Wild European Apple (Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill.) Population Dynamics: Insight from Genetics and Ecology in the Rhine Valley. Priorities for a Future Conservation Programme
Identifieur interne : 000226 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000225; suivant : 000227Wild European Apple (Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill.) Population Dynamics: Insight from Genetics and Ecology in the Rhine Valley. Priorities for a Future Conservation Programme
Auteurs : Annik Schnitzler [France] ; Claire Arnold [Suisse] ; Amandine Cornille [France] ; Olivier Bachmann [Suisse] ; Christophe Schnitzler [France]Source :
- PLoS ONE [ 1932-6203 ] ; 2014.
Abstract
The increasing fragmentation of forest habitats and the omnipresence of cultivars potentially threaten the genetic integrity of the European wild apple (
Url:
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096596
PubMed: 24827575
PubMed Central: 4020776
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The increasing fragmentation of forest habitats and the omnipresence of cultivars potentially threaten the genetic integrity of the European wild apple (<italic>Malus sylvestris</italic>
(L.) Mill). However, the conservation status of this species remains unclear in Europe, other than in Belgium and the Czech Republic, where it has been declared an endangered species. The population density of <italic>M. sylvestris</italic>
is higher in the forests of the upper Rhine Valley (France) than in most European forests, with an unbalanced age-structure, an overrepresentation of adults and a tendency to clump. We characterize here the ecology, age-structure and genetic diversity of wild apple populations in the Rhine Valley. We use these data to highlight links to the history of this species and to propose guidelines for future conservation strategies. In total, 255 individual wild apple trees from six forest stands (five floodplain forests and one forest growing in drier conditions) were analysed in the field, collected and genotyped on the basis of data for 15 microsatellite markers. Genetic analyses showed no escaped cultivars and few hybrids with the cultivated apple. Excluding the hybrids, the genetically “pure” populations displayed high levels of genetic diversity and a weak population structure. Age-structure and ecology studies of wild apple populations identified four categories that were not randomly distributed across the forests, reflecting the history of the Rhine forest over the last century. The Rhine wild apple populations, with their ecological strategies, high genetic diversity, and weak traces of crop-to-wild gene flow associated with the history of these floodplain forests, constitute candidate populations for inclusion in future conservation programmes for European wild apple.</p>
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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">PLoS One</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">PLoS ONE</journal-id>
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<issn pub-type="epub">1932-6203</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Public Library of Science</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>San Francisco, USA</publisher-loc>
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<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">24827575</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4020776</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">PONE-D-13-37702</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0096596</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Agriculture</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Forestry</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group><subject>Ecology</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Plant Ecology</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Plant-Environment Interactions</subject>
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</subj-group>
<subj-group><subject>Evolutionary Biology</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Population Genetics</subject>
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<subj-group><subject>Genetics</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Plant Genetics</subject>
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</subj-group>
<subj-group><subject>Plant Science</subject>
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<subj-group><subject>Population Biology</subject>
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<subj-group><subject>Theoretical Biology</subject>
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</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Ecology and Environmental Sciences</subject>
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<title-group><article-title>Wild European Apple (Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill.) Population Dynamics: Insight from Genetics and Ecology in the Rhine Valley. Priorities for a Future Conservation Programme</article-title>
<alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">Wild Apple Population Dynamics in the Rhine Valley</alt-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Schnitzler</surname>
<given-names>Annik</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Arnold</surname>
<given-names>Claire</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>6</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cornille</surname>
<given-names>Amandine</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bachmann</surname>
<given-names>Olivier</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Schnitzler</surname>
<given-names>Christophe</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>7</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="aff1"><label>1</label>
<addr-line>Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux (LIEC) - UMR 7360, CNRS, Université de Lorraine, Metz, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2"><label>2</label>
<addr-line>Unicentre, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3"><label>3</label>
<addr-line>UMR 8079, CNRS, Orsay, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4"><label>4</label>
<addr-line>UMR 8079, Paris Sud University, Orsay, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5"><label>5</label>
<addr-line>Laboratory of Evolutionary Botany, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff6"><label>6</label>
<addr-line>Laboratory Soil and Vegetation, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff7"><label>7</label>
<addr-line>Sport Science Faculty, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Adam</surname>
<given-names>Paul</given-names>
</name>
<role>Editor</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="edit1"></xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="edit1"><addr-line>University of New South Wales, Australia</addr-line>
</aff>
<author-notes><corresp id="cor1">* E-mail: <email>annik.schnitzler@univ-lorraine.fr</email>
</corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Competing Interests: </bold>
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.</p>
</fn>
<fn fn-type="con"><p>Conceived and designed the experiments: AS. Performed the experiments: AS AC. Analyzed the data: AS CA OB AC CS. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: AC CA OB CS. Wrote the paper: AS CA AC CS.</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2014</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>14</day>
<month>5</month>
<year>2014</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>9</volume>
<issue>5</issue>
<elocation-id>e96596</elocation-id>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>12</day>
<month>9</month>
<year>2013</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>9</day>
<month>4</month>
<year>2014</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year>
<copyright-holder>Schnitzler et al</copyright-holder>
<license><license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution License</ext-link>
, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract><p>The increasing fragmentation of forest habitats and the omnipresence of cultivars potentially threaten the genetic integrity of the European wild apple (<italic>Malus sylvestris</italic>
(L.) Mill). However, the conservation status of this species remains unclear in Europe, other than in Belgium and the Czech Republic, where it has been declared an endangered species. The population density of <italic>M. sylvestris</italic>
is higher in the forests of the upper Rhine Valley (France) than in most European forests, with an unbalanced age-structure, an overrepresentation of adults and a tendency to clump. We characterize here the ecology, age-structure and genetic diversity of wild apple populations in the Rhine Valley. We use these data to highlight links to the history of this species and to propose guidelines for future conservation strategies. In total, 255 individual wild apple trees from six forest stands (five floodplain forests and one forest growing in drier conditions) were analysed in the field, collected and genotyped on the basis of data for 15 microsatellite markers. Genetic analyses showed no escaped cultivars and few hybrids with the cultivated apple. Excluding the hybrids, the genetically “pure” populations displayed high levels of genetic diversity and a weak population structure. Age-structure and ecology studies of wild apple populations identified four categories that were not randomly distributed across the forests, reflecting the history of the Rhine forest over the last century. The Rhine wild apple populations, with their ecological strategies, high genetic diversity, and weak traces of crop-to-wild gene flow associated with the history of these floodplain forests, constitute candidate populations for inclusion in future conservation programmes for European wild apple.</p>
</abstract>
<funding-group><funding-statement>The authors have no funding or support to report.</funding-statement>
</funding-group>
<counts><page-count count="11"></page-count>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
</pmc>
</record>
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