Old World megadroughts and pluvials during the Common Era
Identifieur interne : 000023 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000022; suivant : 000024Old World megadroughts and pluvials during the Common Era
Auteurs : Edward R. Cook [États-Unis] ; Richard Seager [États-Unis] ; Yochanan Kushnir [États-Unis] ; Keith R. Briffa [Royaume-Uni] ; Ulf Büntgen [Suisse] ; David Frank [Suisse] ; Paul J. Krusic [Grèce] ; Willy Tegel [Allemagne] ; Gerard Van Der Schrier [Pays-Bas] ; Laia Andreu-Hayles [États-Unis] ; Mike Baillie ; Claudia Baittinger [Danemark] ; Niels Bleicher [Suisse] ; Niels Bonde [Danemark] ; David Brown ; Marco Carrer [Italie] ; Richard Cooper [Royaume-Uni] ; Katarina Ufar [Slovénie] ; Christoph Dittmar [Allemagne] ; Jan Esper [Allemagne] ; Carol Griggs [États-Unis] ; Björn Gunnarson [Suède] ; Björn Günther [Allemagne] ; Emilia Gutierrez [Espagne] ; Kristof Haneca [Belgique] ; Samuli Helama [Finlande] ; Franz Herzig [Allemagne] ; Karl-Uwe Heussner [Allemagne] ; Jutta Hofmann [Allemagne] ; Pavel Janda [République tchèque] ; Raymond Kontic [Suisse] ; Nesibe Köse [Turquie] ; Tomáš Kyncl [République tchèque] ; Tom Levani [Slovénie] ; Hans Linderholm [Suède] ; Sturt Manning [États-Unis] ; Thomas M. Melvin [Royaume-Uni] ; Daniel Miles [Royaume-Uni] ; Burkhard Neuwirth [Allemagne] ; Kurt Nicolussi [Autriche] ; Paola Nola [Italie] ; Momchil Panayotov [Bulgarie] ; Ionel Popa [Roumanie] ; Andreas Rothe [Allemagne] ; Kristina Seftigen [Suède] ; Andrea Seim [Suède] ; Helene Svarva [Norvège] ; Miroslav Svoboda [République tchèque] ; Terje Thun [Norvège] ; Mauri Timonen [Finlande] ; Ramzi Touchan [États-Unis] ; Volodymyr Trotsiuk [République tchèque] ; Valerie Trouet [États-Unis] ; Felix Walder [Suisse] ; Tomasz Wa Ny [États-Unis, Pologne] ; Rob Wilson ; Christian Zang [Allemagne]Source :
- Science Advances [ 2375-2548 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
An atlas of megadroughts in Europe and in the Mediterranean Basin during the Common Era provides insights into climate variability.
Url:
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1500561
PubMed: 26601136
PubMed Central: 4640589
Affiliations:
- Allemagne, Autriche, Belgique, Bulgarie, Danemark, Espagne, Finlande, Grèce, Italie, Norvège, Pays-Bas, Pologne, Roumanie, Royaume-Uni, République tchèque, Slovénie, Suisse, Suède, Turquie, États-Unis
- Bade-Wurtemberg, Bavière, Berlin, Bohême centrale, Canton de Zurich, Catalogne, Comté de Stockholm, District de Dresde, District de Fribourg-en-Brisgau, District de Haute-Bavière, Hovedstaden, Moravie, Région de Bruxelles-Capitale, Saxe (Land), Svealand, Trøndelag, Vénétie, État de New York
- Berlin, Brno, Bruxelles, Copenhague, Dresde, Fribourg-en-Brisgau, Ithaca (New York), Munich, Padoue, Prague, Stockholm, Trondheim, Zurich
- Université Cornell, Université de Padoue, Université de Stockholm, Université technique de Dresde, Université technique de Munich
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Cook</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>NY 10964</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Seager, Richard" sort="Seager, Richard" uniqKey="Seager R" first="Richard" last="Seager">Richard Seager</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>NY 10964</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kushnir, Yochanan" sort="Kushnir, Yochanan" uniqKey="Kushnir Y" first="Yochanan" last="Kushnir">Yochanan Kushnir</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>NY 10964</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Briffa, Keith R" sort="Briffa, Keith R" uniqKey="Briffa K" first="Keith R." last="Briffa">Keith R. 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wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff11">Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Slovénie</country><wicri:regionArea>Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana SI-1000</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Ljubljana SI-1000</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dittmar, Christoph" sort="Dittmar, Christoph" uniqKey="Dittmar C" first="Christoph" last="Dittmar">Christoph Dittmar</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff12">Environmental Research and Education (UFB), Mistelbach 95511, Germany.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Environmental Research and Education (UFB), Mistelbach 95511</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>95511</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>95511</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Mistelbach 95511</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Esper, Jan" sort="Esper, Jan" uniqKey="Esper J" first="Jan" last="Esper">Jan Esper</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff13">Department of Geography, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz 55099, Germany.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Geography, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz 55099</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>55099</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>55099</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Mainz 55099</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Griggs, Carol" sort="Griggs, Carol" uniqKey="Griggs C" first="Carol" last="Griggs">Carol Griggs</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff14">Cornell Tree Ring Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Cornell Tree Ring Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université 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Bjorn" uniqKey="Gunther B" first="Björn" last="Günther">Björn Günther</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff16">Technische Universität Dresden, Tharandt D-01737, Germany.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Technische Universität Dresden, Tharandt D-01737</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>01737</wicri:noRegion><orgName type="university">Université technique de Dresde</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Dresde</settlement><region type="land" nuts="1">Saxe (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Dresde</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gutierrez, Emilia" sort="Gutierrez, Emilia" uniqKey="Gutierrez E" first="Emilia" last="Gutierrez">Emilia Gutierrez</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff17">Department of Ecology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Ecology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region nuts="2" type="communauté">Catalogne</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haneca, Kristof" sort="Haneca, Kristof" uniqKey="Haneca K" first="Kristof" last="Haneca">Kristof Haneca</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff18">Flanders Heritage Agency, Brussels 1210, Belgium.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Flanders Heritage Agency, Brussels 1210</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Bruxelles</settlement><region nuts="2">Région de Bruxelles-Capitale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Helama, Samuli" sort="Helama, Samuli" uniqKey="Helama S" first="Samuli" last="Helama">Samuli Helama</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff19">Natural Resources Institute Finland, Rovaniemi FI-96301, Finland.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Natural Resources Institute Finland, Rovaniemi FI-96301</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Rovaniemi FI-96301</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Herzig, Franz" sort="Herzig, Franz" uniqKey="Herzig F" first="Franz" last="Herzig">Franz Herzig</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff20">Bavarian State Department for Cultural Heritage, Thierhaupten 86672, Germany.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Bavarian State Department for Cultural Heritage, Thierhaupten 86672</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>86672</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>86672</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Thierhaupten 86672</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Heussner, Karl Uwe" sort="Heussner, Karl Uwe" uniqKey="Heussner K" first="Karl-Uwe" last="Heussner">Karl-Uwe Heussner</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff21">German Archaeological Institute (DAI), Berlin 14195, Germany.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>German Archaeological Institute (DAI), Berlin 14195</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="3">Berlin</region><settlement type="city">Berlin</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hofmann, Jutta" sort="Hofmann, Jutta" uniqKey="Hofmann J" first="Jutta" last="Hofmann">Jutta Hofmann</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff22">Jahrringlabor Hofmann, Nürtingen 72622, Germany.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Jahrringlabor Hofmann, Nürtingen 72622</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>72622</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>72622</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Nürtingen 72622</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Janda, Pavel" sort="Janda, Pavel" uniqKey="Janda P" first="Pavel" last="Janda">Pavel Janda</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff23">Department of Forest Ecology, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague 16521, Czech Republic.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">République tchèque</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Forest Ecology, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague 16521</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Prague</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Bohême centrale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kontic, Raymond" sort="Kontic, Raymond" uniqKey="Kontic R" first="Raymond" last="Kontic">Raymond Kontic</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff24">Labor Dendron, Basel 4057, Switzerland.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Labor Dendron, Basel 4057</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Basel 4057</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kose, Nesibe" sort="Kose, Nesibe" uniqKey="Kose N" first="Nesibe" last="Köse">Nesibe Köse</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff25">Faculty of Forestry, Istanbul University, Bahcekoy, Sariyer 34473, Istanbul, Turkey.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Turquie</country><wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Forestry, Istanbul University, Bahcekoy, Sariyer 34473, Istanbul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Istanbul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kyncl, Tomas" sort="Kyncl, Tomas" uniqKey="Kyncl T" first="Tomáš" last="Kyncl">Tomáš Kyncl</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff26">Moravian Dendro-Labor, Brno 61600, Czech Republic.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">République tchèque</country><wicri:regionArea>Moravian Dendro-Labor, Brno 61600</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Brno</settlement><region>Moravie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Levani, Tom" sort="Levani, Tom" uniqKey="Levani T" first="Tom" last="Levani">Tom Levani</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff27">Slovenian Forestry Institute, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Slovénie</country><wicri:regionArea>Slovenian Forestry Institute, Ljubljana SI-1000</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Ljubljana SI-1000</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Linderholm, Hans" sort="Linderholm, Hans" uniqKey="Linderholm H" first="Hans" last="Linderholm">Hans Linderholm</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff28">Department of Earth Sciences, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg SE-405, Sweden.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Earth Sciences, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg SE-405</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Gothenburg SE-405</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Manning, Sturt" sort="Manning, Sturt" uniqKey="Manning S" first="Sturt" last="Manning">Sturt Manning</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff14">Cornell Tree Ring Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Cornell Tree Ring Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université Cornell</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Ithaca (New York)</settlement><region type="state">État de New York</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Melvin, Thomas M" sort="Melvin, Thomas M" uniqKey="Melvin T" first="Thomas M." last="Melvin">Thomas M. Melvin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Norwich NR4 7TJ</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Miles, Daniel" sort="Miles, Daniel" uniqKey="Miles D" first="Daniel" last="Miles">Daniel Miles</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff29">Oxford Dendrochronology Laboratory, Oxford University, Oxford RG4 7TX, UK.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Oxford Dendrochronology Laboratory, Oxford University, Oxford RG4 7TX</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Oxford RG4 7TX</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Neuwirth, Burkhard" sort="Neuwirth, Burkhard" uniqKey="Neuwirth B" first="Burkhard" last="Neuwirth">Burkhard Neuwirth</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff30">DeLaWi – Tree Ring Analyses, Windeck D-51570, Germany.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>DeLaWi – Tree Ring Analyses, Windeck D-51570</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>51570</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>51570</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Windeck D-51570</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nicolussi, Kurt" sort="Nicolussi, Kurt" uniqKey="Nicolussi K" first="Kurt" last="Nicolussi">Kurt Nicolussi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff31">Institut für Geographie, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut für Geographie, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck A-6020</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Innsbruck A-6020</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nola, Paola" sort="Nola, Paola" uniqKey="Nola P" first="Paola" last="Nola">Paola Nola</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff32">Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e dell’Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e dell’Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia 27100</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Pavia 27100</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Panayotov, Momchil" sort="Panayotov, Momchil" uniqKey="Panayotov M" first="Momchil" last="Panayotov">Momchil Panayotov</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff33">Dendrology Department, University of Forestry, Sophia 1756, Bulgaria.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Bulgarie</country><wicri:regionArea>Dendrology Department, University of Forestry, Sophia 1756</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Sophia 1756</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Popa, Ionel" sort="Popa, Ionel" uniqKey="Popa I" first="Ionel" last="Popa">Ionel Popa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff34">Forest Research and Management Institute, Calea Bucovinei, Campulung Moldovenesc 725100, Romania.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Roumanie</country><wicri:regionArea>Forest Research and Management Institute, Calea Bucovinei, Campulung Moldovenesc 725100</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Campulung Moldovenesc 725100</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rothe, Andreas" sort="Rothe, Andreas" uniqKey="Rothe A" first="Andreas" last="Rothe">Andreas Rothe</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff35">Faculty of Forestry, University of Applied Sciences Weihenstephan-Triesdorf, Freising 85354, Germany.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Forestry, University of Applied Sciences Weihenstephan-Triesdorf, Freising 85354</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>85354</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>85354</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Freising 85354</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Seftigen, Kristina" sort="Seftigen, Kristina" uniqKey="Seftigen K" first="Kristina" last="Seftigen">Kristina Seftigen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff28">Department of Earth Sciences, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg SE-405, Sweden.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Earth Sciences, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg SE-405</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Gothenburg SE-405</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Seim, Andrea" sort="Seim, Andrea" uniqKey="Seim A" first="Andrea" last="Seim">Andrea Seim</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff28">Department of Earth Sciences, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg SE-405, Sweden.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Earth Sciences, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg SE-405</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Gothenburg SE-405</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Svarva, Helene" sort="Svarva, Helene" uniqKey="Svarva H" first="Helene" last="Svarva">Helene Svarva</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff36">NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7012, Norway.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Norvège</country><wicri:regionArea>NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7012</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Trondheim</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Trøndelag</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Svoboda, Miroslav" sort="Svoboda, Miroslav" uniqKey="Svoboda M" first="Miroslav" last="Svoboda">Miroslav Svoboda</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff23">Department of Forest Ecology, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague 16521, Czech Republic.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">République tchèque</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Forest Ecology, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague 16521</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Prague</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Bohême centrale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thun, Terje" sort="Thun, Terje" uniqKey="Thun T" first="Terje" last="Thun">Terje Thun</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff36">NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7012, Norway.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Norvège</country><wicri:regionArea>NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7012</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Trondheim</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Trøndelag</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Timonen, Mauri" sort="Timonen, Mauri" uniqKey="Timonen M" first="Mauri" last="Timonen">Mauri Timonen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff19">Natural Resources Institute Finland, Rovaniemi FI-96301, Finland.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Natural Resources Institute Finland, Rovaniemi FI-96301</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Rovaniemi FI-96301</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Touchan, Ramzi" sort="Touchan, Ramzi" uniqKey="Touchan R" first="Ramzi" last="Touchan">Ramzi Touchan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff37">Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>AZ 85721</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Trotsiuk, Volodymyr" sort="Trotsiuk, Volodymyr" uniqKey="Trotsiuk V" first="Volodymyr" last="Trotsiuk">Volodymyr Trotsiuk</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff23">Department of Forest Ecology, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague 16521, Czech Republic.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">République tchèque</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Forest Ecology, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague 16521</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Prague</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Bohême centrale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Trouet, Valerie" sort="Trouet, Valerie" uniqKey="Trouet V" first="Valerie" last="Trouet">Valerie Trouet</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff37">Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>AZ 85721</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Walder, Felix" sort="Walder, Felix" uniqKey="Walder F" first="Felix" last="Walder">Felix Walder</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff9">Competence Center for Underwater Archaeology and Dendrochronology, Office for Urbanism, City of Zürich, Zürich 8008, Switzerland.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Competence Center for Underwater Archaeology and Dendrochronology, Office for Urbanism, City of Zürich, Zürich 8008</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Zurich</settlement><region nuts="3" type="region">Canton de Zurich</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wa Ny, Tomasz" sort="Wa Ny, Tomasz" uniqKey="Wa Ny T" first="Tomasz" last="Wa Ny">Tomasz Wa Ny</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff37">Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>AZ 85721</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff38">Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun 87-100, Poland.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pologne</country><wicri:regionArea>Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun 87-100</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Torun 87-100</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wilson, Rob" sort="Wilson, Rob" uniqKey="Wilson R" first="Rob" last="Wilson">Rob Wilson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff39">School of Geography and Geosciences, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9AL, Scotland.</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Scotland.</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zang, Christian" sort="Zang, Christian" uniqKey="Zang C" first="Christian" last="Zang">Christian Zang</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff40">Ecoclimatology, Technische Universität München, Freising 85354, Germany.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Ecoclimatology, Technische Universität München, Freising 85354</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>85354</wicri:noRegion><orgName type="university">Université technique de Munich</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Munich</settlement><region type="land" nuts="1">Bavière</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Haute-Bavière</region></placeName></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">26601136</idno><idno type="pmc">4640589</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4640589</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4640589</idno><idno type="doi">10.1126/sciadv.1500561</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000033</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000033</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000033</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000033</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000023</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000023</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Old World megadroughts and pluvials during the Common Era</title><author><name sortKey="Cook, Edward R" sort="Cook, Edward R" uniqKey="Cook E" first="Edward R." last="Cook">Edward R. Cook</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>NY 10964</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Seager, Richard" sort="Seager, Richard" uniqKey="Seager R" first="Richard" last="Seager">Richard Seager</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>NY 10964</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kushnir, Yochanan" sort="Kushnir, Yochanan" uniqKey="Kushnir Y" first="Yochanan" last="Kushnir">Yochanan Kushnir</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>NY 10964</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Briffa, Keith R" sort="Briffa, Keith R" uniqKey="Briffa K" first="Keith R." last="Briffa">Keith R. Briffa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Norwich NR4 7TJ</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Buntgen, Ulf" sort="Buntgen, Ulf" uniqKey="Buntgen U" first="Ulf" last="Büntgen">Ulf Büntgen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf 8903</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Birmensdorf 8903</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Frank, David" sort="Frank, David" uniqKey="Frank D" first="David" last="Frank">David Frank</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf 8903</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Birmensdorf 8903</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Krusic, Paul J" sort="Krusic, Paul J" uniqKey="Krusic P" first="Paul J." last="Krusic">Paul J. Krusic</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4">Navarino Environmental Observatory, Messinia 24001, Greece.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea>Navarino Environmental Observatory, Messinia 24001</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Messinia 24001</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tegel, Willy" sort="Tegel, Willy" uniqKey="Tegel W" first="Willy" last="Tegel">Willy Tegel</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff5">Institute for Forest Growth (IWW), University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79106, Germany.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute for Forest Growth (IWW), University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79106</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Fribourg-en-Brisgau</region><settlement type="city">Fribourg-en-Brisgau</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Schrier, Gerard" sort="Van Der Schrier, Gerard" uniqKey="Van Der Schrier G" first="Gerard" last="Van Der Schrier">Gerard Van Der Schrier</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6">Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), De Bilt 3730, Netherlands.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), De Bilt 3730</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>De Bilt 3730</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Andreu Hayles, Laia" sort="Andreu Hayles, Laia" uniqKey="Andreu Hayles L" first="Laia" last="Andreu-Hayles">Laia Andreu-Hayles</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>NY 10964</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baillie, Mike" sort="Baillie, Mike" uniqKey="Baillie M" first="Mike" last="Baillie">Mike Baillie</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7">Paleoecology Center, Queens University, Belfast BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland.</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Northern Ireland.</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baittinger, Claudia" sort="Baittinger, Claudia" uniqKey="Baittinger C" first="Claudia" last="Baittinger">Claudia Baittinger</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff8">National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen DK-1220, Denmark.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Danemark</country><wicri:regionArea>National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen DK-1220</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Copenhague</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Hovedstaden</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bleicher, Niels" sort="Bleicher, Niels" uniqKey="Bleicher N" first="Niels" last="Bleicher">Niels Bleicher</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff9">Competence Center for Underwater Archaeology and Dendrochronology, Office for Urbanism, City of Zürich, Zürich 8008, Switzerland.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Competence Center for Underwater Archaeology and Dendrochronology, Office for Urbanism, City of Zürich, Zürich 8008</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Zurich</settlement><region nuts="3" type="region">Canton de Zurich</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bonde, Niels" sort="Bonde, Niels" uniqKey="Bonde N" first="Niels" last="Bonde">Niels Bonde</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff8">National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen DK-1220, Denmark.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Danemark</country><wicri:regionArea>National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen DK-1220</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Copenhague</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Hovedstaden</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brown, David" sort="Brown, David" uniqKey="Brown D" first="David" last="Brown">David Brown</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7">Paleoecology Center, Queens University, Belfast BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland.</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Northern Ireland.</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carrer, Marco" sort="Carrer, Marco" uniqKey="Carrer M" first="Marco" last="Carrer">Marco Carrer</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff10">TeSAF Department, Università degli Studi di Padova, Agripolis, Legnaro I-35020, Italy.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>TeSAF Department, Università degli Studi di Padova, Agripolis, Legnaro I-35020</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Padoue</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Padoue</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Vénétie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cooper, Richard" sort="Cooper, Richard" uniqKey="Cooper R" first="Richard" last="Cooper">Richard Cooper</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Norwich NR4 7TJ</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey=" Ufar, Katarina" sort=" Ufar, Katarina" uniqKey=" Ufar K" first="Katarina" last=" Ufar">Katarina Ufar</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff11">Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Slovénie</country><wicri:regionArea>Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana SI-1000</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Ljubljana SI-1000</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dittmar, Christoph" sort="Dittmar, Christoph" uniqKey="Dittmar C" first="Christoph" last="Dittmar">Christoph Dittmar</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff12">Environmental Research and Education (UFB), Mistelbach 95511, Germany.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Environmental Research and Education (UFB), Mistelbach 95511</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>95511</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>95511</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Mistelbach 95511</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Esper, Jan" sort="Esper, Jan" uniqKey="Esper J" first="Jan" last="Esper">Jan Esper</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff13">Department of Geography, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz 55099, Germany.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Geography, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz 55099</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>55099</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>55099</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Mainz 55099</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Griggs, Carol" sort="Griggs, Carol" uniqKey="Griggs C" first="Carol" last="Griggs">Carol Griggs</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff14">Cornell Tree Ring Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Cornell Tree Ring Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université Cornell</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Ithaca (New York)</settlement><region type="state">État de New York</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gunnarson, Bjorn" sort="Gunnarson, Bjorn" uniqKey="Gunnarson B" first="Björn" last="Gunnarson">Björn Gunnarson</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff15">Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106, Sweden.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Stockholm</settlement><region nuts="2">Svealand</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Stockholm</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Stockholm</settlement><region nuts="1">Svealand</region><region nuts="1">Comté de Stockholm</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gunther, Bjorn" sort="Gunther, Bjorn" uniqKey="Gunther B" first="Björn" last="Günther">Björn Günther</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff16">Technische Universität Dresden, Tharandt D-01737, Germany.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Technische Universität Dresden, Tharandt D-01737</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>01737</wicri:noRegion><orgName type="university">Université technique de Dresde</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Dresde</settlement><region type="land" nuts="1">Saxe (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Dresde</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gutierrez, Emilia" sort="Gutierrez, Emilia" uniqKey="Gutierrez E" first="Emilia" last="Gutierrez">Emilia Gutierrez</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff17">Department of Ecology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Ecology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region nuts="2" type="communauté">Catalogne</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haneca, Kristof" sort="Haneca, Kristof" uniqKey="Haneca K" first="Kristof" last="Haneca">Kristof Haneca</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff18">Flanders Heritage Agency, Brussels 1210, Belgium.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Flanders Heritage Agency, Brussels 1210</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Bruxelles</settlement><region nuts="2">Région de Bruxelles-Capitale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Helama, Samuli" sort="Helama, Samuli" uniqKey="Helama S" first="Samuli" last="Helama">Samuli Helama</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff19">Natural Resources Institute Finland, Rovaniemi FI-96301, Finland.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Natural Resources Institute Finland, Rovaniemi FI-96301</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Rovaniemi FI-96301</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Herzig, Franz" sort="Herzig, Franz" uniqKey="Herzig F" first="Franz" last="Herzig">Franz Herzig</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff20">Bavarian State Department for Cultural Heritage, Thierhaupten 86672, Germany.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Bavarian State Department for Cultural Heritage, Thierhaupten 86672</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>86672</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>86672</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Thierhaupten 86672</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Heussner, Karl Uwe" sort="Heussner, Karl Uwe" uniqKey="Heussner K" first="Karl-Uwe" last="Heussner">Karl-Uwe Heussner</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff21">German Archaeological Institute (DAI), Berlin 14195, Germany.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>German Archaeological Institute (DAI), Berlin 14195</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="3">Berlin</region><settlement type="city">Berlin</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hofmann, Jutta" sort="Hofmann, Jutta" uniqKey="Hofmann J" first="Jutta" last="Hofmann">Jutta Hofmann</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff22">Jahrringlabor Hofmann, Nürtingen 72622, Germany.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Jahrringlabor Hofmann, Nürtingen 72622</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>72622</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>72622</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Nürtingen 72622</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Janda, Pavel" sort="Janda, Pavel" uniqKey="Janda P" first="Pavel" last="Janda">Pavel Janda</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff23">Department of Forest Ecology, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague 16521, Czech Republic.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">République tchèque</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Forest Ecology, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague 16521</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Prague</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Bohême centrale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kontic, Raymond" sort="Kontic, Raymond" uniqKey="Kontic R" first="Raymond" last="Kontic">Raymond Kontic</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff24">Labor Dendron, Basel 4057, Switzerland.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Labor Dendron, Basel 4057</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Basel 4057</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kose, Nesibe" sort="Kose, Nesibe" uniqKey="Kose N" first="Nesibe" last="Köse">Nesibe Köse</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff25">Faculty of Forestry, Istanbul University, Bahcekoy, Sariyer 34473, Istanbul, Turkey.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Turquie</country><wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Forestry, Istanbul University, Bahcekoy, Sariyer 34473, Istanbul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Istanbul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kyncl, Tomas" sort="Kyncl, Tomas" uniqKey="Kyncl T" first="Tomáš" last="Kyncl">Tomáš Kyncl</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff26">Moravian Dendro-Labor, Brno 61600, Czech Republic.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">République tchèque</country><wicri:regionArea>Moravian Dendro-Labor, Brno 61600</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Brno</settlement><region>Moravie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Levani, Tom" sort="Levani, Tom" uniqKey="Levani T" first="Tom" last="Levani">Tom Levani</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff27">Slovenian Forestry Institute, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Slovénie</country><wicri:regionArea>Slovenian Forestry Institute, Ljubljana SI-1000</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Ljubljana SI-1000</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Linderholm, Hans" sort="Linderholm, Hans" uniqKey="Linderholm H" first="Hans" last="Linderholm">Hans Linderholm</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff28">Department of Earth Sciences, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg SE-405, Sweden.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Earth Sciences, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg SE-405</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Gothenburg SE-405</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Manning, Sturt" sort="Manning, Sturt" uniqKey="Manning S" first="Sturt" last="Manning">Sturt Manning</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff14">Cornell Tree Ring Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Cornell Tree Ring Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université Cornell</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Ithaca (New York)</settlement><region type="state">État de New York</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Melvin, Thomas M" sort="Melvin, Thomas M" uniqKey="Melvin T" first="Thomas M." last="Melvin">Thomas M. Melvin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Norwich NR4 7TJ</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Miles, Daniel" sort="Miles, Daniel" uniqKey="Miles D" first="Daniel" last="Miles">Daniel Miles</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff29">Oxford Dendrochronology Laboratory, Oxford University, Oxford RG4 7TX, UK.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Oxford Dendrochronology Laboratory, Oxford University, Oxford RG4 7TX</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Oxford RG4 7TX</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Neuwirth, Burkhard" sort="Neuwirth, Burkhard" uniqKey="Neuwirth B" first="Burkhard" last="Neuwirth">Burkhard Neuwirth</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff30">DeLaWi – Tree Ring Analyses, Windeck D-51570, Germany.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>DeLaWi – Tree Ring Analyses, Windeck D-51570</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>51570</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>51570</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Windeck D-51570</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nicolussi, Kurt" sort="Nicolussi, Kurt" uniqKey="Nicolussi K" first="Kurt" last="Nicolussi">Kurt Nicolussi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff31">Institut für Geographie, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut für Geographie, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck A-6020</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Innsbruck A-6020</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nola, Paola" sort="Nola, Paola" uniqKey="Nola P" first="Paola" last="Nola">Paola Nola</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff32">Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e dell’Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e dell’Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia 27100</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Pavia 27100</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Panayotov, Momchil" sort="Panayotov, Momchil" uniqKey="Panayotov M" first="Momchil" last="Panayotov">Momchil Panayotov</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff33">Dendrology Department, University of Forestry, Sophia 1756, Bulgaria.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Bulgarie</country><wicri:regionArea>Dendrology Department, University of Forestry, Sophia 1756</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Sophia 1756</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Popa, Ionel" sort="Popa, Ionel" uniqKey="Popa I" first="Ionel" last="Popa">Ionel Popa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff34">Forest Research and Management Institute, Calea Bucovinei, Campulung Moldovenesc 725100, Romania.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Roumanie</country><wicri:regionArea>Forest Research and Management Institute, Calea Bucovinei, Campulung Moldovenesc 725100</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Campulung Moldovenesc 725100</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rothe, Andreas" sort="Rothe, Andreas" uniqKey="Rothe A" first="Andreas" last="Rothe">Andreas Rothe</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff35">Faculty of Forestry, University of Applied Sciences Weihenstephan-Triesdorf, Freising 85354, Germany.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Forestry, University of Applied Sciences Weihenstephan-Triesdorf, Freising 85354</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>85354</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>85354</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Freising 85354</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Seftigen, Kristina" sort="Seftigen, Kristina" uniqKey="Seftigen K" first="Kristina" last="Seftigen">Kristina Seftigen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff28">Department of Earth Sciences, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg SE-405, Sweden.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Earth Sciences, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg SE-405</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Gothenburg SE-405</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Seim, Andrea" sort="Seim, Andrea" uniqKey="Seim A" first="Andrea" last="Seim">Andrea Seim</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff28">Department of Earth Sciences, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg SE-405, Sweden.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Earth Sciences, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg SE-405</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Gothenburg SE-405</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Svarva, Helene" sort="Svarva, Helene" uniqKey="Svarva H" first="Helene" last="Svarva">Helene Svarva</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff36">NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7012, Norway.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Norvège</country><wicri:regionArea>NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7012</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Trondheim</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Trøndelag</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Svoboda, Miroslav" sort="Svoboda, Miroslav" uniqKey="Svoboda M" first="Miroslav" last="Svoboda">Miroslav Svoboda</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff23">Department of Forest Ecology, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague 16521, Czech Republic.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">République tchèque</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Forest Ecology, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague 16521</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Prague</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Bohême centrale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thun, Terje" sort="Thun, Terje" uniqKey="Thun T" first="Terje" last="Thun">Terje Thun</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff36">NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7012, Norway.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Norvège</country><wicri:regionArea>NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7012</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Trondheim</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Trøndelag</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Timonen, Mauri" sort="Timonen, Mauri" uniqKey="Timonen M" first="Mauri" last="Timonen">Mauri Timonen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff19">Natural Resources Institute Finland, Rovaniemi FI-96301, Finland.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Natural Resources Institute Finland, Rovaniemi FI-96301</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Rovaniemi FI-96301</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Touchan, Ramzi" sort="Touchan, Ramzi" uniqKey="Touchan R" first="Ramzi" last="Touchan">Ramzi Touchan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff37">Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>AZ 85721</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Trotsiuk, Volodymyr" sort="Trotsiuk, Volodymyr" uniqKey="Trotsiuk V" first="Volodymyr" last="Trotsiuk">Volodymyr Trotsiuk</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff23">Department of Forest Ecology, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague 16521, Czech Republic.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">République tchèque</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Forest Ecology, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague 16521</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Prague</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Bohême centrale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Trouet, Valerie" sort="Trouet, Valerie" uniqKey="Trouet V" first="Valerie" last="Trouet">Valerie Trouet</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff37">Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>AZ 85721</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Walder, Felix" sort="Walder, Felix" uniqKey="Walder F" first="Felix" last="Walder">Felix Walder</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff9">Competence Center for Underwater Archaeology and Dendrochronology, Office for Urbanism, City of Zürich, Zürich 8008, Switzerland.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Competence Center for Underwater Archaeology and Dendrochronology, Office for Urbanism, City of Zürich, Zürich 8008</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Zurich</settlement><region nuts="3" type="region">Canton de Zurich</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wa Ny, Tomasz" sort="Wa Ny, Tomasz" uniqKey="Wa Ny T" first="Tomasz" last="Wa Ny">Tomasz Wa Ny</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff37">Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>AZ 85721</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff38">Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun 87-100, Poland.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pologne</country><wicri:regionArea>Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun 87-100</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Torun 87-100</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wilson, Rob" sort="Wilson, Rob" uniqKey="Wilson R" first="Rob" last="Wilson">Rob Wilson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff39">School of Geography and Geosciences, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9AL, Scotland.</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Scotland.</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zang, Christian" sort="Zang, Christian" uniqKey="Zang C" first="Christian" last="Zang">Christian Zang</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff40">Ecoclimatology, Technische Universität München, Freising 85354, Germany.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Ecoclimatology, Technische Universität München, Freising 85354</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>85354</wicri:noRegion><orgName type="university">Université technique de Munich</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Munich</settlement><region type="land" nuts="1">Bavière</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Haute-Bavière</region></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Science Advances</title><idno type="eISSN">2375-2548</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>An atlas of megadroughts in Europe and in the Mediterranean Basin during the Common Era provides insights into climate variability.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Philandras, C M" uniqKey="Philandras C">C. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Sci Adv</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Sci Adv</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">SciAdv</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="hwp">advances</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Science Advances</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2375-2548</issn><publisher><publisher-name>American Association for the Advancement of Science</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26601136</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4640589</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1500561</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1126/sciadv.1500561</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="legacy-article-type"><subject>SciAdv r-articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="overline"><subject>Climatology</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Old World megadroughts and pluvials during the Common Era</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cook</surname><given-names>Edward R.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Seager</surname><given-names>Richard</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kushnir</surname><given-names>Yochanan</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3312-5160</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Briffa</surname><given-names>Keith R.</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3323-3639</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Büntgen</surname><given-names>Ulf</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Frank</surname><given-names>David</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Krusic</surname><given-names>Paul J.</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5358-9697</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tegel</surname><given-names>Willy</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>van der Schrier</surname><given-names>Gerard</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>6</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Andreu-Hayles</surname><given-names>Laia</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Baillie</surname><given-names>Mike</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>7</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Baittinger</surname><given-names>Claudia</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9729-5981</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>8</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bleicher</surname><given-names>Niels</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9"><sup>9</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bonde</surname><given-names>Niels</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>8</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Brown</surname><given-names>David</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>7</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Carrer</surname><given-names>Marco</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10"><sup>10</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cooper</surname><given-names>Richard</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Čufar</surname><given-names>Katarina</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7403-3994</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11"><sup>11</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dittmar</surname><given-names>Christoph</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12"><sup>12</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Esper</surname><given-names>Jan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13"><sup>13</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Griggs</surname><given-names>Carol</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14"><sup>14</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gunnarson</surname><given-names>Björn</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15"><sup>15</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Günther</surname><given-names>Björn</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16"><sup>16</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gutierrez</surname><given-names>Emilia</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17"><sup>17</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Haneca</surname><given-names>Kristof</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18"><sup>18</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Helama</surname><given-names>Samuli</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19"><sup>19</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Herzig</surname><given-names>Franz</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20"><sup>20</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Heussner</surname><given-names>Karl-Uwe</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0842-9795</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff21"><sup>21</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hofmann</surname><given-names>Jutta</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22"><sup>22</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Janda</surname><given-names>Pavel</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff23"><sup>23</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kontic</surname><given-names>Raymond</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1502-7180</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff24"><sup>24</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Köse</surname><given-names>Nesibe</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5766-0526</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff25"><sup>25</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kyncl</surname><given-names>Tomáš</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff26"><sup>26</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Levanič</surname><given-names>Tom</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff27"><sup>27</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Linderholm</surname><given-names>Hans</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1522-8919</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff28"><sup>28</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Manning</surname><given-names>Sturt</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14"><sup>14</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Melvin</surname><given-names>Thomas M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Miles</surname><given-names>Daniel</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff29"><sup>29</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Neuwirth</surname><given-names>Burkhard</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7473-462X</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff30"><sup>30</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nicolussi</surname><given-names>Kurt</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff31"><sup>31</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nola</surname><given-names>Paola</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff32"><sup>32</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Panayotov</surname><given-names>Momchil</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff33"><sup>33</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Popa</surname><given-names>Ionel</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff34"><sup>34</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rothe</surname><given-names>Andreas</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff35"><sup>35</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Seftigen</surname><given-names>Kristina</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff28"><sup>28</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Seim</surname><given-names>Andrea</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff28"><sup>28</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Svarva</surname><given-names>Helene</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff36"><sup>36</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Svoboda</surname><given-names>Miroslav</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff23"><sup>23</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Thun</surname><given-names>Terje</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff36"><sup>36</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Timonen</surname><given-names>Mauri</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19"><sup>19</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Touchan</surname><given-names>Ramzi</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff37"><sup>37</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Trotsiuk</surname><given-names>Volodymyr</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff23"><sup>23</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Trouet</surname><given-names>Valerie</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2683-8704</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff37"><sup>37</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Walder</surname><given-names>Felix</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9"><sup>9</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ważny</surname><given-names>Tomasz</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff37"><sup>37</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff38"><sup>38</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wilson</surname><given-names>Rob</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff39"><sup>39</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zang</surname><given-names>Christian</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff40"><sup>40</sup></xref></contrib><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label>Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA.</aff><aff id="aff2"><label>2</label>Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.</aff><aff id="aff3"><label>3</label>Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland.</aff><aff id="aff4"><label>4</label>Navarino Environmental Observatory, Messinia 24001, Greece.</aff><aff id="aff5"><label>5</label>Institute for Forest Growth (IWW), University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79106, Germany.</aff><aff id="aff6"><label>6</label>Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), De Bilt 3730, Netherlands.</aff><aff id="aff7"><label>7</label>Paleoecology Center, Queens University, Belfast BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland.</aff><aff id="aff8"><label>8</label>National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen DK-1220, Denmark.</aff><aff id="aff9"><label>9</label>Competence Center for Underwater Archaeology and Dendrochronology, Office for Urbanism, City of Zürich, Zürich 8008, Switzerland.</aff><aff id="aff10"><label>10</label>TeSAF Department, Università degli Studi di Padova, Agripolis, Legnaro I-35020, Italy.</aff><aff id="aff11"><label>11</label>Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia.</aff><aff id="aff12"><label>12</label>Environmental Research and Education (UFB), Mistelbach 95511, Germany.</aff><aff id="aff13"><label>13</label>Department of Geography, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz 55099, Germany.</aff><aff id="aff14"><label>14</label>Cornell Tree Ring Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.</aff><aff id="aff15"><label>15</label>Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106, Sweden.</aff><aff id="aff16"><label>16</label>Technische Universität Dresden, Tharandt D-01737, Germany.</aff><aff id="aff17"><label>17</label>Department of Ecology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain.</aff><aff id="aff18"><label>18</label>Flanders Heritage Agency, Brussels 1210, Belgium.</aff><aff id="aff19"><label>19</label>Natural Resources Institute Finland, Rovaniemi FI-96301, Finland.</aff><aff id="aff20"><label>20</label>Bavarian State Department for Cultural Heritage, Thierhaupten 86672, Germany.</aff><aff id="aff21"><label>21</label>German Archaeological Institute (DAI), Berlin 14195, Germany.</aff><aff id="aff22"><label>22</label>Jahrringlabor Hofmann, Nürtingen 72622, Germany.</aff><aff id="aff23"><label>23</label>Department of Forest Ecology, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague 16521, Czech Republic.</aff><aff id="aff24"><label>24</label>Labor Dendron, Basel 4057, Switzerland.</aff><aff id="aff25"><label>25</label>Faculty of Forestry, Istanbul University, Bahcekoy, Sariyer 34473, Istanbul, Turkey.</aff><aff id="aff26"><label>26</label>Moravian Dendro-Labor, Brno 61600, Czech Republic.</aff><aff id="aff27"><label>27</label>Slovenian Forestry Institute, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia.</aff><aff id="aff28"><label>28</label>Department of Earth Sciences, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg SE-405, Sweden.</aff><aff id="aff29"><label>29</label>Oxford Dendrochronology Laboratory, Oxford University, Oxford RG4 7TX, UK.</aff><aff id="aff30"><label>30</label>DeLaWi – Tree Ring Analyses, Windeck D-51570, Germany.</aff><aff id="aff31"><label>31</label>Institut für Geographie, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria.</aff><aff id="aff32"><label>32</label>Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e dell’Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy.</aff><aff id="aff33"><label>33</label>Dendrology Department, University of Forestry, Sophia 1756, Bulgaria.</aff><aff id="aff34"><label>34</label>Forest Research and Management Institute, Calea Bucovinei, Campulung Moldovenesc 725100, Romania.</aff><aff id="aff35"><label>35</label>Faculty of Forestry, University of Applied Sciences Weihenstephan-Triesdorf, Freising 85354, Germany.</aff><aff id="aff36"><label>36</label>NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7012, Norway.</aff><aff id="aff37"><label>37</label>Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.</aff><aff id="aff38"><label>38</label>Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun 87-100, Poland.</aff><aff id="aff39"><label>39</label>School of Geography and Geosciences, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9AL, Scotland.</aff><aff id="aff40"><label>40</label>Ecoclimatology, Technische Universität München, Freising 85354, Germany.</aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><label>*</label>Corresponding author. E-mail: <email xlink:href="drdendro@ldeo.columbia.edu">drdendro@ldeo.columbia.edu</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>11</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>06</day><month>11</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>1</volume><issue>10</issue><elocation-id>e1500561</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>04</day><month>5</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>04</day><month>8</month><year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2015, The Authors</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><copyright-holder>The Authors</copyright-holder><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" id="p-2"><license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial license</ext-link>, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, so long as the resultant use is <bold>not</bold> for commercial advantage and provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract abstract-type="teaser"><p>An atlas of megadroughts in Europe and in the Mediterranean Basin during the Common Era provides insights into climate variability.</p></abstract><abstract><p>Climate model projections suggest widespread drying in the Mediterranean Basin and wetting in Fennoscandia in the coming decades largely as a consequence of greenhouse gas forcing of climate. To place these and other “Old World” climate projections into historical perspective based on more complete estimates of natural hydroclimatic variability, we have developed the “Old World Drought Atlas” (OWDA), a set of year-to-year maps of tree-ring reconstructed summer wetness and dryness over Europe and the Mediterranean Basin during the Common Era. The OWDA matches historical accounts of severe drought and wetness with a spatial completeness not previously available. In addition, megadroughts reconstructed over north-central Europe in the 11th and mid-15th centuries reinforce other evidence from North America and Asia that droughts were more severe, extensive, and prolonged over Northern Hemisphere land areas before the 20th century, with an inadequate understanding of their causes. The OWDA provides new data to determine the causes of Old World drought and wetness and attribute past climate variability to forced and/or internal variability.</p></abstract><kwd-group><title>Keywords</title><kwd>drought atlas</kwd><kwd>megadrought</kwd><kwd>dendroclimatology</kwd><kwd>tree-ring reconstruction</kwd><kwd>Mediterranean drying</kwd><kwd>climate change</kwd><kwd>greenhouse gas forcing</kwd></kwd-group><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>Copyeditor</meta-name><meta-value>Meann Ramirez</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta></front></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Allemagne</li><li>Autriche</li><li>Belgique</li><li>Bulgarie</li><li>Danemark</li><li>Espagne</li><li>Finlande</li><li>Grèce</li><li>Italie</li><li>Norvège</li><li>Pays-Bas</li><li>Pologne</li><li>Roumanie</li><li>Royaume-Uni</li><li>République tchèque</li><li>Slovénie</li><li>Suisse</li><li>Suède</li><li>Turquie</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Bade-Wurtemberg</li><li>Bavière</li><li>Berlin</li><li>Bohême centrale</li><li>Canton de Zurich</li><li>Catalogne</li><li>Comté de Stockholm</li><li>District de Dresde</li><li>District de Fribourg-en-Brisgau</li><li>District de Haute-Bavière</li><li>Hovedstaden</li><li>Moravie</li><li>Région de Bruxelles-Capitale</li><li>Saxe (Land)</li><li>Svealand</li><li>Trøndelag</li><li>Vénétie</li><li>État de New York</li></region><settlement><li>Berlin</li><li>Brno</li><li>Bruxelles</li><li>Copenhague</li><li>Dresde</li><li>Fribourg-en-Brisgau</li><li>Ithaca (New York)</li><li>Munich</li><li>Padoue</li><li>Prague</li><li>Stockholm</li><li>Trondheim</li><li>Zurich</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université Cornell</li><li>Université de Padoue</li><li>Université de Stockholm</li><li>Université technique de Dresde</li><li>Université technique de Munich</li></orgName></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Baillie, Mike" sort="Baillie, Mike" uniqKey="Baillie M" first="Mike" last="Baillie">Mike Baillie</name><name sortKey="Brown, David" sort="Brown, David" uniqKey="Brown D" first="David" last="Brown">David Brown</name><name sortKey="Wilson, Rob" sort="Wilson, Rob" uniqKey="Wilson R" first="Rob" last="Wilson">Rob Wilson</name></noCountry><country name="États-Unis"><noRegion><name sortKey="Cook, Edward R" sort="Cook, Edward R" uniqKey="Cook E" first="Edward R." last="Cook">Edward R. 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sort="Neuwirth, Burkhard" uniqKey="Neuwirth B" first="Burkhard" last="Neuwirth">Burkhard Neuwirth</name><name sortKey="Rothe, Andreas" sort="Rothe, Andreas" uniqKey="Rothe A" first="Andreas" last="Rothe">Andreas Rothe</name><name sortKey="Zang, Christian" sort="Zang, Christian" uniqKey="Zang C" first="Christian" last="Zang">Christian Zang</name></country><country name="Pays-Bas"><noRegion><name sortKey="Van Der Schrier, Gerard" sort="Van Der Schrier, Gerard" uniqKey="Van Der Schrier G" first="Gerard" last="Van Der Schrier">Gerard Van Der Schrier</name></noRegion></country><country name="Danemark"><region name="Hovedstaden"><name sortKey="Baittinger, Claudia" sort="Baittinger, Claudia" uniqKey="Baittinger C" first="Claudia" last="Baittinger">Claudia Baittinger</name></region><name sortKey="Bonde, Niels" sort="Bonde, Niels" uniqKey="Bonde N" first="Niels" last="Bonde">Niels Bonde</name></country><country name="Italie"><region name="Vénétie"><name sortKey="Carrer, Marco" sort="Carrer, 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uniqKey="Seim A" first="Andrea" last="Seim">Andrea Seim</name></country><country name="Espagne"><region name="Catalogne"><name sortKey="Gutierrez, Emilia" sort="Gutierrez, Emilia" uniqKey="Gutierrez E" first="Emilia" last="Gutierrez">Emilia Gutierrez</name></region></country><country name="Belgique"><region name="Région de Bruxelles-Capitale"><name sortKey="Haneca, Kristof" sort="Haneca, Kristof" uniqKey="Haneca K" first="Kristof" last="Haneca">Kristof Haneca</name></region></country><country name="Finlande"><noRegion><name sortKey="Helama, Samuli" sort="Helama, Samuli" uniqKey="Helama S" first="Samuli" last="Helama">Samuli Helama</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Timonen, Mauri" sort="Timonen, Mauri" uniqKey="Timonen M" first="Mauri" last="Timonen">Mauri Timonen</name></country><country name="République tchèque"><region name="Bohême centrale"><name sortKey="Janda, Pavel" sort="Janda, Pavel" uniqKey="Janda P" first="Pavel" last="Janda">Pavel Janda</name></region><name sortKey="Kyncl, 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Ionel" uniqKey="Popa I" first="Ionel" last="Popa">Ionel Popa</name></noRegion></country><country name="Norvège"><region name="Trøndelag"><name sortKey="Svarva, Helene" sort="Svarva, Helene" uniqKey="Svarva H" first="Helene" last="Svarva">Helene Svarva</name></region><name sortKey="Thun, Terje" sort="Thun, Terje" uniqKey="Thun T" first="Terje" last="Thun">Terje Thun</name></country><country name="Pologne"><noRegion><name sortKey="Wa Ny, Tomasz" sort="Wa Ny, Tomasz" uniqKey="Wa Ny T" first="Tomasz" last="Wa Ny">Tomasz Wa Ny</name></noRegion></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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