3D upscaling of transpiration from leaf to tree using ground-based LiDAR: Application on a Mediterranean Holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) tree
Identifieur interne : 000054 ( PascalFrancis/Corpus ); précédent : 000053; suivant : 0000553D upscaling of transpiration from leaf to tree using ground-based LiDAR: Application on a Mediterranean Holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) tree
Auteurs : Dimitry Van Der Zande ; Simone Mereu ; Nadezhda Nadezhdina ; Jan Cermak ; Bart Muys ; Pol Coppin ; Fausto ManesSource :
- Agricultural and forest meteorology [ 0168-1923 ] ; 2009.
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English descriptors
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Abstract
The reliability of plant upscaling methods strongly depends on a precise calculation of the intercepted radiation, which in turn depends on the three-dimensional distribution of the plant biomass. A three-dimensional LiDAR upscaling procedure (LUP) based on a fine description of plant structure is proposed. The voxel-based vegetative elements distribution of a Quercus ilex L. tree was acquired with a ground-based LiDAR system. These preprocessed LiDAR data were imported into a ray tracing program in order to simulate the light environment through the crown during 15 days on a half hour time step. The obtained light environments were then used as input for a Jarvis-type conductance model in order to calculate the transpiration per voxel by inverting the Penman-Monteith equation. The approach reproduced the vertical LAI profile of the tree and the exponential extinction of light through the canopy. It also provided the possibility to observe the contribution of any voxel inside the crown to the total transpiration. The LAI of the tree measured by the LiDAR system resulted in a value of 3.97, comparable with LAI measured using the hemispherical photography and a LICOR LAI 2000, 3.64 and 4.1 respectively. Maximum conductance (gs,max) varied between 70 and 210 mmol H2O m-2 s-1 depending on the average daily intercepted radiation. The total transpiration rate of the tree was obtained by integrating transpiration of all voxels and validated by comparison with direct measurements of sap flow in August, September and October with a different water availability, 10%, 15% and 19%. The method yielded an R2 of 0.90, without the need to parameterize coefficients with the direct measurements. It is shown how the most shaded parts of the canopy (voxels that intercepted 0-20% of the total daily radiation) contributed the most to the total transpiration because of the wider surface of this class. The model also predicts a ratio between leaf maximum conductance (gs) of sun leaves and canopy maximum conductance (Gsmax) of 2.56. Both these results suggest that shade leaves instead of sun leaves should be chosen as sample leaves for upscaling purposes. The reliability of the developed method proved to be independent of the horizontal heterogeneity of the canopy. This independence is maid possible by the choice to describe the 3D light environment with small voxels (0.1 m3), hence this methods intrinsically takes into account gaps and leaf clumping. Given the heterogeneity of the canopy, 10-26% of the initial incoming radiation was allowed to reach the understorey directly. The combination of structural LiDAR data with ecophysiological measurements proved to be a valid tool for upscaling. However some steps in the procedure could be optimized, leaving space for further improvements.
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| NO : | PASCAL 09-0386917 INIST |
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| ET : | 3D upscaling of transpiration from leaf to tree using ground-based LiDAR: Application on a Mediterranean Holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) tree |
| AU : | VAN DER ZANDE (Dimitry); MEREU (Simone); NADEZHDINA (Nadezhda); CERMAK (Jan); MUYS (Bart); COPPIN (Pol); MANES (Fausto) |
| AF : | Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Biosystems Departement, M3-BIORES, Celestijnenlaan 200E/3001 Leuven/Belgique (1 aut., 4 aut., 6 aut.); University of Rome "Sapienza", Department of Plant Biology, P.le Aldo moro 5/00152 Rome/Italie (2 aut., 4 aut., 7 aut.); Mendel University of Forestry and agriculture, Institute of Forest Ecology. Zemedelska 3/613 00 Bmo/Tchèque, République (2 aut., 3 aut., 4 aut.); Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Division Forest, Nature and Landscape, Celestijnenlaan 200E/3001 Leuven/Belgique (2 aut., 4 aut., 5 aut.) |
| DT : | Publication en série; Papier de recherche; Niveau analytique |
| SO : | Agricultural and forest meteorology; ISSN 0168-1923; Coden AFMEEB; Pays-Bas; Da. 2009; Vol. 149; No. 10; Pp. 1573-1583; Bibl. 3/4 p. |
| LA : | Anglais |
| EA : | The reliability of plant upscaling methods strongly depends on a precise calculation of the intercepted radiation, which in turn depends on the three-dimensional distribution of the plant biomass. A three-dimensional LiDAR upscaling procedure (LUP) based on a fine description of plant structure is proposed. The voxel-based vegetative elements distribution of a Quercus ilex L. tree was acquired with a ground-based LiDAR system. These preprocessed LiDAR data were imported into a ray tracing program in order to simulate the light environment through the crown during 15 days on a half hour time step. The obtained light environments were then used as input for a Jarvis-type conductance model in order to calculate the transpiration per voxel by inverting the Penman-Monteith equation. The approach reproduced the vertical LAI profile of the tree and the exponential extinction of light through the canopy. It also provided the possibility to observe the contribution of any voxel inside the crown to the total transpiration. The LAI of the tree measured by the LiDAR system resulted in a value of 3.97, comparable with LAI measured using the hemispherical photography and a LICOR LAI 2000, 3.64 and 4.1 respectively. Maximum conductance (gs,max) varied between 70 and 210 mmol H2O m-2 s-1 depending on the average daily intercepted radiation. The total transpiration rate of the tree was obtained by integrating transpiration of all voxels and validated by comparison with direct measurements of sap flow in August, September and October with a different water availability, 10%, 15% and 19%. The method yielded an R2 of 0.90, without the need to parameterize coefficients with the direct measurements. It is shown how the most shaded parts of the canopy (voxels that intercepted 0-20% of the total daily radiation) contributed the most to the total transpiration because of the wider surface of this class. The model also predicts a ratio between leaf maximum conductance (gs) of sun leaves and canopy maximum conductance (Gsmax) of 2.56. Both these results suggest that shade leaves instead of sun leaves should be chosen as sample leaves for upscaling purposes. The reliability of the developed method proved to be independent of the horizontal heterogeneity of the canopy. This independence is maid possible by the choice to describe the 3D light environment with small voxels (0.1 m3), hence this methods intrinsically takes into account gaps and leaf clumping. Given the heterogeneity of the canopy, 10-26% of the initial incoming radiation was allowed to reach the understorey directly. The combination of structural LiDAR data with ecophysiological measurements proved to be a valid tool for upscaling. However some steps in the procedure could be optimized, leaving space for further improvements. |
| CC : | 002A32C03 |
| FD : | Transformation échelle; Transpiration; Feuille végétal; Utilisation; Mesure basée sol; Radar optique; Application; Structure végétation; Canopée; Quercus ilex; Région méditerranéenne; Lumière; Environnement physique; Tracé rayon; Augmentation échelle |
| FG : | Fagaceae; Dicotyledones; Angiospermae; Spermatophyta; Plante feuillage persistant; Arbre forestier feuillu; Appareil végétatif; Instrument optique; Dispositif optoélectronique; Onde électromagnétique; Arbre forestier; Plante ligneuse; Végétal |
| ED : | Scale transformation; Transpiration; Plant leaf; Use; Ground based measurement; Lidar; Application; Vegetation structure; Canopy(vegetation); Quercus ilex; Mediterranean region; Light; Physical environment; Ray tracing; Scaling-up |
| EG : | Fagaceae; Dicotyledones; Angiospermae; Spermatophyta; Evergreen plant; Hardwood forest tree; Vegetative apparatus; Optical instrument; Optoelectronic device; Electromagnetic wave; Forest tree; Woody plant; Vegetals |
| SD : | Transformación escala; Transpiración; Hoja vegetal; Uso; Medida en tierra; Radar óptico; Aplicación; Estructura vegetación; Dosel; Quercus ilex; Región mediterránea; Luz; Medio ambiente físico; Trazado rayos; Aumento de escala |
| LO : | INIST-11784.354000187630790020 |
| ID : | 09-0386917 |
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Zemedelska 3</s1><s2>613 00 Bmo</s2><s3>CZE</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="04"><s1>Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Division Forest, Nature and Landscape, Celestijnenlaan 200E</s1><s2>3001 Leuven</s2><s3>BEL</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nadezhdina, Nadezhda" sort="Nadezhdina, Nadezhda" uniqKey="Nadezhdina N" first="Nadezhda" last="Nadezhdina">Nadezhda Nadezhdina</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Mendel University of Forestry and agriculture, Institute of Forest Ecology. Zemedelska 3</s1><s2>613 00 Bmo</s2><s3>CZE</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cermak, Jan" sort="Cermak, Jan" uniqKey="Cermak J" first="Jan" last="Cermak">Jan Cermak</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Biosystems Departement, M3-BIORES, Celestijnenlaan 200E</s1><s2>3001 Leuven</s2><s3>BEL</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>6 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>University of Rome "Sapienza", Department of Plant Biology, P.le Aldo moro 5</s1><s2>00152 Rome</s2><s3>ITA</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Mendel University of Forestry and agriculture, Institute of Forest Ecology. Zemedelska 3</s1><s2>613 00 Bmo</s2><s3>CZE</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="04"><s1>Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Division Forest, Nature and Landscape, Celestijnenlaan 200E</s1><s2>3001 Leuven</s2><s3>BEL</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Muys, Bart" sort="Muys, Bart" uniqKey="Muys B" first="Bart" last="Muys">Bart Muys</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="04"><s1>Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Division Forest, Nature and Landscape, Celestijnenlaan 200E</s1><s2>3001 Leuven</s2><s3>BEL</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Coppin, Pol" sort="Coppin, Pol" uniqKey="Coppin P" first="Pol" last="Coppin">Pol Coppin</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Biosystems Departement, M3-BIORES, Celestijnenlaan 200E</s1><s2>3001 Leuven</s2><s3>BEL</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>6 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Manes, Fausto" sort="Manes, Fausto" uniqKey="Manes F" first="Fausto" last="Manes">Fausto Manes</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>University of Rome "Sapienza", Department of Plant Biology, P.le Aldo moro 5</s1><s2>00152 Rome</s2><s3>ITA</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j" type="main">Agricultural and forest meteorology</title><title level="j" type="abbreviated">Agric. for. meteorol.</title><idno type="ISSN">0168-1923</idno><imprint><date when="2009">2009</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><title level="j" type="main">Agricultural and forest meteorology</title><title level="j" type="abbreviated">Agric. for. meteorol.</title><idno type="ISSN">0168-1923</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Application</term><term>Canopy(vegetation)</term><term>Ground based measurement</term><term>Lidar</term><term>Light</term><term>Mediterranean region</term><term>Physical environment</term><term>Plant leaf</term><term>Quercus ilex</term><term>Ray tracing</term><term>Scale transformation</term><term>Scaling-up</term><term>Transpiration</term><term>Use</term><term>Vegetation structure</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Pascal" xml:lang="fr"><term>Transformation échelle</term><term>Transpiration</term><term>Feuille végétal</term><term>Utilisation</term><term>Mesure basée sol</term><term>Radar optique</term><term>Application</term><term>Structure végétation</term><term>Canopée</term><term>Quercus ilex</term><term>Région méditerranéenne</term><term>Lumière</term><term>Environnement physique</term><term>Tracé rayon</term><term>Augmentation échelle</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">The reliability of plant upscaling methods strongly depends on a precise calculation of the intercepted radiation, which in turn depends on the three-dimensional distribution of the plant biomass. A three-dimensional LiDAR upscaling procedure (LUP) based on a fine description of plant structure is proposed. The voxel-based vegetative elements distribution of a Quercus ilex L. tree was acquired with a ground-based LiDAR system. These preprocessed LiDAR data were imported into a ray tracing program in order to simulate the light environment through the crown during 15 days on a half hour time step. The obtained light environments were then used as input for a Jarvis-type conductance model in order to calculate the transpiration per voxel by inverting the Penman-Monteith equation. The approach reproduced the vertical LAI profile of the tree and the exponential extinction of light through the canopy. It also provided the possibility to observe the contribution of any voxel inside the crown to the total transpiration. The LAI of the tree measured by the LiDAR system resulted in a value of 3.97, comparable with LAI measured using the hemispherical photography and a LICOR LAI 2000, 3.64 and 4.1 respectively. Maximum conductance (g<sub>s</sub>,<sub>max</sub>) varied between 70 and 210 mmol H<sub>2</sub>O m<sup>-2</sup> s<sup>-1</sup> depending on the average daily intercepted radiation. The total transpiration rate of the tree was obtained by integrating transpiration of all voxels and validated by comparison with direct measurements of sap flow in August, September and October with a different water availability, 10%, 15% and 19%. The method yielded an R<sup>2</sup> of 0.90, without the need to parameterize coefficients with the direct measurements. It is shown how the most shaded parts of the canopy (voxels that intercepted 0-20% of the total daily radiation) contributed the most to the total transpiration because of the wider surface of this class. The model also predicts a ratio between leaf maximum conductance (g<sub>s</sub>) of sun leaves and canopy maximum conductance (G<sub>smax</sub>) of 2.56. Both these results suggest that shade leaves instead of sun leaves should be chosen as sample leaves for upscaling purposes. The reliability of the developed method proved to be independent of the horizontal heterogeneity of the canopy. This independence is maid possible by the choice to describe the 3D light environment with small voxels (0.1 m<sup>3</sup>), hence this methods intrinsically takes into account gaps and leaf clumping. Given the heterogeneity of the canopy, 10-26% of the initial incoming radiation was allowed to reach the understorey directly. The combination of structural LiDAR data with ecophysiological measurements proved to be a valid tool for upscaling. However some steps in the procedure could be optimized, leaving space for further improvements.</div></front></TEI><inist><standard h6="B"><pA><fA01 i1="01" i2="1"><s0>0168-1923</s0></fA01><fA02 i1="01"><s0>AFMEEB</s0></fA02><fA03 i2="1"><s0>Agric. for. meteorol.</s0></fA03><fA05><s2>149</s2></fA05><fA06><s2>10</s2></fA06><fA08 i1="01" i2="1" l="ENG"><s1>3D upscaling of transpiration from leaf to tree using ground-based LiDAR: Application on a Mediterranean Holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) tree</s1></fA08><fA11 i1="01" i2="1"><s1>VAN DER ZANDE (Dimitry)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="02" i2="1"><s1>MEREU (Simone)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="03" i2="1"><s1>NADEZHDINA (Nadezhda)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="04" i2="1"><s1>CERMAK (Jan)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="05" i2="1"><s1>MUYS (Bart)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="06" i2="1"><s1>COPPIN (Pol)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="07" i2="1"><s1>MANES (Fausto)</s1></fA11><fA14 i1="01"><s1>Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Biosystems Departement, M3-BIORES, Celestijnenlaan 200E</s1><s2>3001 Leuven</s2><s3>BEL</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>6 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="02"><s1>University of Rome "Sapienza", Department of Plant Biology, P.le Aldo moro 5</s1><s2>00152 Rome</s2><s3>ITA</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="03"><s1>Mendel University of Forestry and agriculture, Institute of Forest Ecology. Zemedelska 3</s1><s2>613 00 Bmo</s2><s3>CZE</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="04"><s1>Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Division Forest, Nature and Landscape, Celestijnenlaan 200E</s1><s2>3001 Leuven</s2><s3>BEL</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA20><s1>1573-1583</s1></fA20><fA21><s1>2009</s1></fA21><fA23 i1="01"><s0>ENG</s0></fA23><fA43 i1="01"><s1>INIST</s1><s2>11784</s2><s5>354000187630790020</s5></fA43><fA44><s0>0000</s0><s1>© 2009 INIST-CNRS. All rights reserved.</s1></fA44><fA45><s0>3/4 p.</s0></fA45><fA47 i1="01" i2="1"><s0>09-0386917</s0></fA47><fA60><s1>P</s1><s3>PR</s3></fA60><fA61><s0>A</s0></fA61><fA64 i1="01" i2="1"><s0>Agricultural and forest meteorology</s0></fA64><fA66 i1="01"><s0>NLD</s0></fA66><fC01 i1="01" l="ENG"><s0>The reliability of plant upscaling methods strongly depends on a precise calculation of the intercepted radiation, which in turn depends on the three-dimensional distribution of the plant biomass. A three-dimensional LiDAR upscaling procedure (LUP) based on a fine description of plant structure is proposed. The voxel-based vegetative elements distribution of a Quercus ilex L. tree was acquired with a ground-based LiDAR system. These preprocessed LiDAR data were imported into a ray tracing program in order to simulate the light environment through the crown during 15 days on a half hour time step. The obtained light environments were then used as input for a Jarvis-type conductance model in order to calculate the transpiration per voxel by inverting the Penman-Monteith equation. The approach reproduced the vertical LAI profile of the tree and the exponential extinction of light through the canopy. It also provided the possibility to observe the contribution of any voxel inside the crown to the total transpiration. The LAI of the tree measured by the LiDAR system resulted in a value of 3.97, comparable with LAI measured using the hemispherical photography and a LICOR LAI 2000, 3.64 and 4.1 respectively. Maximum conductance (g<sub>s</sub>,<sub>max</sub>) varied between 70 and 210 mmol H<sub>2</sub>O m<sup>-2</sup> s<sup>-1</sup> depending on the average daily intercepted radiation. The total transpiration rate of the tree was obtained by integrating transpiration of all voxels and validated by comparison with direct measurements of sap flow in August, September and October with a different water availability, 10%, 15% and 19%. The method yielded an R<sup>2</sup> of 0.90, without the need to parameterize coefficients with the direct measurements. It is shown how the most shaded parts of the canopy (voxels that intercepted 0-20% of the total daily radiation) contributed the most to the total transpiration because of the wider surface of this class. The model also predicts a ratio between leaf maximum conductance (g<sub>s</sub>) of sun leaves and canopy maximum conductance (G<sub>smax</sub>) of 2.56. Both these results suggest that shade leaves instead of sun leaves should be chosen as sample leaves for upscaling purposes. The reliability of the developed method proved to be independent of the horizontal heterogeneity of the canopy. This independence is maid possible by the choice to describe the 3D light environment with small voxels (0.1 m<sup>3</sup>), hence this methods intrinsically takes into account gaps and leaf clumping. Given the heterogeneity of the canopy, 10-26% of the initial incoming radiation was allowed to reach the understorey directly. The combination of structural LiDAR data with ecophysiological measurements proved to be a valid tool for upscaling. However some steps in the procedure could be optimized, leaving space for further improvements.</s0></fC01><fC02 i1="01" i2="X"><s0>002A32C03</s0></fC02><fC03 i1="01" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Transformation échelle</s0><s5>01</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="01" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Scale transformation</s0><s5>01</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="01" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Transformación escala</s0><s5>01</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="02" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Transpiration</s0><s5>02</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="02" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Transpiration</s0><s5>02</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="02" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Transpiración</s0><s5>02</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="03" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Feuille végétal</s0><s5>03</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="03" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Plant leaf</s0><s5>03</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="03" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Hoja vegetal</s0><s5>03</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="04" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Utilisation</s0><s5>04</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="04" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Use</s0><s5>04</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="04" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Uso</s0><s5>04</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="05" 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instrument</s0><s5>34</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="08" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Instrumento óptico</s0><s5>34</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="09" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Dispositif optoélectronique</s0><s5>35</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="09" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Optoelectronic device</s0><s5>35</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="09" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Dispositivo optoelectrónico</s0><s5>35</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="10" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Onde électromagnétique</s0><s5>36</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="10" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Electromagnetic wave</s0><s5>36</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="10" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Onda electromagnética</s0><s5>36</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="11" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Arbre forestier</s0><s5>39</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="11" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Forest tree</s0><s5>39</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="11" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Arbol forestal</s0><s5>39</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="12" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Plante ligneuse</s0><s5>40</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="12" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Woody plant</s0><s5>40</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="12" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Planta leñosa</s0><s5>40</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="13" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Végétal</s0><s5>41</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="13" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Vegetals</s0><s5>41</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="13" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Vegetal</s0><s5>41</s5></fC07><fN21><s1>278</s1></fN21><fN44 i1="01"><s1>OTO</s1></fN44><fN82><s1>OTO</s1></fN82></pA></standard><server><NO>PASCAL 09-0386917 INIST</NO><ET>3D upscaling of transpiration from leaf to tree using ground-based LiDAR: Application on a Mediterranean Holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) tree</ET><AU>VAN DER ZANDE (Dimitry); MEREU (Simone); NADEZHDINA (Nadezhda); CERMAK (Jan); MUYS (Bart); COPPIN (Pol); MANES (Fausto)</AU><AF>Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Biosystems Departement, M3-BIORES, Celestijnenlaan 200E/3001 Leuven/Belgique (1 aut., 4 aut., 6 aut.); University of Rome "Sapienza", Department of Plant Biology, P.le Aldo moro 5/00152 Rome/Italie (2 aut., 4 aut., 7 aut.); Mendel University of Forestry and agriculture, Institute of Forest Ecology. Zemedelska 3/613 00 Bmo/Tchèque, République (2 aut., 3 aut., 4 aut.); Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Division Forest, Nature and Landscape, Celestijnenlaan 200E/3001 Leuven/Belgique (2 aut., 4 aut., 5 aut.)</AF><DT>Publication en série; Papier de recherche; Niveau analytique</DT><SO>Agricultural and forest meteorology; ISSN 0168-1923; Coden AFMEEB; Pays-Bas; Da. 2009; Vol. 149; No. 10; Pp. 1573-1583; Bibl. 3/4 p.</SO><LA>Anglais</LA><EA>The reliability of plant upscaling methods strongly depends on a precise calculation of the intercepted radiation, which in turn depends on the three-dimensional distribution of the plant biomass. A three-dimensional LiDAR upscaling procedure (LUP) based on a fine description of plant structure is proposed. The voxel-based vegetative elements distribution of a Quercus ilex L. tree was acquired with a ground-based LiDAR system. These preprocessed LiDAR data were imported into a ray tracing program in order to simulate the light environment through the crown during 15 days on a half hour time step. The obtained light environments were then used as input for a Jarvis-type conductance model in order to calculate the transpiration per voxel by inverting the Penman-Monteith equation. The approach reproduced the vertical LAI profile of the tree and the exponential extinction of light through the canopy. It also provided the possibility to observe the contribution of any voxel inside the crown to the total transpiration. The LAI of the tree measured by the LiDAR system resulted in a value of 3.97, comparable with LAI measured using the hemispherical photography and a LICOR LAI 2000, 3.64 and 4.1 respectively. Maximum conductance (g<sub>s</sub>,<sub>max</sub>) varied between 70 and 210 mmol H<sub>2</sub>O m<sup>-2</sup> s<sup>-1</sup> depending on the average daily intercepted radiation. The total transpiration rate of the tree was obtained by integrating transpiration of all voxels and validated by comparison with direct measurements of sap flow in August, September and October with a different water availability, 10%, 15% and 19%. The method yielded an R<sup>2</sup> of 0.90, without the need to parameterize coefficients with the direct measurements. It is shown how the most shaded parts of the canopy (voxels that intercepted 0-20% of the total daily radiation) contributed the most to the total transpiration because of the wider surface of this class. The model also predicts a ratio between leaf maximum conductance (g<sub>s</sub>) of sun leaves and canopy maximum conductance (G<sub>smax</sub>) of 2.56. Both these results suggest that shade leaves instead of sun leaves should be chosen as sample leaves for upscaling purposes. The reliability of the developed method proved to be independent of the horizontal heterogeneity of the canopy. This independence is maid possible by the choice to describe the 3D light environment with small voxels (0.1 m<sup>3</sup>), hence this methods intrinsically takes into account gaps and leaf clumping. Given the heterogeneity of the canopy, 10-26% of the initial incoming radiation was allowed to reach the understorey directly. The combination of structural LiDAR data with ecophysiological measurements proved to be a valid tool for upscaling. However some steps in the procedure could be optimized, leaving space for further improvements.</EA><CC>002A32C03</CC><FD>Transformation échelle; Transpiration; Feuille végétal; Utilisation; Mesure basée sol; Radar optique; Application; Structure végétation; Canopée; Quercus ilex; Région méditerranéenne; Lumière; Environnement physique; Tracé rayon; Augmentation échelle</FD><FG>Fagaceae; Dicotyledones; Angiospermae; Spermatophyta; Plante feuillage persistant; Arbre forestier feuillu; Appareil végétatif; Instrument optique; Dispositif optoélectronique; Onde électromagnétique; Arbre forestier; Plante ligneuse; Végétal</FG><ED>Scale transformation; Transpiration; Plant leaf; Use; Ground based measurement; Lidar; Application; Vegetation structure; Canopy(vegetation); Quercus ilex; Mediterranean region; Light; Physical environment; Ray tracing; Scaling-up</ED><EG>Fagaceae; Dicotyledones; Angiospermae; Spermatophyta; Evergreen plant; Hardwood forest tree; Vegetative apparatus; Optical instrument; Optoelectronic device; Electromagnetic wave; Forest tree; Woody plant; Vegetals</EG><SD>Transformación escala; Transpiración; Hoja vegetal; Uso; Medida en tierra; Radar óptico; Aplicación; Estructura vegetación; Dosel; Quercus ilex; Región mediterránea; Luz; Medio ambiente físico; Trazado rayos; Aumento de escala</SD><LO>INIST-11784.354000187630790020</LO><ID>09-0386917</ID></server></inist></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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