The Sea Peoples, from Cuneiform Tablets to Carbon Dating
Identifieur interne : 000233 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000232; suivant : 000234The Sea Peoples, from Cuneiform Tablets to Carbon Dating
Auteurs : David Kaniewski [France, Belgique] ; Elise Van Campo [France] ; Karel Van Lerberghe [Belgique] ; Tom Boiy [Belgique] ; Klaas Vansteenhuyse [Belgique] ; Greta Jans [Belgique] ; Karin Nys [Belgique] ; Harvey Weiss [États-Unis] ; Christophe Morhange [France] ; Thierry Otto [France] ; Joachim Bretschneider [Belgique]Source :
- PLoS ONE [ 1932-6203 ] ; 2011.
Abstract
The 13th century BC witnessed the zenith of the Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean civilizations which declined at the end of the Bronze Age, ∼3200 years ago. Weakening of this ancient flourishing Mediterranean world shifted the political and economic centres of gravity away from the Levant towards Classical Greece and Rome, and led, in the long term, to the emergence of the modern western civilizations. Textual evidence from cuneiform tablets and Egyptian reliefs from the New Kingdom relate that seafaring tribes, the Sea Peoples, were the final catalyst that put the fall of cities and states in motion. However, the lack of a stratified radiocarbon-based archaeology for the Sea People event has led to a floating historical chronology derived from a variety of sources spanning dispersed areas. Here, we report a stratified radiocarbon-based archaeology with anchor points in ancient epigraphic-literary sources, Hittite-Levantine-Egyptian kings and astronomical observations to precisely date the Sea People event. By confronting historical and science-based archaeology, we establish an absolute age range of 1192–1190 BC for terminal destructions and cultural collapse in the northern Levant. This radiocarbon-based archaeology has far-reaching implications for the wider Mediterranean, where an elaborate network of international relations and commercial activities are intertwined with the history of civilizations.
Url:
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020232
PubMed: 21687714
PubMed Central: 3110627
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The 13<sup>th</sup>
century BC witnessed the zenith of the Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean civilizations which declined at the end of the Bronze Age, ∼3200 years ago. Weakening of this ancient flourishing Mediterranean world shifted the political and economic centres of gravity away from the Levant towards Classical Greece and Rome, and led, in the long term, to the emergence of the modern western civilizations. Textual evidence from cuneiform tablets and Egyptian reliefs from the New Kingdom relate that seafaring tribes, the Sea Peoples, were the final catalyst that put the fall of cities and states in motion. However, the lack of a stratified radiocarbon-based archaeology for the Sea People event has led to a floating historical chronology derived from a variety of sources spanning dispersed areas. Here, we report a stratified radiocarbon-based archaeology with anchor points in ancient epigraphic-literary sources, Hittite-Levantine-Egyptian kings and astronomical observations to precisely date the Sea People event. By confronting historical and science-based archaeology, we establish an absolute age range of 1192–1190 BC for terminal destructions and cultural collapse in the northern Levant. This radiocarbon-based archaeology has far-reaching implications for the wider Mediterranean, where an elaborate network of international relations and commercial activities are intertwined with the history of civilizations.</p>
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<pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">PLoS One</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">plos</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">plosone</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>PLoS ONE</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1932-6203</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Public Library of Science</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>San Francisco, USA</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">21687714</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3110627</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">PONE-D-11-01732</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0020232</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Social and Behavioral Sciences</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Anthropology</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Social Anthropology</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group><subject>Archaeology</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Archaeological Excavation</subject>
<subject>Historical Archaeology</subject>
<subject>Radioactive Carbon Dating</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group><subject>Geography</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Human Geography</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Historical Geography</subject>
<subject>Settlement Patterns</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>The Sea Peoples, from Cuneiform Tablets to Carbon Dating</article-title>
<alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">Sea Peoples and Radiocarbon Datings</alt-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kaniewski</surname>
<given-names>David</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Van Campo</surname>
<given-names>Elise</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Van Lerberghe</surname>
<given-names>Karel</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Boiy</surname>
<given-names>Tom</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Vansteenhuyse</surname>
<given-names>Klaas</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jans</surname>
<given-names>Greta</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nys</surname>
<given-names>Karin</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Weiss</surname>
<given-names>Harvey</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>6</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Morhange</surname>
<given-names>Christophe</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>7</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Otto</surname>
<given-names>Thierry</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bretschneider</surname>
<given-names>Joachim</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="aff1"><label>1</label>
<addr-line>EcoLab (Laboratoire d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement), Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2"><label>2</label>
<addr-line>EcoLab (Laboratoire d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement), CNRS, Toulouse, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3"><label>3</label>
<addr-line>Center for Archaeological Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4"><label>4</label>
<addr-line>Near Eastern Studies, Faculteit Letteren, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5"><label>5</label>
<addr-line>Mediterranean Archaeological Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff6"><label>6</label>
<addr-line>Environmental Studies Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff7"><label>7</label>
<addr-line>CEREGE, UMR CNRS 6635, Aix-Marseille Université, Université de Provence, Europôle de l'Arbois, Aix-en-Provence, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Hardy</surname>
<given-names>Karen</given-names>
</name>
<role>Editor</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="edit1"></xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="edit1">Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona and University of York, Spain</aff>
<author-notes><corresp id="cor1">* E-mail: <email>kaniewsk@cict.fr</email>
</corresp>
<fn fn-type="con"><p>Conceived and designed the experiments: DK JB. Performed the experiments: DK EVC KVL TB KV GJ KN TO JB. Analyzed the data: DK EVC KN HW CM JB. Wrote the paper: DK EVC KN JB.</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2011</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>8</day>
<month>6</month>
<year>2011</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>6</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<elocation-id>e20232</elocation-id>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>24</day>
<month>1</month>
<year>2011</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>18</day>
<month>4</month>
<year>2011</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-statement>Kaniewski et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2011</copyright-year>
</permissions>
<abstract><p>The 13<sup>th</sup>
century BC witnessed the zenith of the Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean civilizations which declined at the end of the Bronze Age, ∼3200 years ago. Weakening of this ancient flourishing Mediterranean world shifted the political and economic centres of gravity away from the Levant towards Classical Greece and Rome, and led, in the long term, to the emergence of the modern western civilizations. Textual evidence from cuneiform tablets and Egyptian reliefs from the New Kingdom relate that seafaring tribes, the Sea Peoples, were the final catalyst that put the fall of cities and states in motion. However, the lack of a stratified radiocarbon-based archaeology for the Sea People event has led to a floating historical chronology derived from a variety of sources spanning dispersed areas. Here, we report a stratified radiocarbon-based archaeology with anchor points in ancient epigraphic-literary sources, Hittite-Levantine-Egyptian kings and astronomical observations to precisely date the Sea People event. By confronting historical and science-based archaeology, we establish an absolute age range of 1192–1190 BC for terminal destructions and cultural collapse in the northern Levant. This radiocarbon-based archaeology has far-reaching implications for the wider Mediterranean, where an elaborate network of international relations and commercial activities are intertwined with the history of civilizations.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="7"></page-count>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
</pmc>
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