Parasitoids of Monochamus galloprovincialis (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae), vector of the pine wood nematode, with identification key for the Palaearctic region
Identifieur interne : 000267 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 000266; suivant : 000268Parasitoids of Monochamus galloprovincialis (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae), vector of the pine wood nematode, with identification key for the Palaearctic region
Auteurs : Ricardo Petersen-Silva ; Juli Pujade-Villar ; Pedro Naves ; Sergey BelokobylskijSource :
- ZooKeys [ 1313-2989 ] ; 2012.
Abstract
The parasitoid complex associated with
Url:
DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.251.3986
PubMed: 23378807
PubMed Central: 3536323
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Parasitoids of
<italic>Monochamus galloprovincialis</italic> (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae), vector of the pine wood nematode, with identification key for the Palaearctic region
</title><author><name sortKey="Petersen Silva, Ricardo" sort="Petersen Silva, Ricardo" uniqKey="Petersen Silva R" first="Ricardo" last="Petersen-Silva">Ricardo Petersen-Silva</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Quinta do Marquês, 2780–159 Oeiras, Portugal</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Departament de Biologia Animal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 645, 08026, Barcelona, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pujade Villar, Juli" sort="Pujade Villar, Juli" uniqKey="Pujade Villar J" first="Juli" last="Pujade-Villar">Juli Pujade-Villar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Departament de Biologia Animal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 645, 08026, Barcelona, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Naves, Pedro" sort="Naves, Pedro" uniqKey="Naves P" first="Pedro" last="Naves">Pedro Naves</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Quinta do Marquês, 2780–159 Oeiras, Portugal</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Belokobylskij, Sergey" sort="Belokobylskij, Sergey" uniqKey="Belokobylskij " first=" Sergey" last="Belokobylskij"> Sergey Belokobylskij</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wilcza 64, Warszawa 00–679, Poland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">23378807</idno><idno type="pmc">3536323</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3536323</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3536323</idno><idno type="doi">10.3897/zookeys.251.3986</idno><date when="2012">2012</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000267</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000267</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Parasitoids of
<italic>Monochamus galloprovincialis</italic> (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae), vector of the pine wood nematode, with identification key for the Palaearctic region
</title><author><name sortKey="Petersen Silva, Ricardo" sort="Petersen Silva, Ricardo" uniqKey="Petersen Silva R" first="Ricardo" last="Petersen-Silva">Ricardo Petersen-Silva</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Quinta do Marquês, 2780–159 Oeiras, Portugal</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Departament de Biologia Animal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 645, 08026, Barcelona, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pujade Villar, Juli" sort="Pujade Villar, Juli" uniqKey="Pujade Villar J" first="Juli" last="Pujade-Villar">Juli Pujade-Villar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Departament de Biologia Animal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 645, 08026, Barcelona, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Naves, Pedro" sort="Naves, Pedro" uniqKey="Naves P" first="Pedro" last="Naves">Pedro Naves</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Quinta do Marquês, 2780–159 Oeiras, Portugal</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Belokobylskij, Sergey" sort="Belokobylskij, Sergey" uniqKey="Belokobylskij " first=" Sergey" last="Belokobylskij"> Sergey Belokobylskij</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wilcza 64, Warszawa 00–679, Poland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">ZooKeys</title><idno type="ISSN">1313-2989</idno><idno type="eISSN">1313-2970</idno><imprint><date when="2012">2012</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><label>Abstract</label><p>The parasitoid complex associated with <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Monochamus galloprovincialis</named-content></italic> (Olivier), vector of the pine wood nematode, is discussed. Four species of the family <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Braconidae</named-content> and one <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ichneumonidae</named-content> were found associated with <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Monochamus galloprovincialis</named-content></italic> in Portugal, namely <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Atanycolus denigrator</named-content></italic> (Linnaeus), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Atanycolus ivanowi</named-content></italic> (Kokujev), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Cyanopterus flavator</named-content></italic> (Fabricius), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Doryctes striatellus</named-content></italic> (Nees) (<named-content content-type="taxon-name">Braconidae</named-content>), and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Xorides depressus</named-content></italic> (Holmgren) (<named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ichneumonidae</named-content>). <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Atanycolus ivanowi</named-content></italic>, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Atanycolus denigrator</named-content></italic>, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Doryctes striatellus</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Xorides depressus</named-content></italic> are new species for Portugal fauna, and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Monochamus galloprovincialis</named-content></italic> is recorded as a new host of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Xorides depressus</named-content></italic>. A key for determination of the ichneumonoid parasitoids of the pine sawyer is provided for the Palaearctic fauna.
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article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Zookeys</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Zookeys</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ZooKeys</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>ZooKeys</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1313-2989</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1313-2970</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Pensoft Publishers</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">23378807</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3536323</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3897/zookeys.251.3986</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Parasitoids of
<italic>Monochamus galloprovincialis</italic> (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae), vector of the pine wood nematode, with identification key for the Palaearctic region
</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Petersen-Silva</surname><given-names>Ricardo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pujade-Villar</surname><given-names>Juli</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Naves</surname><given-names>Pedro</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Edmundo Sousa</surname><given-names></given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Belokobylskij</surname><given-names> Sergey</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="A1"><label>1</label>Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Quinta do Marquês, 2780–159 Oeiras, Portugal</aff><aff id="A2"><label>2</label>Departament de Biologia Animal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 645, 08026, Barcelona, Spain</aff><aff id="A3"><label>3</label>Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wilcza 64, Warszawa 00–679, Poland</aff><author-notes><corresp>Corresponding author: Ricardo Petersen-Silva (<email xlink:type="simple">rnpetersen@netcabo.pt</email>)
</corresp><fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Academic editor: C. van Achterberg</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2012</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>18</day><month>12</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><issue>251</issue><fpage>29</fpage><lpage>48</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>11</day><month>9</month><year>2012</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>3</day><month>12</month><year>2012</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Ricardo Petersen-Silva, Juli Pujade-Villar, Pedro Naves, Edmundo Sousa, Sergey Belokobylskij</copyright-statement><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 (CC-BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><label>Abstract</label><p>The parasitoid complex associated with <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Monochamus galloprovincialis</named-content></italic> (Olivier), vector of the pine wood nematode, is discussed. Four species of the family <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Braconidae</named-content> and one <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ichneumonidae</named-content> were found associated with <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Monochamus galloprovincialis</named-content></italic> in Portugal, namely <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Atanycolus denigrator</named-content></italic> (Linnaeus), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Atanycolus ivanowi</named-content></italic> (Kokujev), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Cyanopterus flavator</named-content></italic> (Fabricius), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Doryctes striatellus</named-content></italic> (Nees) (<named-content content-type="taxon-name">Braconidae</named-content>), and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Xorides depressus</named-content></italic> (Holmgren) (<named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ichneumonidae</named-content>). <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Atanycolus ivanowi</named-content></italic>, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Atanycolus denigrator</named-content></italic>, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Doryctes striatellus</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Xorides depressus</named-content></italic> are new species for Portugal fauna, and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Monochamus galloprovincialis</named-content></italic> is recorded as a new host of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Xorides depressus</named-content></italic>. A key for determination of the ichneumonoid parasitoids of the pine sawyer is provided for the Palaearctic fauna.
</p></abstract><kwd-group><label>Keywords</label><kwd>Braconinae</kwd><kwd>Ichneumonidae</kwd><kwd>parasitoids</kwd><kwd><italic>Monochamus galloprovincialis</italic></kwd><kwd>Cerambycidae</kwd><kwd>key to species</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Worldwide, beetles of the genus <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Monochamus</named-content></italic> Dejean (1821) (<named-content content-type="taxon-name">Coleoptera</named-content>; <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Cerambycidae</named-content>) are the most important vectors of the pine wood nematode <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Bursaphelenchus xylophilus</named-content></italic> (Steiner and Buhrer 1934) (Nematoda, Tylenchida, <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Aphelenchoididae</named-content>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Linit 1988</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">1990</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Kishi 1995</xref>). This nematode is native to North America, where it’s not <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>considered a primary pathogen of indigenous pines, although in countries where it has been introduced it is an important agent of mortality for susceptible pines. In Portugal, where the nematode has been present for over a decade now, the pine sawyer <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Monochamus galloprovincialis</named-content></italic> (Olivier 1795) is it’s sole vector (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Sousa et al. 2001</xref>).
</p><p>The pine sawyer <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Monochamus galloprovincialis</named-content></italic> is widely distributed in Europe (except in the United Kingdom, Ireland and Cyprus), and is also present in Caucasus, Russia, North Africa, China and Mongolia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Hellrigl 1971</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Francardi and Pennacchio 1996</xref>). The <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Monochamus</named-content></italic> beetles do not breed on healthy trees, and are attracted only to stressed, dying or recently killed trees and freshly felled timber for egg laying (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Linsley 1959</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Hellrigl 1971</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Linit 1987</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Hanks 1999</xref>). Before the introduction of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Bursaphelenchus xylophilus</named-content></italic> in Portugal, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Monochamus galloprovincialis</named-content></italic> was considered a secondary forest pest and nothing was known about the most important aspects of its biology and ecology. In the rest of Europe there is also an absence of detailed studies on its biology, with the exception of the classic paper of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Hellrigl (1971)</xref>.
</p><p>The most efficient way to control wilt disease is to decrease the population levels of the vector <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Monochamus</named-content></italic> beetles. However, the different methods to control these insects usually have success only in localized, small-dimension areas, but are difficult to implement at low cost and have reduced efficiency over large forested areas. In Portugal, the most important management and control strategy consists in the elimination of symptomatic trees during late autumn, winter and early spring, while the insect vector is inside the host as late-instar larvae or pupae. The vector’s populations can also be diminished during the beetle´s flight season with the use of traps baited with attractive lures (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Naves et al. 2008</xref>).
</p><p>Specific and efficient natural enemies (bio-control) would be an interesting and environmental-friendly option, but until now there are no adequate species for such control program (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Naves et al. 2005</xref>). A few studies have already dealt with the parasitoids of this pine pest (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Francardi and Pennacchio 1996</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Francardi et al. 1998</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Naves et al. 2005</xref>), although the information is scarce and disperse. In this paper we report on the diversity of parasitoids associated with <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Monochamus galloprovincialis</named-content></italic> in Portugal, their frequency and revise all previous information on ichneumonoids parasitoids of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Monochamus galloprovincialis</named-content></italic> in the Palaearctic Region, resulting in a key for their identification.
</p></sec><sec sec-type="materials|methods"><title>Material and methods</title><p>For the parasitoid surveys, two different approaches were employed:</p><p>I – Field surveys were made in five main pine regions in Portugal, selected by their different environmental characteristics, between April and October 2011. The areas where the study was made were:</p><p>Monção: (Lat: 42.075801, Lon: -8.517426)</p><p>Marinha Grande, Leiria: (Lat: 39.751677, Lon: -8.9977)</p><p>Comporta: (Lat: 38.35808, Lon: -8.772995)</p><p>Vale Feitoso, Idanha-a-Nova: (Lat: 40.064935, Lon: -6.987579)<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment></p><p>In each location two dead <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Pinus pinaster</named-content></italic> Aiton, trees were felled, the wood sections colonized by <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Monochamus galloprovincialis</named-content></italic> were divided into 60 cm logs, and taken to the INIAV (Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária) laboratories in Oeiras to be stored in wood boxes prepared with a wire mesh. The boxes were completely covered with a black plastic, leaving two holes with transparent containers to collect emerged insects. Boxes were analyzed every two days for insects, which were collected and stored in alcohol for posterior identification. Additionally, the boxes were opened frequently for the evaluation of the content and to collect other emerged insects. The logs were kept inside the boxes until no emergences were registered for a period of two months, and then debarked and opened (with a vertical chain saw) to detect the hosts and life stages attacked by the parasitoids.
</p><p>II – Complementary to the previous approach, artificial trap-trees were also prepared, consisting of living maritime pine trees which were cut into logs and given to adult <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Monochamus galloprovincialis</named-content></italic> to lay eggs under laboratory controlled conditions. Each log had a medium length of 40 cm and a medium diameter of 10 cm. subsequently, the logs were taken to the terrain to be colonized by parasitoids, and in each log a hole was made to allow passing a rope to hang them in the trees, at the branches height.
</p><p>A total of 96 logs were divided according to the insect´s life stages (eggs, phloem larvae, xylem larvae and pupae), with 24 replicates each. Trials were made in Monção, Marinha Grande (Leiria), Comporta and Vimeiro, Alcobaça (Lat: 39.477811, Lon: –9.022316). In each location, six trap-trees were taken to the terrain four times during the year (pupae: April; eggs: July; phloem larvae: August; xylem larvae: October), in synchrony with the natural life cycle of the insect, and hanged in a healthy adult pine tree for a period of ten days. Subsequently, the logs were taken to the INIAV laboratory, and kept in wooden boxes (similarly to the previous experiment) to allow for emergencies. All emerged insects were identified and prepared to be photographed in the stereomicroscopy and environmental scanning electron microscopy (Serveis Científico-Tècnics de la Universitat de Barcelona). The field-emission gun environmental scanning electron microscope (FEI Quanta 200 ESEM) was used for high-resolution imaging without gold-coating with the purpose of not damaging the specimens.</p><p>All the collected material was stored in INRB Forestry Entomology Collection, Oeiras, Portugal. The insects collected with the trap-tree were labeled “Artificial” and the ones from the dead trees were labeled “Natural”. Terminology employed in the key for morphological features, sculpture and measurements as well as wing venation nomenclature follows <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Belokobylskij and Maeto (2009)</xref>.
</p></sec><sec sec-type="Results"><title>Results</title><p>Besides <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Monochamus galloprovincialis</named-content></italic>, the following insects emerged from the wood and logs: <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Arhopalus</named-content></italic> sp. (<named-content content-type="taxon-name">Coleoptera</named-content>: <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Cerambycidae</named-content>), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Orthotomicus erosus</named-content></italic> (Wollaston 1857) (<named-content content-type="taxon-name">Coleoptera</named-content>: <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Scolytidae</named-content>), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Thanasimus formicarius</named-content></italic> (Linnaeus 1758) (<named-content content-type="taxon-name">Coleoptera</named-content>: <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Cleridae</named-content>), <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Sirex noctilio</named-content></italic> Fabricius (1793) (<named-content content-type="taxon-name">Hymenoptera</named-content>: <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Siricidae</named-content>), and some species of the family <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Anobiidae</named-content>. Other bark beetles (<named-content content-type="taxon-name">Scolytidae</named-content>) were also present in the dead tree material, although they were not analyzed.
</p><p>No parasitoids emerged from the trap trees with eggs, xylem larvae and pupae of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Monochamus galloprovincialis</named-content></italic>. Parasitism was only found in the sub-cortical larvae, corresponding to the host´s first instars. A total of 27 specimens, belonging to five species, were recovered solely from Marinha Grande and Vale Feitoso, seven of which (all <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Cyanopterus flavator</named-content></italic>) from the trap-trees, while the remaining species were all obtained from the dead trees. <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Cyanopterus flavator</named-content></italic> (Fabricius)and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Atanycolus ivanowi</named-content></italic> (Kokujev)were found in Vale Feitoso, and in Marinha Grande the following ichneumonids and braconids were recovered: <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Atanycolus denigrator</named-content></italic> (L.); <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Cyanopterus flavator</named-content></italic>; <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Doryctes striatellus</named-content></italic> (Nees) and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Xorides depressus</named-content></italic> (Holmgren).
</p><p>By far, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Cyanopterus flavator</named-content></italic> was the most abundant species with a total of 15 specimens from Marinha Grande and Vale Feitoso. Cocoons of this species were found in the xylem galleries of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Monochamus galloprovincialis</named-content></italic>, alongside with mandibles of the dead larvae.
</p><p>The other cocoons found were in the inner bark associated with the larval galleries of the pine sawyer. The number of cocoons found matches exactly the number of parasitoids obtained from this surveys, and no other cocoons were found parasitizing any of the species previously mentioned. The parasitized species emerged between May and September under laboratory conditions and the precise dates are recorded in the labels of each specimen.</p><p>The following hymenoptera emerged from the wood, with both <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Braconidae</named-content> (4) and <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ichneumonidae</named-content> (1):
</p><sec sec-type="Family Braconidae"><title>Family <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Braconidae</named-content></title><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name" xlink:href="http://species-id.net/wiki/Atanycolus_denigrator"><named-content content-type="genus">Atanycolus</named-content><named-content content-type="species">denigrator</named-content></named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">(Linnaeus 1758)</named-content></p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Atanycolus_denigrator</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">Figures 7a, e</xref></p><sec sec-type="treatment-Material examined"><title>Material examined.</title><p>Portugal: 1 female, “Leiria, 1/6/2011”, “Ensaio Pupas Natural”, “Col. Estação Florestal Nacional”; 1 male, “Leiria, 1/6/2011”, “Ensaio Pupas Natural”, “Col. Entomologica, est. Florestal”.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Distribution"><title>Distribution.</title><p><bold>Palaearctic</bold>: Austria, Bulgaria, China, Croatia, former Czechoslovakia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Kazakhstan, Korea, Mongolia, Norway, Poland, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom. <bold>Afrotropical</bold>: Niger (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Yu et al. 2005</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Wang et al. 2009</xref>). This species is here recorded for Portugal for the first time.
</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Hosts"><title>Hosts.</title><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Anthaxia morio</named-content></italic> Fabricius, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Chrysobothris chrysostigma</named-content></italic> Linnaeus, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Chrysobothris solieri</named-content></italic> Laporte & Gory, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Lampra rutilans</named-content></italic> (Fabricius), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Poecilonota variolosa</named-content></italic> (Paykull) (<named-content content-type="taxon-name">Buprestidae</named-content>); <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Acanthocinus aedilis</named-content></italic> Linnaeus, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Acanthocinus griseus</named-content></italic> (Fabricius), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Arhopalus syriacus</named-content></italic> (Reitter), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Monochamus galloprovincialis</named-content></italic> (Oliver), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Monochamus sutor</named-content></italic> (Linnaeus), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Rhagium indagator</named-content></italic><pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>Fabricius, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Rhagium inquisitor</named-content></italic> Linnaeus, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Rhagium mordax</named-content></italic> (Degeer), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Saperda populnea</named-content></italic> (Linnaeus), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tetropium castaneum</named-content></italic> (Linnaeus), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tetropium fuscum</named-content></italic> (Linnaeus), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tetropium gabrieli</named-content></italic> Weise (<named-content content-type="taxon-name">Cerambycidae</named-content>); <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ips sexdentatus</named-content></italic> (Boerner) (<named-content content-type="taxon-name">Scolytidae</named-content>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Yu et al. 2005</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Wang et al. 2009</xref>).
</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Biology"><title>Biology.</title><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Atanycolus denigrator</named-content></italic> is an ectoparasitoid of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Monochamus galloprovincialis</named-content></italic> attacking <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Pinus pinaster</named-content></italic>. The species was found parasitizing the first larval instars under the bark of the tree.
</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Remarks"><title>Remarks.</title><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Atanycolus denigrator</named-content></italic> was already recorded in Italy as parasitoid of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Monochamus galloprovincialis</named-content></italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Campadelli and Scaramozzino 1994</xref>). We additionally studied this reared Italian material in Hungarian Natural History Museum in Budapest (1 female, “Italia, Ravenna, 14.IV.1992, Campadelli”, “Pinus picea”, “ex larva <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Monochamus galloprovincialis</named-content></italic> Ol., 21.IV.1992”, “<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Atanycolus</named-content></italic> ♀ <italic>denigrator</italic> L. det. Papp J. 2000”; 1 female, same first label, but “21.IV.1992”, second and third labels are the same ones) and confirmed present determination.
</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name" xlink:href="http://species-id.net/wiki/Atanycolus_ivanowi"><named-content content-type="genus">Atanycolus</named-content><named-content content-type="species">ivanowi</named-content></named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">(Kokujev 1898)</named-content></p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Atanycolus_ivanowi</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">Figures 4c</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">5b</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F6">6d</xref></p><sec sec-type="treatment-Material examined"><title>Material examined.</title><p>Portugal: 4 females, “Vale Feitoso II, Maio 2011”, “Col. Entomologica, est. Florestal”; 1 female, same labels, but 12.VI.2011; 1 male, “Vale Feitoso II, Maio 2011”.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Distribution"><title>Distribution.</title><p><bold>Palaearctic</bold>: Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Croatia, Czechia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Russia, Slovakia, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Yu et al. 2005</xref>) and Turkey (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Bolu et al. 2009</xref>). This species is here recorded for Portugal for the first time.
</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Hosts"><title>Hosts.</title><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Anthaxia aurulenta</named-content></italic> (Fabricius), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Anthaxia deaurata</named-content></italic> (Gmelin), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Chrysobothris solieri</named-content></italic> (Laporte & Gory), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ovalisia mirifica</named-content></italic> (Mulsant), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Melanophila picta decastigma</named-content></italic> (Fabricius); <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Sphenoptera tappesi</named-content></italic> Marseul (<named-content content-type="taxon-name">Buprestidae</named-content>); <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Arhopalus syriacus</named-content></italic> (Reitter), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stictoleptura rubra</named-content></italic> (Linnaeus), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Monochamus galloprovincialis</named-content></italic> (Olivier), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tetropium fuscum</named-content></italic> (Fabricius), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tetropium gabrieli</named-content></italic> Weise (<named-content content-type="taxon-name">Cerambycidae</named-content>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Yu et al. 2005</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Bolu et al. 2009</xref>).
</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Biology"><title>Biology.</title><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Atanycolus ivanowi</named-content></italic> was found to be an ectoparasitoid of first larval stages of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Monochamus galloprovincialis</named-content></italic> living under the bark of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Pinus pinaster</named-content></italic>.
</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Remark"><title>Remark.</title><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Monochamus galloprovincialis</named-content></italic> was already recorded by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Campadelli and Scaramozzino (1994)</xref> as a host of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Atanycolus ivanowi</named-content></italic> in Italy.
</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name" xlink:href="http://species-id.net/wiki/Cyanopterus_flavator"><named-content content-type="genus">Cyanopterus</named-content><named-content content-type="species">flavator</named-content></named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">(Fabricius 1793)</named-content></p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Cyanopterus_flavator</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Figures 1d</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">7b, d, g</xref></p><sec sec-type="treatment-Material examined"><title>Material examined.</title><p>Portugal: 1 female, “Leiria, 14/6/2011”, “Ensaio Pupas Natural”, “Col. Entomologica, est. Florestal”, “13”; 1 female, same labels, 17.VI.2011, N 12. <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>“Leiria, Larvas Artificial”: 1 female, N 26; 1 female, N 27. “Leiria, Posturas Artificial”: 1 female, 31.VIII.2011, N 25; 1 female, N 27. “Leiria, Ensaio, Posturas Artificial”: 1 male, 31.VIII.2011, N 21. “Vale Feitoso”: 1 female, N 9; 1 female, N 10; 1 male, N 11; 1 female, N 14; 1 female, N 15; 1 female, N 16; 1 female, N 17.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Distribution"><title>Distribution.</title><p><bold>Palaearctic</bold>: Algeria, Croatia, Cyprus, former Czechoslovakia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Latvia, Morocco, Netherland, Poland, Romania, Russia, Spain, Switzerland, Syria, Tunisia, Ukraine, United Kingdom, former Yugoslavia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Yu et al. 2005</xref>) and Portugal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Naves et al. 2005</xref>).
</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Hosts"><title>Hosts.</title><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Bostrichus capucinus</named-content></italic> (Linnaeus) (<named-content content-type="taxon-name">Bostrichidae</named-content>); <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Acanthocinus griseus</named-content></italic> (Fabricius), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Acanthoderes clavipes</named-content></italic> (Schrank), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Hesperophanes pallidus</named-content></italic> (Olivier), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Monochamus galloprovincialis</named-content></italic> (Olivier), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Monochamus sartor</named-content></italic> (Fabricius), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Morimus asper</named-content></italic> (Sulzer), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Phymatodes testaceus</named-content></italic> (Linnaeus), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Pogonochaerus fasciculatus</named-content></italic> (Degeer), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Pogonochaerus hispidus</named-content></italic> (Linnaeus), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Rhagium inquisitor</named-content></italic> (Linnaeus), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Saperda scalaris</named-content></italic> (Linnaeus) (<named-content content-type="taxon-name">Cerambycidae</named-content>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Yu et al. 2005</xref>), and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Monochamus rosenmulleri</named-content></italic> (Cederhjelm) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Watanabe 1937</xref>).
</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Biology"><title>Biology.</title><p>The biology of this parasitoid is poorly known, but in this study all the specimens emerged from cocoons from the xylemic galleries of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Monochamus galloprovincialis</named-content></italic>, which were not completely sealed with frass, as it is normal. Considering the length of the ovipositor of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Cyanopterus flavator</named-content></italic>, it is apparent that only first larval instars of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Monochamus galloprovincialis</named-content></italic> (found beneath the bark) are parasitized, which subsequently enter the wood carrying the parasitoid. Only the mandibles of the host larvae were found in galleries with cocoons.
</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Remark"><title>Remark.</title><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Monochamus galloprovincialis</named-content></italic> as a host of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Cyanopterus flavator</named-content></italic> was already recorded by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Campadelli and Scaramozzino (1994)</xref> for Italy and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Naves et al. (2005)</xref> for Portugal.
</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name" xlink:href="http://species-id.net/wiki/Doryctes_striatellus"><named-content content-type="genus">Doryctes</named-content><named-content content-type="species">striatellus</named-content></named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">(Nees 1834)</named-content></p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Doryctes_striatellus</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Figures 1b</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">4b, d</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">5a</xref></p><sec sec-type="treatment-Material examined"><title>Material examined.</title><p>Portugal: 1 female, “Leiria, 12/8/11”, “Ensaio Pupas Natural”, 1 male, same labels, but 9.VIII.2011; 1 male, same label, but 29.VII.2011.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Distribution"><title>Distribution.</title><p><bold>Palaearctic</bold>: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, China, Czechia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Yu et al. 2005</xref>). This species is here recorded for Portugal for the first time.
</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Hosts"><title>Hosts.</title><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ernobius mollis</named-content></italic> (Linnaeus), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dorcatoma dresdensis</named-content></italic> Herbst (<named-content content-type="taxon-name">Anobiidae</named-content>); <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Anthaxia quadripunctata</named-content></italic> (Linnaeus), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Phaenops cyanea</named-content></italic> (Fabricius), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Phaenops guttulata</named-content></italic> (Gebler) (<named-content content-type="taxon-name">Buprestidae</named-content>); <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Acanthocinus aedilis</named-content></italic> (Linnaeus), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Agapanthia</named-content></italic> sp., <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Callidium</named-content></italic> sp., <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Callidium violaceum</named-content></italic> (Linnaeus), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Clytus</named-content></italic> sp., <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Exocentrus lusitanus</named-content></italic> (Linnaeus), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Mesosa curculionoides</named-content></italic> (Linnaeus), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Molorchus minor</named-content></italic> (Linnaeus), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Monochamus galloprovincialis</named-content></italic> (Olivier), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Monochamus sutor</named-content></italic> (Linnaeus), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Phymatodes pusillus</named-content></italic> (Fabricius), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Phymatodes testaceus</named-content></italic> (Linnaeus), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Poecilium alni</named-content></italic> (Linnaeus), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Pogonocheru</named-content></italic>s sp., <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Pogonocheru hispidus</named-content></italic> (Linnaeus), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Rhagium inquisitor</named-content></italic> (Li<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>nnaeus), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Semanotus undatus</named-content></italic> (Linnaeus), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stenostola ferrea</named-content></italic> (Schrank), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tetropium castaneum</named-content></italic> (Linnaeus), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tetropium gabrieli</named-content></italic> Weise, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tetropium fuscum</named-content></italic> (Fabricius), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tetropium gracilicorne</named-content></italic> Reitter (<named-content content-type="taxon-name">Cerambycidae</named-content>); <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Pissodes harcyniae</named-content></italic> (Herbst), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Pissodes notatus</named-content></italic> (Fabricius), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Rhynchaenus fagi</named-content></italic> (Linnaeus), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Rhynchaenus pilosus</named-content></italic> (Fabricius), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Rhynchaenus quercus</named-content></italic> (Linnaeus), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Rhynchaenus testaceus</named-content></italic> (Müller), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Magdalis violacea</named-content></italic> (Linnaeus), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Magdalis rufa</named-content></italic> (Germar), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tachyerges salicis</named-content></italic> (Linnaeus), (<named-content content-type="taxon-name">Curculionidae</named-content>); <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Hylurgops palliatus</named-content></italic> (Gyllenhal), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ips typographus</named-content></italic> (Linnaeus), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ips sexdentatus</named-content></italic> (Boerner), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ips subelongatus</named-content></italic> Motschulsky, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Pityogenes bidentatus</named-content></italic> (Herbst), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tomicus piniperda</named-content></italic> (Linnaeus) (<named-content content-type="taxon-name">Scolytidae</named-content>); <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Xyphidria prolongata</named-content></italic> (Geoffroy) (<named-content content-type="taxon-name">Xyphidriidae</named-content>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Yu et al. 2005</xref>).
</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Remark"><title>Remark.</title><p>This species was already recorded in Italy on the name <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Doryctes mutillator</named-content></italic> (Thunberg) as parasitoid of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Monochamus galloprovincialis</named-content></italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Campadelli and Scaramozzino 1994</xref>).
</p></sec></sec></sec><sec sec-type="Family Ichneumonidae>"><title>Family <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ichneumonidae</named-content></title><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name" xlink:href="http://species-id.net/wiki/Xorides_depressus"><named-content content-type="genus">Xorides</named-content><named-content content-type="species">depressus</named-content></named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">(Holmgren 1860)</named-content></p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Xorides_depressus</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Figures 1c</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">3b, e</xref></p><sec sec-type="treatment-Material examined"><title>Material examined.</title><p>Portugal: 1 female, “Leiria, Pupas Natural”, 19.VII.2011; 1 female, “Leiria, 29/7/11, Ensaio Pupas Natural”; 1 female, N 19.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Distribution"><title>Distribution.</title><p><bold>Palaearctic</bold>: Austria, former Czechoslovakia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Latvia, Poland, Romania, Russia, Spain, Sweden (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Yu et al. 2005</xref>). This species is here recorded for Portugal for the first time.
</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Hosts"><title>Hosts.</title><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Melanophila cyanea</named-content></italic> (Fabricius) (<named-content content-type="taxon-name">Buprestidae</named-content>); <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Nothorhina punctata</named-content></italic> (Fabricius) (<named-content content-type="taxon-name">Cerambycidae</named-content>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Yu et al. 2005</xref>). <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Monochamus galloprovincialis</named-content></italic> (Olivier) is a new host of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Xorides depressus</named-content></italic> from Portugal.
</p></sec></sec></sec></sec><sec sec-type="Discussion"><title>Discussion</title><p>Considering the literature data and information presented in this study, the following key identifies the species of parasitoids attacking this pine sawyer in the Palaearctic Region. Only species that are reliably confirmed as parasitoids of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Monochamus galloprovincialis</named-content></italic> were considered for the key. Some species of parasitoids were excluded from this list and discussion about this decision is present in the final section. A key to species of <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ichneumonidae</named-content> and <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Braconidae</named-content> parasitoids of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Monochamus galloprovincialis</named-content></italic> is presented:
</p><table-wrap content-type="key" orientation="portrait" id="d35e1288" position="anchor"><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Second recurrent vein of fore wing present (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Figure 1a</xref>). In hind wing, second longitudinal cubital vein always present and arising near middle of nervellus. Second and third metasomal tergites movable, not fused (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Figures 1c</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">2g</xref>) (Fam. <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ichneumonidae</named-content>). – Spiracles of first metasomal tergite placed on or before its middle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Figure 2e–f</xref>)
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Second recurrent vein of fore wing absent (Figuress 1b, 4e, 5d). In hind wing, second longitudinal cubital vein absent. Second and third metasomal tergites immovable, fused (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Figures 1d</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">5a–c</xref>) (Fam. <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Braconidae</named-content>)
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">First metasomal sternite distinctly separated from tergite, this tergite with glymma (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Figure 2e</xref>), and/or propodeum without transverse basal carina (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Figure 2a</xref>). Claws of leg in female with teeth or basal lobe (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Figure 2c</xref>) (<named-content content-type="taxon-name">Pimplinae</named-content>) – Second metasomal tergite with pair of oblique furrows running from almost middle of its base to spiracles (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Figure 2g</xref>). Lower valva of ovipositor apically with lateral lobes covered partly upper valva; dorsal lobe of lower valva with six–seven furrows. Ovipositor sheath 1.2–1.3 times longer than body. Body entirely black (including corner of pronotum); tegula brownish yellow; pterostigma dark; legs red, hind tibia and tarsus brownish red. Body 10.0–22.0 mm
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dolichomitus tuberculatus</named-content></italic> (Geoffroy)
</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">First metasomal sternite fused with tergite, this tergite without glymma (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Figure 2f</xref>); propodeum always at least with track of transverse basal carina (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Figure 2b</xref>). Claws of leg in female simple, without teeth or basal lobe (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Figure 2d</xref>) (<named-content content-type="taxon-name">Xoridinae</named-content>)
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hind femur wide, with strong median ventral tooth (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">Figure 3a</xref>). Temple distinctly punctuate (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">Figure 3d</xref>). – Middle tibia posteriorly without deep oblique groove. Second metasomal tergite transverse and finely punctuate. Ovipositor sheath about as long as body. Body blackish; flagellum of antenna rufous; legs mainly reddish, coxae blackish. Body length 5.0–9.0 mm
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Odontocolon quercinum</named-content></italic> (Thomson)
</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hind femur narrow, without ventral tooth (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">Figure 3b</xref>). Temple finely obliquely striate (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">Figure 3e</xref>). – First metasomal tergite beyond middle without dorsal longitudinal carinae, about twice longer than wide (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Figure 1c</xref>). Ovipositor sheath about as long as body. Antennae brownish, without white band; hind leg brownish, but tarsus rufous; first and second metasomal tergites reddish. Body length 6.0–11.0 mm
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Xorides depressus</named-content></italic> (Holmgren)
</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hypoclypeal depression absent; middle of ventral margin of clypeus situated close to upper level of mandibles (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">Figure 4a</xref>). Brachial cell of fore wing open in distal posterior part, brachial vein absent. Second radiomedial cell of fore wing short (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">Figure 4e</xref>). (<named-content content-type="taxon-name">Euphorinae</named-content>). – Second metasomal tergite striate (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">Figure 3c</xref>). Body mainly black. Body length 6.0–8.0 mm
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Meteorus corax</named-content></italic> Marshall
</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hypoclypeal depression deep and wide; middle of ventral margin of clypeus situated distinctly above upper level of mandibles (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">Figure 4b</xref>). Brachial cell of fore wing closed by brachial vein in distal posterior part. Second radiomedial cell of fore wing usually long (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Figure 1b</xref>)
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Occipital and prepectal carinae present (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">Figure 4d</xref>). First tergite with distinct dorsope and without median area delineated by furrows (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">Figure 5a</xref>). Recurrent vein of hind wing present. Submedial cell of hind wing long. (<named-content content-type="taxon-name">Doryctinae</named-content>). Body length 3.0–6.5 mm
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Doryctes striatellus</named-content></italic> (Nees) (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Doryctes mutillator</named-content></italic> auct.)<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>
</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Occipital and prepectal carinae absent (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">Figure 4c</xref>). First tergite without dorsope and with median area delineated by furrows (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Figures 1d</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">5b, c</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F6">6c</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">7a-c</xref>). Recurrent vein of hind wing absent. Submedial cell of hind wing short (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">Figure 5d</xref>). (<named-content content-type="taxon-name">Braconinae</named-content>)
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pedicel of antenna almost as long as first flagellar segment. First and second flagellar segments not longer than median segments of flagellum and concave below (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F6">Figure 6a</xref>). Second metasomal tergite without mediobasal triangle area (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">Figure 5c</xref>). – Ovipositor short, its sheath 1.0–1.3 times as long as metasoma, 0.60–0.65 times as long as fore wing. Second metasomal tergite about as long as third tergite, without or with fine oblique lateral furrows (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">Figure 5c</xref>). Body length 2.5–5.0 mm
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Coeloides sordidator</named-content></italic> Ratzeburg
</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pedicel of antenna distinctly shorter than first flagellar segment. First and second flagellar segments longer than median segments of flagellum and not concave below (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F6">Figures 6b</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">7d</xref>). Second metasomal tergite usually with mediobasal triangle area separated by furrows (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">Figures 5b</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">7a, c</xref>)
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Second metasomal tergite without mediobasal triangle area separated by furrows (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F6">Figure 6c</xref>). Upper valva of ovipositor enlarged, distinctly larger than lower valva. Antenna setiform, longer than body. Body crimson-red with black spots. Body length 5.0–12.0 mm
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Iphiaulax impostor</named-content></italic> (Scopoli)
</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Second metasomal tergite usually (except <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Cyanopterus flavator</named-content></italic>) with mediobasal triangle area separated by furrows (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">Figures 5b</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">7a, c</xref>). Upper valva of ovipositor not enlarged, not larger than lower valva. Antenna more or less filiform, not longer than body. Body never crimson-red, usually black with yellowish brown spots or areas on head and always on most part of metasoma
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Scape of antenna with strong basal constriction and with apical collar. Pedicel distinctly projected behind scape (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F6">Figures 6d</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">7e, f</xref>). Furrow between antennal socket and eye present (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">Figure 7f</xref>)
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Scape of antenna without basal constriction and without apical collar. Pedicel weakly projected behind scape (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F6">Figures 6b</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">7d</xref>). Furrow between antennal socket and eye absent (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">Figure 7g</xref>)
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Second–fourth metasomal tergites of female coarsely rugose-striate at least medially (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">Figure 5b</xref>). Head often more or less depressed dorso-ventrally (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F6">Figure 6d</xref>). Body length 5.0–9.0 mm
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Atanycolus ivanowi</named-content></italic> (Kokujev)
</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Second–fourth metasomal tergites of female smooth (except sculptured furrows) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">Figure 7a</xref>), rarely second tergite partly with rugosity. Head never depressed dorso-ventrally
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Head mainly brownish yellow or light reddish brown, only dorsally black and usually in large wedge-shaped black spot. Body length 7.0–10.0 mm</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Atanycolus genalis</named-content></italic> (Thomson) (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Atanycolus initiator</named-content></italic> auct.)
</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Head mainly black, sometimes paler only near base of mandible, always with reddish stripes along inner side of eye. Body length 5.0–9.0 mm.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Atanycolus denigrator</named-content></italic> (Linnaeus)
</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ventral margin of scape (lateral view) not shorter than dorsal margin (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">Figure 7d</xref>). Second tergite without basomedian area delineated by furrow (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">Figure 7b</xref>). Metasoma brownish yellow, behind first tergite entirely smooth. Wings strongly infuscate. Body length 6.0–10.0 mm
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Cyanopterus (Cyanopterus) flavator</named-content></italic> (Fabricius)
</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ventral margin of scape (lateral view) shorter than dorsal margin (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F6">Figure 6b</xref>). Second tergite with distinct basomedian area delineated by sculptured furrow (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">Figure 7c</xref>). Metasoma mainly dark brown or black, behind first tergite sculptured in furrows and suture. Wings faintly infuscate. Body length 4.0–5.0 mm
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Cyanopterus (Ipobracon) tricolor</named-content></italic> (Ivanov)
</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><p>With the exception of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Atanycolus ivanowi</named-content></italic> collected from Vale Feitoso, all the other species were collected in Marinha Grande. This location is near Portugal´s oldest managed pine forest, in a pine stand with about 1700 square km and which was first planted in the XIII century. This stable and managed environment may have created favorable conditions for the establishment of a diverse entomofauna in the region. In fact, the larger number of parasitoids found in the region, and the low population levels of the vector insect suggest that <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Monochamus galloprovincialis</named-content></italic> may be locally well controlled by its natural enemies. Further studies in the Leiria pine stand should confirm this hypothesis.
</p><p>There is no obvious reason for the absence of parasitoids in the other sampled locations, although factors such as the local density of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Monochamus galloprovincialis</named-content></italic> (and other insect hosts), and differences in the local edapho-climatic conditions may explain the absence of the natural enemies.
</p><p>Despite <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Atanycolus</named-content></italic> genus being the most diverse,<italic> Cyanopterus</italic> is the genus were the most specimens were found. Each parasitoid was reared from one specific location, except <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Cyanopterus</named-content></italic> specimens which were found in two very distanced sites, which present completely different edapho-climatic conditions.
</p><p>According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Watanabe (1937)</xref>, the cocoons of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Cyanopterus flavator</named-content></italic> occurred in the trunk of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Picea jezoensis</named-content></italic> Siebold et <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Zuccarini</named-content> shut in by a thick corky lid at the end of the tunnel made by the larva of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Monochamus rosenmulleri</named-content></italic>, a conclusion which completely supports the suggested hypothesis for the parasitizing activity in Portugal.
</p><p>Worldwide and including this study, there is now a total of 14 species of parasitoids associated with <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Monochamus galloprovincialis</named-content></italic>, being six <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ichneumonidae</named-content> and eight <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Braconidae</named-content>. Previous reliable records (confirmed rearing from the larvae of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Monochamus galloprovincialis</named-content></italic>) in the literature include references from Portugal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Naves et al. 2005</xref>), Italy (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Campadelli and Scaramozzino 1994</xref>), and Siberia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Tobias and Belokobylskij 2000</xref>), among other locations (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Kenis and Hilszczanski 2004</xref>, Tobias et al. 1986; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Yu et al. 2005</xref>). Although not detected in this study, other groups, such as the braconids of the subfamily <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Helconinae</named-content> (namely species of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Helcon</named-content></italic> Nees 1812 and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Helconidea</named-content></italic> Viereck 1914), will also likely parasitized larvae of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Monochamus galloprovincialis</named-content></italic> as they have been found to develop in larvae of other <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Monochamus</named-content></italic> species (Tobiaset al. 1986, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Yu et al. 2005</xref>).<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>
</p><p>Other records are more dubious and need further confirmation. Among these, three records of <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ichneumonidae</named-content> are possibly erroneous, namely <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Rhyssa persuasoria</named-content></italic> (Linnaeus) (<named-content content-type="taxon-name">Pimplinae</named-content>),<italic> Perithous divinator</italic> (Rossi) (<named-content content-type="taxon-name">Pimplinae</named-content>) and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Stenarella domator</named-content></italic> (Poda) (<named-content content-type="taxon-name">Cryptinae</named-content>). The first species is a specialized parasitoid of <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Siricidae</named-content> larvae (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Yu et al. 2005</xref>), and its rearing from <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Cerambycidae</named-content> is probably inaccurate. Likewise, the other two species are specialized parasitoids of vespoid and sphecoid wasps (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Kasparyan 2010</xref>), and their associations with <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Cerambycidae</named-content> is quite doubtful. Therefore, in the identification key only three ichneumonids were included, namely <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Odontocolon quercinum</named-content></italic> (Thomson), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Xorides depressus</named-content></italic> (Holmgren) and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dolichomitus tuberculatus</named-content></italic> (Geoffroy). On the other hand, as all species of <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Braconidae</named-content> were directly reared from <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Monochamus galloprovincialis</named-content></italic>, they were included in our key.
</p><p>Despite the relatively high diversity of parasitoids associated with <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Monochamus galloprovincialis</named-content></italic> worldwide, all species are mainly idiobiont ectoparasitoids (except <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Monochamus corax</named-content></italic>) and seem to be generalists attacking a vast array of other insects living in dead and dying trees. <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Cyanopterus flavator</named-content></italic>, which had already been found parasitizing young larval stages (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Naves et al. 2005</xref>), appears to be the most frequent and promising candidate for studies aiming the biological control of the pine sawyer, despite its generalist habits. As mentioned, the disperse distribution of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Cyanopterus</named-content></italic> can be considered as a major adaptation two the diverse edapho-climatic conditions characteristic for Portugal. Other options, such as the introduction of exotic natural enemies would create new parasite-host interactions, which usually offer greater changes of success for biological control than the promotion of already established associations (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Hokkanen and Pimentel 1984</xref>). Nevertheless, such measures require rigorous pre-release risk assessment of the economic and environmental costs and benefits of the introduction, to evaluate its potential effectiveness, host specificity, acclimatisation and viability for mass-production (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">van Lenteren et al. 2006</xref>).
</p><p>Detailed studies on the effect of the parasitoid guild found in Portugal on the pine sawyer´s population and the suitability of the species for biological control are being planned, with the final objective of eventually establishing an integrated bio-control program against the vector of the pine wilt disease in Europe.</p></sec><sec><title>Figure plates<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment><pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment><pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment><pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment><pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment><pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment><pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment><pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment></title><fig id="F1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1.</label><caption><p>Forewing of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dolichomitus tuberculatus</named-content></italic>(<bold>a</bold>) and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Doryctes striatellus</named-content></italic> (<bold>b</bold>); metasoma in dorsal view of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Xorides depressus</named-content></italic> (<bold>c</bold>) and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Cyanopterus flavator</named-content></italic> (<bold>d</bold>).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-251-029-g001"></graphic></fig><fig id="F2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2.</label><caption><p>Propodeum in dorsal view of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dolichomitus tuberculatus</named-content></italic> (<bold>a</bold>) and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Odontocolon quercinum</named-content></italic> (<bold>b</bold>); tarsal claws of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dolichomitus tuberculatus</named-content></italic> (<bold>c</bold>) and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Odontocolon quercinum</named-content></italic> (<bold>d</bold>); first metasomal tergite in lateral view of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dolichomitus tuberculatus</named-content></italic> (<bold>e</bold>) and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Odontocolon quercinum</named-content></italic> (f); dorsal view of metasoma of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dolichomitus tuberculatus</named-content></italic> (<bold>e</bold>); sp – spiracle.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-251-029-g002"></graphic></fig><fig id="F3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 3.</label><caption><p>Lateral view of hind femur of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Odontocolon quercinum</named-content></italic> (<bold>a</bold>) and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Xorides depressus</named-content></italic> (<bold>b</bold>); first and second metasomal tergites in dorsal view of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Meteorus corax</named-content></italic> (<bold>c</bold>);head in lateral view of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Odontocolon quercinum</named-content></italic> (<bold>d</bold>) and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Xorides depressus</named-content></italic> (<bold>e</bold>).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-251-029-g003"></graphic></fig><fig id="F4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 4.</label><caption><p>Face in frontal view of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Meteorus corax</named-content></italic> (<bold>a</bold>)and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Doryctes striatellus</named-content></italic> (<bold>b</bold>); head in dorsal view of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Atanycolus ivanowi</named-content></italic> (<bold>c</bold>) and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Doryctes striatellus</named-content></italic> (<bold>d</bold>); detail of forewing of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Monochamus corax</named-content></italic> (<bold>e</bold>).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-251-029-g004"></graphic></fig><fig id="F5" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 5.</label><caption><p>Metasoma in dorsal view of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Doryctes striatellus</named-content></italic> (<bold>a</bold>), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Atanycolus ivanowi</named-content></italic> (<bold>b</bold>) and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Coeloides sordidator</named-content></italic> (<bold>c</bold>); forewing of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Coeloides sordidator</named-content></italic> (<bold>d</bold>); ma – mediobasal area.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-251-029-g005"></graphic></fig><fig id="F6" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 6.</label><caption><p>Basal segments of antenna in lateral view of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Coeloides sordidator</named-content></italic> (<bold>a</bold>) and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Cyanopterus tricolor</named-content></italic> (<bold>b</bold>); metasoma in dorsal view of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Iphiaulax impostor</named-content></italic> (<bold>c</bold>); face of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Atanycolus ivanowi</named-content></italic> (<bold>d</bold>).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-251-029-g006"></graphic></fig><fig id="F7" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 7.</label><caption><p>Metasoma in dorsal view of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Atanycolus denigrator</named-content></italic> (<bold>a</bold>), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Cyanopterus flavator</named-content></italic> (<bold>b</bold>) and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Cyanopterus tricolor</named-content></italic> (<bold>c</bold>); scape and pedicel in lateral view of C.<italic> flavator</italic> (<bold>d</bold>) and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Atanycolus denigrator</named-content></italic> (<bold>e</bold>); space of head between antennal socket and eye in laterofrontal view of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Atanycolus genalis</named-content></italic> (<bold>f</bold>) and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Cyanopterus flavator</named-content></italic> (<bold>g</bold>).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-251-029-g007"></graphic></fig></sec><sec sec-type="supplementary-material"><title>Supplementary Material</title><supplementary-material id="zookeys.251.3986-treatment1" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Atanycolus</named-content><named-content content-type="species">denigrator</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.251.3986-treatment1.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.251.3986-treatment2" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Atanycolus</named-content><named-content content-type="species">ivanowi</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.251.3986-treatment2.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.251.3986-treatment3" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Cyanopterus</named-content><named-content content-type="species">flavator</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.251.3986-treatment3.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.251.3986-treatment4" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Doryctes</named-content><named-content content-type="species">striatellus</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.251.3986-treatment4.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.251.3986-treatment5" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Xorides</named-content><named-content content-type="species">depressus</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.251.3986-treatment5.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material></sec></body><back><ack><title>Acknowledgement</title><p>We are grateful to Mr. Adérito Matos for his assistance both in the field surveys and laboratory handling, to Drª Rita Matos Gomes and to the team from the AFN Marinha Grande for all the conditions and support provided during this study, to Eng. Teixeira and his team from Alcobaça, to Mr. Alfredo and his colleagues from Monção and to Engºs António Moreira and Pedro Serrasqueiro of Herdade da Comporta for allowing the trails to take place in the private estate. We are also very thankful to Dr Dmitri R. 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