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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Microbial Decomposer Communities Are Mainly Structured by Trophic Status in Circumneutral and Alkaline Streams<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2">▿</xref> <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1">†</xref> </title><author><name sortKey="Duarte, Sofia" sort="Duarte, Sofia" uniqKey="Duarte S" first="Sofia" last="Duarte">Sofia Duarte</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pascoal, Claudia" sort="Pascoal, Claudia" uniqKey="Pascoal C" first="Cláudia" last="Pascoal">Cláudia Pascoal</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garabetian, Frederic" sort="Garabetian, Frederic" uniqKey="Garabetian F" first="Frédéric" last="Garabétian">Frédéric Garabétian</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cassio, Fernanda" sort="Cassio, Fernanda" uniqKey="Cassio F" first="Fernanda" last="Cássio">Fernanda Cássio</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Charcosset, Jean Yves" sort="Charcosset, Jean Yves" uniqKey="Charcosset J" first="Jean-Yves" last="Charcosset">Jean-Yves Charcosset</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">19648371</idno><idno type="pmc">2753096</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2753096</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:2753096</idno><idno type="doi">10.1128/AEM.00971-09</idno><date when="2009">2009</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000083</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000083</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Microbial Decomposer Communities Are Mainly Structured by Trophic Status in Circumneutral and Alkaline Streams<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2">▿</xref> <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1">†</xref> </title><author><name sortKey="Duarte, Sofia" sort="Duarte, Sofia" uniqKey="Duarte S" first="Sofia" last="Duarte">Sofia Duarte</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pascoal, Claudia" sort="Pascoal, Claudia" uniqKey="Pascoal C" first="Cláudia" last="Pascoal">Cláudia Pascoal</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garabetian, Frederic" sort="Garabetian, Frederic" uniqKey="Garabetian F" first="Frédéric" last="Garabétian">Frédéric Garabétian</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cassio, Fernanda" sort="Cassio, Fernanda" uniqKey="Cassio F" first="Fernanda" last="Cássio">Fernanda Cássio</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Charcosset, Jean Yves" sort="Charcosset, Jean Yves" uniqKey="Charcosset J" first="Jean-Yves" last="Charcosset">Jean-Yves Charcosset</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Applied and Environmental Microbiology</title><idno type="ISSN">0099-2240</idno><idno type="eISSN">1098-5336</idno><imprint><date when="2009">2009</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>In streams, the release of nitrogen and phosphorus is reported to affect microbial communities and the ecological processes they govern. Moreover, the type of inorganic nitrogen (NO<sub>3</sub>, NO<sub>2</sub>, or NH<sub>4</sub>) may differently impact microbial communities. We aimed to identify the environmental factors that structure aquatic microbial communities and drive leaf litter decomposition along a gradient of eutrophication. We selected five circumneutral (Portuguese) and five alkaline (French) streams differing in nutrient concentrations to monitor mass loss of alder leaves, bacterial and fungal diversity by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, fungal biomass and reproduction, and bacterial biomass during 11 weeks of leaf immersion. The concentrations of inorganic nutrients in the stream water ranged from 5 to 300 μg liter<sup>−1</sup> soluble reactive phosphorus, 0.30 to 5.50 mg liter<sup>−1</sup> NO<sub>3</sub>-N, 2 to 103 μg liter<sup>−1</sup> NO<sub>2</sub>-N, and <4 to 7,100 μg liter<sup>−1</sup> NH<sub>4</sub>-N. Species richness was maximum in moderately anthropized (eutrophic) streams but decreased in the most anthropized (hypertrophic) streams. Different species assemblages were found in subsets of streams with different trophic statuses. In both geographic areas, the limiting nutrient, either nitrate or phosphate, stimulated the microbial activity in streams of intermediate trophic status. In the hypertrophic streams, fungal biomass and reproduction were significantly lower, and bacterial biomass dramatically decreased at the site with the highest ammonium concentration. The limiting nutrients that defined the trophic status were the main factor structuring fungal and bacterial communities, whatever the geographic area. A very high ammonium concentration in stream water most probably has negative impacts on microbial decomposer communities.</p></div></front></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Appl Environ Microbiol</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">aem</journal-id><journal-title>Applied and Environmental Microbiology</journal-title><issn pub-type="ppub">0099-2240</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1098-5336</issn><publisher><publisher-name>American Society for Microbiology (ASM)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">19648371</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">2753096</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">0971-09</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1128/AEM.00971-09</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Microbial Ecology</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Microbial Decomposer Communities Are Mainly Structured by Trophic Status in Circumneutral and Alkaline Streams<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2">▿</xref> <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1">†</xref> </article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Duarte</surname><given-names>Sofia</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pascoal</surname><given-names>Cláudia</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Garabétian</surname><given-names>Frédéric</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cássio</surname><given-names>Fernanda</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Charcosset</surname><given-names>Jean-Yves</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">2</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1">Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal,<label>1</label> EcoLab, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle, UMR 5245 CNRS-UPS-INPT, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 31055 Toulouse, France<label>2</label></aff><author-notes><fn id="cor1"><label>*</label><p>Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal. Phone: 351 253604045. Fax: 351 253678980. E-mail: <email>sduarte@bio.uminho.pt</email></p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>10</month><year>2009</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>31</day><month>7</month><year>2009</year></pub-date><volume>75</volume><issue>19</issue><fpage>6211</fpage><lpage>6221</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>28</day><month>4</month><year>2009</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>23</day><month>7</month><year>2009</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2009, American Society for Microbiology</copyright-statement></permissions><self-uri xlink:title="pdf" xlink:href="zam01909006211.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><p>In streams, the release of nitrogen and phosphorus is reported to affect microbial communities and the ecological processes they govern. Moreover, the type of inorganic nitrogen (NO<sub>3</sub>, NO<sub>2</sub>, or NH<sub>4</sub>) may differently impact microbial communities. We aimed to identify the environmental factors that structure aquatic microbial communities and drive leaf litter decomposition along a gradient of eutrophication. We selected five circumneutral (Portuguese) and five alkaline (French) streams differing in nutrient concentrations to monitor mass loss of alder leaves, bacterial and fungal diversity by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, fungal biomass and reproduction, and bacterial biomass during 11 weeks of leaf immersion. The concentrations of inorganic nutrients in the stream water ranged from 5 to 300 μg liter<sup>−1</sup> soluble reactive phosphorus, 0.30 to 5.50 mg liter<sup>−1</sup> NO<sub>3</sub>-N, 2 to 103 μg liter<sup>−1</sup> NO<sub>2</sub>-N, and <4 to 7,100 μg liter<sup>−1</sup> NH<sub>4</sub>-N. Species richness was maximum in moderately anthropized (eutrophic) streams but decreased in the most anthropized (hypertrophic) streams. Different species assemblages were found in subsets of streams with different trophic statuses. In both geographic areas, the limiting nutrient, either nitrate or phosphate, stimulated the microbial activity in streams of intermediate trophic status. In the hypertrophic streams, fungal biomass and reproduction were significantly lower, and bacterial biomass dramatically decreased at the site with the highest ammonium concentration. The limiting nutrients that defined the trophic status were the main factor structuring fungal and bacterial communities, whatever the geographic area. A very high ammonium concentration in stream water most probably has negative impacts on microbial decomposer communities.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><floats-wrap><fig position="float" id="f1"><label>FIG. 1.</label><caption><p>PCA of chemical, physical, and microbial stream water parameters of 10 stream sites, Maceira, Algeriz, Este 2, Este 3, Souto, Tescou, Seye, Lère, Lupte, and Tauge (A), and PCA based only on the inorganic nutrient concentrations found in circumneutral (B) and alkaline (C) streams. The direction of the arrow indicates the direction in which the corresponding variable increases most, and the length of the arrow reflects the rate of change in that direction.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="zam0190902970001"></graphic></fig><fig position="float" id="f2"><label>FIG. 2.</label><caption><p>CCA diagrams for ordination of inorganic nutrients in stream water and of fungal taxa on decomposing leaves at the 10 sites, based on conidial morphology, for circumneutral (A) and alkaline (B) streams. The percentages of variance explained by the first two axes were significant (Monte Carlo permutation tests; <italic>P</italic> < 0.05). Fungal taxa were as follows: AA, <italic>Alatospora acuminata</italic> Ingold; AFl, <italic>Alatospora</italic> cf. <italic>flagellata</italic> (Gönczol) Marvanová; AP, <italic>Alatospora pulchella</italic> Marvanová; AFi, <italic>Anguillospora filiformis</italic> Greath.; AL, <italic>Anguillospora longissima</italic> Saccardo and Sydow; AR, <italic>Anguillospora rosea</italic> J. Webster and Descals; Asp, <italic>Anguillospora</italic> sp.; AT, <italic>Articulospora tetracladia</italic> Ingold; CA, <italic>Clavariopsis aquatica</italic> De Wild.; CL, <italic>Clavatospora longibrachiata</italic> (Ingold) Marvanová and Sv. Nilsson; CT, <italic>Clavatospora tentaculata</italic> (Ingold) Marvanová and Sv. Nilsson; DT, <italic>Dendrospora tenella</italic> Descals and J. Webster; DF, <italic>Dimorphospora foliicola</italic> Tubaki; FCt, <italic>Flagellospora curta</italic> J. Webster; FCv, <italic>Flagellospora curvula</italic> Ingold; Fsp, <italic>Flagellospora</italic> sp.; FE, <italic>Fontanospora eccentrica</italic> (R. H. Petersen) Dyko; FF, <italic>Fontanospora fusiramosa</italic> Marvanová, P. J. Fisher, and Descals; Fusp, <italic>Fusarium</italic> sp.; HS, <italic>Heliscella stellata</italic> (Ingold and V. J. Cox) Marvanová; HL, <italic>Heliscus lugdunensis</italic> Sacc. and Thérry; LAl, <italic>Lemonniera</italic> cf. <italic>alabamensis</italic> R. C. Sinclair and Morgan-Jones; LAq, <italic>Lemonniera aquatica</italic> De Wild.; LCe, <italic>Lemonniera centrosphaera</italic> Marvanová; LT, <italic>Lemonniera terrestris</italic> Tubaki; LCv, <italic>Lunulospora curvula</italic> Ingold; MA, <italic>Mycocentrospora acerina</italic> (R. Hartig) Deighton; MC, <italic>Mycofalcella calcarata</italic> Marvanová; TE, <italic>Tetrachaetum elegans</italic> Ingold; TB, <italic>Tetracladium breve</italic> A. Roldán; TF, <italic>Tetracladium furcatum</italic> Descals; TM, <italic>Tetracladium marchalianum</italic> De Wild.; TSe, <italic>Tetracladium setigerum</italic> (Grove) Ingold; TAn, <italic>Tricladium angulatum</italic> Ingold; TAt, <italic>Tricladium attenuatum</italic> S. H. Iqbal; TCh, <italic>Tricladium chaetocladium</italic> Ingold; TCv, <italic>Tricladium curvisporum</italic> Descals; TSp, <italic>Tricladium splendens</italic> Ingold; TAc, <italic>Triscelosphorus</italic> cf. <italic>acuminatus</italic> Nawawi; Tsp, <italic>Triscelosphorus</italic> sp.; S1, sigmoid 1 (10 to 20 by 2 to 3 μm); S2, sigmoid 2 (5 to 10 by 0.5 to 1 μm); S3, sigmoid 3 (70 to 80 by 2 to 3 μm); S4, sigmoid 4 (80 to 120 by 1 to 2 μm); S5, sigmoid 5 (20 to 25 by 2.5 to 3 μm).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="zam0190902970002"></graphic></fig><fig position="float" id="f3"><label>FIG. 3.</label><caption><p>CCA diagrams for ordination of inorganic nutrients in stream water and of the 59 and 49 fungal OTUs from DGGE fingerprints in the circumneutral (A) and alkaline (B) streams, respectively. The percentages of variance explained by the first two axes were significant (Monte Carlo permutation tests; <italic>P</italic> < 0.05). Circled numbers in the biplots correspond to OTUs that migrated to the same positions as OTUs from pure cultures. Asp, <italic>Anguillospora</italic> sp.; AT, <italic>Articulospora tetracladia</italic>; TM, <italic>Tetracladium marchalianum</italic>; CA, <italic>Clavariopsis aquatica</italic>; VE, <italic>Varicosporium elodeae</italic>; LAq, <italic>Lemonniera aquatica</italic>; AFi, <italic>Anguillospora filiformis</italic>; TCh, <italic>Tricladium chaetocladium</italic>; DF, <italic>Dimorphospora foliicola</italic>.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="zam0190902970003"></graphic></fig><fig position="float" id="f4"><label>FIG. 4.</label><caption><p>CCA diagrams for ordination of inorganic nutrients in the stream water and of the 59 and 58 bacterial OTUs from DGGE fingerprints in the circumneutral (A) and alkaline (B) streams, respectively. The percentages of variance explained by the first two axes were significant (Monte Carlo permutation tests; <italic>P</italic> < 0.05).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="zam0190902970004"></graphic></fig><fig position="float" id="f5"><label>FIG. 5.</label><caption><p>Sporulation rates of aquatic fungi on leaves decomposing at the five circumneutral (A) and five alkaline (B) streams. Data are means plus standard errors of the means (SEM) (<italic>n</italic> = 4).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="zam0190902970005"></graphic></fig><fig position="float" id="f6"><label>FIG. 6.</label><caption><p>Biomasses of fungi on leaves decomposing at the five circumneutral (A) and five alkaline (B) streams. Data are means plus SEM (<italic>n</italic> = 4).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="zam0190902970006"></graphic></fig><fig position="float" id="f7"><label>FIG. 7.</label><caption><p>Biomasses of bacteria on leaves decomposing at the five circumneutral (A) and five alkaline (B) streams. Data are means plus SEM (<italic>n</italic> = 4).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="zam0190902970007"></graphic></fig><table-wrap position="float" id="t1"><label>TABLE 1.</label><caption><p>Characteristics of stream water at two groups of stream sites<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t1fn1"><italic>a</italic></xref></p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom">Stream site</th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom">Longitude</th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom">Latitude</th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom">Elevation (m)</th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom">pH (<italic>n</italic> = 7)</th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom">Water temp (°C) (<italic>n</italic> = 7)</th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom">Conductivity (μS cm<sup>−1</sup>) (<italic>n</italic> = 7)</th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom">Oxygen level (mg liter<sup>−1</sup>) (<italic>n</italic> = 7)</th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom">NO<sub>3</sub>-N concn (mg liter<sup>−1</sup>) (<italic>n</italic> = 7)</th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom">NO<sub>2</sub>-N concn (μg liter<sup>−1</sup>) (<italic>n</italic> = 7)</th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom">NH<sub>4</sub>-N concn (μg liter<sup>−1</sup>) (<italic>n</italic> = 7)</th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom">NH<sub>3</sub>-N concn (μg liter<sup>−1</sup>) (<italic>n</italic> = 7)</th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom">SRP concn (μg liter<sup>−1</sup>) (<italic>n</italic> = 6)</th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom">Alkalinity (mg CaCO<sub>3</sub> liter<sup>−1</sup>) (<italic>n</italic> = 4)</th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom">Current velocity (cm s<sup>−1</sup>) (<italic>n</italic> = 6)</th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom">Fecal coliform level (CFU ml<sup>−1</sup>) (<italic>n</italic> = 3)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Circumneutral stream sites (Portugal)</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"> Maceira</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">41°46′07.64″N</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">8°08′49.07″W</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">857</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">7.0 ± 0.3</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">9.0 ± 0.4</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">14 ± 0.5</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">10.7 ± 0.5</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">0.3 ± 0.04</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">2 ± 0.3</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><4</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><0.004</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">20 ± 7</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">1.6 ± 0.3</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">31 ± 10</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><1</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"> Algeriz</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">41°35′24.56″N</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">8°22′36.96″W</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">220</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">7.1 ± 0.04</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">13.0 ± 0.3</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">42 ± 0.9</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">12.4 ± 0.6</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">0.6 ± 0.1</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">3 ± 0.9</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">4 ± 2</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">0.01 ± 0.007</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">40 ± 10</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">2.0 ± 0.2</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">37 ± 8</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><1</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"> Este 2</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">41°35′05.50″N</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">8°21′05.93″W</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">406</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">6.7 ± 0.06</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">13.0 ± 0.3</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">44 ± 0.7</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">11.0 ± 0.3</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">0.9 ± 0.1</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">2 ± 0.2</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">4 ± 3</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">0.004 ± 0.003</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">20 ± 5</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">4.0 ± 0.5</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">28 ± 11</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><1</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"> Este 3</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">41°31′36.83″N</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">8°26′08.50″W</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">148</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">7.0 ± 0.06</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">13.0 ± 0.5</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">161 ± 2.3</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">9.4 ± 0.6</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">5.4 ± 0.2</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">20 ± 3</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">730 ± 90</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">1.8 ± 0.5</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">70 ± 20</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">26.0 ± 0.2</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">44 ± 4</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">360 ± 75</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"> Souto</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">41°31′34.43″N</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">8°17′16.03″W</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">138</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">7.1 ± 0.1</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">11.0 ± 0.7</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">295 ± 85</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">9.9 ± 0.7</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">3.3 ± 0.5</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">60 ± 10</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">7,100 ± 4,200</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">36.8 ± 25.9</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">60 ± 20</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">16.0 ± 3.7</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">43 ± 4</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><1</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Alkaline stream sites (France)</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"> Tescou</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">43°54′41″N</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">1°45′45″E</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">180</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">8.0 ± 0.2</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">8.5 ± 2.2</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">604 ± 25</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">12.3 ± 2.0</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">1.9 ± 0.2</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">6 ± 5</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">20 ± 7</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">0.3 ± 0.1</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">5 ± 2</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">297 ± 4.0</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">17 ± 8</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">2 ± 1</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"> Seye</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">44°15′04″N</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">1°52′01″E</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">290</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">8.0 ± 0.1</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">9.4 ± 2.0</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">628 ± 14</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">12.9 ± 1.8</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">5.5 ± 0.5</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">5 ± 2</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">13 ± 4</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">0.2 ± 0.1</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">6 ± 5</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">296 ± 5.3</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">15 ± 11</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">1 ± 1</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"> Lère</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">44°09′15″N</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">1°31′29″E</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">107</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">7.8 ± 0.1</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">9.9 ± 1.7</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">614 ± 17</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">11.9 ± 1.8</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">3.4 ± 0.2</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">17 ± 6</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">32 ± 5</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">0.4 ± 0.1</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">31 ± 24</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">283 ± 4.9</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">36 ± 26</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">40 ± 30</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"> Lupte</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">44°15′34″N</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">1°21′48″E</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">128</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">7.9 ± 0.2</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">9.7 ± 1.9</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">667 ± 28</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">11.8 ± 1.7</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">4.3 ± 0.2</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">54 ± 22</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">208 ± 10</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">4.3 ± 1.5</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">76 ± 40</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">308 ± 11.8</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">34 ± 11</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">105 ± 80</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"> Tauge</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">44°03′07″N</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">1°26′43″E</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">98</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">7.7 ± 0.1</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">9.0 ± 2.3</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">722 ± 69</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">7.1 ± 2.3</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">3.2 ± 0.2</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">103 ± 29</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">1,800 ± 200</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">15.6 ± 9.2</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">300 ± 87</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">358 ± 2.5</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">3 ± 1</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">99 ± 103</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="t1fn1"><label>a</label><p>Data are means ± SEM.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap position="float" id="t2"><label>TABLE 2.</label><caption><p>Decomposition rates (<italic>k</italic>) of alder leaves immersed at two groups of stream sites<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t2fn1"><italic>a</italic></xref></p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom">Stream site</th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom">Mean <italic>k</italic> (day<sup>−1</sup>) ± SE</th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom"><italic>W</italic><sub>0</sub> (%)</th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom"><italic>r<sup>2</sup></italic></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Portuguese streams</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"> Maceira</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">−0.0111 ± 0.0017<sup>a</sup></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">75.8</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">0.62</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"> Algeriz</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">−0.0179 ± 0.0013<sup>b</sup></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">80.9</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">0.87</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"> Este 2</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">−0.0144 ± 0.0021<sup>a</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>b</sup></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">70.2</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">0.63</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"> Este 3</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">−0.0115 ± 0.0017<sup>a</sup></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">74.4</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">0.64</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"> Souto</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">−0.0114 ± 0.0017<sup>a</sup></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">72.5</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">0.62</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">French streams</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"> Tescou</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">−0.0127 ± 0.0021<sup>a</sup></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">76.9</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">0.59</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"> Seye</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">−0.0263 ± 0.0019<sup>b</sup></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">82.8</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">0.89</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"> Lère</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">−0.0274 ± 0.0032<sup>b</sup></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">72.5</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">0.73</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"> Lupte</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">−0.0276 ± 0.0029<sup>b</sup></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">75.8</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">0.77</td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"> Tauge</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">−0.0095 ± 0.0012<sup>a</sup></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">80.6</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">0.70</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="t2fn1"><label>a</label><p><italic>W</italic><sub>0</sub>, intercept; <italic>r<sup>2</sup></italic>, coefficient of determination. Identical superscript letters indicate no significant differences in each group (ANCOVA and Tukey's test; <italic>P</italic> > 0.05) (<italic>n</italic> = 28).</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-wrap></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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