</ext-link>:
Colonies on PDA attaining 65 mm diam after 40 d at 23 °C, flat, felty to
woolly, whitish; margin well-defined, serrately lobate; reverse dark brown in
central part, then greyish orange, at margin whitish. Colonies on MEA
attaining 70 mm diam after 40 d at 23 °C, flat, felty to woolly, white;
margin diffuse, broadly indistinctly lobate; reverse orange-white with small
greyish orange area in centre. Colonies on MYA attaining 65 mm diam after 40 d
at 23 °C, flat, felty, whitish; margin well-defined, even; reverse dark
brown in central part, then orange. Neither perithecia nor conidiomata
observed in cultures on PDA, MEA and MYA after 8 mo at 2/10 C.</p><p><italic>Habitat</italic>: On overwintered leaves of <italic>Carya</italic> spp., primarily
<italic>C. tomentosa</italic> (Lam.) Nutt. (mockernut hickory)
(<italic>Juglandaceae</italic>).</p><p><italic>Distribution</italic>: U.S.A. (DC, IL, IN, MD, NC, NJ, PA, TN, VA).</p><p><italic>Holotype</italic>: <bold>U.S.A.</bold>, Pennsylvania, Kennett Square Co.,
vicinity of Philadelphia, near Phillips mushroom farm, <italic>Carya
tomentosa</italic>, 17 Apr. 2004, M.V. Sogonov MS0025 (BPI 844280, ex-holotype
culture AR 4059 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121236&link_type=CBS">CBS
121236</ext-link>).</p><p><italic>Additional specimens examined</italic>: <bold>U.S.A.</bold>, District of
Columbia, National Arboretum, <italic>Carya tomentosa</italic>, 03 May 2005, M.V.
Sogonov MS0355a (BPI 877615B); Illinois, Hancock Co., St. Mary's Township,
Section 27, Apr. 2006, L.C. Castlebury MS0527 (BPI 877520); Indiana, Clark
State Forest, <italic>Carya</italic> sp., 16 Jan 2005, M.V. Sogonov MS113 (BPI 877630)
GenBank EU254925; Maryland, Prince Georges Co., Beltsville, B.A.R.C.,
Entomology Rd., <italic>Carya tomentosa</italic>, 04 Apr 2004, M.V. Sogonov MS0012a
(BPI 877613B) GenBank EU254922; Maryland, Prince George's Co., Beltsville,
B.A.R.C., forest near Building 011A, <italic>Carya</italic> sp., 13 Jan 2005, M.V.
Sogonov MS0112 (BPI 877631) GenBank EU254924; North Carolina, Wake Co.,
Raleigh, Carl Alwin Schenk memorial forest, <italic>Carya tomentosa</italic>, 03 Apr
2005, M.V. Sogonov MS0165 (BPI 877633A) GenBank EU254927; New Jersey,
Newfield, <italic>Carya</italic> sp., Apr 1891, J.B. Ellis, North American Fungi 3429
(BPI 611620); Tennessee, Blount Co., Great Smoky Mountains National Park,
Cades Cove, Anthony Creek Trail, <italic>Carya tomentosa</italic>, 24 May 2006, M.V.
Sogonov MS0488 (BPI 877521A); Tennessee, Blount Co., Great Smoky Mountains
National Park, Cades Cove, <italic>Carya tomentosa</italic>, 24 May 2006, A.Y.
Rossman, MS0470 (BPI 877632); Tennessee, Sevier Co., Univ. of Tennessee field
station, Conley Huskey Way, <italic>Carya tomentosa</italic>, 23 May 2006, M.V.
Sogonov MS0469 (BPI 877519); same data MS0471a (BPI 877667B); Virginia,
Albermarle Co., Charlottesville, University of Virginia Campus, between
Edgement Road and highway US 29 BYP, <italic>Carya</italic> sp., 02 Mar. 2005, M.V.
Sogonov MS0140 (BPI 871057, culture
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121232&link_type=CBS">CBS 121232</ext-link>) GenBank
EU254926.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Ophiognomonia pseudoclavulata</italic> is distinguished
from similar species on <italic>Carya</italic> in the <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> by the
relatively short ascospores compared to those of <italic>O. micromegala</italic>(Ellis & Everh.) Sogonov that are 26–36 × 5.5–10 μm
and <italic>Gnomonia caryae</italic> Wolf that are (16–)22–30(–37)
× (2–)3–5.5 μm <italic>fide</italic> Barr
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">1978</xref>).</p><p><italic><bold>Ophiognomonia vasiljevae</bold></italic> Sogonov, <bold>sp. nov.</bold> MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB512182&link_type=MB">MB 512182</ext-link>. Figs
<xref rid="fig31" ref-type="fig">31A,B</xref>;
<xref rid="fig32" ref-type="fig">32A–B</xref>;
<xref rid="fig33" ref-type="fig">33A–I</xref>.</p><p>Perithecia 310–390 μm alta × 590–690 μm diam.
Rostrum 520–640 μm logum, basi 75–85 μm diam, apice
32–42 μm diam. Ascosporae fusiformes, leviter curvatae
(17.5–)18.5–19.5(–21) × (2.5–)3(–3.5)
μm (mean = 19 × 3, SD 1, 0.2, n=31), L:l
(5.4–)5.9–6.5(–7.4) (mean = 6.3, SD 0.5, n=31). Ad aliis
<italic>Ophiognomoniae</italic> speciebus morphologiae characteribus combinatis
differt. <italic>Holotypus</italic>: BPI 877671.</p><p><italic>Etymology</italic>: Named after the Russian mycologist Larissa Vasilyeva in
recognition of her contribution to the taxonomy of the
<italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic>.</p><p>Perithecia solitary, without stroma, in small loose groups on compound leaf
rachises, immersed, from upper side not easily detachable from plant tissue,
peroblate when moist, 310–390 μm high × 590–690 μm
diam, convex when dry. Necks eccentric to lateral, slightly flexuous,
520–640 μm long, 75–85 μm wide at base, 32–42 μm
wide at apex. Asci fusiform with narrow stipe, (52.5–)
58.5–64.5(–74) × (10–)11.5–13.5(–17) μm
(mean = 62 × 12.5, SD 5.5, 1.7, n=13), apical ring 2.5–3 μm
diam, with eight ascospores arranged obliquely uniseriate or irregularly
multiseriate. Ascospores fusiform, slightly curved,
(17.5–)18.5–19.5(–21) × (2.5–)3(–3.5)
μm (mean = 19 × 3, SD 1, 0.2, n=31), l:w
(5.4–)5.9–6.5(–7.4) (mean = 6.3, SD 0.5), two-celled, not
constricted at septum; septum located at (42–)48–50(–54) %
(mean = 49, SD 3) of ascospore length; cells strongly tapering, at ends blunt,
rounded, each cell with 2–3 large guttules with largest guttule close to
septum or with numerous small guttules; appendages absent.</p><p><italic>Cultures</italic>: Colonies on PDA attaining 90 mm after 40 d at 23 °C,
flat, short, loose, woolly, orange, in some areas overlaid with whitish aerial
mycelium; margin diffuse; reverse orange to brownish orange. Colonies on MEA
attaining 90 mm after 40 d at 23 °C, flat, short, loose, woolly, brownish
orange, in some areas overlaid with whitish aerial mycelium; margin diffuse;
reverse brownish orange. Colonies on MYA attaining 80 mm diam after 40 d at 23
°C, flat, woolly, whitish; margins submerged, orange; margin irregular;
reverse orange. Cultures at 2/10 °C produce sterile perithecia and dark
amorphous bodies on PDA after 4.5 mo, on MEA after 8 mo. No such structures
were observed after 8 mo on MYA.</p><p><italic>Habitat</italic>: On overwintered leaf rachises of <italic>Juglans nigra</italic>L. (<italic>Juglandaceae</italic>).</p><p><italic>Holotype</italic>: <bold>U.S.A.</bold>, Tennessee, Blount Co., Great Smoky
Mountains National Park, along loop near the Methodist Church, 24 May 2006,
M.V. Sogonov MS0388 (BPI 877671, ex-holotype culture
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121253&link_type=CBS">CBS 121253</ext-link>).</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: In distinguishing species of <italic>Ophiognomonia</italic> on
<italic>Juglans, O. vasiljevae</italic> is similar to <italic>O. ischnostyla</italic> in
having a neck longer than 250 μm but, unlike <italic>O. leptostyla,</italic> which
has a neck less than 250 μm long. Ascospores of <italic>O. vasiljevae</italic> are
generally greater than 17.5 μm long while those of <italic>O. ischnostyla</italic>are less than 17.5 μm.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig31"><label>Fig. 31.</label><caption><p>Morphology on natural substrates, perithecia. A, B. <italic>Ophiognomonia
vasiljevae</italic>, holotype BPI 877671. C. <italic>O</italic>. <italic>alni-viridis</italic>,
BPI 877585A. D. <italic>O</italic>. <italic>gei-montani</italic>, BPI 877589. E–G.
<italic>O</italic>. <italic>intermedia</italic>. E. BPI 877498. F. BPI 877598. G. BPI 877496.
A, C–E, G. Intact air-dry perithecia on leaves and stems. B, F.
Extracted and rehydrated perithecia. Scale 200 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig31"></graphic></fig></p><p><fig position="float" id="fig32"><label>Fig. 32.</label><caption><p>Morphology on natural substrates, asci and ascospores. A, B.
<italic>Ophiognomonia vasiljevae</italic>, holotype BPI 877671. C. <italic>O</italic>.
<italic>alni-viridis</italic>, BPI 877600. D. <italic>O</italic>. <italic>gei-montani</italic>, BPI
877589. E–I. O. <italic>intermedia</italic>. E. BPI 877498. F. BPI 877598. G.
BPI 877602. H. BPI 877488B. I. BPI 877496. Scale 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig32"></graphic></fig></p></sec><sec><title>Additional species accepted in <italic>Ophiognomonia</italic></title><p><italic><bold>Ophiognomonia alni-viridis</bold></italic> (Podlahova & Svrček)
Sogonov, <bold>comb. nov</bold>. MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB512215&link_type=MB">MB 512215</ext-link>. Figs
<xref rid="fig31" ref-type="fig">31C</xref>;
<xref rid="fig32" ref-type="fig">32C</xref>;
<xref rid="fig33" ref-type="fig">33J–S</xref>.
Basionym:
<italic>Gnomonia alni-viridis</italic> Podlahova & Svrček,
Česká Mykol. 24: 129. 1970.</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>= <italic>Gnomonia intermedia</italic> var. <italic>alni</italic> M.E. Barr, Mycol. Mem. 7:
55. 1978 <italic>fide</italic> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">Monod
1983</xref>.</p></list-item></list></p><p><italic>Habitat</italic>: On overwintered leaves of <italic>Alnus viridis</italic> (Chaix)
DC. (<italic>Betulaceae</italic>).</p><p><italic>Distribution</italic>: Canada (British Columbia), Europe (Bulgaria, Czech
Republic, Switzerland) and U.S.A. (WA).</p><p><italic>Specimens examined</italic>: <bold>Switzerland,</bold> Valais, vicinity of
Martigny, on overwintered leaves of <italic>Alnus viridis</italic>, 21 May 2005, coll.
M. Monod (BPI 877585A) GenBank EU254866. <bold>Canada,</bold> British Columbia, 15
km S from Princeton, near Indian reserve #3, on overwintered leaves
of?<italic>Betula papyrifera</italic>, 13 May 2006, coll. M.V. Sogonov (BPI 877600)
GenBank EU254869. <bold>U.S.A.,</bold> Washington, King Co., Mount Baker-Snoqualmie
National Forest, Snoqualmie Ranger District, near exit 42 on the highway US
90, road to mines, on overwintered leaves of <italic>Alnus viridis</italic>, 16 May
2006 (BPI 877595) GenBank EU254867.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Ophiognomonia alni-viridis</italic> can be distinquished
from the other species of <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> on <italic>Alnus. Gnomonia
alnea</italic> lacks an elongated neck unlike <italic>O. alni-viridis, O.
ischnostyla</italic> and <italic>O. trientensis. Ophiognomonia trientense</italic> has an
ascospore l:w less than 3 while <italic>O. alni-viridis</italic> and <italic>O.
ischnostyla</italic> both have an ascospore l:w greater than 3. The ascospores of
<italic>O. alni-viridis</italic> are 10–12.5 × 2–2.5 μm
<italic>fide</italic> Podlahova & Svrček
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref48">1970</xref>) while those of <italic>O.
ischnostyla fide</italic> Monod
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">1983</xref>) are longer,
12.5–18.5 × 1.5–2.5 μm. For a more detailed description
of <italic>O. alni-viridis</italic>, see Monod
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">1983</xref>) and Podlahova &
Svrček (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref48">1970</xref>).</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig33"><label>Fig. 33.</label><caption><p>Culture morphology. A–I. <italic>Ophiognomonia vasiljevae</italic> ex-type
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121253&link_type=CBS">CBS 121253</ext-link>.
J–S. <italic>O</italic>. cf. <italic>alni-viridis</italic><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121250&link_type=CBS">CBS 121250</ext-link>.
A–F, J–O. Colony habit, 40 d, 23 °C. A, C, E, J, L, N.
Surface. B, D, F, K, M, O. Reverse. G–I. Sterile perithecia or
perithecium-like bodies, 2/10 °C. P. Young perithecia, 2/10 °C. Q, R.
Perithecia, 2/10 °C. G, H, Q, R. 4.5 mo. I. 8 mo. P. 40 d. A, B, G, H,
Q¬–S. PDA. C, D, I, P. MEA. E, F. MYA. G, H, Q–S. Scale:
A–F, J–O. 1 cm. G–I, P–R. 200 μm. S. 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig33"></graphic></fig></p><p><fig position="float" id="fig34"><label>Fig. 34.</label><caption><p>Culture morphology, colony habit. A–F. <italic>Ophiognomonia cf.
intermedia</italic> <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121229&link_type=CBS">CBS
121229</ext-link>. G–L. <italic>O</italic>. cf. <italic>ischnostyla</italic><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121234&link_type=CBS">CBS 121234</ext-link>.
M–R. <italic>O</italic>. cf. <italic>ischnostyla</italic> BPI 877467B. S–X.
<italic>O</italic>. cf. <italic>ischnostyla</italic><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121252&link_type=CBS">CBS 121252</ext-link>. A, C,
E, G, I, K, M, O, Q, S, U, W. Surface. B, D, F, H, J, L, N, P, R, T, V, X.
Reverse. A, B, G, H, M, N, S, T. PDA. C, D, I, J, O, P, U, V. MEA. E, F, K, L,
Q, R, W, X. MYA. Scale 1 cm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig34"></graphic></fig></p><p><fig position="float" id="fig35"><label>Fig. 35.</label><caption><p>Morphology on natural substrates, perithecia. A, B. <italic>Ophiognomonia
ischnostyla</italic>. A. BPI 877514B. B. BPI 877620. C–E. <italic>O</italic>. cf.
<italic>ischnostyla</italic>. C, D. BPI 877605A. E. BPI 877616. A, C, E. Intact
air-dry perithecia on leaves and petioles. B, D. Extracted and rehydrated
perithecia. Scale 200 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig35"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic><bold>Ophiognomonia gei-montani</bold></italic> (Ranoj.) Sogonov, <bold>comb.
nov.</bold> MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB512183&link_type=MB">MB
512183</ext-link>. Figs <xref rid="fig31" ref-type="fig">31D</xref>;
<xref rid="fig32" ref-type="fig">32D</xref>.
Basionym: <italic>Gnomonia
gei-montani</italic> Ranoj., Ann. Mycol. 8: 362. 1910.</p><p><italic>Habitat</italic>: On overwintered leaves of <italic>Geum bulgaricum</italic>Panc.<italic>, G. coccineum</italic> Sm.<italic>, G. montanum</italic> L<italic>.,</italic> and <italic>G.
rhodopeum</italic> Stoj. & Stef. (<italic>Rosaceae</italic>).</p><p><italic>Distribution</italic>: Europe (Bulgaria, Switzerland)</p><p><italic>Specimen examined</italic>: <bold>Switzerland,</bold> Salvan, La Tendraz,
1600 m a.s.l., on dead leaves of <italic>Geum montanum</italic>, 28 May 2005, coll. M.
Monod (BPI 877589) GenBank EU254872.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: See Monod
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">1983</xref>) for a detailed
description.</p><p><italic><bold>Ophiognomonia intermedia</bold></italic> (Rehm) Sogonov, <bold>comb. nov.</bold>MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB512185&link_type=MB">MB
512185</ext-link>. Figs
<xref rid="fig31" ref-type="fig">31E–G</xref>;
<xref rid="fig32" ref-type="fig">32E–I</xref>;
<xref rid="fig33" ref-type="fig">33A–F</xref>.
Basionym:
<italic>Gnomonia intermedia</italic> Rehm, Ann. Mycol. 6: 489. 1908.</p><p><italic>Habitat</italic>: On overwintered leaves of <italic>Betula nana</italic> L., <italic>B.
papyrifera</italic> Marshall, <italic>B. pendula</italic> Roth, and <italic>B. pubescens</italic>Ehrh. (<italic>Betulaceae</italic>).</p><p><italic>Distribution</italic>: Canada (British Columbia), Europe (Germany, Russia,
Scotland, Switzerland, United Kingdom) and U.S.A (MD).</p><p><italic>Specimens examined</italic>: <bold>Canada,</bold> British Columbia, 15 km NE
from Agassiz, route #7, on overwintered leaves of <italic>Betula papyrifera</italic>,
13 May 2005, coll. M.V. Sogonov (BPI 877599) GenBank EU 254884; Burnaby Lake
Regional Park, on overwintered leaves of <italic>Betula papyrifera</italic>, 12 May
2006, coll. M.V. Sogonov (BPI 877602) GenBank EU254886.. <bold>Russia,</bold> Tver'
province, Toropets district, v. Kosilovo, on overwintered leaves of
<italic>Betula</italic> <italic>pendula</italic>, 5 Jun 2005, coll. M.V. Sogonov (BPI 877488B)
GenBank EU254887; Novgorod province, Kholm district, Rdeysky Natural Reserve,
vicinity of the village Fryunino, on overwintered leaves of <italic>Betula
nana</italic>, 11 Jun 2005, coll. M.V. Sogonov (BPI 877496) GenBank EU254881;
Naberezhnaya reki Lovat' str., 9, on overwintered leaves of <italic>Betula
pendula</italic>, 23 Aug 2004, coll. M.V. Sogonov (BPI 877498) GenBank EU254878.
<bold>U.S.A.,</bold> Maryland, Prince George's Co., Beltsville, Little Paint Branch
Park, on overwintered leaves of <italic>Betula nigra</italic>, 17 Mar 2005, coll. M.V.
Sogonov (BPI 877597) GenBank EU254879; 11 Apr 2005, coll. M.V. Sogonov (BPI
877598) GenBank EU254880.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: Among other species of <italic>Ophiognomonia</italic> on
<italic>Betula, Ophiognomonia intermedia</italic> with two-celled ascospores is
distinct from <italic>O. nana</italic> with one-celled ascospores. <italic>Ophiognomonia
intermedia</italic> is similar to <italic>O. alni-viridis</italic> and <italic>O.
ischnostyla</italic> in ascospore size except that the ascospores of <italic>O.
intermedia</italic> lack appendages and tend to have a length wide ratio of less
than 5. <italic>Ophiognomonia intermedia</italic> causes a foliar disease of birch
that also causes dieback of young shoots
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref21">Green 2004</xref>). Green &
Castlebury (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref22">2007</xref>) proved the
connection between <italic>O. intermedia</italic> as <italic>G. intermedia</italic> with the
asexual state <italic>Discula betulae</italic> (Westend.) Pennycook
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref47">Pennycook, 2007</xref>).</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig36"><label>Fig. 36.</label><caption><p>Morphology on natural substrates, asci and ascospores. A, B.
<italic>Ophiognomonia ischnostyla</italic>. A. BPI 877514B. B. BPI 877619. C–H.
<italic>O</italic>. cf. <italic>ischnostyla</italic>. C, D. BPI 877605A. E. BPI 877605B. F.
BPI 877467B. G. BPI 877622. H. BPI 877616. Scale 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig36"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic><bold>Ophiognomonia ischnostyla</bold></italic> (Desm.) Sogonov, <bold>comb.
nov.</bold> MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB512186&link_type=MB">MB
512186</ext-link>. Figs
<xref rid="fig34" ref-type="fig">34G–L</xref>;
<xref rid="fig35" ref-type="fig">35A–E</xref>;
<xref rid="fig36" ref-type="fig">36A–H</xref>.
Basionym:
<italic>Sphaeria ischnostyla</italic> Desm., Annals Sci. nat., Bot., sér. 3.
11: 357. 1849.</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Gnomonia ischnostyla</italic> (Desm.) Auersw. in Gonn. &
Rabenh., Mycol. Europ. 5/6: 2. 1869.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Gnomonia setacea</italic> f. <italic>alni</italic> Kleb., Haupt- und
Nebenfruchtformen der Ascomyzeten: 244. 1918 <italic>fide</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">Monod 1983</xref>.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Sphaeronema amenticolum</italic> Ces., Bot. Z. 15: 173. 1857
<italic>fide</italic> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">Monod 1983</xref>.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Gnomonia amenticola</italic> (Ces.) Prihoda, Česká
Mykol. 10:122. 1956 <italic>fide</italic> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">Monod
1983</xref>.</p></list-item></list></p><p><italic>Habitat</italic>: On overwintered leaves of <italic>Alnus, Betula, Carpinus
(Betulaceae), Juglans (Juglandaceae)</italic>, and other hardwood trees.</p><p><italic>Distribution</italic>: Europe (Bulgaria, France, Russia, Switzerland) and
U.S.A. (TN).</p><p><italic>Specimens examined</italic>: <bold>Russia,</bold> Tver' province, Toropets
district, v. Kosilovo, on overwintered leaves of <italic>Alnus</italic><italic>glutinosa</italic>, 5 Jun 2005, coll. M.V. Sogonov (BPI 877617) GenGank
EU254907; Tver' province, Toropets district, vicinity of v. Bubonitsy,
biological research station “Chisty Les”, on fallen leaves of
<italic>Betula? pubescens</italic>, 31 Aug 2004, coll. M.V. Sogonov (BPI 877616)
EU254919; on overwintered leaves of <italic>Alnus glutinosa</italic>, 14 Jun 2005,
coll. M.V. Sogonov (BPI 877618) GenBank EU254908; Novgorod province, Kholm
district, Rdeysky Natural Reserve, vicinity of the village Fryunino, on
overwintered leaves of <italic>Alnus glutinosa</italic>, 11 Jun 2005, coll. M.V.
Sogonov (BPI 877619) GenBank EU294900; Arboretum (Dendropark), near the tree
#560, on overwintered leaves of <italic>Corylus avellana</italic>, Jun 2005, coll.
M.V. Sogonov (BPI 877514B) GenBank EU254899. <bold>Switzerland,</bold> Wallis,
Mörel, on overwintered leaves of <italic>Alnus incana</italic>, 28 May 2005,
coll. M.V. Sogonov (BPI 877620) GenBank EU254898.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig37"><label>Fig. 37.</label><caption><p>Morphology on natural substrates, perithecia. A, B. <italic>Ophiognomonia
micromegala</italic>. A. BPI 877613A. B. BPI 877634B. C. <italic>O. rosae</italic>, BPI
877586. D. <italic>O.</italic> <italic>rubi-idaei</italic>, BPI 877637. A, C, D. Intact
air-dry perithecia on leaves. B. Extracted and rehydrated perithecium. Scale
200 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig37"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Specimen examined</italic> <italic>O</italic>. cf. <italic>ischnostyla</italic>:
<bold>Russia,</bold> Tver' province, Toropets district, vicinity, the beginning of
the Ecotrail, on fallen leaves of <italic>Betula pubescens</italic>, 31 Aug 2004,
coll. M.V. Sogonov (BPI 877605A) GenBank EU254895.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Ophiognomonia ischnostyla</italic> occurs on a variety of
hardwood trees especially in the <italic>Betulaceae. Opiognomonia ischnostyla</italic>has an elongated neck unlike <italic>Gnomonia alnea</italic> on <italic>Alnus</italic>. The
ascospores of <italic>O. alni-viridis</italic> and <italic>O. ischnostyla</italic> have a l:w
greater than 3 while <italic>O. trientense</italic> has an ascospore l:w less than 3.
The ascospores of <italic>O. alni-viridis</italic> are 10–12.5 ×
2–2.5 μm while those of <italic>O. ischnostyla</italic> are
(12.5–)13.5–15.5(–18.5) × (1.5–)2(–2.5)
μm <italic>fide</italic> Monod
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">1983</xref>). For a more detailed
description of <italic>O. ischnostyla</italic>, see Monod
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">1983</xref>).</p><p>The name <italic>Gnomonia nervisequa</italic> (Wallr.) Fuckel based on <italic>Sphaeria
nervisequa</italic> Wallr., was proposed by Monod
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">1983</xref>) as the correct name for
<italic>O. ischnostyla</italic> but this is rejected. Wallroth's
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref72">1833</xref>) original description of
the basionym is poor, does not indicate ascospore size, and lacks reference to
any type specimen. The host plant mentioned in the description, <italic>Salix
caprea</italic>, has been never reported in any later study. Nevertheless, Fuckel
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref19">1870</xref>) used this epithet
creating the new combination <italic>Gnomonia nervisequa</italic> (Wallr.) Fuckel in
reference to his own collection on <italic>Carpinus betulus</italic>. None of the
species of <italic>Ophiognomonia</italic> are known to be associated with hosts in the
<italic>Salicales.</italic> The next available basionym for <italic>G. nervisequa
sensu</italic> Monod (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">1983</xref>) is
<italic>Sphaeria ischnostyla</italic> Desm. The type specimen of <italic>Sphaeria
ischnostyla</italic> on <italic>Carpinus betulus</italic> in France was examined at BPI
(Desmazieres, Pl. crypt. France 2084-bound).</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig38"><label>Fig. 38.</label><caption><p>Morphology on natural substrates, asci and ascospores. A, B.
<italic>Ophiognomonia micromegala</italic>, BPI 877615A. C, D. <italic>O</italic>.
<italic>rosae</italic>. C. BPI 877636. D. BPI 877588. E, F. <italic>O</italic>.
<italic>rubi-idaei</italic>, BPI 877637. Scale 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig38"></graphic></fig></p><p><fig position="float" id="fig39"><label>Fig. 39.</label><caption><p>Culture morphology. A–H. <italic>Ophiognomonia rosae</italic><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121263&link_type=CBS">CBS 121263</ext-link>.
I–Q. <italic>O</italic>. <italic>sassafras</italic><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121243&link_type=CBS">CBS 121243</ext-link>.
A–F, I–N. Colony habit, 40 d, 23 °C. A, C, E, I, K, M.
Surface. B, D, F, J, L, N. Reverse. G, O, P. Perithecia. H, Q. Asci. G, H. 40
d, 23 °C. O–Q. 4.5 mo, 2/10 °C. A, B, I, J, P. PDA. C, D, G, H,
K, L, Q. MEA. E, F, M, O. MYA. Scale: A–F, I–N. 1 cm. G, O. 500
μm. P. 200 μm. H, Q. 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig39"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic><bold>Ophiognomonia leptostyla</bold></italic> (Fr.) Sogonov, <bold>comb. nov.</bold>MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB512187&link_type=MB">MB
512187</ext-link>.
Basionym: <italic>Sphaeria leptostyla</italic> Fr., Syst.
Mycol. 2: 517. 1823.</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Gnomonia leptostyla</italic> (Fr.) Ces. & De Not., Comment.
Soc. Crittog. Ital. 1(4): 232. 1863.</p></list-item></list></p><p><italic>Habitat</italic>: On overwintered leaves of <italic>Juglans</italic> spp.
(<italic>Juglandaceae</italic>).</p><p><italic>Distribution</italic>: Canada (Ontario), Europe (Austria, Bulgaria,
Germany, Poland, Russia, Switzerland) and U.S.A. (AL, DE, IA, IL, MA, MD, NY,
PA, VA, WV).</p><p><italic>Specimen examined</italic>: <bold>Switzerland</bold>, on <italic>Juglans
regia</italic>, coll. M. Monod 439, GenBank EU254910.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Ophiognomonia leptostyla</italic> is the cause of walnut
anthracnose or walnut leaf blotch, a disease that is particularly virulent in
the midwestern and eastern United States
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref44">Neely & Black 1976</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref5">Berry 1981</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref30">Juhasova et al. 2006</xref>). The
anamorph of <italic>O. leptostyla</italic> has been called <italic>Marssoniella
juglandis</italic> (Lib.) Hohn. but that anamorphic genus is a later homonoym of
an alga, thus Braun (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref6">1991</xref>)
established the genus <italic>Neomarssoniella</italic> U. Braun. For more detailed
descriptions see Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">1978</xref>)
and Monod (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">1983</xref>).</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig40"><label>Fig. 40.</label><caption><p>Morphology on natural substrates, perithecia. A–C. <italic>Ophiognomonia
sassafras</italic>. A, B. BPI 877639. C. BPI 611592. D. <italic>O</italic>. cf.
<italic>trientensis</italic>, BPI 877672. A, D. Intact air-dry perithecia on leaves.
B, C. Extracted and rehydrated perithecia. Scale 200 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig40"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic><bold>Ophiognomonia micromegala</bold></italic> (Ellis & Everh.) Sogonov,
<bold>comb. nov.</bold> MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB512188&link_type=MB">MB
512188</ext-link>. Figs
<xref rid="fig37" ref-type="fig">37A,B</xref>;
<xref rid="fig38" ref-type="fig">38A,B</xref>.
Basionym:
<italic>Diaporthe micromegala</italic> Ellis & Everh., Proc. Acad. nat. Sci.
Philad. for 1893: 449. 1894.</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Plagiostoma micromegalum</italic> (Ellis & Everh.) M.E. Barr,
Mycol. Memoir, 7: 112. 1978.</p></list-item></list></p><p><italic>Habitat</italic>: On overwintered leaflets and rachises of <italic>Carya</italic>spp. (<italic>Juglandaceae</italic>).</p><p><italic>Distribution</italic>: U.S.A. (DC, DE, GA, MD)</p><p><italic>Specimens examined</italic>: <bold>U.S.A.,</bold> Maryland, Montogomery Co.,
Chesapeake & Ohio Canal National Historic Park, on overwintered leaves of
<italic>Carya tomentosa</italic>, 10 Apr 2004, coll. M.V. Sogonov (BPI 877614) GenBank
EU254916; Wheaton Regional Park, on overwintered leaves of <italic>Carya</italic> sp.,
6 Mar 2005, coll. M.V. Sogonov (BPI 877612) GenBank EU254917; Prince George's
Co., Beltsville, end of Entomology Road, on overwintered leaves of <italic>Carya
tomentosa</italic>, 30 Mar 2004, coll. M.V. Sogonov (BPI 877634B) GenBank
EU254914; 4 Apr 2004 (BPI 877613A) GenBank EU254915.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Ophiognomonia micromegala</italic> with ascospores
32–45 × 5.5–8 μm <italic>fide</italic> Barr
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">1978</xref> as <italic>Plagiostoma
micomegalum</italic>) is similar to <italic>Gnomonia caryae</italic> with ascospores
(16–)22–30(–37) × (2–)3–5.5 μm
<italic>fide</italic> Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">1978</xref>),
however, the latter species has thinner ascospores and central necks on the
perithecia. <italic>Ophiognomonia pseudoclavulata</italic> has shorter ascospores than
those of <italic>O. micromegala</italic>. Barr
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">1978</xref> as <italic>Plagistoma
micromegalum</italic>) provides a detailed description of this species as does
Wehmeyer (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref73">1933</xref> <italic>as
Diaporthe micromegala</italic>).</p><p><italic><bold>Ophiognomonia nana</bold></italic> (Rehm) Sogonov, <bold>comb. nov.</bold>MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB512189&link_type=MB">MB
512189</ext-link>.
Basionym: <italic>Gnomoniella nana</italic> Rehm, Hedwigia 42:
349. 1903.</p><p><italic>Habitat</italic>: On dead leaves of <italic>Betula nana</italic> L.
(<italic>Betulaceae</italic>).</p><p><italic>Distribution</italic>: Europe (Finland, Germany, Switzerland).</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Ophiognomonia nana</italic> is distinguished from other
species of <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> on <italic>Betula</italic> by the non-septate
ascospores and beaks longer than 400 μm, and is unlike species of
<italic>Gnomonia</italic> in having perithecia that do not become concave upon drying.
For a more detailed description, see Monod
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">1983</xref> as <italic>Gnomoniella
nana</italic>).</p><p><italic><bold>Ophiognomonia padicola</bold></italic> (Lib.) M. Monod, Beih. Sydowia 9:
158. 1983.</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Sphaeria padicola</italic> Lib., Plant. Cryptog. Arduenn. Cent. 2,
149. 1832.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Gnomonia padicola</italic> (Lib.) Kleb., Z. Pflkrankh. 18:137.
1908.</p></list-item><list-item><p><italic>= Ophiognomonia padi</italic> Jaap, Verh. bot. Ver. Prov. Brandenburg 47:
87. 1905 <italic>fide</italic> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">Monod
1983</xref>.</p></list-item></list></p><p><italic>Habitat</italic>: On overwintered leaves of <italic>Prunus padus</italic> L.
(Rosaceae).</p><p><italic>Distribution</italic>: Europe (Germany, Switzerland)</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Ophiognomonia padicola</italic> is descried in detailed by
Monod (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">1983</xref>) who placed the
asexual state in <italic>Cylindrosporella. Gnomonia cerastis,</italic> previously
reported on this host, is now considered a synonym of <italic>Apiognomonia
hystrix. Ophiognomonia padicola</italic> has filiform ascospores more than 30
μm much longer than the ascospores of <italic>A. hystrix.</italic></p><p><fig position="float" id="fig41"><label>Fig. 41.</label><caption><p>Morphology on natural substrates, asci and ascospores. A. <italic>Ophiognomonia
sassafras</italic>, BPI 877639. B. <italic>O</italic>. cf. <italic>trientensis</italic>, BPI
877672. Scale 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig41"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic><bold>Ophiognomonia rosae</bold></italic> (Fuckel) Kirschst., Ann. Mycol. 37:
129. 1939. Figs <xref rid="fig37" ref-type="fig">37C</xref>;
<xref rid="fig38" ref-type="fig">38C,D</xref>;
<xref rid="fig39" ref-type="fig">39A–H</xref>.</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Gnomonia rosae</italic> Fuckel, Jb. Nassau Ver. Naturk.
23–24: 122. 1870.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Gnomoniella rosae</italic> (Fuckel) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 1: 416.
1882.</p></list-item></list></p><p><italic>Habitat</italic>: On <italic>Rosa</italic> spp. and possibly other genera in the
<italic>Rosaceae</italic>.</p><p><italic>Distribution</italic>: Europe (Germany, Russia) and U.S.A. (ME).</p><p><italic>Specimen examined</italic>: <bold>Russia,</bold> Tver' province, Toropets
district, v. Bubonitsy, near Bologovs' house, on dead but attached twigs of
<italic>Rosa</italic> sp., 14 Jun 2005, coll. M.V. Sogonov (BPI 877635) GenBank EU
254933.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Ophiognomonia rosae</italic> having filiform ascospores has
been reported on a number of rosaceous hosts; however, many of these specimens
were not examined, thus a narrow concept of this species is retained. Monod
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">1983</xref>) provides a detailed
description of this species as <italic>Gnomonia rosae</italic>.</p><p><italic><bold>Ophiognomonia rubi-idaei</bold></italic> (M. Monod) Sogonov, <bold>comb.
nov.</bold> MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=512190&link_type=MB">512190</ext-link>. Figs
<xref rid="fig37" ref-type="fig">37D</xref>;
<xref rid="fig38" ref-type="fig">38E,F</xref>.
Basionym:
<italic>Gnomonia rubi-idaei</italic> M. Monod, Beih. Sydowia 9: 106. 1983.</p><p><italic>Habitat</italic>: On overwintered leaves of <italic>Rubus idaeus</italic> L.
(<italic>Rosaceae</italic>).</p><p><italic>Distribution</italic>: Canada (British Columbia) and Europe
(Switzerland).</p><p><italic>Specimens examined</italic>: <bold>Canada,</bold> British Columbia, Manning
Provincial Park, on overwintered leaves of <italic>Rubus</italic> sp., 13 May 2006,
coll. M.V. Sogonov (BPI 877559B) GenBank EU254939; Victoria Island, Route 14,
on overwintered leaves of <italic>Rubus spectabilis</italic>, 10 May 2006, coll. M.V.
Sogonov (BPI 877638) GenBank EU 254938. <bold>Switzerland,</bold> on overwintered
leaves of <italic>Rubus idaeus</italic>, 21 May 2005, coll. M.V. Sogonov (BPI 877637)
GenBank EU254937).</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Ophiognomonia rubi-idaei</italic> is distinguished from
other species in the <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> on <italic>Rubus</italic> by the filiform
ascospores. Monod (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">1983</xref>)
provides a detailed description as <italic>G. rubi-idaei</italic>.</p><p><italic><bold>Ophiognomonia sassafras</bold></italic> (Ellis & Everh.) M. Monod,
Beih. Sydowia 9: 86. 1983. Figs
<xref rid="fig39" ref-type="fig">39I–Q</xref>;
<xref rid="fig40" ref-type="fig">40A–C</xref>;
<xref rid="fig41" ref-type="fig">41A</xref>.</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Gnomonia sassafras</italic> Ellis & Everh., Bull. Torrey Bot.
Club 10: 98. 1883.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Pleuroceras sassafras</italic> (Ellis & Everh.) M.E. Barr,
Mycol. Mem. 7: 122. 1978.</p></list-item></list></p><p><italic>Habitat</italic>: On overwintered leaves of <italic>Sassafras officinale</italic>Nees. & Eberhm. (<italic>Lauraceae</italic>).</p><p><italic>Distribution</italic>: U.S.A. (MD, NJ, OH, PA).</p><p><italic>Specimen examined</italic>: <bold>U.S.A.,</bold> Maryland, Howard Co.,
Columbia, Centennial Park, on overwintered leaves of <italic>Sassafras
albidum</italic>, 9 Apr 2005, coll. M.V. Sogonov (BPI 877642) GenBank
EU254940.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Ophiognomonia sassafras</italic> is the only species of
<italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> known on this plant host. For a detailed description,
consult Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">1978</xref>).</p><p><italic><bold>Ophiognomonia setacea</bold></italic> (Pers.: Fr.) Sogonov, <bold>comb.
nov.</bold> MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB512191&link_type=MB">MB
512191</ext-link>. <xref rid="fig42" ref-type="fig">Figs
42A–X</xref>.
Basionym: <italic>Sphaeria setacea</italic> Pers.: Fr.,
Syn. Method. Fung. p. 62. 1801: Syst. Mycol. 2: 517. 1823.</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Gnomonia setacea</italic> (Pers.: Fr.) Ces. & De Not., Comment.
Soc. Crittog. Ital. 1: 232. 1863.</p></list-item></list></p><p><italic>Habitat</italic>: On overwintered leaves of <italic>Castanea dentata</italic> L.,
<italic>Castanea</italic> sp. and <italic>Quercus alba</italic> L.<italic>, Q. bicolor</italic>Willd<italic>., Q. cerris</italic> L.<italic>, Q. macrocarpa</italic> Michx.<italic>, Q.
montana</italic> Willd., <italic>Q. palustris</italic> Münchh.<italic>, Q. phellos</italic>L.<italic>, Q. pubescens</italic> Willd., <italic>Q. robur</italic> L., and <italic>Quercus</italic>sp. (<italic>Fagaceae</italic>).</p><p><italic>Distribution</italic>: Canada (Ontario), Europe (Austria, Bulgaria,
Germany, Italy, Montenegro, Sweden, Switzerland) and U.S.A. (LA, MD, NJ, NY,
OH, PA, TN, VA, WV).</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Ophiognomonia setacea</italic> was originally retained in
<italic>Gnomonia</italic> by Sogonov <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref63">2005</xref>) based on an analysis of
the LSU of relatively few species in the <italic>Gnomoniaceae.</italic> However, the
multigene phylogeny presented in this paper reveals that this species is
allied with species of <italic>Ophiognomonia. Ophiognomonia setacea</italic> is
conspicuous on overwintered leaves of chestnut and oak due to the very long,
often over 500 μm, thin, black necks emerging from the leaf surface.
Sogonov <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref63">2005</xref>)
provides an epitype and a detailed description of this species.</p><p><italic><bold>Ophiognomonia trientensis</bold></italic> (M. Monod) Sogonov, <bold>comb.
nov.</bold> MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB512192&link_type=MB">MB
512192</ext-link>. Figs <xref rid="fig40" ref-type="fig">40D</xref>;
<xref rid="fig41" ref-type="fig">41B</xref>.
Basionym: <italic>Gnomonia
trientensis</italic> M. Monod, Beih. Sydowia 9: 90. 1983.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig42"><label>Fig. 42.</label><caption><p><italic>Ophiognomonia setacea</italic>, culture morphology, colony habit, 40 d, 23
°C. A–F. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=116406&link_type=CBS">CBS
116406</ext-link>. G–L. CBS
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=116408&link_type=CBS">CBS116408</ext-link>.
M–P. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121235&link_type=CBS">CBS
121235</ext-link>. Q, R. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121237&link_type=CBS">CBS
121237</ext-link>. S–X. <italic>O</italic>. cf. <italic>setacea</italic><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121256&link_type=CBS">CBS 121256</ext-link>. A, C,
E, G, I, K, M, O, Q, S, U, W. Surface. B, D, F, H, J, L, N, P, R, T, V, X.
Reverse. Scale 1 cm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig42"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Habitat</italic>: On overwintered leaves of <italic>Alnus viridis</italic>(<italic>Betulaceae</italic>).</p><p><italic>Distribution</italic>: Canada (British Columbia), Europe (Switzerland) and
U.S.A. (WA).</p><p><italic>Specimens examined</italic>: <bold>Canada,</bold> British Columbia, Hope, on
overwintered leaves of <italic>Alnus tenuifolia</italic>, 13 May 2006, coll. M.V.
Sogonov (BPI 877672) GenBank EU254986; Manning Provincial Park, Engineers
Trail, on overwintered leaves of <italic>Alnus viridis</italic>, 13 May 2006 (BPI
877673) GenBank EU254987. <bold>U.S.A.,</bold> Washington, King Co., Mount
Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, Snoqualmie Ranger District, near exit 42 on
the highway US 90, road to mines, on overwintered but still hanging leaves of
<italic>Alnus viridis</italic>, 16 May 2006 (BPI 877674) GenBank EU254985.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Ophiognomonia trientensis</italic> can be distinquished
from the other species of <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> on <italic>Alnus. Gnomonia
alnea</italic> lacks an elongated neck unlike <italic>O. alni-viridis, O.
ischnostyla</italic> and <italic>O. trientensis. Ophiognomonia trientense</italic> has an
ascospore l:w less than 3 while <italic>O. alni-viridis</italic> and <italic>O.
ischnostyla</italic> both have an ascospore l:w greater than 3.</p><p>For a detailed description, see Monod
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">1983</xref>).</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig43"><label>Fig. 43.</label><caption><p>Morphology on natural substrates, perithecia. A–C. <italic>Plagiostoma
euphorbiae</italic>, lectotype Fungi Rhenani 863, BPI bound. D–I.
<italic>P</italic>. <italic>aesculi</italic>. D, E, I. Epitype BPI 748430. F–H. BPI
840942. J, K. <italic>P</italic>. <italic>barriae</italic>, holotype BPI 877717B. A, D, E, J.
Intact air-dry perithecia on stems, twigs, leaves and petioles. B. Air-dry
perithecium on fragment of bark, bottom view. C, H, I, K. Extracted and
rehydrated perithecia. F. Air-dry perithecium on fragment of bark, side view.
G. Air-dry perithecium on fragment of outer layers of stem, bottom view. Scale
200 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig43"></graphic></fig></p><p><bold>PLAGIOSTOMA</bold> Fuckel, Jb. Nassau Ver. Naturk. 23–24: 118.
1870.
Lectotype designated by Höhnel
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref26">1917</xref>): <italic>Plagiostoma
euphorbiae</italic> Fuckel</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>= <italic>Cryptodiaporthe</italic> Petr., Ann. Mycol. 19: 118. 1921. Lectotype
designated by Clements & Shear
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref11">1931</xref>): <italic>Cryptodiaporthe
aesculi</italic> (Fuckel) Petr. now recognised as <italic>Plagiostoma aesculi</italic>(Fuckel) Sogonov, <bold>comb. nov.</bold></p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Rostrocoronophora</italic> Munk, Dansk Bot. Arkiv 15: 98. 1953. Type:
<italic>R. geranii</italic> Munk, now recognised as <italic>Plagiostoma geranii</italic>(Hollos) Sogonov, <bold>comb. nov.</bold></p></list-item></list></p><p>Perithecia solitary, on fallen leaves, epiphyllous or on petioles, on dead
but still attached pedicels of trees and shrubs, or on dead parts of
herbaceous plants, in groups of 5–15 perithecia with or without a
rudimentary stroma on twigs of trees and shrubs. Perithecia black, remaining
immersed in substrate, oblate to globose when moist, convex, sometimes with
irregular dents when dry, round in top view, with one neck. Necks central to
marginal, never truly lateral, mostly length 0.5–2 times perithecial
diam but varying from almost lacking to 3–4 perithecial diam long. Asci
fusiform, with an apical ring, with eight spores arranged irregularly
multiseriate or obliquely uniseriate. Ascospores mostly two-celled, rarely
one-celled, oval to fusiform, l:w 2.5–6; ends mostly rounded, rarely
pointed; appendages mostly absent or less commonly present, subulate,
navicular or whip-shaped, to 30 μm long.</p><p><italic>Cultures</italic>: Colonies fast growing, often reaching edges of 90 mm
Petri plates after 2 wk at 23 °C l/d or at least 60–70 mm diam.
Colonies floccose or lanose all over surface or in lobes or concentric rings
intermingled with glabrous or velvety areas. Colonies whitish, grey,
orange-grey, brownish orange, dark brown, olive. Some species produce fertile
perithecia in culture after 5–6 mo at 2/10 Cl/d. Conidiomata often
produced after 2–4 wk at 23 °C l/d.</p><p><italic>Hosts</italic>: In diverse taxonomic groups (<italic>Aceraceae, Ericaceae,
Euphorbiaceae, Fagaceae, Geraniaceae, Hippocastanaceae, Oleaceae, Platanaceae,
Polygonaceae, Salicaceae</italic>). Most species are specific at the level of
plant host species or genus, however, a few species occur on a wide diversity
of plants.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig44"><label>Fig. 44.</label><caption><p>Morphology on natural substrates, asci and ascospores. A. <italic>Plagiostoma
euphorbiae</italic>, lectotype Fungi Rhenani 863, BPI bound. B, C. <italic>P</italic>.
<italic>aesculi</italic>, epitype BPI 748430. D–F. <italic>P</italic>. <italic>barriae</italic>,
holotype BPI 877717B. Scale 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig44"></graphic></fig></p></sec><sec><title>Type species of <italic>Plagiostoma</italic> and synonymous genus,
<italic>Cryptodiaporthe</italic></title><p><italic><bold>Plagiostoma euphorbiae</bold></italic> (Fuckel) Fuckel, Jb. Nassau Ver.
Naturk. 23–24: 118. 1870. Figs
<xref rid="fig43" ref-type="fig">43A–C</xref>;
<xref rid="fig44" ref-type="fig">44A</xref>;
<xref rid="fig45" ref-type="fig">45A–F</xref>.</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Sphaeria euphorbiae</italic> Fuckel, Enumeratio fungorum Nassoviae:
69. 1860.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Gnomonia euphorbiae</italic> (Fuckel) Sacc., Michelia 2: 312.
1881.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Gnomoniella euphorbiae</italic> (Fuckel) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 1: 418.
1882.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Gnomonia tithymalina</italic> Sacc. & Briard, Revue mycol. 7: 209.
1885 <italic>fide</italic> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">Monod
1983</xref>.</p></list-item></list></p><p>Perithecia solitary, without stroma, randomly scattered on dead stems,
black, suboblate to oblate-spheroidal when moist, 230–350 μm high
× 290–430 μm diam, convex when dry. Necks central or eccentric,
short, only slightly projecting from plant tissue, 70–95 μm long,
80–90 μm diam. Asci oval, (33–)37.5–41(–52.5)
× 10.5–12.5(–13.5) μm (mean = 41 × 12, SD 7.5, 1.5,
n=5), apical ring 2.5–3 μm diam, with eight ascospores arranged
obliquely uniseriate, obliquely biseriate ot irregularly multiseriate.
Ascospores ellipsoidal, straight or inequilateral,
(12–)13–13.5(–15.5) × (3–)3.5(–4) μm
(mean = 13.5 × 3.5, SD 0.5, 0.2, n=33), l:w
(3.1–)3.7–4(–4.5) (mean = 3.9, SD 0.3), two-celled, not
constricted at septum; septum located at (42–)45–49(–56) %
(mean = 47, SD 3) of ascospore length; cells with parallel walls, rounded at
ends, each cell with two large guttules; appendages absent.</p><p><italic>Cultures</italic>: Colonies on PDA attaining 60 mm diam after 40 d at 23
°C, flat, glabrous to velvety, dark brown to greyish brown; margins
submerged, orange-grey; margin irregular; reverse dark brown to brownish
orange. Colonies on MEA attaining 90 mm after 40 d at 23 °C, flat,
superficial and partly submerged, with no aerial mycelium, thin, consisting of
dendroid branches, shades of orange-grey, brownish orange, brownish grey;
margin irregular; reverse of same colours as surface. Colonies on MYA
attaining 90 mm after 40 d at 23 °C, flat, short felty orange-grey in
central part, glabrous to velvety, dark brown; margin submerged, greyish
orange, irregular; reverse dark brown to brownish orange.</p><p><italic>Habitat</italic>: On dead stems of <italic>Euphorbia palustris</italic> L. and
<italic>E. pannonica</italic> Host (<italic>Euphorbiaceae</italic>).</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig45"><label>Fig. 45.</label><caption><p>Culture morphology, colony habit. A–F. <italic>Plagiostoma
euphorbiae</italic> <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=817.79&link_type=CBS">CBS
817.79</ext-link>. G–R. <italic>P</italic>. <italic>barriae</italic><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121249&link_type=CBS">CBS 121249</ext-link>.
S–X. <italic>P</italic>. <italic>devexum</italic> BPI 843489. A–F, M–X. 40
d, 23 °C. G–L. 14 d, 23 °C. A, C, E, G, I, K, M, O, Q. Surface.
B, D, F, H, J, L, N, P, R. Reverse. A, B, G, H, M, N. PDA. C, D, I, J, O, P.
MEA. E, F, K, L, Q, R. MYA. Scale 1 cm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig45"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Distribution</italic>: Europe (Germany, Hungary, The Netherlands, Russia,
Switzerland).</p><p><italic><bold>Lectotype designated here</bold></italic><bold>: Germany</bold>, Freienweinheim,
1860 or before, K.W.G.L. Fuckel, Fungi Rhenani 863 (BPI bound).</p><p><italic>Additional cultures examined</italic>: <bold>The Netherlands</bold>, Baarn, 12
May 1978, W. Gams, H.A. van der Aa 6449
(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=340.78&link_type=CBS">CBS 340.78</ext-link>);
<bold>Switzerland</bold>, Vaud, lake shore between Yverdon and Yvonand, 14 Jun.
1978, M. Monod 466 (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=817.79&link_type=CBS">CBS
817.79</ext-link>).</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Plagiostoma euphorbiae</italic> is distinguished from the
other species of <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> on <italic>Euphorbia</italic> by the short
neck, less than 100 μm long, on each perithecium.</p><p><italic><bold>Plagiostoma aesculi</bold></italic> (Fuckel) Sogonov, <bold>comb. nov.</bold>MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB512193&link_type=MB">MB
512193</ext-link>. Figs
<xref rid="fig43" ref-type="fig">43D–I</xref>;
<xref rid="fig44" ref-type="fig">44B,C</xref>.
Basionym:
<italic>Cryptospora aesculi</italic> Fuckel, Jb. Nassau Ver. Naturk. 23–24: 193.
1870.</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Cryptosporella aesculi</italic> (Fuckel) Sacc., Michelia 1: 30.
1877.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Diaporthe aesculi</italic> (Fuckel) Höhn., Ann. Mycol. 16:
116. 1918.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Cryptodiaporthe aesculi</italic> (Fuckel) Petr., Ann. Mycol. 19:
119. 1921.</p></list-item></list></p><p>Perithecia in groups of 3–10, with loose stroma, on fresh dead twigs.
Perithecia black, oblate spheroidal when moist, convex, usually with irregular
dents on top when dry, 300–450 μm high × 380–600 μm
diam. Necks converged with others in group, eccentric to marginal, slightly
curved, 420–700 μm long, 100–150 μm wide at base,
60–150 μm wide at apex. Asci fusiform,
(45.5–)48.5–67(–78.5) ×
(10–)12.5–16(–21.5) μm (mean = 58.5 × 14.5, SD 11,
3, n=16), apical ring absent, with eight ascospores arranged obliquely
biseriate to irregularly multiseriate. Ascospores variable in size and shape,
ellipsoidal to fusiform, (13–)17.5–20(–23.5) ×
(3.5–)4–5(–6.5) μm (mean = 18.5 × 4.5, SD 2, 0.7,
n=109), l:w (2.6–)3.5–4.4(–5.7) (mean = 4, SD 0.7),
two-celled, constricted or not constricted at septum, ends rounded to
tapering, distal cell often slightly wider than basal, septum located at
(37–)46–50(–57) % (mean = 48, SD 4, n=98) of ascospore
length; appendages usually absent, if present, subulate, length to 5
μm.</p><p><italic>Cultures</italic>: Not observed.</p><p><italic>Habitat</italic>: On overwintered twigs of <italic>Aesculus hippocastanum</italic>L. (<italic>Sapindaceae</italic>).</p><p><italic>Distribution</italic>: Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, United
Kingdom).</p><p><italic><bold>Lectotype designated here</bold></italic>: <bold>Germany</bold>, Reichartshausen,
on dry twigs of <italic>Aesculus hippocastanum</italic>, winter 1894 or before,
K.W.G.L. Fuckel, Fungi Rhenani 2003 (BPI 601244).</p><p><italic><bold>Epitype designated here</bold></italic>: <bold>Austria</bold>, Vienna,
19<sup>th</sup> district, Krapfenwaldgasse, Grinzing, <italic>Aesculus
hippocastanum</italic>, 11 Nov. 2000, W. Jaklitsch 1695 (BPI 748430, ex-type
epiculture <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=109765&link_type=CBS">CBS
109765</ext-link>).</p><p><italic>Additional specimens examined</italic>: <bold>Austria</bold>, Trieblach, St.
Margareten im Rosental, Kaertnen, on dead twigs of <italic>A. hippocastanum</italic>,
14 Apr. 2001, W. Jaklitsch 1732 (BPI 840942, culture
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121905&link_type=CBS">CBS121905</ext-link>) GenBank
EU254994; <bold>Czech Republic</bold>, Moravia, Hranice na Moravě,
<italic>Aesculus</italic> sp., March 1913, F. Petrak (Flora Moravica, Missouri Bot.
Gard. Herb. 43417 (BPI 617579); Moravia, Hranice na Moravě, Teplice,
<italic>A. hippocastanum</italic>, May 1914, F. Petrak (BPI 617580); <bold>Germany</bold>,
Saxony, near Köningstein, <italic>A. hippocastanum</italic>, 04 May 1907, W.
Krieger Fungi Saxonici 2022 (BPI bound).</p></sec><sec><title>New species of <italic>Plagiostoma</italic></title><p><italic><bold>Plagiostoma barriae</bold></italic> Sogonov, <bold>sp. nov.</bold> MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB512194&link_type=MB">MB 512194</ext-link>. Figs
<xref rid="fig43" ref-type="fig">43J,K</xref>;
<xref rid="fig44" ref-type="fig">44D–F</xref>;
<xref rid="fig45" ref-type="fig">45G–R</xref>.</p><p>Perithecia 140–170 μm alta × 180–240 μm diam, in
sicco convexae. Rostrum 800–130 μm longum, basi 45–52 μm
diam, apice 30–38 μm diam. Ascosporae ellipsoideae vel ovales,
rectae, (11.5–)14–15.5(–17.5) ×
(2.5–)3.5–4(–4.5) μm, L:l
(3–)3.6–4.1(–5.1). Ad aliis <italic>Plagiostomae</italic> speciebus
morphologiae characteribus combinatis differt. <italic>Holotypus</italic>: BPI
877717B.</p><p><italic>Etymology</italic>: Names for the Canadian mycologist Margaret E. Barr
Bigelow in recognition of her contribution to the taxonomy of the
<italic>Diaporthales</italic>.</p><p>Perithecia solitary, without stroma, randomly scattered on overwintered
petioles, black, suboblate when moist, 140–170 μm high ×
180–240 μm diam, convex when dry. Necks central, straight,
80–130 μm long, 45–52 μm wide at base, 30–38 μm
wide at apex. Asci fusiform, (47.5–)48.5–53(–56.5) ×
(8.5–)9.5–10.5(–11) μm (mean = 51 × 10, SD 4, 1.2,
n=4), apical ring 2.5–4 μm diam, with eight ascospores arranged
biserate to irregularly multiseriate. Ascospores ellipsoidal to oval, straight
to oval, (11.5–)14–15.5(–17.5) ×
(2.5–)3.5–4(–4.5) μm (mean = 15 × 4, SD 1.5, 0.5,
n=58), l:w (3–)3.5–4(–5) (mean = 4, SD 0.5), two-celled,
constricted at septum; septum located at (44–)47–49(–55) %
(mean = 48, SD 3, n=20) of ascospore length; cells slightly tapering, at ends
blunt, rounded, each cell with 2 large and sometimes 1–2 small guttules
where the largest guttule close to septum; appendages absent or
indistinct.</p><p><italic>Cultures</italic>: Colonies on PDA and MYA attaining 90 mm after 40 d at 23
°C, flat, woolly to floccose, with indistinct concentric zones, with areas
of tint of orange in central part, with scarce-grey soft sclerotium-like
bodies; reverse pale brown in centre to greyish orange at margin. Colonies on
MEA attaining 90 mm after 40 d at 23 °C, flat, thin, semitransparent,
shortly felty, colourless or whitish with tint of brown in central part, with
scattered flocks of white aerial mycelium, with dark brown matt or covered
with pale grey felty mycelium soft sclerotium-like bodies; margin diffuse;
reverse brownish orange to brown-grey. Neither perithecia nor conidiomata
observed in cultures at 2/10 °C after 8 mo.</p><p><italic>Habitat</italic>: On overwintered petioles of <italic>Acer macrophyllum</italic>Pursh (<italic>Aceraceae</italic>).</p><p><italic>Holotype</italic>: <bold>U.S.A.</bold>, Washington, Pierce Co., Gig Harbor,
Narrows Park, 16 May 2006, M.V. Sogonov MS0367a (BPI 877717B, ex-holotype
culture <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121249&link_type=CBS">CBS
121249</ext-link>).</p><p><italic>Additional GenBank nucleotide sequence</italic>: <bold>U.S.A.</bold>, Washington,
Klickitat, young non-mildewed leaf of <italic>Acer macrophyllum</italic>, date
unknown, C. Nischwitz, G. Newcombe, nrDNA ITS1–5.8S–ITS2
(AY961407).</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Plagiostoma barriae</italic> having central necks on the
perithecia differs from other species of <italic>Plagiostoma</italic> on
<italic>Acer,</italic> specifically <italic>P. inclinatum</italic> (Desm.) Barr, <italic>P.
petiolophilum</italic>, and <italic>P. pseudobavarica</italic> M. Monod, all species that
have lateral necks.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig46"><label>Fig. 46.</label><caption><p>Morphology on natural substrates, perithecia. A–E. <italic>Plagiostoma
devexum</italic>. A, B, E. Plantes Cryptogames de France 367, BPI bound. C, D. BPI
843489. F, G. <italic>P</italic>. <italic>euphorbiae-verrucosae</italic>, BPI 877685. H.
<italic>P</italic>. <italic>euphorbiaceum</italic>, BPI 871053. I. <italic>P</italic>.
<italic>fraxini</italic>, BPI 877686. J. <italic>P</italic>. <italic>rhododendri</italic>, BPI 877701.
A, C, D, F, H, J. Intact air-dry perithecia on stems, twigs, petioles and
pedicels. B. Extracted air-dry perithecia. E, G, I. Extracted and rehydrated
perithecia. Scale 200 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig46"></graphic></fig></p></sec><sec><title>Additional species accepted in <italic>Plagiostoma</italic></title><p><italic><bold>Plagiostoma amygdalinae</bold></italic> (Fuckel) Sogonov, <bold>comb. nov.</bold>MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB512195&link_type=MB">MB
512195</ext-link>.
Basionym: <italic>Gnomonia amygdalinae</italic> Fuckel, Jb.
Nassau Ver. Naturk. 23–24: 121. 1870.</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Gnomoniella amygdalinae</italic> (Fuckel) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 1:
418. 1882.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Gnomoniella amygdalinae</italic> (Fuckel) Sacc. f.
<italic>euphorbiae-stepposae</italic> Sandu-Ville, Studii Cerc. Biol., Bot. 18: 18.
1966 <italic>fide</italic> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">Monod
1983</xref>.</p></list-item></list></p><p><italic>Habitat</italic>: On overwintered leaves of <italic>Euphorbia amygdaloides</italic>L. and <italic>E. stepposa</italic> Zoz (<italic>Euphorbiaceae</italic>).</p><p><italic>Distribution</italic>: Europe (Bulgaria, France, Germany, Romania,
Switzerland).</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: Among the species of <italic>Plagiostoma</italic> on <italic>Euphorbia,
Plagiostoma amygdalinae</italic> as well as <italic>P. euphorbiaceum</italic> and <italic>P.
euphorbiae-verrucosae</italic> have perithecial necks longer than 100 μm and
thus are distinct from <italic>P. euphorbiae</italic> having a shorter neck.
<italic>Plagiostoma amygdalinae</italic> and <italic>P. euphorbiaceum</italic> have
one-septate ascospores while those of <italic>P. euphorbiae-verrucosae</italic> are
non-septate. <italic>Plagiostoma amygdalinae</italic> has ascospores that are
13–15.5 × 2.3–3 μm that are narrower than those of <italic>P.
euphorbiae-verrucosae.</italic> See Monod
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">1983</xref>) for a detailed
description of <italic>P. amygdalinae</italic> as <italic>Gnomonia amygdalinae</italic>.</p><p><italic><bold>Plagiostoma devexum</bold></italic> (Desm.) Fuckel, Jb. Nassau Ver. Naturk.
23–24: 119. 1870. Figs
<xref rid="fig45" ref-type="fig">45S–X</xref>;
<xref rid="fig46" ref-type="fig">46A–E</xref>;
<xref rid="fig47" ref-type="fig">47A,B</xref>.</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Sphaeria devexa</italic> Desm., Cryptog. de France, Edit. II,
Sér. II, No 367. 1856.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Gnomonia devexa</italic> (Desm.) Auersw. in Gonn. & Rabenh.,
Mycol. Europ. 5/6: 23. 1869.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Gnomoniella devexa</italic> (Desm.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 1: 417.
1881.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Gnomonopsis devexa</italic> (Desm.) Moesz & Smarods, Bot.
Közl. 38: 68. 1941.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Sphaeria euphorbiae</italic> f. <italic>polygoni</italic> Fuckel, Fungi Rhenani
864. 1864 <italic>fide</italic> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">Monod
1983</xref>.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Sphaeria excentrica</italic> Cooke & Peck, Ann. Rep. New York State
Museum 25: 105. 1873 <italic>fide</italic> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">Monod
1983</xref>.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Gnomoniella excentrica</italic> (Cooke & Peck) Sacc., Syll.
Fung. 1: 418. 1881.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Diaporthe sechalinensis</italic> Sacc., Atti del Congr. bot. di Palermo
1902: 52. 1902 <italic>fide</italic> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">Monod
1983</xref>.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Ceriosporella polygoni</italic> A.L. Sm. & Ramsb., Trans. Br. mycol.
Soc. 4: 325. 1914 <italic>fide</italic> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">Monod
1983</xref>.</p></list-item></list></p><p><fig position="float" id="fig47"><label>Fig. 47.</label><caption><p>Morphology on natural substrates, asci and ascospores. A, B.
<italic>Plagiostoma devexum</italic>, BPI 843489. C. <italic>P</italic>.
<italic>euphorbiae-verrucosae</italic>, BPI 877685. D. <italic>P</italic>.
<italic>euphorbiaceum</italic>, BPI 871053. E. <italic>P</italic>. <italic>fraxini</italic>, BPI
877687. F. <italic>P</italic>. <italic>rhododendri</italic>, BPI 877701. Scale 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig47"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Habitat</italic>: On overwintered stalks and leaves of <italic>Persicaria
amphibium</italic> (L.) Delarbre<italic>, P. lapathifolia</italic> (L.) Gray<italic>, P.
maculosa</italic> Gray., <italic>Polygonum</italic> sp. and <italic>Rumex longifolius</italic> DC.
(<italic>Polygonaceae</italic>), and <italic>Vitis vitifera</italic> L.
(<italic>Vitaceae</italic>).</p><p><italic>Distribution</italic>: Europe (Denmark, France, Germany, Sweden,
Switzerland, United Kingdom) and U.S.A. (NY).</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">1978</xref>)
and Monod (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">1983</xref>) provide
detailed descriptions of this species.</p><p><italic><bold>Plagiostoma euphorbiaceum</bold></italic> (Sacc. & Briard) Sogonov,
<bold>comb. nov.</bold> MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB512196&link_type=MB">MB
512196</ext-link>. Figs <xref rid="fig46" ref-type="fig">46H</xref>;
<xref rid="fig47" ref-type="fig">47D</xref>;
<xref rid="fig48" ref-type="fig">48A–F</xref>.
Basionym:
<italic>Gnomonia euphorbiacea</italic> Sacc. & Briard, Revue Mycol. 7: 208.
1885.</p><p><italic>Habitat</italic>: On dead branches of <italic>Euphorbia amygdaloides</italic> L.
and <italic>E. palustris</italic> L. <italic>(Euphorbiaceae</italic>).</p><p><italic>Distribution</italic>: Europe (Germany, Switzerland).</p><p><italic>Specimen examined</italic>: <bold>Switzerland,</bold> Vaud, Arzier, on
overwintered stems of <italic>Euphorbia amygdaloides</italic>, 25 May 2005, coll. M.V.
Sogonov (BPI 871053) GenBank EU255004.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: Among the species of <italic>Plagiostoma</italic> on <italic>Euphorbia,
P. euphorbiaceum</italic> as well as <italic>P. amydalinae</italic> and <italic>P.
euphorbiae-verrucosae</italic> have perithecial necks longer than 100 μm and
thus are distinct from <italic>P. euphorbiae</italic> having a shorter neck.
<italic>Plagiostoma euphorbiaceum</italic> and <italic>P. amygdalinae</italic> have
one-septate ascospores while those of <italic>P. euphorbiae-verrucosae</italic> are
non-septate. <italic>Plagiostoma euphorbiaceum</italic> has ascospores that are
14–17.5 × 3.5–4.5 μm and wider than those of
<italic>P.amygdalinae.</italic> For a detailed description, see Monod
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">1983</xref> as <italic>G.
euphorbiacea</italic>).</p><p><italic><bold>Plagiostoma euphorbiae-verrucosae</bold></italic> (M. Monod) Sogonov,
<bold>comb. nov.</bold> MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB512197&link_type=MB">MB
512197</ext-link>. Figs
<xref rid="fig15" ref-type="fig">15F,G</xref>;
<xref rid="fig29" ref-type="fig">29D</xref>.
Basionym:
<italic>Gnomoniella euphorbiae-verrucosae</italic> M. Monod, Beih. Sydowia 9: 42.
1983.</p><p><italic>Habitat</italic>: On overwintered stalks of <italic>Euphorbia verrucosa</italic> L.
(<italic>Euphorbiaceae</italic>).</p><p><italic>Distribution</italic>: Europe (Switzerland).</p><p><italic>Specimen examined</italic>: <bold>Switzerland,</bold> Les Plans sur Bex, Pont de
Nant, on overwintered stems of <italic>Euphorbia verrucosa</italic>, 29 May 2005,
coll. M.V. Sogonov (BPI 877685) GenBank EU255006.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Plagiostoma euphorbiae-verrucosae</italic> as well as
<italic>P. amygdalinae</italic> and <italic>P. euphorbiaceum</italic> have perithecial necks
longer than 100 μm and thus are distinct from <italic>P. euphorbiae</italic> having
a shorter neck. The ascospores of <italic>P. euphorbiae-verrucosae</italic> are
non-septate while those <italic>Plagiostoma amygdalinae</italic> and <italic>P.
euphorbiaceum</italic> are one-septate. For a detailed description of <italic>P.
euphorbiae-verrucosae</italic>, see Monod
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">1983</xref> as <italic>G.
euphorbiae-verrucosae</italic>).</p><p><italic><bold>Plagiostoma fraxini</bold></italic> (Redlin & Stack) Sogonov, <bold>comb.
nov.</bold> MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB512198&link_type=MB">MB
512198</ext-link>. Figs <xref rid="fig46" ref-type="fig">46I</xref>;
<xref rid="fig47" ref-type="fig">47E</xref>;
<xref rid="fig48" ref-type="fig">48G–L</xref>.
Basionym:
<italic>Gnomoniella fraxini</italic> Redlin & Stack, Mycotaxon 32: 185. 1988.</p><p><italic>Habitat</italic>: On living and overwintered leaves of <italic>Chionanthus
retusus</italic> Lindl. & Paxton, <italic>Fraxinus americana</italic> L., and <italic>F.
pennsylvanica</italic> Marshall (<italic>Oleaceae</italic>)</p><p><italic>Distribution</italic>: Canada (Manitoba, Saskatchewan) and U.S.A. (CA, DE,
IA, IL, LA, KY, MI, MD, MS, NC, ND, NY, OK, OR, SD, VA, WI)</p><p><italic>Specimens examined</italic>: <bold>U.S.A.,</bold> Maryland, Prince George's Co.,
Riverdale, Anacostia, on overwintered leaves of <italic>Fraxinus americana</italic>,
12 Jun 2006, coll. M.V. Sogonov (BPI 877687) GenBank EU255008; Howard Co.
Centennial Park, on overwintered leaves of <italic>Fraxinus americana</italic>, 9 Apr
2005, coll. M.V. Sogonov (BPI 877686) GenBank EU255007.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: The anamorph of <italic>Plagiostoma fraxini</italic> is <italic>Discula
fraxinea</italic> (Peck) Redlin & Stack under which this species has been
reported to cause ash anthracnose (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref27">Holcomb
1998</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref58">Rossman <italic>et al.</italic>2004</xref>) and anthracnose of fringetree
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref23">Gregory <italic>et al.</italic>2004</xref>). For a detailed description, see Redlin & Stack
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref52">1988</xref> as <italic>G.
fraxini</italic>).</p><p><italic><bold>Plagiostoma geranii</bold></italic> (Hollós) Sogonov, <bold>comb.
nov.</bold> MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB512199&link_type=MB">MB
512199</ext-link>.
Basionym: <italic>Gnomonia geranii</italic> Hollós,
Annls Mus. nat. hung. 7: 52. 1909.</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>= <italic>Rostrocoronophora geranii</italic> Munk, Dansk Bot. Arkiv 15(2): 98.
1953.</p></list-item></list></p><p><italic>Habitat</italic>: On overwintered stalks of <italic>Geranium sanguineum</italic>L<italic>., G. sylvaticum</italic> L. (<italic>Geraniaceae</italic>).</p><p><italic>Distribution</italic>: Europe (Bulgaria, Denmark, Germany, Hungary, Sweden,
Switzerland)</p><p><italic>Specimen examined</italic>: <bold>Bulgaria,</bold> Sredna Gory Mt (western),
Lozenska Planina, along track to Vlakovete, on overwintered petioles and stems
of <italic>Geranium sanguineum</italic>, 2 May 2005, coll. D. Stoykov (BPI 877688)
GenBank EU255010.</p><p><italic>Note</italic>: For a detailed description see Monod
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">1983</xref>) and Müller &
Arx (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref43">1962</xref>) as G. geranii.</p><p><italic><bold>Plagiostoma petiolophilum</bold></italic> (Peck) Sogonov, <bold>comb. nov.</bold>MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB512200&link_type=MB">MB
512200</ext-link>.
Basionym: <italic>Sphaeria petiolophila</italic> Peck, Ann.
Rep. New York State Museum 35: 144. 1884.</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Gnomonia petiolophila</italic> (Peck) Berl. & Voglino, Syll.
Fung. Addit. 1–4: 90. 1886.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Cryptodiaporthe petiolophila</italic> (Peck) Barr, Mycol. Mem. 7:
136. 1978.</p></list-item></list></p><p><italic>Habitat</italic>: On overwintered leaves, petioles, and twigs of <italic>Acer
negundo, A. pensylvanicum, A. rubrum, A. saccharum, A. spicatum</italic>, and
<italic>Acer</italic> sp. (<italic>Aceraceae</italic>)</p><p><italic>Distribution</italic>: Canada (Ontario) and U.S.A. (GA, MD, MI, NH, NY,
TN).</p><p><italic>Specimens examined</italic>: <bold>U.S.A.,</bold> Maryland, Prince George's
Co., Paint Branch Park, on overwintered petioles of <italic>Acer rubrum</italic>, 17
Mar 2006, coll. M.V. Sogonov (BPI 877699) GenBank EU255040; Tennessee, Great
Smoky Mountain National Park, on overwintered petioles of <italic>Acer</italic> sp.,
10 May 2006, coll. L. Vasilyeva (BPI 878448, culture
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121254&link_type=CBS">CBS 121254</ext-link>) GenBank
EU255050.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Plagiostoma petiolophilum</italic> has lateral necks on the
perithecia unlike <italic>P. barriae</italic> with one central neck. Barr
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">1978</xref> as <italic>C.
petiolophila</italic>) provides a detailed description of this species.</p><p><italic><bold>Plagiostoma rhododendri</bold></italic> (Auersw.) Sogonov, <bold>comb.
nov.</bold> MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB512201&link_type=MB">MB
512201</ext-link>. Figs <xref rid="fig46" ref-type="fig">46J</xref>;
<xref rid="fig47" ref-type="fig">47F</xref>;
<xref rid="fig48" ref-type="fig">48M–R</xref>.
Basionym:
<italic>Gnomonia rhododendri</italic> Auersw. in Gonn. & Rabenh., Mycol. Europ.
5/6: 26. 1869.</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Apiognomonia rhododendri</italic> (Auersw.) Remler, Bibiotheca
Mycologica 68: 74. 1979.</p></list-item></list></p><p><italic>Habitat</italic>: On overwintered branches, flowers, and leaves of
<italic>Rhododendron ferrugineum</italic> L.<italic>, R. hirsutum</italic> L.
(<italic>Ericaceae</italic>)</p><p><italic>Distribution</italic>: Europe (Austria, Germany, Italy, Switzerland)</p><p><italic>Specimens examined</italic>: <bold>Switzerland,</bold> Vaud, Pont de Nant,
Botanical Garden, on dead inflorescenes of <italic>Rhododendron hirsutum</italic>, 29
May 2005, M. Monod (BPI 877701) GenBank EU255045.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig48"><label>Fig. 48.</label><caption><p>Culture morphology. A–F. <italic>P</italic>. <italic>euphorbiaceum</italic><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121241&link_type=CBS">CBS 121241</ext-link>.
G–L. <italic>P</italic>. <italic>fraxini</italic><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121258&link_type=CBS">CBS 121258</ext-link>.
M–R. <italic>P.</italic> <italic>rhododendri</italic><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=847.79&link_type=CBS">CBS 847.79</ext-link>. A, C,
E, G, I, K, M, O, Q. Surface. B, D, F, H, J, L, N, P, R. Reverse. A, B, G, H,
M, N. PDA. C, D, I, J, O, P. MEA. E, F, K, L, Q, R. MYA. Scale 1 cm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig48"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Note</italic>: Remler (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref55">1979</xref>as <italic>A. rhododendri</italic>) and Monod
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">1983</xref> as <italic>G.
rhododendri</italic>) provide detailed descriptions of this species.</p><p><italic><bold>Plagiostoma robergeanum</bold></italic> (Desm.) Sogonov, <bold>comb. nov.</bold>MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB512202&link_type=MB">MB
512202</ext-link>.
Basionym: <italic>Sphaeria robergeana</italic> Desm., Ann. sci.
nat., Ser. 3, 16: 306. 1851.</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Diaporthe robergeana</italic> (Desm.) Niessl in Rabenh., Fungi
Europ. 2222. 1882.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Cryptodiaporthe robergeana</italic> (Desm.) Wehm., The Genus
<italic>Diaporthe</italic>: 200. 1933.</p></list-item></list></p><p><italic>Habitat</italic>: On overwintered, still attached branches of <italic>Staphylea
colchica</italic> Steven and <italic>S. pinnata</italic> L. (<italic>Staphyleaceae</italic>)</p><p><italic>Distribution</italic>: Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany,
Poland, Russia, Switerland, United Kingdom)</p><p><italic>Note</italic>: Wehmeyer
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref73">1933</xref>) provides a detailed
description of this species as <italic>Cryptodiaporthe robergeana</italic>.</p><p><italic><bold>Plagiostoma salicellum</bold></italic> (Fr.) Sogonov, <bold>comb. nov.</bold>MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB512203&link_type=MB">MB
512203</ext-link>.
Basionym: <italic>Sphaeria salicella</italic> Fr., Syst. Mycol.
2: 377. 1823.</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>[≡ <italic>Cryptodiaporthe salicella</italic> (Fr.) Wehm., The Genus
<italic>Diaporthe,</italic> p. 193. 1933 non Petrak 1921].</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Diaporthe spina</italic> Fuckel, Jb. Nassau Ver. Naturk. 23–24:
210. 1870 <italic>fide</italic> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref73">Wehmeyer
1933</xref>.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Gnomonia spina</italic> (Fuckel) Feltg., Vorst. Pilz. Lux., Nachtr.
I: 214. 1899.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Valsa populina</italic> Fuckel, Jb. Nassau. Ver. Naturk. 25–26:
314. 1871 <italic>fide</italic> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref73">Wehmeyer
1933</xref>.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Cryptodiaporthe populina</italic> (Fuckel) Petr., Ann. Mycol. 19:
119. 1921 <italic>fide</italic> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref73">Wehmeyer
1933</xref>.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Cryptodiaporthe apiculata</italic> (Wallr.) Petr., Ann. Mycol. 19: 177.
1921 <italic>fide</italic> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref73">Wehmeyer
1933</xref>.</p></list-item></list></p><p><italic>Habitat</italic>: On overwintered, still attached branches of <italic>Populus
nigra</italic> L., <italic>P. tremula</italic> L. <italic>Salix appendiculata</italic> Vill.,
<italic>S. aurita</italic> L., <italic>S. caprea</italic> L., <italic>S. fragilis</italic> L., <italic>S.
triandra</italic> L., and <italic>S. vitellina</italic> L., (<italic>Salicaceae</italic>).</p><p><italic>Distribution</italic>: Canada (Ontario, Quebec), Europe (Austria, Belgium,
Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Germany, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland, United
Kingdom) and U.S.A. (MA, NY).</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: Wehmeyer
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref73">1933</xref>) suggests the
relationship of this species to the <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> and provides a
detailed description as <italic>Cryptodiaporthe salicella</italic>.</p></sec><sec><title>Genera not included in this study or excluded from the
<italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic></title><p>The genus <italic>Anisogramma</italic> Theiss. & Syd. includes two species
pathogenic on woody plants, <italic>A. virgultorum</italic> (Fr.: Fr.) Theiss. &
Syd., the type of the genus and cause of a disease of <italic>Betula</italic> in
Europe (Froidevaux & Müller 1976), and <italic>A. anomala</italic> (Peck) E.
Müll., cause of eastern filbert blight, a serious disease of <italic>Corylus
avellana</italic> in North America (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref20">Gottwald
& Cameron 1979</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref29">Johnson
<italic>et al.</italic> 1996</xref>). Recent research on the phylogeny of these
species has demonstrated that <italic>Anisogramma</italic> is sister to the
<italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref15">DeSilva <italic>et
al.</italic> 2008</xref>).</p><p>The genus <italic>Apioplagiostoma</italic> M.E. Barr was established for species
similar to <italic>Plagiostoma</italic> in having perithecia bearing an eccentric or
lateral neck but with unequally septate ascospores
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">Barr 1978</xref>). Included in
<italic>Apioplagiostoma</italic> is the type species<italic>, A. populi</italic> (E.K. Cash
& Waterman) M.E. Barr, a species not included in this study. One species,
<italic>Apioplagiostoma carpinicola,</italic> is herein transferred to <italic>Gnomonia
carpinicola</italic>. One isolate of <italic>A. aceriferum</italic> was sequenced and
determined to belong in <italic>Pleuroceras</italic>(<xref rid="fig1" ref-type="fig">Fig. 1</xref>). One additional
species, <italic>A. hilberovae</italic> Schmid-Heckel
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref60">Schmid-Heckel 1988</xref>) is
included in this genus.</p><p>The genus <italic>Bagcheea</italic> E. Müll. & Menon includes only the
type species, <italic>B. albomaculans</italic> (Fukui) Hino & Katumoto (= <italic>B.
castaneae</italic> E. Müll. & Menon). It occurs on living leaves of
<italic>Castaneopsis</italic> in India and Japan. Kobayashi
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref33">1970</xref>) collected this species
but was unable to obtain it in culture.</p><p><italic>Clypeoporthella</italic> Petr. is based on <italic>C. brencklei</italic> Petr.
occurring on <italic>Solidago</italic> in North America. However, based on the
associated <italic>Phomopsis</italic> asexual state, it appears likely to be a synonym
of <italic>Diaporthe</italic>. A specimen identified as this taxon (BPI 843482), grown
in culture, and sequenced was determined to be a <italic>Diaporthe</italic>, thus
<italic>Clypeoporthella</italic> is considered a synonym of <italic>Diaporthe</italic>.</p><p><italic>Dicarpella</italic> P. Syd. & Syd. based on <italic>D. bina</italic> (Harkn.)
P. Syd. & Syd. (≡ <italic>Physalospora bina</italic> Harkn.) is known only
from the type collection on <italic>Quercus agrifolia</italic> Nee in California. The
anamorphic state of <italic>Dicarpella, Tubakia</italic> B. Sutton is relatively
common on oak leaves.</p><p><italic>Diplacella</italic> Syd., <italic>D. paullinae</italic> (Frag. & Cif.) Syd. is
parasitic on leaves of <italic>Paullinia</italic> and other members of the
<italic>Sapindaceae</italic> in Central and South America. Arx & Müller
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2">1954</xref>) provide a description of
this species.</p><p>The genus <italic>Gaeumannomyces</italic> Arx & D.L. Olivier was included in
the <italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> by a number of authors such as Barr
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">1978</xref>) and Monod
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">1983</xref>), and considered as a
synonym of <italic>Linocarpon</italic> by Kobayashi
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref33">1970</xref>). However, molecular
data obtained from the type species and serious pathogen <italic>G. graminis</italic>(Sacc.) Arx & D.L. Olivier confirmed that this genus is not a member of
the <italic>Diaporthales</italic> but that it belongs to the <italic>Magnaporthaceae</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref9">Castlebury <italic>et al.</italic>2002</xref>, Zhang <italic>et al.</italic> 2008).</p><p>The genus <italic>Gnomoniella</italic> Sacc., based on the type species, <italic>G.
tubaeformis</italic> (Fr.: Fr.) Sacc., was not included in this study for lack of
living material. The type species occurs on overwintered leaves and petioles
of <italic>Alnus</italic> spp. in Europe and North America. Several fresh collections
were obtained of the non-type species <italic>G. alnobetulae</italic> Volkart, a
species having four-spored asci but otherwise morphologically close to <italic>G.
tubaeformis.</italic> Attempts to prepare a pure culture were not successful.
Based on the ITS sequence of <italic>G. alnobetulae</italic> obtained by direct
amplication from asci, this species may represent a distinct genus in the
<italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic>.</p><p><italic>Hypospilina bifrons</italic> (DC.: Fr.) Traverso, type of the genus
<italic>Hypospilina</italic> (Sacc.) Traverso, occurs on dead leaves of
<italic>Quercus</italic> spp. in Europe and was not collected for this study.</p><p><italic>Lambro</italic> Racib. based on <italic>L. insignis</italic> Racib. produces
necrotic spots in leaves of <italic>Sterculia subpeltata</italic> Blume in Indonesia
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref43">Müller & Arx 1962</xref>).
Monod (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">1983</xref>) examined the type
specimen and suggested that this species is related to <italic>Stegophora,</italic>thus it may belong in the <italic>Sydowiellaceae</italic>.</p><p>The genus <italic>Linospora</italic> Fuckel based on <italic>L. capreae</italic> (DC.: Fr.)
Fuckel) was distinguished by ascomata covered with a rudimentary stroma and
elongate ascospores. <italic>Linospora capreae</italic> groups with
<italic>Pleuroceras.</italic> Because <italic>Linospora</italic> was published after
<italic>Pleuroceras, Linospora</italic> is considered a synonym of
<italic>Pleuroceras</italic>. Fifty-seven names have been placed in <italic>Linospora</italic>but most of them have been little studied and are infrequently
encountered.</p><p><italic>Mamiania</italic> Ces. & De Not. based on <italic>M. fimbriata</italic> (Fr.)
Ces. & De Not. occurs on living leaves of <italic>Carpinus</italic> spp. in
Europe, Asia, and North America. This species has a conspicuous stroma
surrounding the perithecia and ascospores with a distinct, submedian
septum.</p><p>The genus <italic>Mamianiella</italic> Höhn., based on the species, <italic>M.
coryli</italic> (Batsch: Fr.) Höhn., occurs on living leaves of
<italic>Corylus</italic>. We have not been able to grow this species in culture.</p><p><italic>Mazzantia</italic> Mont. (syn. <italic>Clypeocarpus</italic> Kirschst.,
<italic>Paramazzantia</italic> Petr.) is based on <italic>M. galii</italic> (Fr.) Mont.
<italic>Paramazzantia</italic> is based on <italic>Laestadia biennis</italic> Dearness on
overwintered leaves of <italic>Solidago</italic> in North America.
<italic>Clypeocarpus</italic> is based on <italic>C. alpinus</italic> Kirschst. occurs on
<italic>Veratrum album</italic> and is considered a synonym of <italic>M. napelli</italic> by
Von Arx & Müller
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2">1954</xref>). <italic>Mazzantia
napelli</italic> was sequenced and determined to belong in the
<italic>Diaporthaceae</italic> by Castlebury <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref9">2002</xref>).</p><p><italic>Phylloporthe</italic> Syd., based on <italic>P. vernoniae</italic> Syd., is
parasitic on living leaves of <italic>Vernonia triflosculosa</italic> H.B.K. in Costa
Rica. It is only known from the type specimen. A second species, <italic>P.
orbiculata</italic> (Syd.) E. Müll. is now placed in <italic>Uleoporthe</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref7">Cannon 2001</xref>).</p><p><italic>Plagiosphaera</italic> Petr. based on <italic>P. immersa</italic> (Trail) Petr.
(≡ <italic>Ophiobolus immersus</italic> Trail) occurs on overwintered stalks of
<italic>Campanula</italic> and <italic>Urtica</italic> in Europe and was not collected during
the course of this study.</p><p>The genus <italic>Pleuroceras</italic> Riess includes <italic>Gnomonia</italic>-like fungi
having ascomata with eccentric, lateral necks and elongated ascospores and was
placed in the Valsaceae by Barr
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">1978</xref>). The type species is
<italic>P. cryptoderis</italic> (Lév.) Höhn., which occurs on overwintered
leaves of <italic>Populus alba</italic>. Many of the 23 species currently recognised
in <italic>Pleuroceras</italic> were transferred from <italic>Gnomonia</italic> by Barr
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">1978</xref>) and Monod
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">1983</xref>). Most of the species
included in <italic>Pleuroceras</italic> are found on overwintered leaves of hardwood
trees in temperate regions.</p><p>Although several species of <italic>Pleuroceras</italic> are included in the
multigene phylogeny in this paper (<xref rid="fig1" ref-type="fig">Fig.
1</xref>), this genus is not treated in detail, because its type species,
<italic>P. cryptoderis</italic>, was not available for sequencing. Several species of
<italic>Pleuroceras</italic> were included in this study and form a well-supported
monophyletic genus. One species of <italic>Pleuroceras, P. sassafras</italic>, is
transferred to <italic>Ophiognomonia</italic>.</p><p><italic>Sphaerognomonia</italic> Potebnia based on <italic>S. carpinea</italic> (Fr.)
Potebnia includes the synonym, <italic>Apiosporopsis</italic> (Traverso) Mariani based
on the same type species. Sequences of this species
(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=617.72&link_type=CBS">CBS 617.72</ext-link> and
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=738.6&link_type=CBS">CBS 738.6</ext-link>) place
this genus in the <italic>Diaporthales</italic> but outside of the
<italic>Gnomoniaceae</italic> and <italic>Melanconidaceae</italic> (Castlebury,
unpublished).</p><p><italic>Stegophora</italic> P. Syd. & Syd. based on <italic>S. ulmea</italic> (Schw.:
Fr.) P. Syd. & Syd. is parasitic on living leaves of <italic>Ulmus</italic> spp.
in North America. A second species, <italic>S. oharana</italic> (Y. Nisik. & H.
Matsumoto) Petr. occurs in Japan. Molecular data suggests that <italic>S.
ulmea</italic> belongs to the <italic>Sydowiellaceae</italic> (Castlebury, unpub. data) as
circumscribed by Rossman <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref56">2007</xref>),Rossman <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref57">2007</xref>).</p><p><italic>Uleoporthe</italic> Petr., typified by <italic>U. orbiculata</italic> (Syd.) Petr.,
was redescribed by Cannon
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref7">2001</xref>) based on a fresh
specimen from Guyana. His redesciption, the occurrence of this species as a
leaf parasite, and the presence of a distinct well-developed stroma suggest an
affiliation with the <italic>Sydowiellaceae</italic>.</p></sec></sec></body><back><ack><p>This work was funded by NSF PEET grant 0328634 for research on the
systematics of the <italic>Gnomoniaceae, Diaporthales</italic> for which we are most
grateful. The following individuals contributed significantly to this project:
Michel Monod, Lausanne, Switzerland, was generous in sharing his knowledge and
providing useful advice and comments as well as arranging the logistics for
collecting in Switzerland. Jean-Louis Moret, Lausanne, Switzerland, allowed
the first author access to specimens housed in the Botanical Garden Museum of
University of Lausanne. Margaret Barr, recently deceased, Sidney, Canada, and
Larissa Vassiljeva, Vladivostok, Russia, both experts in the
<italic>Gnomoniaceae,</italic> willingly assisted in identifications and helped with
collecting and providing fresh specimens. Walter Jaklitsch, Vienna, Austria,
and Dimitar Stoykov, Bulgaria, sent numerous accurately identified fresh
collections from which cultures were obtained. Dmitriy Maykov, Kholm, Novgorod
oblast, Russia, also provided fresh collections and assistance with logistics
while in Russia. Gary Samuels, Drew Minnis, John Wiersema, and Joseph
Kirkbride, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Maryland, provided advice on nomenclatural
issues. Christian Feuillet kindly provided the Latin diagnoses. David Farr
assisted with use of the microscope, digital photography, and computer aspects
of this research. A number of technicians at the Systematic Mycology &
Microbiology Laboratory were essential to this work, specifically Brandon
Dyson, Franklin Hendrick, Aimee Hyten, Cindy Park, Suganda Patibanda, and
Tunesha Phipps. Erin McCray, Collections Manager of the U.S. National Fungus
Collections (BPI), was invaluable in locating, obtaining and accessioning the
many specimens from other herbaria as well as those at BPI. The curators and
directors of the numerous herbaria listed in the Material and Methods are
thanked for providing reference collections essential for this research. The
Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures especially Pedro Crous, Gerard Verkley
and Trix Merkx were extremely cooperative in providing and accessioning the
numerous cultures derived from specimens used in this study. Finally, the
authors would like to acknowledge the thorough scrutiny given to this
manuscript by two anonymous reviewers who provided many useful suggestions for
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