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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Evidence for deposition of 10 million tonnes of impact spherules across four continents 12,800 y ago</title><author><name sortKey="Wittke, James H" sort="Wittke, James H" uniqKey="Wittke J" first="James H." last="Wittke">James H. Wittke</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Geology Program, School of Earth Science and Environmental Sustainability,<institution>Northern Arizona University</institution>, Flagstaff,<addr-line>AZ</addr-line> 86011;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Weaver, James C" sort="Weaver, James C" uniqKey="Weaver J" first="James C." last="Weaver">James C. Weaver</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering,<institution>Harvard University</institution>, Cambridge,<addr-line>MA</addr-line> 02138;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bunch, Ted E" sort="Bunch, Ted E" uniqKey="Bunch T" first="Ted E." last="Bunch">Ted E. Bunch</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Geology Program, School of Earth Science and Environmental Sustainability,<institution>Northern Arizona University</institution>, Flagstaff,<addr-line>AZ</addr-line> 86011;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kennett, James P" sort="Kennett, James P" uniqKey="Kennett J" first="James P." last="Kennett">James P. Kennett</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff24">Department of Earth Science and Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kennett, Douglas J" sort="Kennett, Douglas J" uniqKey="Kennett D" first="Douglas J." last="Kennett">Douglas J. Kennett</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Anthropology,<institution>Pennsylvania State University</institution>, University Park,<addr-line>PA</addr-line> 16802;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moore, Andrew M T" sort="Moore, Andrew M T" uniqKey="Moore A" first="Andrew M. T." last="Moore">Andrew M. T. Moore</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">College of Liberal Arts,<institution>Rochester Institute of Technology</institution>, Rochester,<addr-line>NY</addr-line> 14623;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hillman, Gordon C" sort="Hillman, Gordon C" uniqKey="Hillman G" first="Gordon C." last="Hillman">Gordon C. Hillman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">Institute of Archaeology,<institution>University College London</institution>, London WC1H0PY,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tankersley, Kenneth B" sort="Tankersley, Kenneth B" uniqKey="Tankersley K" first="Kenneth B." last="Tankersley">Kenneth B. Tankersley</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">Departments of Anthropology and Geology,<institution>University of Cincinnati</institution>, Cincinnati,<addr-line>OH</addr-line> 45221;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goodyear, Albert C" sort="Goodyear, Albert C" uniqKey="Goodyear A" first="Albert C." last="Goodyear">Albert C. Goodyear</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7">South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology,<institution>University of South Carolina</institution>, Columbia,<addr-line>SC</addr-line> 29208;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moore, Christopher R" sort="Moore, Christopher R" uniqKey="Moore C" first="Christopher R." last="Moore">Christopher R. Moore</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8">Savannah River Archaeological Research Program, South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology,<institution>University of South Carolina</institution>, New Ellenton,<addr-line>SC</addr-line> 29809;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Daniel, I Randolph" sort="Daniel, I Randolph" uniqKey="Daniel I" first="I. Randolph" last="Daniel">I. Randolph Daniel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff9">Department of Anthropology,<institution>East Carolina University</institution>, Greenville,<addr-line>NC</addr-line> 27858;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ray, Jack H" sort="Ray, Jack H" uniqKey="Ray J" first="Jack H." last="Ray">Jack H. Ray</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff10">Center for Archaeological Research,<institution>Missouri State University</institution>, Springfield,<addr-line>MO</addr-line> 65897;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lopinot, Neal H" sort="Lopinot, Neal H" uniqKey="Lopinot N" first="Neal H." last="Lopinot">Neal H. Lopinot</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff10">Center for Archaeological Research,<institution>Missouri State University</institution>, Springfield,<addr-line>MO</addr-line> 65897;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ferraro, David" sort="Ferraro, David" uniqKey="Ferraro D" first="David" last="Ferraro">David Ferraro</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff11"><institution>Viejo California Associates</institution>, Joshua Tree,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 92252;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Israde Alcantara, Isabel" sort="Israde Alcantara, Isabel" uniqKey="Israde Alcantara I" first="Isabel" last="Israde-Alcántara">Isabel Israde-Alcántara</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12">Departamento de Geología y Mineralogía, Edificio U4, Instituto de Investigaciones Metalúrgicas,<institution>Universidad Michoacana de San Nicólas de Hidalgo</institution>, C. P. 58060, Morelia, Michoacán,<country>México</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bischoff, James L" sort="Bischoff, James L" uniqKey="Bischoff J" first="James L." last="Bischoff">James L. Bischoff</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff13"><institution>US Geological Survey</institution>, Menlo Park,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 94025;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Decarli, Paul S" sort="Decarli, Paul S" uniqKey="Decarli P" first="Paul S." last="Decarli">Paul S. Decarli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff14"><institution>SRI International</institution>, Menlo Park,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 94025;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hermes, Robert E" sort="Hermes, Robert E" uniqKey="Hermes R" first="Robert E." last="Hermes">Robert E. Hermes</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff15"><institution>Los Alamos National Laboratory</institution>, Los Alamos,<addr-line>NM</addr-line> 87545;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kloosterman, Johan B" sort="Kloosterman, Johan B" uniqKey="Kloosterman J" first="Johan B." last="Kloosterman">Johan B. Kloosterman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff16">Exploration Geologist, 1016 NN, Amsterdam,<country>The Netherlands</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Revay, Zsolt" sort="Revay, Zsolt" uniqKey="Revay Z" first="Zsolt" last="Revay">Zsolt Revay</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff17">Forschungsneutronenquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz,<institution>Technische Universität München</institution>, 85748 Garching,<country>Germany</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Howard, George A" sort="Howard, George A" uniqKey="Howard G" first="George A." last="Howard">George A. Howard</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff18"><institution>Restoration Systems, LLC</institution>, Raleigh,<addr-line>NC</addr-line> 27604;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kimbel, David R" sort="Kimbel, David R" uniqKey="Kimbel D" first="David R." last="Kimbel">David R. Kimbel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff19"><institution>Kimstar Research</institution>, Fayetteville,<addr-line>NC</addr-line> 28312;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kletetschka, Gunther" sort="Kletetschka, Gunther" uniqKey="Kletetschka G" first="Gunther" last="Kletetschka">Gunther Kletetschka</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff20">Faculty of Science,<institution>Charles University in Prague</institution>, 12843 Prague,<country>Czech Republic</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nabelek, Ladislav" sort="Nabelek, Ladislav" uniqKey="Nabelek L" first="Ladislav" last="Nabelek">Ladislav Nabelek</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff20">Faculty of Science,<institution>Charles University in Prague</institution>, 12843 Prague,<country>Czech Republic</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff21">Institute of Geology,<institution>Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Public Research Institute</institution>, 16500 Prague,<country>Czech Republic</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lipo, Carl P" sort="Lipo, Carl P" uniqKey="Lipo C" first="Carl P." last="Lipo">Carl P. Lipo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff22">Institute for Integrated Research in Materials, Environments, and Society,<institution>California State University</institution>, Long Beach,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 90840;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sakai, Sachiko" sort="Sakai, Sachiko" uniqKey="Sakai S" first="Sachiko" last="Sakai">Sachiko Sakai</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff22">Institute for Integrated Research in Materials, Environments, and Society,<institution>California State University</institution>, Long Beach,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 90840;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="West, Allen" sort="West, Allen" uniqKey="West A" first="Allen" last="West">Allen West</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="aff23"><institution>GeoScience Consulting</institution>, Dewey,<addr-line>AZ</addr-line> 86327</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Firestone, Richard B" sort="Firestone, Richard B" uniqKey="Firestone R" first="Richard B." last="Firestone">Richard B. Firestone</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff25"><institution>Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory</institution>, Berkeley,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 94720</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">23690611</idno><idno type="pmc">3677428</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3677428</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3677428</idno><idno type="doi">10.1073/pnas.1301760110</idno><date when="2013">2013</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000155</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000155</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Evidence for deposition of 10 million tonnes of impact spherules across four continents 12,800 y ago</title><author><name sortKey="Wittke, James H" sort="Wittke, James H" uniqKey="Wittke J" first="James H." last="Wittke">James H. Wittke</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Geology Program, School of Earth Science and Environmental Sustainability,<institution>Northern Arizona University</institution>, Flagstaff,<addr-line>AZ</addr-line> 86011;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Weaver, James C" sort="Weaver, James C" uniqKey="Weaver J" first="James C." last="Weaver">James C. Weaver</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering,<institution>Harvard University</institution>, Cambridge,<addr-line>MA</addr-line> 02138;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bunch, Ted E" sort="Bunch, Ted E" uniqKey="Bunch T" first="Ted E." last="Bunch">Ted E. Bunch</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Geology Program, School of Earth Science and Environmental Sustainability,<institution>Northern Arizona University</institution>, Flagstaff,<addr-line>AZ</addr-line> 86011;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kennett, James P" sort="Kennett, James P" uniqKey="Kennett J" first="James P." last="Kennett">James P. Kennett</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff24">Department of Earth Science and Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kennett, Douglas J" sort="Kennett, Douglas J" uniqKey="Kennett D" first="Douglas J." last="Kennett">Douglas J. Kennett</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Anthropology,<institution>Pennsylvania State University</institution>, University Park,<addr-line>PA</addr-line> 16802;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moore, Andrew M T" sort="Moore, Andrew M T" uniqKey="Moore A" first="Andrew M. T." last="Moore">Andrew M. T. Moore</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">College of Liberal Arts,<institution>Rochester Institute of Technology</institution>, Rochester,<addr-line>NY</addr-line> 14623;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hillman, Gordon C" sort="Hillman, Gordon C" uniqKey="Hillman G" first="Gordon C." last="Hillman">Gordon C. Hillman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">Institute of Archaeology,<institution>University College London</institution>, London WC1H0PY,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tankersley, Kenneth B" sort="Tankersley, Kenneth B" uniqKey="Tankersley K" first="Kenneth B." last="Tankersley">Kenneth B. Tankersley</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">Departments of Anthropology and Geology,<institution>University of Cincinnati</institution>, Cincinnati,<addr-line>OH</addr-line> 45221;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goodyear, Albert C" sort="Goodyear, Albert C" uniqKey="Goodyear A" first="Albert C." last="Goodyear">Albert C. Goodyear</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7">South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology,<institution>University of South Carolina</institution>, Columbia,<addr-line>SC</addr-line> 29208;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moore, Christopher R" sort="Moore, Christopher R" uniqKey="Moore C" first="Christopher R." last="Moore">Christopher R. Moore</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8">Savannah River Archaeological Research Program, South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology,<institution>University of South Carolina</institution>, New Ellenton,<addr-line>SC</addr-line> 29809;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Daniel, I Randolph" sort="Daniel, I Randolph" uniqKey="Daniel I" first="I. Randolph" last="Daniel">I. Randolph Daniel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff9">Department of Anthropology,<institution>East Carolina University</institution>, Greenville,<addr-line>NC</addr-line> 27858;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ray, Jack H" sort="Ray, Jack H" uniqKey="Ray J" first="Jack H." last="Ray">Jack H. Ray</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff10">Center for Archaeological Research,<institution>Missouri State University</institution>, Springfield,<addr-line>MO</addr-line> 65897;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lopinot, Neal H" sort="Lopinot, Neal H" uniqKey="Lopinot N" first="Neal H." last="Lopinot">Neal H. Lopinot</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff10">Center for Archaeological Research,<institution>Missouri State University</institution>, Springfield,<addr-line>MO</addr-line> 65897;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ferraro, David" sort="Ferraro, David" uniqKey="Ferraro D" first="David" last="Ferraro">David Ferraro</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff11"><institution>Viejo California Associates</institution>, Joshua Tree,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 92252;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Israde Alcantara, Isabel" sort="Israde Alcantara, Isabel" uniqKey="Israde Alcantara I" first="Isabel" last="Israde-Alcántara">Isabel Israde-Alcántara</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12">Departamento de Geología y Mineralogía, Edificio U4, Instituto de Investigaciones Metalúrgicas,<institution>Universidad Michoacana de San Nicólas de Hidalgo</institution>, C. P. 58060, Morelia, Michoacán,<country>México</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bischoff, James L" sort="Bischoff, James L" uniqKey="Bischoff J" first="James L." last="Bischoff">James L. Bischoff</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff13"><institution>US Geological Survey</institution>, Menlo Park,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 94025;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Decarli, Paul S" sort="Decarli, Paul S" uniqKey="Decarli P" first="Paul S." last="Decarli">Paul S. Decarli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff14"><institution>SRI International</institution>, Menlo Park,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 94025;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hermes, Robert E" sort="Hermes, Robert E" uniqKey="Hermes R" first="Robert E." last="Hermes">Robert E. Hermes</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff15"><institution>Los Alamos National Laboratory</institution>, Los Alamos,<addr-line>NM</addr-line> 87545;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kloosterman, Johan B" sort="Kloosterman, Johan B" uniqKey="Kloosterman J" first="Johan B." last="Kloosterman">Johan B. Kloosterman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff16">Exploration Geologist, 1016 NN, Amsterdam,<country>The Netherlands</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Revay, Zsolt" sort="Revay, Zsolt" uniqKey="Revay Z" first="Zsolt" last="Revay">Zsolt Revay</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff17">Forschungsneutronenquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz,<institution>Technische Universität München</institution>, 85748 Garching,<country>Germany</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Howard, George A" sort="Howard, George A" uniqKey="Howard G" first="George A." last="Howard">George A. Howard</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff18"><institution>Restoration Systems, LLC</institution>, Raleigh,<addr-line>NC</addr-line> 27604;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kimbel, David R" sort="Kimbel, David R" uniqKey="Kimbel D" first="David R." last="Kimbel">David R. Kimbel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff19"><institution>Kimstar Research</institution>, Fayetteville,<addr-line>NC</addr-line> 28312;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kletetschka, Gunther" sort="Kletetschka, Gunther" uniqKey="Kletetschka G" first="Gunther" last="Kletetschka">Gunther Kletetschka</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff20">Faculty of Science,<institution>Charles University in Prague</institution>, 12843 Prague,<country>Czech Republic</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nabelek, Ladislav" sort="Nabelek, Ladislav" uniqKey="Nabelek L" first="Ladislav" last="Nabelek">Ladislav Nabelek</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff20">Faculty of Science,<institution>Charles University in Prague</institution>, 12843 Prague,<country>Czech Republic</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff21">Institute of Geology,<institution>Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Public Research Institute</institution>, 16500 Prague,<country>Czech Republic</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lipo, Carl P" sort="Lipo, Carl P" uniqKey="Lipo C" first="Carl P." last="Lipo">Carl P. Lipo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff22">Institute for Integrated Research in Materials, Environments, and Society,<institution>California State University</institution>, Long Beach,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 90840;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sakai, Sachiko" sort="Sakai, Sachiko" uniqKey="Sakai S" first="Sachiko" last="Sakai">Sachiko Sakai</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff22">Institute for Integrated Research in Materials, Environments, and Society,<institution>California State University</institution>, Long Beach,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 90840;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="West, Allen" sort="West, Allen" uniqKey="West A" first="Allen" last="West">Allen West</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="aff23"><institution>GeoScience Consulting</institution>, Dewey,<addr-line>AZ</addr-line> 86327</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Firestone, Richard B" sort="Firestone, Richard B" uniqKey="Firestone R" first="Richard B." last="Firestone">Richard B. Firestone</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff25"><institution>Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory</institution>, Berkeley,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 94720</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</title><idno type="ISSN">0027-8424</idno><idno type="eISSN">1091-6490</idno><imprint><date when="2013">2013</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><title>Significance</title><p>We present detailed geochemical and morphological analyses of nearly 700 spherules from 18 sites in support of a major cosmic impact at the onset of the Younger Dryas episode (12.8 ka). The impact distributed ∼10 million tonnes of melted spherules over 50 million square kilometers on four continents. Origins of the spherules by volcanism, anthropogenesis, authigenesis, lightning, and meteoritic ablation are rejected on geochemical and morphological grounds. The spherules closely resemble known impact materials derived from surficial sediments melted at temperatures >2,200 °C. The spherules correlate with abundances of associated melt-glass, nanodiamonds, carbon spherules, aciniform carbon, charcoal, and iridium.</p></div></front></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="hwp">pnas</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">pnas</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">PNAS</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0027-8424</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1091-6490</issn><publisher><publisher-name>National Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">23690611</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3677428</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">201301760</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1073/pnas.1301760110</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>PNAS Plus</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Physical Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences</subject></subj-group></subj-group><series-title>PNAS Plus</series-title></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Evidence for deposition of 10 million tonnes of impact spherules across four continents 12,800 y ago</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="short">Ten million tonnes of impact spherules at 12.8 ka</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wittke</surname><given-names>James H.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Weaver</surname><given-names>James C.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bunch</surname><given-names>Ted E.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kennett</surname><given-names>James P.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff24"><sup>c</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kennett</surname><given-names>Douglas J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>d</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Moore</surname><given-names>Andrew M. T.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>e</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hillman</surname><given-names>Gordon C.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>f</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tankersley</surname><given-names>Kenneth B.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>g</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Goodyear</surname><given-names>Albert C.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>h</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Moore</surname><given-names>Christopher R.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>i</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Daniel</surname><given-names>I. Randolph</given-names><suffix>Jr.</suffix></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9"><sup>j</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ray</surname><given-names>Jack H.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10"><sup>k</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lopinot</surname><given-names>Neal H.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10"><sup>k</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ferraro</surname><given-names>David</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11"><sup>l</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Israde-Alcántara</surname><given-names>Isabel</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12"><sup>m</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bischoff</surname><given-names>James L.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13"><sup>n</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>DeCarli</surname><given-names>Paul S.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14"><sup>o</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hermes</surname><given-names>Robert E.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15"><sup>p</sup></xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kloosterman</surname><given-names>Johan B.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16"><sup>q</sup></xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Revay</surname><given-names>Zsolt</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17"><sup>r</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Howard</surname><given-names>George A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18"><sup>s</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kimbel</surname><given-names>David R.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19"><sup>t</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kletetschka</surname><given-names>Gunther</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20"><sup>u</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nabelek</surname><given-names>Ladislav</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20"><sup>u</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff21"><sup>v</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lipo</surname><given-names>Carl P.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22"><sup>w</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sakai</surname><given-names>Sachiko</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22"><sup>w</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>West</surname><given-names>Allen</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff23"><sup>x</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Firestone</surname><given-names>Richard B.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff25"><sup>y</sup></xref></contrib><aff id="aff1"><sup>a</sup>Geology Program, School of Earth Science and Environmental Sustainability,<institution>Northern Arizona University</institution>, Flagstaff,<addr-line>AZ</addr-line> 86011;</aff><aff id="aff2"><sup>b</sup>Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering,<institution>Harvard University</institution>, Cambridge,<addr-line>MA</addr-line> 02138;</aff><aff id="aff24"><sup>c</sup>Department of Earth Science and Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106;</aff><aff id="aff3"><sup>d</sup>Department of Anthropology,<institution>Pennsylvania State University</institution>, University Park,<addr-line>PA</addr-line> 16802;</aff><aff id="aff4"><sup>e</sup>College of Liberal Arts,<institution>Rochester Institute of Technology</institution>, Rochester,<addr-line>NY</addr-line> 14623;</aff><aff id="aff5"><sup>f</sup>Institute of Archaeology,<institution>University College London</institution>, London WC1H0PY,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</aff><aff id="aff6"><sup>g</sup>Departments of Anthropology and Geology,<institution>University of Cincinnati</institution>, Cincinnati,<addr-line>OH</addr-line> 45221;</aff><aff id="aff7"><sup>h</sup>South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology,<institution>University of South Carolina</institution>, Columbia,<addr-line>SC</addr-line> 29208;</aff><aff id="aff8"><sup>i</sup>Savannah River Archaeological Research Program, South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology,<institution>University of South Carolina</institution>, New Ellenton,<addr-line>SC</addr-line> 29809;</aff><aff id="aff9"><sup>j</sup>Department of Anthropology,<institution>East Carolina University</institution>, Greenville,<addr-line>NC</addr-line> 27858;</aff><aff id="aff10"><sup>k</sup>Center for Archaeological Research,<institution>Missouri State University</institution>, Springfield,<addr-line>MO</addr-line> 65897;</aff><aff id="aff11"><sup>l</sup><institution>Viejo California Associates</institution>, Joshua Tree,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 92252;</aff><aff id="aff12"><sup>m</sup>Departamento de Geología y Mineralogía, Edificio U4, Instituto de Investigaciones Metalúrgicas,<institution>Universidad Michoacana de San Nicólas de Hidalgo</institution>, C. P. 58060, Morelia, Michoacán,<country>México</country>;</aff><aff id="aff13"><sup>n</sup><institution>US Geological Survey</institution>, Menlo Park,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 94025;</aff><aff id="aff14"><sup>o</sup><institution>SRI International</institution>, Menlo Park,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 94025;</aff><aff id="aff15"><sup>p</sup><institution>Los Alamos National Laboratory</institution>, Los Alamos,<addr-line>NM</addr-line> 87545;</aff><aff id="aff16"><sup>q</sup>Exploration Geologist, 1016 NN, Amsterdam,<country>The Netherlands</country>;</aff><aff id="aff17"><sup>r</sup>Forschungsneutronenquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz,<institution>Technische Universität München</institution>, 85748 Garching,<country>Germany</country>;</aff><aff id="aff18"><sup>s</sup><institution>Restoration Systems, LLC</institution>, Raleigh,<addr-line>NC</addr-line> 27604;</aff><aff id="aff19"><sup>t</sup><institution>Kimstar Research</institution>, Fayetteville,<addr-line>NC</addr-line> 28312;</aff><aff id="aff20"><sup>u</sup>Faculty of Science,<institution>Charles University in Prague</institution>, 12843 Prague,<country>Czech Republic</country>;</aff><aff id="aff21"><sup>v</sup>Institute of Geology,<institution>Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Public Research Institute</institution>, 16500 Prague,<country>Czech Republic</country>;</aff><aff id="aff22"><sup>w</sup>Institute for Integrated Research in Materials, Environments, and Society,<institution>California State University</institution>, Long Beach,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 90840;</aff><aff id="aff23"><sup>x</sup><institution>GeoScience Consulting</institution>, Dewey,<addr-line>AZ</addr-line> 86327; and</aff><aff id="aff25"><sup>y</sup><institution>Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory</institution>, Berkeley,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 94720</aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><sup>1</sup>To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: <email>tbear1@cableone.net</email>.</corresp><fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Edited<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1">*</xref> by Steven M. Stanley, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, and approved April 9, 2013 (received for review January 28, 2013)</p></fn><fn fn-type="con"><p>Author contributions: J.H.W., J.C.W., T.E.B., J.P.K., D.J.K., A.M.T.M., G.C.H., K.B.T., A.C.G., D.F., I.I.-A., R.E.H., J.B.K., Z.R., D.R.K., G.K., C.P.L., S.S., A.W., and R.B.F. designed research; J.H.W., J.C.W., T.E.B., J.P.K., D.J.K., A.M.T.M., G.C.H., K.B.T., A.C.G., C.R.M., I.R.D., J.H.R., N.H.L., D.F., I.I.-A., J.L.B., P.S.D., R.E.H., J.B.K., Z.R., G.A.H., D.R.K., G.K., L.N., C.P.L., S.S., A.W., and R.B.F. performed research; J.H.W., J.C.W., T.E.B., J.P.K., D.J.K., A.M.T.M., K.B.T., A.C.G., D.F., I.I.-A., P.S.D., R.E.H., J.B.K., Z.R., G.K., L.N., C.P.L., S.S., A.W., and R.B.F. analyzed data; and J.H.W., J.C.W., T.E.B., J.P.K., D.J.K., A.M.T.M., K.B.T., A.C.G., C.R.M., I.R.D., J.H.R., N.H.L., D.F., I.I.-A., J.L.B., P.S.D., R.E.H., J.B.K., G.A.H., D.R.K., G.K., A.W., and R.B.F. wrote the paper.</p></fn><fn id="fn2"><p><sup>2</sup>Retired.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>4</day><month>6</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>5</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><volume>110</volume><issue>23</issue><fpage>E2088</fpage><lpage>E2097</lpage><self-uri xlink:title="pdf" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="pnas.201301760.pdf"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="executive-summary"><title>Significance</title><p>We present detailed geochemical and morphological analyses of nearly 700 spherules from 18 sites in support of a major cosmic impact at the onset of the Younger Dryas episode (12.8 ka). The impact distributed ∼10 million tonnes of melted spherules over 50 million square kilometers on four continents. Origins of the spherules by volcanism, anthropogenesis, authigenesis, lightning, and meteoritic ablation are rejected on geochemical and morphological grounds. The spherules closely resemble known impact materials derived from surficial sediments melted at temperatures >2,200 °C. The spherules correlate with abundances of associated melt-glass, nanodiamonds, carbon spherules, aciniform carbon, charcoal, and iridium.</p></abstract><abstract><p>Airbursts/impacts by a fragmented comet or asteroid have been proposed at the Younger Dryas onset (12.80 ± 0.15 ka) based on identification of an assemblage of impact-related proxies, including microspherules, nanodiamonds, and iridium. Distributed across four continents at the Younger Dryas boundary (YDB), spherule peaks have been independently confirmed in eight studies, but unconfirmed in two others, resulting in continued dispute about their occurrence, distribution, and origin. To further address this dispute and better identify YDB spherules, we present results from one of the largest spherule investigations ever undertaken regarding spherule geochemistry, morphologies, origins, and processes of formation. We investigated 18 sites across North America, Europe, and the Middle East, performing nearly 700 analyses on spherules using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy for geochemical analyses and scanning electron microscopy for surface microstructural characterization. Twelve locations rank among the world’s premier end-Pleistocene archaeological sites, where the YDB marks a hiatus in human occupation or major changes in site use. Our results are consistent with melting of sediments to temperatures >2,200 °C by the thermal radiation and air shocks produced by passage of an extraterrestrial object through the atmosphere; they are inconsistent with volcanic, cosmic, anthropogenic, lightning, or authigenic sources. We also produced spherules from wood in the laboratory at >1,730 °C, indicating that impact-related incineration of biomass may have contributed to spherule production. At 12.8 ka, an estimated 10 million tonnes of spherules were distributed across ∼50 million square kilometers, similar to well-known impact strewnfields and consistent with a major cosmic impact event.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Clovis–Folsom</kwd><kwd>lechatelierite</kwd><kwd>tektite</kwd><kwd>wildfires</kwd></kwd-group><counts><page-count count="10"></page-count></counts></article-meta></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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