New records of Protura (Entognatha, Arthropoda) from Romania, with an identification key to the Romanian species
Identifieur interne : 000053 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 000052; suivant : 000054New records of Protura (Entognatha, Arthropoda) from Romania, with an identification key to the Romanian species
Auteurs : Julia Shrubovych ; Cristina FieraSource :
- ZooKeys [ 1313-2989 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
The Romanian
Url:
DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.552.6613
PubMed: 26865814
PubMed Central: 4740848
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PMC:4740848Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">New records of <named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="order">Protura</named-content></named-content> (<named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="class">Entognatha</named-content></named-content>, <named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="phylum">Arthropoda</named-content></named-content>) from Romania, with an identification key to the Romanian species</title><author><name sortKey="Shrubovych, Julia" sort="Shrubovych, Julia" uniqKey="Shrubovych J" first="Julia" last="Shrubovych">Julia Shrubovych</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1"><addr-line>Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sławkowska 17, Pl–31016, Kraków, Poland</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2"><addr-line>State Museum of Natural History, Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences, Teatral'na St. 18, UA 79008, L'viv, Ukraine</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fiera, Cristina" sort="Fiera, Cristina" uniqKey="Fiera C" first="Cristina" last="Fiera">Cristina Fiera</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3"><addr-line>Institute of Biology Bucharest of Romanian Academy, 296 Splaiul Independenţei, P.O. Box 56-53, 060031, Bucharest, Romania</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">26865814</idno><idno type="pmc">4740848</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4740848</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4740848</idno><idno type="doi">10.3897/zookeys.552.6613</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000053</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000053</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">New records of <named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="order">Protura</named-content></named-content> (<named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="class">Entognatha</named-content></named-content>, <named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="phylum">Arthropoda</named-content></named-content>) from Romania, with an identification key to the Romanian species</title><author><name sortKey="Shrubovych, Julia" sort="Shrubovych, Julia" uniqKey="Shrubovych J" first="Julia" last="Shrubovych">Julia Shrubovych</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1"><addr-line>Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sławkowska 17, Pl–31016, Kraków, Poland</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2"><addr-line>State Museum of Natural History, Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences, Teatral'na St. 18, UA 79008, L'viv, Ukraine</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fiera, Cristina" sort="Fiera, Cristina" uniqKey="Fiera C" first="Cristina" last="Fiera">Cristina Fiera</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3"><addr-line>Institute of Biology Bucharest of Romanian Academy, 296 Splaiul Independenţei, P.O. Box 56-53, 060031, Bucharest, Romania</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">ZooKeys</title><idno type="ISSN">1313-2989</idno><idno type="eISSN">1313-2970</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><label>Abstract</label><p>The Romanian <named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="order">Protura</named-content></named-content> were studied based on 175 specimens collected from Romania, along with bibliographic data. The main publication on the Romanian proturans was written by M.A. <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">Ionescu (1951)</xref>, who described 13 species mainly from soil and forest litter from 15 collecting points. The current paper represents the first study at a national level. Faunal data on <named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="order">Protura</named-content></named-content> were obtained from 22 sites, mostly from forests of the Romanian Carpathians and also from a peri-urban area of Bucharest, which had not been studied before. As a result, the Romanian <named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="order">Protura</named-content></named-content> fauna now consists of 27 known taxa in 6 genera and 4 families. Of the 27 taxa, 15 species are new records for Romanian fauna. An identification key to the Romanian <named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="order">Protura</named-content></named-content> species is provided.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Blesi, B" uniqKey="Blesi B">B Blesić</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mitrovski Bogdanovi, A" uniqKey="Mitrovski Bogdanovi A">A Mitrovski-Bogdanović</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Christian, E" uniqKey="Christian E">E Christian</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Falc, M" uniqKey="Falc M">M Falcă</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Galli, L" uniqKey="Galli L">L Galli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Capurro, M" uniqKey="Capurro M">M Capurro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Torti, C" uniqKey="Torti C">C Torti</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ionescu, Ma" uniqKey="Ionescu M">MA Ionescu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ionescu, Ma" uniqKey="Ionescu M">MA Ionescu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ionescu, Ma" uniqKey="Ionescu M">MA Ionescu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ionescu, Ma" uniqKey="Ionescu M">MA Ionescu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nosek, J" uniqKey="Nosek J">J Nosek</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shrubovych, Jj" uniqKey="Shrubovych J">JJ Shrubovych</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shrubovych, J" uniqKey="Shrubovych J">J Shrubovych</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shrubovych, J" uniqKey="Shrubovych J">J Shrubovych</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schneider, C" uniqKey="Schneider C">C Schneider</name></author><author><name sortKey="D Aese, C" uniqKey="D Aese C">C D‘Haese</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shrubovych, J" uniqKey="Shrubovych J">J Shrubovych</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schneider, C" uniqKey="Schneider C">C Schneider</name></author><author><name sortKey="D Aese, C" uniqKey="D Aese C">C D‘Haese</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Szeptycki, A" uniqKey="Szeptycki A">A Szeptycki</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Szeptycki, A" uniqKey="Szeptycki A">A Szeptycki</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Szeptycki, A" uniqKey="Szeptycki A">A Szeptycki</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Szeptycki, A" uniqKey="Szeptycki A">A Szeptycki</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Szeptycki, A" uniqKey="Szeptycki A">A Szeptycki</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Szeptycki, A" uniqKey="Szeptycki A">A Szeptycki</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Szeptycki, A" uniqKey="Szeptycki A">A Szeptycki</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stomp, N" uniqKey="Stomp N">N Stomp</name></author><author><name sortKey="Weiner, Wm" uniqKey="Weiner W">WM Weiner</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tuxen, Sl" uniqKey="Tuxen S">SL Tuxen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tuxen, Sl" uniqKey="Tuxen S">SL Tuxen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Zookeys</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Zookeys</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ZooKeys</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>ZooKeys</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1313-2989</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1313-2970</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Pensoft Publishers</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26865814</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4740848</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3897/zookeys.552.6613</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>New records of <named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="order">Protura</named-content></named-content> (<named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="class">Entognatha</named-content></named-content>, <named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="phylum">Arthropoda</named-content></named-content>) from Romania, with an identification key to the Romanian species</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Shrubovych</surname><given-names>Julia</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fiera</surname><given-names>Cristina</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="A1"><label>1</label><addr-line>Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sławkowska 17, Pl–31016, Kraków, Poland</addr-line></aff><aff id="A2"><label>2</label><addr-line>State Museum of Natural History, Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences, Teatral'na St. 18, UA 79008, L'viv, Ukraine</addr-line></aff><aff id="A3"><label>3</label><addr-line>Institute of Biology Bucharest of Romanian Academy, 296 Splaiul Independenţei, P.O. Box 56-53, 060031, Bucharest, Romania</addr-line></aff><author-notes><corresp>Corresponding author: Cristina Fiera (<email xlink:type="simple">cristina.ivanescu@ibiol.ro</email>)</corresp><fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Academic editor: Pavel Stoev</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>13</day><month>1</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><issue>552</issue><fpage>33</fpage><lpage>48</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>17</day><month>9</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>1</day><month>12</month><year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Julia Shrubovych, Cristina Fiera</copyright-statement><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="zoobank" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://zoobank.org/606708A3-FC52-428C-AE96-C1B369ED60EE">http://zoobank.org/606708A3-FC52-428C-AE96-C1B369ED60EE</self-uri><abstract><label>Abstract</label><p>The Romanian <named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="order">Protura</named-content></named-content> were studied based on 175 specimens collected from Romania, along with bibliographic data. The main publication on the Romanian proturans was written by M.A. <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">Ionescu (1951)</xref>, who described 13 species mainly from soil and forest litter from 15 collecting points. The current paper represents the first study at a national level. Faunal data on <named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="order">Protura</named-content></named-content> were obtained from 22 sites, mostly from forests of the Romanian Carpathians and also from a peri-urban area of Bucharest, which had not been studied before. As a result, the Romanian <named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="order">Protura</named-content></named-content> fauna now consists of 27 known taxa in 6 genera and 4 families. Of the 27 taxa, 15 species are new records for Romanian fauna. An identification key to the Romanian <named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="order">Protura</named-content></named-content> species is provided.</p></abstract><kwd-group><label>Keywords</label><kwd><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="order">Protura</named-content></named-content></kwd><kwd>Romania</kwd><kwd>distribution</kwd><kwd>ecology</kwd><kwd>remarks</kwd><kwd>identification key</kwd><pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>
</kwd-group></article-meta><notes><sec sec-type="Citation"><title>Citation</title><p>Shrubovych J, Fiera C (2016) New records of Protura (Entognatha, Arthropoda) from Romania, with an identification key to the Romanian species. ZooKeys 552: 17–32. doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="doi" xlink:href="10.3897/zookeys.552.6613">10.3897/zookeys.552.6613</ext-link></p></sec></notes></front><body><sec sec-type="Introduction"><title>Introduction</title><p>Proturans are found world-wide except in the Arctic and Antarctic regions (<xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">Szeptycki 2007</xref>) and primarily live in soil, leaf litter, mosses, and decaying wood. These minute soil-inhabiting hexapods also can be collected from animal burrows, meadows, and agriculture soils or urban areas.</p><p>The first report on Romanian <named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="order">Protura</named-content></named-content> was that of <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">Ionescu (1930)</xref> who described five species (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Acerentomon</named-content><named-content content-type="species">robustum</named-content></named-content></italic> Ionescu, 1930, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Acerentomon</named-content><named-content content-type="species">mesorhinus</named-content></named-content></italic> Ionescu, 1930, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Acerella</named-content><named-content content-type="species">muscorum</named-content></named-content></italic> (Ionescu, 1930), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Acerentulus</named-content><named-content content-type="species">aureus</named-content></named-content></italic> Ionescu, 1930 (= <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Acerentulus</named-content><named-content content-type="species">confinis</named-content></named-content></italic> Berlese, 1908)) and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Paraentomon</named-content><named-content content-type="species">carpaticum</named-content></named-content></italic> (now <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Ionescuellum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">carpaticum</named-content></named-content></italic> Ionescu, 1930 (<xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">Tuxen 1960</xref>)), and reported two other species: <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Eosentomon</named-content><named-content content-type="species">semiarmatum</named-content></named-content></italic> Denis, 1927 and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Eosentomon</named-content><named-content content-type="species">transitorium</named-content></named-content></italic> Berlese, 1909 from forest humus at Sinaia-Cumpătul, 850 m elevation. To date, 13 species of <named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="order">Protura</named-content></named-content> have been reported from Romania (<xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">Ionescu 1951</xref>). All of these records originated from soil and forest litter samples from 15 collecting sites. One species, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Acerentomon</named-content><named-content content-type="species">robustum</named-content></named-content></italic> Ionescu, 1930, was established as “species inquirenda" (<xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">Szeptycki 2007</xref>) because the species was insufficiently described and type material was lost (<xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">Tuxen 1961</xref>). We have not taken into account this species in the present paper. <xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">Falcă (1972)</xref> identified four species of <named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="order">Protura</named-content></named-content> from the Retezat Mountains from three types of forests along an elevational gradient of 850‒1800 m.</p><p>The fauna of Romanian proturans is poorly known in contrast to some other European countries: Luxembourg, 30 species in 10 genera (<xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">Szeptycki et al. 2003</xref>); Poland, 69 species of <named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="order">Protura</named-content></named-content> in 11 genera (<xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">Szeptycki 2007</xref>); Ukraine, 58 species in12 genera (<xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">Shrubovych 2010</xref>); Austria, 58 species in 10 genera (<xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">Christian 2011</xref>); Italy, 40 species in 8 genera (<xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">Galli et al. 2011</xref>); Serbia, 38 species in 10 genera (<xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">Blesić and Mitrovski-Bogdanović 2012</xref>).</p><p>The aim of this study is to improve the study of this little known taxon in Romania by providing new records and distributional data on proturan species.</p></sec><sec sec-type="materials|methods"><title>Materials and methods</title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="order">Protura</named-content></named-content> were extracted from samples of leaf litter, soil and mosses in Berlese funnels. The material has been deposited in the Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków (ISEA). Specimens were mounted on slides in Marc Andre medium and were observed and identified with a phase-contrast microscope. In total 175 specimens from 22 sampling sites were examined. In our analysis we also considered the data taken from 17 Romanian collecting sites mentioned in the literature. Species were identified based on a key to European <named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="order">Protura</named-content></named-content> (<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">Nosek 1973</xref>) and other papers (<xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">Shrubovych et al. 2012</xref>, <xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">2014</xref>, <xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">Szeptycki 1980</xref>, <xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">1985</xref>, <xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">1986</xref>, <xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">1991</xref>). The taxonomic system of <named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="order">Protura</named-content></named-content> presented by <xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">Szeptycki (2007)</xref> was followed in this paper. Species distributions were taken from <xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">Szeptycki (2005</xref>, <xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">2007</xref>), <xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">Shrubovych (2010)</xref> for Ukraine, <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">Galli et al. (2011)</xref> for Italy and <xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">Blesić and Mitrovski-Bogdanović (2012)</xref> for Serbia. All collecting sites are shown in Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">1</xref>.</p><fig id="F1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1.</label><caption><p>Locations of <named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="order">Protura</named-content></named-content> collection sites in Romania. Octagons indicate collections studied by authors; triangles represent sites recorded by <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">Ionescu (1930</xref>, <xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">1932</xref>, <xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">1937</xref>, <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">1951</xref>) and <xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">Falcă (1972)</xref>.</p></caption><graphic id="oo_72936.jpg" xlink:href="zookeys-552-033-g001"></graphic></fig><pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>
<sec sec-type="Abbreviations"><title>Abbreviations</title><p>The following abbreviations are used throughout the paper: <abbrev>pi<def><p> – preimago</p></def></abbrev>, <abbrev>mj<def><p> - maturus junior</p></def></abbrev>, <abbrev>LII<def><p> - larva II</p></def></abbrev>, <abbrev>LI<def><p> - larva I</p></def></abbrev>.</p><p>Chaetal nomenclature follows <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">Nosek (1973)</xref> and <xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">Szeptycki (1986)</xref>: <italic>A</italic>-setae – anterior setae, <italic>P</italic>-setae – posterior setae, aa and ap-setae on head – anterior and posterior additional setae, respectively.</p></sec><sec sec-type="List of sampling sites in Romania"><title>List of sampling sites in Romania</title><p>Ilfov County: Periş, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">44°40'18"N; 26°1'44"E</named-content>, elevation 100 m, mixed forest, soil, 06. XI.2012.</p><p>Ilfov County: Jilava, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">44°19'00.038"N; 26°03'54.579"E</named-content>, elevation 50 m, mixed forest, soil, 02. XI.2013.</p><p>Prahova County: Valea Largă, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">45°18'20.638''N; 25°34'19.943''E</named-content>, elevation 770 m, beech forest, in dead trunk, 13.XI.2013.</p><pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>
<p>Prahova County: Şotriile, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">45°13'39''N; 25°43'44''E</named-content>, elevation 600 m, located on the mountainside above the Doftana River, mountain beech forest with <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Luzula</named-content><named-content content-type="species">luzuloides</named-content></named-content></italic> (Lam.) Dandy and Wilmott, soil and litter, 12.XI.2013.</p><p>Prahova County: Voila, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">45°09'58''N; 25°45'10''E</named-content>, elevation 500 m, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Quercus</named-content><named-content content-type="species">petraea</named-content></named-content></italic> (Mattuschka) Liebl. and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Fagus</named-content><named-content content-type="species">sylvatica</named-content></named-content></italic> L. mixed forests, soil and litter, 12.XI.2013.</p><p>Prahova County: Cheile Brezei: <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">45°10'31.906"N; 25°41'16.153"E</named-content>, elevation 455 m, shrubs and soil on rocks, 11.IX.2014.</p><p>Prahova County: Cheile Posadei, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">45°17'39.947"N; 25°36'00.001"E</named-content>, elevation 720 m, mosses and litter on rocks, 12.XI.2013.</p><p>Suceava County: Adam Peak, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">47°30'58.17"N; 25°29'09.09"E</named-content>, elevation 950 m, spruce forest, mosses on soil, 26.VIII.2014.</p><p>Suceava County: Iacobeni, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">47°26'45.913"N; 25°18'41.182"E</named-content>, elevation 915 m, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Larix</named-content><named-content content-type="species">decidua</named-content></named-content></italic> Mill., soil, 26.VIII.2014.</p><p>Făgăraş Mountains: Valea Arpaşului, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">45°40'52"N; 24°40'12"E</named-content>, elevation 685 m, beech forest with <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Abies</named-content><named-content content-type="species">alba</named-content></named-content></italic> Mill. and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Acer</named-content></named-content></italic> sp., soil, 10.IX.2014.</p><p>Făgăraş Mountains: Valea Arpaşului, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">45°39'21.937"N; 24°40'13.930"E</named-content>, elevation 850 m, forest with <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Abies</named-content><named-content content-type="species">alba</named-content></named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Fagus</named-content><named-content content-type="species">sylvatica</named-content></named-content></italic> L., soil, 10.IX.2014.</p><p>Făgăraş Mountains: Valea Arpaşului, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">45°40'01.337"N; 24°40'15.289"E</named-content>, elevation 820 m, harvested forest with <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Abies</named-content><named-content content-type="species">alba</named-content></named-content></italic>, soil, 10.IX.2014.</p><p>Făgăraş Mountains: Valea Brescioarei, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">45°39'16.773"N; 24°53'09.207"E</named-content>, elevation 930 m, spruce forest, 31.VII.2014.</p><p>Bârgău Mountains: Lunca Ilvei, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">47°19'37.267"N; 25°58'20.189"E</named-content>, elevation 785 m, forest with <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Abies</named-content><named-content content-type="species">alba</named-content></named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Fagus</named-content><named-content content-type="species">sylvatica</named-content></named-content></italic>, soil, 28.VIII.2014.</p><p>Bârgău Mountains: Piatra Fântânele, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">47°17'27.107"N; 24°59'45.294"E</named-content>, elevation 915 m, spruce forest, soil, 28.VIII.2014.</p><p>Bârgău Mountains: Valea Străjii, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">47°13'05.330"N; 24°53'36.495"E</named-content>, elevation 800 m, beech forest mixed with spruce, soil, 29.VIII.2014.</p><p>Bârgău Mountains: Tureac, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">47°15'26.614"N; 24°50'54.282"E</named-content>, elevation 795 m, meadow, soil, 29.VIII.2014.</p><p>Vălcea County: Voineasa, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">45°25'00"N; 23°57'20"E</named-content>, elevation 705 m, beech forest, soil, 01.XI.2012.</p><p>Cozia National Park: Călineşti Valley near Brezoi, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">45°19'48"N; 24°14'30"E</named-content>, elevation 610 m, litter of beech forest mixed with <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Pinus</named-content></named-content></italic> sp., 21.X.2012.</p><p>Olt Valley: Malaia, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">45°21'11.18"N, 24°01' 11.74' E</named-content>, elevation 495 m, beech forest, litter near rocks, 01.XI.2012.</p><p>Giurgiu County: Călugăreni, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">44°10'48.839"N, 26°00'42.400"E</named-content>, elevation 70 m, mixed forest, soil, 03.XI.2013.</p><p>Constanţa County: Cernavoda, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">44°20'11.92'N, 28°01'05.211''E</named-content>, elevation 55 m, shrubs, soil, 10.XI.2012.</p><pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>
</sec></sec><sec sec-type="Results"><title>Results</title><p>Twenty-two species of <named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="order">Protura</named-content></named-content> were identified in this study based on our sampling material and 15 new records for Romanian proturan fauna were established. In total, 27 species belonging to 6 genera and 4 families (<named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="family">Hesperentomidae</named-content></named-content>, <named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="family">Protentomidae</named-content></named-content>, <named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="family">Acerentomidae</named-content></named-content> and <named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="family">Eosentomidae</named-content></named-content>) are now recorded from Romania.</p><p>Some data about ecology, distribution in Europe and in Romania are given for each species and, where appropriate, remarks are provided. An identification key to the Romanian <named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="order">Protura</named-content></named-content> species follows the species accounts.</p><sec sec-type="Order Acerentomata"><title>Order <named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="suborder">Acerentomata</named-content></named-content></title><sec sec-type="Family Hesperentomidae"><title>Family <named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="family">Hesperentomidae</named-content></named-content></title><sec sec-type="Subfamily Hesperentominae"><title>Subfamily <named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="subfamily">Hesperentominae</named-content></named-content></title><p><bold>1. <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Ionescuellum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">carpaticum</named-content></named-content></italic> (Ionescu, 1930)</bold></p><p><bold>Ecology.</bold> This species prefers dry to moderately humid rock mountain biotopes (<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">Nosek 1973</xref>).</p><p><bold>Distribution in Romania.</bold> This species was hitherto known only from Sinaia, Prahova County; lives under rocks in the forest (<xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">Ionescu 1930</xref>).</p><p><bold>Distribution in Europe.</bold> Austria (<xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">Szeptycki 2005</xref>); Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Greece, Poland (<xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">Szeptycki 2007</xref>); Serbia (<xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">Blesić and Mitrovski-Bogdanović 2012</xref>).</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="Family Protentomidae"><title>Family <named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="family">Protentomidae</named-content></named-content></title><sec sec-type="Subfamily Protentominae"><title>Subfamily <named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="subfamily">Protentominae</named-content></named-content></title><p><bold>2. <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Proturentomon</named-content><named-content content-type="species">minimum</named-content></named-content></italic> (Berlese, 1908)</bold></p><p><bold>Material examined.</bold> Site 1, 2 females.</p><p><bold>Ecology.</bold> Usually occurs in grasslands (<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">Nosek 1973</xref>); peri-urban forest (in present study).</p><p><bold>Distribution in Romania.</bold> This species is known only from Periş forest (Ilfov County) (this study).</p><p><bold>Distribution in Europe.</bold> Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Czech Republic, Italy, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Luxembourg, Poland, Portugal, Switzerland, Slovakia, European Russia (<xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">Szeptycki 2007</xref>); Serbia (<xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">Blesić and Mitrovski-Bogdanović 2012</xref>).</p><p><bold>Remarks.</bold> New record for the Romanian fauna.</p><pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>
<p><bold>3. <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Proturentomon</named-content></named-content></italic> sp.</bold></p><p><bold>Material examined.</bold> Site 3, one female.</p><p><bold>Remarks.</bold> Probably a new species, more material is needed for description. This species has four anterior setae on tergites II‒VI (<italic>A1</italic> and <italic>A2</italic>), whereas 10 <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Proturentomon</named-content></named-content></italic> species have only two anterior setae (<italic>A1</italic>) and three species lack them entirely.</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="Family Acerentomidae"><title>Family <named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="family">Acerentomidae</named-content></named-content></title><sec sec-type="Subfamily Berberentulinae"><title>Subfamily <named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="subfamily">Berberentulinae</named-content></named-content></title><p><bold>4. <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Acerentulus</named-content><named-content content-type="species">alni</named-content></named-content></italic> Szeptycki, 1991</bold></p><p><bold>Material examined.</bold> Site 8, 2 females; site 3, 3 females; site 4, 3 females, 2 <abbrev xlink:title="maturus junior">mj</abbrev>; site 10, one male, 1 <abbrev xlink:title="preimago">pi</abbrev>; site 11, one female, 1 <abbrev xlink:title="maturus junior">mj</abbrev>; site 13, 2 females, one male, 1 <abbrev xlink:title="preimago">pi</abbrev>, 4mj; site 15, 2 females, one male 1LII.</p><p><bold>Ecology.</bold> Lives in various types of forests and meadows (<xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">Szeptycki 1991</xref>, <xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">Shrubovych 2010</xref>).</p><p><bold>Distribution in Romania.</bold> Adam Peak, Prahova County: Valea Largă, Şotriile, Făgăraş Mountains: Valea Arpaşului and Valea Brescioarei, Bârgău Mountains (this study).</p><p><bold>Distribution in Europe.</bold> Poland, Slovakia (<xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">Szeptycki 2007</xref>) and Ukraine (<xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">Shrubovych 2010</xref>).</p><p><bold>Remarks.</bold> New record for the Romanian fauna.</p><p><bold>5. <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Acerentulus</named-content><named-content content-type="species">confinis</named-content></named-content></italic> (Berlese, 1908)</bold></p><p><bold>Ecology.</bold> Eurytopic species; previously recorded from soil, litter and mosses of both humid and xerothermic forests, in garden soil, in mosses on limestone rocks, in detritus, and along the Black Sea coast (<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">Nosek 1973</xref>).</p><p><bold>Distribution in Romania.</bold> Sinaia (Prahova County) and in Pantelimon forest, near Bucharest (Ilfov County), in litter; Agigea (Constanţa County), in litter of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Crataegus</named-content></named-content></italic> bushes, on dunes from zoological station at Agigea (<xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">Ionescu 1951</xref>).</p><p><bold>Distribution in Europe.</bold> Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Great Britain, Bulgaria, Corsica, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, Slovakia, Switzerland (<xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">Szeptycki 2007</xref>); Canary Islands, Madeira; Poland and Ukraine (<xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">Shrubovych 2006</xref>, <xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">Szeptycki 2007</xref>); Serbia (<xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">Blesić and Mitrovski-Bogdanović 2012</xref>); doubtful in: Balearic Islands, Slovenia, Spain (<xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">Szeptycki 2005</xref>).</p><p><bold>6. <named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Acerentulus</named-content><named-content content-type="uncertainty-rank">cf.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">confinis</named-content></named-content></bold></p><p><bold>Material examined.</bold> Site 18, one female, one male.</p><pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>
<p><bold>Remarks.</bold> Probably a new species or an intrapopulation variation. Our species differs from <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Acerentulus</named-content><named-content content-type="species">confinis</named-content></named-content></italic> (Berlese, 1908) in the absence of setae <italic>P3a</italic> on tergite VII and in a longer foretarsus (135 µm versus 100 µm in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Acerentulus</named-content><named-content content-type="species">confinis</named-content></named-content></italic>).</p><p><bold>7. <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Acerentulus</named-content><named-content content-type="species">exiguus</named-content></named-content></italic> Condé, 1944</bold></p><p><bold>Material examined.</bold> Site 5, one female; site 10, one male; site 12, 3 females, one male; site 13, one female.</p><p><bold>Ecology.</bold> Eurytopic species; abundant in soil, litter, mosses, decaying wood and plant-debris of forests, meadows, xerothermic grasslands and shrubs on rocks (<xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">Szeptycki 1991</xref>, <xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">Shrubovych 2010</xref>).</p><p><bold>Distribution in Romania.</bold> Voila forest (Prahova County), Făgăraş Mountains: Valea Arpaşului and Valea Brescioarei (this study).</p><p><bold>Distribution in Europe.</bold> Greek mainland and Ukraine (<xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">Szeptycki 2005</xref>); Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Corsica, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Poland, Sardinia, Slovakia (<xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">Szeptycki 2007</xref>); Serbia (<xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">Blesić and Mitrovski-Bogdanović 2012</xref>).</p><p><bold>Remarks.</bold> New record for the Romanian fauna.</p><p><bold>8. <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Acerentulus</named-content><named-content content-type="species">halae</named-content></named-content></italic> Szeptycki, 1997</bold></p><p><bold>Material examined.</bold> Site 6, one female, one male.</p><p><bold>Ecology.</bold> Xerophilous species; the species was found in plant debris in meadow-steppes (<xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">Shrubovych 2010</xref>).</p><p><bold>Distribution in Romania.</bold> This species was reported only from Adam Peak (this study).</p><p><bold>Distribution in Europe.</bold> Known only from Ukraine (<xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">Szeptycki 2007</xref>).</p><p><bold>Remarks.</bold> New record for the Romanian fauna.</p><p><bold>9. <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Acerentulus</named-content><named-content content-type="species">traegardhi</named-content></named-content></italic> Ionescu, 1937</bold></p><p><bold>Material examined.</bold> Site 6, one male.</p><p><bold>Ecology.</bold> Xerophilous species; abundant in soil and litter of forests, meadow-steppes and green patches inside cities squares (<xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">Szeptycki 1991</xref>, <xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">Shrubovych 2010</xref>).</p><p><bold>Distribution in Romania.</bold> Comarova, near Black Sea, south of Agigea (Constanţa County), litter in forest (<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">Ionescu 1937</xref>); Retezat Mountains, litter and humus of three sampling sites: 1) <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Festuco</named-content><named-content content-type="species">drymejae</named-content></named-content></italic>-<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Fagetum</named-content></named-content></italic> community, elevation 850 m; 2) <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Hieracio</named-content><named-content content-type="species">transilvanico</named-content></named-content></italic>-<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Piceetum</named-content></named-content></italic> community, elevation 1250 m; 3) <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Calamagrostio</named-content><named-content content-type="species">villosae</named-content></named-content></italic>-<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Pinetum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">mugo</named-content></named-content></italic> community, elevation 1800 m (<xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">Falcă 1972</xref>).</p><p><bold>Distribution in Europe.</bold> Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Poland, Slovakia, Spain, <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>Sweden and Ukraine; some records from Europe have been misidentified as <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Acerentulus</named-content><named-content content-type="species">insignis</named-content></named-content></italic> and should be confirmed, especially from western Europe (<xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">Szeptycki 2007</xref>); Serbia (<xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">Blesić and Mitrovski-Bogdanović 2012</xref>).</p><p><bold>10. <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Acerentulus</named-content><named-content content-type="species">xerophilus</named-content></named-content></italic> Szeptycki, 1979</bold></p><p><bold>Material examined.</bold> Site 9, 2 females, 2 males.</p><p><bold>Ecology.</bold> Xerophilous species; reported from soil and litter of forests, meadow-steppes, dry grasslands and city squares (<xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">Szeptycki 1991</xref>, <xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">Shrubovych 2010</xref>).</p><p><bold>Distribution in Romania.</bold> This species is known only in Iacobeni (Suceava County) (this study).</p><p><bold>Distribution in Europe.</bold> Poland and Ukraine (<xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">Szeptycki 2007</xref>, <xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">Shrubovych 2010</xref>), Serbia (<xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">Blesić and Mitrovski-Bogdanović 2012</xref>).</p><p><bold>Remarks.</bold> new record for the Romanian fauna.</p><p><bold>11. <named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Acerentulus</named-content><named-content content-type="infraspecific-rank">sp.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">cunhai</named-content></named-content> -group</bold></p><p><bold>Material examined.</bold> Site 20, one female.</p><p><bold>Remarks.</bold> The Romanian specimen belongs to the <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="species">cunhai</named-content></named-content></italic>-group according to Nosek's criteria (<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">1973</xref>). It differs from other members of the group in absence of seta <italic>P1a</italic> on tergites II-III and possession of this seta on tergites IV-V. This specimen probably represents a new species, but more material is necessary.</p><p><bold>Distribution in Romania.</bold> Malaia (Olt Valley) (this study).</p><p><bold>Remarks.</bold> New record for the Romanian fauna.</p></sec><sec sec-type="Subfamily Acerentominae"><title>Subfamily <named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="subfamily">Acerentominae</named-content></named-content></title><p><bold>12. <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Acerentomon</named-content><named-content content-type="species">affine</named-content></named-content></italic> Bagnall, 1912</bold></p><p><bold>Material examined.</bold> Site 7, one female, one male.</p><p><bold>Ecology.</bold> This species prefers forest biotopes (<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">Nosek 1973</xref>).</p><p><bold>Distribution in Romania.</bold> Calafat (Dolj County) and Ciocăneasa, in forest litter (<xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">Ionescu 1951</xref>).</p><p><bold>Distribution in Europe.</bold> Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Great Britain, France, Germany, Ireland, Luxembourg, Spain and Sweden (<xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">Szeptycki 2007</xref>), Italy (<xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">Galli et al. 2011</xref>).</p><p><bold>13. <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Acerentomon</named-content><named-content content-type="species">carpaticum</named-content></named-content></italic> Nosek, 1961</bold></p><p><bold>Material examined.</bold> Site 3, one female, 1 <abbrev xlink:title="maturus junior">mj</abbrev>, 2 <abbrev xlink:title="larva II">LII</abbrev>; site 16, 1 <abbrev xlink:title="maturus junior">mj</abbrev>, site 17, 5 females, 2 males.</p><pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>
<p><bold>Ecology.</bold> This species prefers forest biotopes (<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">Nosek 1973</xref>, <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">Shrubovych 2006</xref>).</p><p><bold>Distribution in Romania.</bold> Valea Largă (Prahova County); Bârgău Mountains (Valea Străjii and Tureac) (this study).</p><p><bold>Remarks.</bold> New record for the Romanian fauna.</p><p><bold>Distribution in Europe.</bold> Ukraine (<xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">Shrubovych 2006</xref>); Bosnia and Herzegovina, Poland and Slovakia (<xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">Szeptycki 2007</xref>).</p><p><bold>14. <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Acerentomon</named-content><named-content content-type="species">mesorhinus</named-content></named-content></italic> Ionescu, 1930</bold></p><p><bold>Ecology.</bold> Reported from forest and meadow biotopes (<xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">Shrubovych 2006</xref>).</p><p><bold>Distribution in Romania.</bold> Cumpatul - Sinaia (Prahova County, beech forest (<xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">Ionescu 1930</xref>); Retezat Mountains, litter and humus of three sampling sites: 1). <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Festuco</named-content><named-content content-type="species">drymejae</named-content></named-content></italic>-<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Fagetum</named-content></named-content></italic> community, elevation 850 m; 2) <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Hieracio</named-content><named-content content-type="species">transilvanico</named-content></named-content></italic>-<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Piceetum</named-content></named-content></italic> community, elevation 1250 m; 3) <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Calamagrostio</named-content><named-content content-type="species">villosae</named-content></named-content></italic>-<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Pinetum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">mugo</named-content></named-content></italic> community, elevation 1800 m (<xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">Falcă 1972</xref>).</p><p><bold>Distribution in Europe.</bold> Germany, Slovakia, Ukraine; Serbia (<xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">Blesić and Mitrovski-Bogdanović 2012</xref>).</p><p><bold>15. <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Acerentomon</named-content><named-content content-type="species">microrhinus</named-content></named-content></italic> Berlese, 1909</bold></p><p><bold>Ecology.</bold> This species prefers forest biotopes (<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">Nosek 1973</xref>, <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">Shrubovych 2006</xref>).</p><p><bold>Distribution in Romania.</bold> Parang Mountains, forest humus, 1000 m elevation, and in litter of oak forest in Pantelimon, near Bucharest (Ilfov County) (<xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">Ionescu 1951</xref>).</p><p><bold>Distribution in Europe.</bold> Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Corsica, France, Italy, Slovakia, Slovenia and Ukraine (<xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">Szeptycki 2007</xref>), Serbia (<xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">Blesić and Mitrovski-Bogdanović 2012</xref>).</p><p><bold>16. <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Acerentomon</named-content><named-content content-type="species">quercinum</named-content></named-content></italic> Ionescu, 1932</bold></p><p><bold>Material examined.</bold> Site 20, one female, 1 <abbrev xlink:title="maturus junior">mj</abbrev>.</p><p><bold>Ecology.</bold> Prefers forest biotopes (<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">Nosek 1973</xref>, <xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">Szeptycki 1980</xref>, <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">Shrubovych 2006</xref>).</p><p><bold>Distribution in Romania.</bold> Forest humus, Cernica (Ilfov County) and litter of oak forest, Ciocăneasa (<xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">Ionescu 1951</xref>); Retezat Mountains, litter and humus of three sampling sites: 1) <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Festuco</named-content><named-content content-type="species">drymejae</named-content></named-content></italic>-<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Fagetum</named-content></named-content></italic> community, elevation 850 m; 2) <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Hieracio</named-content><named-content content-type="species">transilvanico</named-content></named-content></italic>-<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Piceetum</named-content></named-content></italic> community, elevation 1250 m; 3) <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Calamagrostio</named-content><named-content content-type="species">villosae</named-content></named-content></italic>-<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Pinetum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">mugo</named-content></named-content></italic> community, elevation 1800 m (<xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">Falcă 1972</xref>).</p><p><bold>Distribution in Europe.</bold> Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Hungary, Slovakia, Poland and Ukraine (<xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">Szeptycki 2007</xref>); data from France should be confirmed (<xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">Szeptycki 2007</xref>); Serbia (<xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">Blesić and Mitrovski-Bogdanović 2012</xref>).</p><pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>
<p><bold>17. <named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Acerentomon</named-content><named-content content-type="uncertainty-rank">cf.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">quercinum</named-content></named-content></bold></p><p><bold>Material examined.</bold> Site 19, 3 males, 4 females, 1 <abbrev xlink:title="maturus junior">mj</abbrev>.</p><p><bold>Remarks.</bold> These specimens probably represent an undescribed species. <named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Acerentomon</named-content><named-content content-type="uncertainty-rank">cf.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">quercinum</named-content></named-content> differs from <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Acerentomon</named-content><named-content content-type="species">quercinum</named-content></named-content></italic><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">Ionescu 1932</xref> in having foretarsal sensillum <italic>a</italic> shorter, and maxillary and labial sensilla with a different shape; in our opinion these characters are not sufficient for description of a new species. Molecular analysis could clarify their status.</p><p><bold>18. <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Acerentomon</named-content><named-content content-type="species">rostratum</named-content></named-content></italic> Ionescu, 1951</bold></p><p><bold>Material examined.</bold> Site 18, 2 females, 4 males, 1 <abbrev xlink:title="larva II">LII</abbrev>, 1 <abbrev xlink:title="larva I">LI</abbrev>.</p><p><bold>Ecology.</bold> Lives in oak forest (<xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">Ionescu 1951</xref>).</p><p><bold>Distribution in Romania.</bold> Bumbeşti-Piţic, Copaci forest, oak forest (Gorj County) (<xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">Ionescu 1951</xref>).</p><p><bold>Distribution in Europe.</bold> Known only from Romania (<xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">Szeptycki 2007</xref>).</p></sec><sec sec-type="Subfamily Acerentominae"><title>Subfamily <named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="subfamily">Acerentominae</named-content></named-content></title><p><bold>19. <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Acerella</named-content><named-content content-type="species">muscorum</named-content></named-content></italic> (Ionescu, 1930)</bold></p><p><bold>Ecology.</bold> This species prefers forest ecosystems (<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">Nosek 1973</xref>, <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">Shrubovych 2006</xref>, <xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">2010</xref>).</p><p><bold>Distribution in Romania.</bold> Sinaia-Cumpătul (Prahova County), in mosses (<xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">Ionescu 1930</xref>); beech forest and in litter of oak forests from Tăgădău and Galaleu (Arad County) (<xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">Ionescu 1951</xref>).</p><p><bold>Distribution in Europe.</bold> Germany (<xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">Szeptycki 2005</xref>), Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, France, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Sardinia, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland and Ukraine (<xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">Szeptycki 2007</xref>), Serbia (<xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">Blesić and Mitrovski-Bogdanović 2012</xref>).</p></sec></sec></sec><sec sec-type="Order Eosentomata"><title>Order <named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="suborder">Eosentomata</named-content></named-content></title><sec sec-type="Family Eosentomidae"><title>Family <named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="family">Eosentomidae</named-content></named-content></title><p><bold>20. <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Eosentomon</named-content><named-content content-type="species">armatum</named-content></named-content></italic> Stach, 1926</bold></p><p><bold>Material examined.</bold> Site 9, 2 <abbrev xlink:title="maturus junior">mj</abbrev>; sit 21, 2 females.</p><p><bold>Ecology.</bold> In soil and litter of forests (beech-hornbeam and oak) (<xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">Szeptycki 1985</xref>), found also in urban parks (<xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">Shrubovych 2006</xref>).</p><p><bold>Distribution in Romania.</bold> Ponicova (Cazane) (Mehedinți County), in forest humus; in mosses on soil in Sinaia (Prahova County); Snagov (Ilfov County), Săbăreni, <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>Tăgădău and Galaleu (Arad County) and under bark of Jepi, at 2000 m elevation near Caraiman Peak, Bucegi Mountains (<xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">Ionescu 1951</xref>).</p><p><bold>Distribution in Europe.</bold> Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Iceland, Germany, Luxembourg, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland and Ukraine. All data before 1986 needs verification as some records are mixed with similar species (<xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">Szeptycki 2007</xref>), Italy (<xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">Galli et al. 2011</xref>).</p><p><bold>21. <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Eosentomon</named-content><named-content content-type="species">carpaticum</named-content></named-content></italic> Szeptycki, 1985</bold></p><p><bold>Material examined.</bold> Site 4, 2 females; site 5, 2 females, one male, 1 <abbrev xlink:title="larva I">LI</abbrev>; site 7, one male, 1 <abbrev xlink:title="maturus junior">mj</abbrev>; site 14, 1 <abbrev xlink:title="maturus junior">mj</abbrev>; site 19, one female, 2 males; site 20, one female.</p><p><bold>Ecology.</bold> Found in soil and moss in beech forest and under dense overgrown shrubs (<xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">Szeptycki 1985</xref>, <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">Shrubovych 2006</xref>).</p><p><bold>Distribution in Romania.</bold> Şotriile, Cheile Posadei and Voila (Prahova County); Bârgău Mountains: Lunca Ilvei; Cozia National Park: Călineşti Valley; Olt Valley: Malaia (this study).</p><p><bold>Distribution in Europe.</bold> Endemic Carpathian species, Ukraine and Poland (<xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">Szeptycki 2007</xref>).</p><p><bold>Remarks.</bold> New record for the Romanian fauna.</p><p><bold>22. <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Eosentomon</named-content><named-content content-type="species">enigmaticum</named-content></named-content></italic> Szeptycki, 1986</bold></p><p><bold>Material examined.</bold> Site 3, one female, 2 males, 1 <abbrev xlink:title="larva II">LII</abbrev>.</p><p><bold>Ecology.</bold> This species prefers forest ecosystems (<xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">Szeptycki 1986</xref>).</p><p><bold>Distribution in Romania.</bold> Known only from Valea Largă (Prahova County) (this study).</p><p><bold>Distribution in Europe.</bold> Poland and Ukraine (<xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">Shrubovych 2006</xref>, <xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">Szeptycki 2007</xref>).</p><p><bold>Remarks.</bold> New record for the Romanian fauna.</p><p><bold>23. <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Eosentomon</named-content><named-content content-type="species">pinetorum</named-content></named-content></italic> Szeptycki, 1984</bold></p><p><bold>Material examined.</bold> Site 1, 4 females, one male; site 4, one male; site 10, 3 females; site 12, 1 <abbrev xlink:title="maturus junior">mj</abbrev>.</p><p><bold>Ecology.</bold> Xerophilous species; lives in beech, oak, hornbeam, pine forests and mixed forests with spruce, thermophilous fir forest and steppe localities (Szeptycki 1998, <xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">Shrubovych 2010</xref>).</p><p><bold>Distribution in Romania.</bold> Periş (Ilfov County); Şotriile (Prahova County); Făgăraş Mountains: Valea Arpaşului (this study).</p><p><bold>Distribution in Europe.</bold> Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Poland and Ukraine (<xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">Shrubovych 2006</xref>, <xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">Szeptycki 2007</xref>).</p><p><bold>Remarks.</bold> New record for the Romanian fauna.</p><pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>
<p><bold>24. <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Eosentomon</named-content><named-content content-type="species">semiarmatum</named-content></named-content></italic> Denis, 1927</bold></p><p><bold>Material examined.</bold> Site 22, 3 females.</p><p><bold>Ecology.</bold> Eurytopic species; reported from different forest and steppe localities (<xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">Szeptycki 1986</xref>, <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">Shrubovych 2006</xref>).</p><p><bold>Distribution in Romania.</bold> Forest litter from Sinaia (Prahova County); Cernica (Ilfov County) and Snagov (Ilfov County) (<xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">Ionescu 1951</xref>).</p><p><bold>Distribution in Europe.</bold> Balearic Islands, France, Germany, Poland and Ukraine (<xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">Szeptycki 2007</xref>).</p><p><bold>25. <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Eosentomon</named-content><named-content content-type="species">silvaticum</named-content></named-content></italic> Szeptycki, 1986</bold></p><p><bold>Material examined.</bold> Site 3, one male, 1 <abbrev xlink:title="larva II">LII</abbrev>.</p><p><bold>Ecology.</bold> The species prefers woodlands (fir and mixed forests with fir, pine, beech, hornbeam) (<xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">Szeptycki 1986</xref>).</p><p><bold>Distribution in Romania.</bold> This species is known only from Valea Largă (Prahova County) (this study).</p><p><bold>Distribution in Europe.</bold> Poland and Luxembourg (<xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">Szeptycki 2007</xref>).</p><p><bold>Remarks.</bold> New record for the Romanian fauna.</p><p><bold>26. <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Eosentomon</named-content><named-content content-type="species">stachi</named-content></named-content></italic> Rusek, 1966</bold></p><p><bold>Material examined.</bold> Site 2, 3 females, one male, 2 <abbrev xlink:title="maturus junior">mj</abbrev>.</p><p><bold>Ecology.</bold> Xerophilous species; lives in different forests, meadows, dry pasture ground and in petrophilous turf on limestone (<xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">Szeptycki 1985</xref>, <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">Shrubovych 2006</xref>).</p><p><bold>Distribution in Romania.</bold> This species is known only from Jilava forest (Ilfov County) (this study).</p><p><bold>Remarks.</bold> New record for the Romanian fauna.</p><p><bold>Distribution in Europe.</bold> Austria, Luxembourg, Poland, Slovakia and Ukraine (<xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">Szeptycki 2007</xref>).</p><p><bold>27. <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Eosentomon</named-content><named-content content-type="species">transitorium</named-content></named-content></italic> Berlese, 1908</bold></p><p><bold>Material examined.</bold> Site 5, one female, 1 <abbrev xlink:title="maturus junior">mj</abbrev>; site 7, one female; site 11, one male, 1 <abbrev xlink:title="larva II">LII</abbrev>.</p><p><bold>Ecology.</bold> Eurytopic species; it has been recorded from soil and litter of various forests, town parks, alpine bushes <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Salix</named-content><named-content content-type="species">herbacea</named-content></named-content></italic> L. and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Dryas</named-content><named-content content-type="species">octopelata</named-content></named-content></italic> L., in debris of tall herbs on rock shelves, dry meadows, grasslands, in xerothermic turf, in deep soil under stones (<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">Nosek 1973</xref>, <xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">Szeptycki 1986</xref>, <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">Shrubovych 2006</xref>).</p><p><bold>Previous records</bold>: Sinaia (Prahova County), in beech litter; Agigea, near zoological station (Constanţa County), in litter, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Acacia</named-content></named-content></italic> forest (<xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">Ionescu 1951</xref>); Retezat Mountains, <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>litter and humus of three sampling sites: 1) <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Festuco</named-content><named-content content-type="species">drymejae</named-content></named-content></italic>-<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Fagetum</named-content></named-content></italic> community, elevation 850 m; 2) <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Hieracio</named-content><named-content content-type="species">transilvanico</named-content></named-content></italic>-<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Piceetum</named-content></named-content></italic> community, elevation 1250 m; 3) <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Calamagrostio</named-content><named-content content-type="species">villosae</named-content></named-content></italic>-<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Pinetum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">mugo</named-content></named-content></italic> community, elevation 1800 m (<xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">Falcă 1972</xref>).</p><p><bold>Distribution in Europe.</bold> Latvia, Estonia; most of these records should be confirmed (<xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">Szeptycki 2005</xref>); Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Germany, Italy, Ireland, Norway, Poland, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland and Ukraine; doubtful records from: Balearic Islands, Belgium, Bulgaria, Corsica, Croatia, Iceland, Portugal, Sardinia, Spain (<xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">Szeptycki 2007</xref>), Serbia (<xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">Blesić and Mitrovski-Bogdanović 2012</xref>).</p></sec></sec></sec><sec><title>Key to Romanian <named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="order">Protura</named-content></named-content></title><table-wrap content-type="key" orientation="portrait" id="d37e2331" position="anchor"><table frame="hsides" rules="all" id="TID0EMVAE"><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spiracles present on meso- and metanota (<named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="suborder">Eosentomata</named-content></named-content>, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Eosentomon</named-content></named-content></italic>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>2</bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spiracles absent (<named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="suborder">Acerentomata</named-content></named-content>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>9</bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Head setae <italic>aa</italic> and <italic>ap</italic> present, notal setae <italic>P2a</italic> and <italic>P3a</italic> of equal length (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Eosentomon</named-content><named-content content-type="species">delicatum</named-content></named-content></italic>-group)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>3</bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Head setae <italic>aa</italic> absent, <italic>ap</italic> present, notal seta <italic>P2a</italic> shorter than <italic>P3a</italic> (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Eosentomon</named-content><named-content content-type="species">transitorium</named-content></named-content></italic>-group)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>5</bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Foretarsal sensillum <italic>c</italic>' on the line α<italic>6</italic>-δ<italic>5</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Eosentomon</named-content><named-content content-type="species">carpaticum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Foretarsal sensillum <italic>c</italic>' proximal to the line α<italic>6</italic>-δ<italic>5</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>4</bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sensillum <italic>c</italic>' broadened, <italic>P1a</italic> on tergite VIII without basal dilation, notal seta <italic>P2a</italic> longer than <italic>P3a</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Eosentomon</named-content><named-content content-type="species">stachi</named-content></named-content></italic></bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sensillum <italic>c</italic>' slender, <italic>P1a</italic> on tergite VIII with basal dilation, notal seta <italic>P2a</italic> the same length as <italic>P3a</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Eosentomon</named-content><named-content content-type="species">armatum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seta <italic>P1a</italic> on tergite VII at the same level as <italic>P2</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>6</bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seta <italic>P1a</italic> on tergite VII posterior to level of <italic>P2</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>7</bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seta <italic>D2</italic> on metatarsus slender</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Eosentomon</named-content><named-content content-type="species">transitorium</named-content></named-content></italic></bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seta <italic>D2</italic> on metatarsus spine-like</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Eosentomon</named-content><named-content content-type="species">enigmaticum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sternites IX–X with 6 setae</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Eosentomon</named-content><named-content content-type="species">pinetorum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sternites IX–X with 4 setae</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>8</bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seta <italic>P1a</italic> on tergites II–IV longer than <italic>P1</italic>, foretarsal sensillum <italic>t3</italic> longer than <italic>c</italic>'</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Eosentomon</named-content><named-content content-type="species">semiarmatum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seta <italic>P1a</italic> on tergites II–IV shorter than <italic>P1</italic>, foretarsal sensillum <italic>t3</italic> same length as <italic>c</italic>'</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Eosentomon</named-content><named-content content-type="species">silvaticum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Abdominal appendages I–II two-segmented</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>10</bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Abdominal appendage I two-segmented, appendage II not segmented (<named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="family">Acerentomidae</named-content></named-content>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>12</bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tergites II–VII with 4 pairs of <italic>A</italic>-setae, calyx of maxillary gland small</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Ionescuellum</named-content><named-content content-type="species">carpaticum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold> (<bold><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="family">Hesperentomidae</named-content></named-content>)</bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tergites II–VII with at most 2 pairs of <italic>A</italic>-setae, calyx of maxillary gland enlarged (<named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="family">Protentomidae</named-content></named-content>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>11</bold></td></tr><pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tergites II–VI with one pair of <italic>A</italic>-setae, foretarsal sensillum <italic>b</italic> about 2/3 length of <italic>c</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Proturentomon</named-content><named-content content-type="species">minimum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tergites II–VI with 2 pairs of <italic>A</italic>-setae, foretarsal sensillum <italic>b</italic> nearly as long as <italic>c</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Proturentomon</named-content></named-content></italic> sp.</bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Meso- and metanota with 2 pairs of <italic>A</italic>-setae, abd. appendages II–III each with 3 setae…14</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Acerentulus</named-content></named-content></italic></bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Meso- and metanota with 3 or 4 pairs of <italic>A</italic>-setae, abd. appendages II–III each with 2 setae</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>13</bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Meso- and metanota both with 3 pairs of <italic>A</italic>-setae, foretarsal sensillum <italic>t1</italic> filiform, calyx of maxillary gland with racemose appendices</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Acerella</named-content><named-content content-type="species">muscorum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mesonotum with 3 pairs of <italic>A</italic>-setae, metanotum with 4 pairs of <italic>A</italic>-setae, sensillum <italic>t1</italic> claviform, calyx of maxillary gland smooth (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Acerentomon</named-content></named-content></italic>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>21</bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sternite XI with 4 setae</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>15</bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sternite XI with 6 setae</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>16</bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Foretarsal sensillum <italic>b</italic> very long, nearly reaching the base of claw, tergite VII with seta <italic>P3a</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Acerentulus</named-content><named-content content-type="species">traegardhi</named-content></named-content></italic></bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Foretarsal sensillum <italic>b</italic> shorter, nearly equal to length of sensillum <italic>c</italic>, tergite VII without seta <italic>P3a</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Acerentulus</named-content><named-content content-type="species">halae</named-content></named-content></italic></bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Foretarsal sensillum <italic>a</italic> short, passing the base of sensillum <italic>t2</italic> (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Acerentulus</named-content><named-content content-type="species">cunhai</named-content></named-content></italic>-group)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Acerentulus</named-content></named-content></italic> sp.</bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Foretarsal sensillum <italic>a</italic> long, nearly reaching or surpassing the base of seta γ<italic>3</italic> (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Acerentulus</named-content><named-content content-type="species">confinis</named-content></named-content></italic>-group)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>17</bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tergite VII with 3 pairs of <italic>A</italic>-setae</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>18</bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tergite VII with 4 pairs of <italic>A</italic>-setae</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>19</bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tergite VII with seta <italic>P3a</italic>, sternite VII with seta <italic>Pc</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Acerentulus</named-content><named-content content-type="species">xerophilus</named-content></named-content></italic></bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tergite VII without seta <italic>P3a</italic>, sternite VII without seta <italic>Pc</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Acerentulus</named-content><named-content content-type="species">exiguus</named-content></named-content></italic></bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tergite VII with seta <italic>P3a</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>20</bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tergite VII without seta <italic>P3a</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Acerentulus</named-content><named-content content-type="uncertainty-rank">cf.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">confinis</named-content></named-content></bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Maxillary sensilla spindle-shaped, foretarsal sensillum <italic>a</italic>' slender, sternites II-III without pores</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Acerentulus</named-content><named-content content-type="species">confinis</named-content></named-content></italic></bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Maxillary sensilla parallel-sided and slender, foretarsal sensillum <italic>a</italic>' thickened, sternites II-III with pores</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Acerentulus</named-content><named-content content-type="species">alni</named-content></named-content></italic></bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tergite VII with pair of <italic>x</italic>-setae(<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Acerentulus</named-content><named-content content-type="species">doderoi</named-content></named-content></italic>-group)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Acerentomon</named-content><named-content content-type="species">rostratum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tergite VII without <italic>x</italic>-setae</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>22</bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sternite VIII with a pair of posterior setae (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Acerentomon</named-content><named-content content-type="species">affine</named-content></named-content></italic>-group) <bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Acerentomon</named-content><named-content content-type="species">affine</named-content></named-content></italic></bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sternite VIII without posterior setae (23)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Acerentomon</named-content><named-content content-type="species">microrhinus</named-content></named-content></italic>- group</bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Labrum slightly protruded (LR = 9), foretarsal sensilla <italic>a</italic>, <italic>b</italic> and <italic>c</italic> of the same length</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Acerentomon</named-content><named-content content-type="species">microrhinus</named-content></named-content></italic></bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Labrum clearly protruded (LR = 7 or less), sensilla <italic>a</italic>, <italic>b</italic> and <italic>c</italic> of unequal lengths</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>24</bold></td></tr><pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">24</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Foretarsal sensillum <italic>b</italic> broadened</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>25</bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Foretarsal sensillum <italic>b</italic> slender</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>26</bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Foretarsal sensillum <italic>a</italic> long, reaching the base of seta γ<italic>3</italic>, maxillary sensilla spindle-shaped, labial sensillum slender</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Acerentomon</named-content><named-content content-type="species">quercinum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Foretarsal sensillum <italic>a</italic> short, slightly surpassing the base of seta γ<italic>2</italic>, maxillary sensilla parallel-sided, labial sensillum broadened</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Acerentomon</named-content><named-content content-type="uncertainty-rank">cf.</named-content><named-content content-type="species">quercinum</named-content></named-content></bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">26</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Foretarsal sensillum <italic>a</italic> longer than <italic>c</italic>, sternite VI with 5 <italic>A</italic>-setae</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Acerentomon</named-content><named-content content-type="species">carpaticum</named-content></named-content></italic></bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Foretarsal sensillum <italic>a</italic> shorter than c, sternite VI with 7 <italic>A</italic>-setae</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Acerentomon</named-content><named-content content-type="species">mesorhinus</named-content></named-content></italic></bold></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></sec></body><back><ack><title>Acknowledgments</title><p>The authors are very grateful to Mircea Fiera and Claudiu Avramescu (IBB) for field assistance and to Dr Alexandru-Ionuţ Petrişor for providing the map. 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