Treefall gaps required for establishment, but not survival, of invasive Rubus phoenicolasius in deciduous forest, Maryland, USA
Identifieur interne : 001115 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 001114; suivant : 001116Treefall gaps required for establishment, but not survival, of invasive Rubus phoenicolasius in deciduous forest, Maryland, USA
Auteurs : David L. Gorchov ; Emily Thompson ; Jay O'Neill ; Dennis Whigham ; Douglas A. NoeSource :
- Plant Species Biology [ 0913-557X ] ; 2011-09.
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Abstract
Although plant invasions are often associated with disturbance, localized disturbances can promote invasion either by: (i) creating sites where individuals establish; or (ii) enabling an invader to colonize the entire stand. The former is expected when both establishment and survival to reproductive age require disturbed conditions, whereas the latter should occur in systems when either establishment or survival are limited to disturbed sites. We investigated the role of localized disturbance, specifically treefalls, in the invasion of the Asian Rubus phoenicolasius in a deciduous forest in Maryland, USA. We investigated the density and demography of R. phoenicolasius in treefall gaps of various sizes, but identical age to non‐gap areas, using Classification and Regression Tree (CART) analyses to identify the most important predictors. To explore how the demography of established individuals responds to disturbed versus undisturbed conditions, we carried out a garden experiment with three different levels of shade (5, 12 and 22% full sun). We found vegetative and sexual reproduction, and seedling establishment, to be limited to large gaps in an old stand, but not in a stand in an earlier age of succession. However, in the garden experiment, established plants were able to survive and grow under all shade treatments. These findings indicate that R. phoenicolasius requires disturbances such as treefalls to establish in forests, but established plants will survive canopy closure, leading to stand‐wide invasion. Managers should be able to prevent invasion, however, by inspecting large gaps for new recruits every 3 years.
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DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-1984.2011.00317.x
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Gorchov</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Departments of Botany</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, PO Box 28, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, Maryland 21037‐0028, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: gorchodl@muohio.edu</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thompson, Emily" sort="Thompson, Emily" uniqKey="Thompson E" first="Emily" last="Thompson">Emily Thompson</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23186, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="O Neill, Jay" sort="O Neill, Jay" uniqKey="O Neill J" first="Jay" last="O'Neill">Jay O'Neill</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, PO Box 28, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, Maryland 21037‐0028, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Whigham, Dennis" sort="Whigham, Dennis" uniqKey="Whigham D" first="Dennis" last="Whigham">Dennis Whigham</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, PO Box 28, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, Maryland 21037‐0028, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Noe, Douglas A" sort="Noe, Douglas A" uniqKey="Noe D" first="Douglas A." last="Noe">Douglas A. 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Gorchov</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Departments of Botany</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, PO Box 28, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, Maryland 21037‐0028, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: gorchodl@muohio.edu</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thompson, Emily" sort="Thompson, Emily" uniqKey="Thompson E" first="Emily" last="Thompson">Emily Thompson</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23186, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="O Neill, Jay" sort="O Neill, Jay" uniqKey="O Neill J" first="Jay" last="O'Neill">Jay O'Neill</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, PO Box 28, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, Maryland 21037‐0028, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Whigham, Dennis" sort="Whigham, Dennis" uniqKey="Whigham D" first="Dennis" last="Whigham">Dennis Whigham</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, PO Box 28, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, Maryland 21037‐0028, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Noe, Douglas A" sort="Noe, Douglas A" uniqKey="Noe D" first="Douglas A." last="Noe">Douglas A. Noe</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Statistics, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Plant Species Biology</title><idno type="ISSN">0913-557X</idno><idno type="eISSN">1442-1984</idno><imprint><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Asia</publisher><pubPlace>Melbourne, Australia</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2011-09">2011-09</date><biblScope unit="volume">26</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">3</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="221">221</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="234">234</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0913-557X</idno></series><idno type="istex">EDE4D65C9AFC6CC95989A91D751BE554800230E7</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1111/j.1442-1984.2011.00317.x</idno><idno type="ArticleID">PSBI317</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0913-557X</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Rubus phoenicolasius</term><term>classification and regression tree analysis</term><term>invasive non‐native plants</term><term>recruitment</term><term>seedling establishment</term><term>shade tolerance</term></keywords></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Although plant invasions are often associated with disturbance, localized disturbances can promote invasion either by: (i) creating sites where individuals establish; or (ii) enabling an invader to colonize the entire stand. The former is expected when both establishment and survival to reproductive age require disturbed conditions, whereas the latter should occur in systems when either establishment or survival are limited to disturbed sites. We investigated the role of localized disturbance, specifically treefalls, in the invasion of the Asian Rubus phoenicolasius in a deciduous forest in Maryland, USA. We investigated the density and demography of R. phoenicolasius in treefall gaps of various sizes, but identical age to non‐gap areas, using Classification and Regression Tree (CART) analyses to identify the most important predictors. To explore how the demography of established individuals responds to disturbed versus undisturbed conditions, we carried out a garden experiment with three different levels of shade (5, 12 and 22% full sun). We found vegetative and sexual reproduction, and seedling establishment, to be limited to large gaps in an old stand, but not in a stand in an earlier age of succession. However, in the garden experiment, established plants were able to survive and grow under all shade treatments. These findings indicate that R. phoenicolasius requires disturbances such as treefalls to establish in forests, but established plants will survive canopy closure, leading to stand‐wide invasion. Managers should be able to prevent invasion, however, by inspecting large gaps for new recruits every 3 years.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>wiley</corpusName><author><json:item><name>DAVID L. GORCHOV</name><affiliations><json:string>Departments of Botany</json:string><json:string>Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, PO Box 28, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, Maryland 21037‐0028, USA</json:string><json:string>E-mail: gorchodl@muohio.edu</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>EMILY THOMPSON</name><affiliations><json:string>College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23186, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>JAY O'NEILL</name><affiliations><json:string>Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, PO Box 28, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, Maryland 21037‐0028, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>DENNIS WHIGHAM</name><affiliations><json:string>Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, PO Box 28, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, Maryland 21037‐0028, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>DOUGLAS A. NOE</name><affiliations><json:string>Statistics, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>classification and regression tree analysis</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>invasive non‐native plants</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>recruitment</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Rubus phoenicolasius</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>seedling establishment</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>shade tolerance</value></json:item></subject><articleId><json:string>PSBI317</json:string></articleId><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>article</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>Although plant invasions are often associated with disturbance, localized disturbances can promote invasion either by: (i) creating sites where individuals establish; or (ii) enabling an invader to colonize the entire stand. The former is expected when both establishment and survival to reproductive age require disturbed conditions, whereas the latter should occur in systems when either establishment or survival are limited to disturbed sites. We investigated the role of localized disturbance, specifically treefalls, in the invasion of the Asian Rubus phoenicolasius in a deciduous forest in Maryland, USA. We investigated the density and demography of R. phoenicolasius in treefall gaps of various sizes, but identical age to non‐gap areas, using Classification and Regression Tree (CART) analyses to identify the most important predictors. To explore how the demography of established individuals responds to disturbed versus undisturbed conditions, we carried out a garden experiment with three different levels of shade (5, 12 and 22% full sun). We found vegetative and sexual reproduction, and seedling establishment, to be limited to large gaps in an old stand, but not in a stand in an earlier age of succession. However, in the garden experiment, established plants were able to survive and grow under all shade treatments. These findings indicate that R. phoenicolasius requires disturbances such as treefalls to establish in forests, but established plants will survive canopy closure, leading to stand‐wide invasion. 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Chapman & Hall, London.</title></host></json:item></refBibs><genre><json:string>article</json:string></genre><host><volume>26</volume><publisherId><json:string>PSBI</json:string></publisherId><pages><total>14</total><last>234</last><first>221</first></pages><issn><json:string>0913-557X</json:string></issn><issue>3</issue><genre><json:string>journal</json:string></genre><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><eissn><json:string>1442-1984</json:string></eissn><title>Plant Species Biology</title><doi><json:string>10.1111/(ISSN)1442-1984</json:string></doi></host><categories><wos><json:string>science</json:string><json:string>plant sciences</json:string><json:string>ecology</json:string></wos><scienceMetrix><json:string>natural sciences</json:string><json:string>biology</json:string><json:string>evolutionary biology</json:string></scienceMetrix></categories><publicationDate>2011</publicationDate><copyrightDate>2011</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1111/j.1442-1984.2011.00317.x</json:string></doi><id>EDE4D65C9AFC6CC95989A91D751BE554800230E7</id><score>1</score><fulltext><json:item><extension>pdf</extension><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/EDE4D65C9AFC6CC95989A91D751BE554800230E7/fulltext/pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><extension>zip</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/EDE4D65C9AFC6CC95989A91D751BE554800230E7/fulltext/zip</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/EDE4D65C9AFC6CC95989A91D751BE554800230E7/fulltext/tei"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Treefall gaps required for establishment, but not survival, of invasive Rubus phoenicolasius in deciduous forest, Maryland, USA</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Asia</publisher><pubPlace>Melbourne, Australia</pubPlace><availability><p>© 2011 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2011 The Society for the Study of Species Biology</p></availability><date>2011</date></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Treefall gaps required for establishment, but not survival, of invasive Rubus phoenicolasius in deciduous forest, Maryland, USA</title><author xml:id="author-1"><persName><forename type="first">DAVID L.</forename><surname>GORCHOV</surname></persName><email>gorchodl@muohio.edu</email><affiliation>Departments of Botany</affiliation><affiliation>Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, PO Box 28, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, Maryland 21037‐0028, USA</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-2"><persName><forename type="first">EMILY</forename><surname>THOMPSON</surname></persName><note type="biography">Present address: Human Services Building Door #2, MSU Extension Office, 5303 S. Cedar St, Lansing, MI 48909, USA.</note><affiliation>Present address: Human Services Building Door #2, MSU Extension Office, 5303 S. Cedar St, Lansing, MI 48909, USA.</affiliation><affiliation>College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23186, USA</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-3"><persName><forename type="first">JAY</forename><surname>O'NEILL</surname></persName><affiliation>Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, PO Box 28, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, Maryland 21037‐0028, USA</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-4"><persName><forename type="first">DENNIS</forename><surname>WHIGHAM</surname></persName><affiliation>Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, PO Box 28, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, Maryland 21037‐0028, USA</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-5"><persName><forename type="first">DOUGLAS A.</forename><surname>NOE</surname></persName><affiliation>Statistics, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, USA</affiliation></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Plant Species Biology</title><idno type="pISSN">0913-557X</idno><idno type="eISSN">1442-1984</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1111/(ISSN)1442-1984</idno><imprint><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Asia</publisher><pubPlace>Melbourne, Australia</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2011-09"></date><biblScope unit="volume">26</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">3</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="221">221</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="234">234</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">EDE4D65C9AFC6CC95989A91D751BE554800230E7</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1111/j.1442-1984.2011.00317.x</idno><idno type="ArticleID">PSBI317</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>2011</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Although plant invasions are often associated with disturbance, localized disturbances can promote invasion either by: (i) creating sites where individuals establish; or (ii) enabling an invader to colonize the entire stand. The former is expected when both establishment and survival to reproductive age require disturbed conditions, whereas the latter should occur in systems when either establishment or survival are limited to disturbed sites. We investigated the role of localized disturbance, specifically treefalls, in the invasion of the Asian Rubus phoenicolasius in a deciduous forest in Maryland, USA. We investigated the density and demography of R. phoenicolasius in treefall gaps of various sizes, but identical age to non‐gap areas, using Classification and Regression Tree (CART) analyses to identify the most important predictors. To explore how the demography of established individuals responds to disturbed versus undisturbed conditions, we carried out a garden experiment with three different levels of shade (5, 12 and 22% full sun). We found vegetative and sexual reproduction, and seedling establishment, to be limited to large gaps in an old stand, but not in a stand in an earlier age of succession. However, in the garden experiment, established plants were able to survive and grow under all shade treatments. These findings indicate that R. phoenicolasius requires disturbances such as treefalls to establish in forests, but established plants will survive canopy closure, leading to stand‐wide invasion. Managers should be able to prevent invasion, however, by inspecting large gaps for new recruits every 3 years.</p></abstract><textClass xml:lang="en"><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>keywords</head><item><term>classification and regression tree analysis</term></item><item><term>invasive non‐native plants</term></item><item><term>recruitment</term></item><item><term>Rubus phoenicolasius</term></item><item><term>seedling establishment</term></item><item><term>shade tolerance</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2011-09">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/EDE4D65C9AFC6CC95989A91D751BE554800230E7/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Wiley, elements deleted: body"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:document><component version="2.0" type="serialArticle" xml:lang="en"><header><publicationMeta level="product"><publisherInfo><publisherName>Blackwell Publishing Asia</publisherName><publisherLoc>Melbourne, Australia</publisherLoc></publisherInfo><doi origin="wiley" registered="yes">10.1111/(ISSN)1442-1984</doi><issn type="print">0913-557X</issn><issn type="electronic">1442-1984</issn><idGroup><id type="product" value="PSBI"></id><id type="publisherDivision" value="ST"></id></idGroup><titleGroup><title type="main" sort="PLANT SPECIES BIOLOGY">Plant Species Biology</title></titleGroup></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="part" position="09103"><doi origin="wiley">10.1111/psb.2011.26.issue-3</doi><numberingGroup><numbering type="journalVolume" number="26">26</numbering><numbering type="journalIssue" number="3">3</numbering></numberingGroup><coverDate startDate="2011-09">September 2011</coverDate></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="unit" type="article" position="4" status="forIssue"><doi origin="wiley">10.1111/j.1442-1984.2011.00317.x</doi><idGroup><id type="unit" value="PSBI317"></id></idGroup><countGroup><count type="pageTotal" number="14"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="tocHeading1">ORIGINAL ARTICLES</title></titleGroup><copyright>© 2011 The Authors. 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Gorchov, Email: <email>gorchodl@muohio.edu</email></correspondenceTo><linkGroup><link type="toTypesetVersion" href="file:PSBI.PSBI317.pdf"></link></linkGroup></publicationMeta><contentMeta><unparsedEditorialHistory>Received 11 June 2010; accepted 18 December 2010</unparsedEditorialHistory><countGroup><count type="figureTotal" number="9"></count><count type="tableTotal" number="3"></count><count type="formulaTotal" number="0"></count><count type="referenceTotal" number="62"></count><count type="wordTotal" number="10208"></count><count type="linksPubMed" number="0"></count><count type="linksCrossRef" number="0"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="main">Treefall gaps required for establishment, but not survival, of invasive <i>Rubus phoenicolasius</i> in deciduous forest, Maryland, USA</title><title type="shortAuthors">D. L. GORCHOV <i>ET AL.</i></title><title type="short">GAP‐DEPENDENT INVASION OF A <i>RUBUS</i></title></titleGroup><creators><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr1" affiliationRef="#a1 #a3" corresponding="yes"><personName><givenNames>DAVID L.</givenNames><familyName>GORCHOV</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr2" affiliationRef="#a4" noteRef="#fn1"><personName><givenNames>EMILY</givenNames><familyName>THOMPSON</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr3" affiliationRef="#a3"><personName><givenNames>JAY</givenNames><familyName>O'NEILL</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr4" affiliationRef="#a3"><personName><givenNames>DENNIS</givenNames><familyName>WHIGHAM</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr5" affiliationRef="#a2"><personName><givenNames>DOUGLAS A.</givenNames><familyName>NOE</familyName></personName></creator></creators><affiliationGroup><affiliation xml:id="a1"><unparsedAffiliation>Departments of Botany</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="a2" countryCode="US"><unparsedAffiliation>Statistics, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, USA</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="a3" countryCode="US"><unparsedAffiliation>Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, PO Box 28, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, Maryland 21037‐0028, USA</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="a4" countryCode="US"><unparsedAffiliation>College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23186, USA</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation></affiliationGroup><keywordGroup xml:lang="en"><keyword xml:id="k1">classification and regression tree analysis</keyword><keyword xml:id="k2">invasive non‐native plants</keyword><keyword xml:id="k3">recruitment</keyword><keyword xml:id="k4"><i>Rubus phoenicolasius</i></keyword><keyword xml:id="k5">seedling establishment</keyword><keyword xml:id="k6">shade tolerance</keyword></keywordGroup><abstractGroup><abstract type="main" xml:lang="en"><title type="main">Abstract</title><p>Although plant invasions are often associated with disturbance, localized disturbances can promote invasion either by: (i) creating sites where individuals establish; or (ii) enabling an invader to colonize the entire stand. The former is expected when both establishment and survival to reproductive age require disturbed conditions, whereas the latter should occur in systems when either establishment or survival are limited to disturbed sites. We investigated the role of localized disturbance, specifically treefalls, in the invasion of the Asian <i>Rubus phoenicolasius</i> in a deciduous forest in Maryland, USA. We investigated the density and demography of <i>R. phoenicolasius</i> in treefall gaps of various sizes, but identical age to non‐gap areas, using Classification and Regression Tree (CART) analyses to identify the most important predictors. To explore how the demography of established individuals responds to disturbed versus undisturbed conditions, we carried out a garden experiment with three different levels of shade (5, 12 and 22% full sun). We found vegetative and sexual reproduction, and seedling establishment, to be limited to large gaps in an old stand, but not in a stand in an earlier age of succession. However, in the garden experiment, established plants were able to survive and grow under all shade treatments. These findings indicate that <i>R. phoenicolasius</i> requires disturbances such as treefalls to establish in forests, but established plants will survive canopy closure, leading to stand‐wide invasion. Managers should be able to prevent invasion, however, by inspecting large gaps for new recruits every 3 years.</p></abstract></abstractGroup></contentMeta><noteGroup><note xml:id="fn1"><p> Present address: Human Services Building Door #2, MSU Extension Office, 5303 S. Cedar St, Lansing, MI 48909, USA.</p></note></noteGroup></header></component></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Treefall gaps required for establishment, but not survival, of invasive Rubus phoenicolasius in deciduous forest, Maryland, USA</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated" lang="en"><title>GAP‐DEPENDENT INVASION OF A RUBUS</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>Treefall gaps required for establishment, but not survival, of invasive Rubus phoenicolasius in deciduous forest, Maryland, USA</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">DAVID L.</namePart><namePart type="family">GORCHOV</namePart><affiliation>Departments of Botany</affiliation><affiliation>Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, PO Box 28, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, Maryland 21037‐0028, USA</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: gorchodl@muohio.edu</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">EMILY</namePart><namePart type="family">THOMPSON</namePart><affiliation>College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23186, USA</affiliation><description>Present address: Human Services Building Door #2, MSU Extension Office, 5303 S. Cedar St, Lansing, MI 48909, USA.</description><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">JAY</namePart><namePart type="family">O'NEILL</namePart><affiliation>Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, PO Box 28, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, Maryland 21037‐0028, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">DENNIS</namePart><namePart type="family">WHIGHAM</namePart><affiliation>Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, PO Box 28, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, Maryland 21037‐0028, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">DOUGLAS A.</namePart><namePart type="family">NOE</namePart><affiliation>Statistics, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="article" displayLabel="article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Asia</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">Melbourne, Australia</placeTerm></place><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2011-09</dateIssued><edition>Received 11 June 2010; accepted 18 December 2010</edition><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2011</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType><extent unit="figures">9</extent><extent unit="tables">3</extent><extent unit="references">62</extent><extent unit="words">10208</extent></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">Although plant invasions are often associated with disturbance, localized disturbances can promote invasion either by: (i) creating sites where individuals establish; or (ii) enabling an invader to colonize the entire stand. The former is expected when both establishment and survival to reproductive age require disturbed conditions, whereas the latter should occur in systems when either establishment or survival are limited to disturbed sites. We investigated the role of localized disturbance, specifically treefalls, in the invasion of the Asian Rubus phoenicolasius in a deciduous forest in Maryland, USA. We investigated the density and demography of R. phoenicolasius in treefall gaps of various sizes, but identical age to non‐gap areas, using Classification and Regression Tree (CART) analyses to identify the most important predictors. To explore how the demography of established individuals responds to disturbed versus undisturbed conditions, we carried out a garden experiment with three different levels of shade (5, 12 and 22% full sun). We found vegetative and sexual reproduction, and seedling establishment, to be limited to large gaps in an old stand, but not in a stand in an earlier age of succession. However, in the garden experiment, established plants were able to survive and grow under all shade treatments. These findings indicate that R. phoenicolasius requires disturbances such as treefalls to establish in forests, but established plants will survive canopy closure, leading to stand‐wide invasion. Managers should be able to prevent invasion, however, by inspecting large gaps for new recruits every 3 years.</abstract><subject lang="en"><genre>keywords</genre><topic>classification and regression tree analysis</topic><topic>invasive non‐native plants</topic><topic>recruitment</topic><topic>Rubus phoenicolasius</topic><topic>seedling establishment</topic><topic>shade tolerance</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Plant Species Biology</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal">journal</genre><identifier type="ISSN">0913-557X</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1442-1984</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1111/(ISSN)1442-1984</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">PSBI</identifier><part><date>2011</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>26</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>3</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>221</start><end>234</end><total>14</total></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">EDE4D65C9AFC6CC95989A91D751BE554800230E7</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1111/j.1442-1984.2011.00317.x</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">PSBI317</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">© 2011 The Authors. 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