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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Pleosporales</title><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Ying" sort="Zhang, Ying" uniqKey="Zhang Y" first="Ying" last="Zhang">Ying Zhang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Division of Microbiology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, SAR People’s Republic of China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Crous, Pedro W" sort="Crous, Pedro W" uniqKey="Crous P" first="Pedro W." last="Crous">Pedro W. Crous</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff2">CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schoch, Conrad L" sort="Schoch, Conrad L" uniqKey="Schoch C" first="Conrad L." last="Schoch">Conrad L. Schoch</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff3">National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 45 Center Drive, MSC 6510, Bethesda, MD 20892-6510 USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hyde, Kevin D" sort="Hyde, Kevin D" uniqKey="Hyde K" first="Kevin D." last="Hyde">Kevin D. Hyde</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff4">School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Tasud, Muang, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff5">Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11442 Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">23097638</idno><idno type="pmc">3477819</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3477819</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3477819</idno><idno type="doi">10.1007/s13225-011-0117-x</idno><date when="2011">2011</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000075</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000075</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Pleosporales</title><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Ying" sort="Zhang, Ying" uniqKey="Zhang Y" first="Ying" last="Zhang">Ying Zhang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Division of Microbiology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, SAR People’s Republic of China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Crous, Pedro W" sort="Crous, Pedro W" uniqKey="Crous P" first="Pedro W." last="Crous">Pedro W. Crous</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff2">CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schoch, Conrad L" sort="Schoch, Conrad L" uniqKey="Schoch C" first="Conrad L." last="Schoch">Conrad L. Schoch</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff3">National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 45 Center Drive, MSC 6510, Bethesda, MD 20892-6510 USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hyde, Kevin D" sort="Hyde, Kevin D" uniqKey="Hyde K" first="Kevin D." last="Hyde">Kevin D. Hyde</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff4">School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Tasud, Muang, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff5">Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11442 Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Fungal Diversity</title><idno type="ISSN">1560-2745</idno><idno type="eISSN">1878-9129</idno><imprint><date when="2011">2011</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>One hundred and five generic types of <italic>Pleosporales</italic> are described and illustrated. A brief introduction and detailed history with short notes on morphology, molecular phylogeny as well as a general conclusion of each genus are provided. For those genera where the type or a representative specimen is unavailable, a brief note is given. Altogether 174 genera of <italic>Pleosporales</italic> are treated. <italic>Phaeotrichaceae</italic> as well as <italic>Kriegeriella</italic>, <italic>Zeuctomorpha</italic> and <italic>Muroia</italic> are excluded from <italic>Pleosporales</italic>. Based on the multigene phylogenetic analysis, the suborder <italic>Massarineae</italic> is emended to accommodate five families, viz. <italic>Lentitheciaceae</italic>, <italic>Massarinaceae</italic>, <italic>Montagnulaceae</italic>, <italic>Morosphaeriaceae</italic> and <italic>Trematosphaeriaceae</italic>.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Aguirre Hudson, B" uniqKey="Aguirre Hudson B">B Aguirre-Hudson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ahmed, Si" uniqKey="Ahmed S">SI Ahmed</name></author><author><name sortKey="Asad, F" uniqKey="Asad F">F Asad</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ahmed, Si" uniqKey="Ahmed S">SI Ahmed</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cain, Rf" uniqKey="Cain R">RF Cain</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Alias, Sa" uniqKey="Alias 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Fungal Divers</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Fungal Divers</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Fungal Diversity</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1560-2745</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1878-9129</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Springer Netherlands</publisher-name><publisher-loc>Dordrecht</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">23097638</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3477819</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">117</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s13225-011-0117-x</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Pleosporales</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>Ying</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Crous</surname><given-names>Pedro W.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Schoch</surname><given-names>Conrad L.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff3"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Hyde</surname><given-names>Kevin D.</given-names></name><address><email>kdhyde3@gmail.com</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff4"></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff5"></xref></contrib><aff id="Aff1"><label></label>Division of Microbiology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, SAR People’s Republic of China</aff><aff id="Aff2"><label></label>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="Aff3"><label></label>National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 45 Center Drive, MSC 6510, Bethesda, MD 20892-6510 USA</aff><aff id="Aff4"><label></label>School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Tasud, Muang, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand</aff><aff id="Aff5"><label></label>Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11442 Saudi Arabia</aff></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>9</day><month>10</month><year>2011</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>9</day><month>10</month><year>2011</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>3</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><volume>53</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>1</fpage><lpage>221</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>31</day><month>3</month><year>2011</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>13</day><month>6</month><year>2011</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© The Author(s) 2011</copyright-statement></permissions><abstract id="Abs1"><p>One hundred and five generic types of <italic>Pleosporales</italic> are described and illustrated. A brief introduction and detailed history with short notes on morphology, molecular phylogeny as well as a general conclusion of each genus are provided. For those genera where the type or a representative specimen is unavailable, a brief note is given. Altogether 174 genera of <italic>Pleosporales</italic> are treated. <italic>Phaeotrichaceae</italic> as well as <italic>Kriegeriella</italic>, <italic>Zeuctomorpha</italic> and <italic>Muroia</italic> are excluded from <italic>Pleosporales</italic>. Based on the multigene phylogenetic analysis, the suborder <italic>Massarineae</italic> is emended to accommodate five families, viz. <italic>Lentitheciaceae</italic>, <italic>Massarinaceae</italic>, <italic>Montagnulaceae</italic>, <italic>Morosphaeriaceae</italic> and <italic>Trematosphaeriaceae</italic>.</p></abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><title>Keywords</title><kwd>Generic type</kwd><kwd><italic>Massarineae</italic></kwd><kwd>Molecular phylogeny</kwd><kwd>Morphology</kwd><kwd><italic>Pleosporales</italic></kwd><kwd>Taxonomy</kwd></kwd-group><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>issue-copyright-statement</meta-name><meta-value>© The Mushroom Research Foundation 2012</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="Sec1" sec-type="introduction"><title>Introduction</title><sec id="Sec2"><title>Historic overview of <italic>Pleosporales</italic></title><p><italic>Pleosporales</italic> is the largest order in the <italic>Dothideomycetes</italic>, comprising a quarter of all dothideomycetous species (Kirk et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR198">2008</xref>). Species in this order occur in various habitats, and can be epiphytes, endophytes or parasites of living leaves or stems, hyperparasites on fungi or insects, lichenized, or are saprobes of dead plant stems, leaves or bark (Kruys et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR221">2006</xref>; Ramesh <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR291">2003</xref>).</p><p>The <italic>Pleosporaceae</italic> was introduced by Nitschke (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR272">1869</xref>), and was assigned to <italic>Sphaeriales</italic> based on immersed ascomata and presence of pseudoparaphyses (Ellis and Everhart <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR95">1892</xref>; Lindau <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR229">1897</xref>; Wehmeyer <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR409">1975</xref>; Winter <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR414">1887</xref>). Taxa in this family were then assigned to <italic>Pseudosphaeriaceae</italic> (Theissen and Sydow <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR375">1918</xref>; Wehmeyer <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR409">1975</xref>). <italic>Pseudosphaeriales</italic>, represented by <italic>Pseudosphaeriaceae</italic>, was introduced by Theissen and Sydow (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR375">1918</xref>), and was distinguished from <italic>Dothideales</italic> by its uniloculate, perithecioid ascostromata. Subsequently, the uni- or pluri-loculate ascostromata was reported to be an invalid character to separate members of <italic>Dothideomycetes</italic> into different orders (Luttrell <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR240">1955</xref>). In addition, the familial type of <italic>Pseudosphaeriales</italic> together with its type genus, <italic>Pseudosphaeria</italic>, was transferred to <italic>Dothideales</italic>, thus <italic>Pseudosphaeriales</italic> became a synonym of <italic>Dothideales</italic>. The name “<italic>Pseudosphaeriales</italic>” has been applied in different senses, thus <italic>Pleosporales</italic> (as an invalid name due to the absence of a Latin diagnosis) was proposed by Luttrell (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR240">1955</xref>) to replace the confusing name, <italic>Pseudosphaeriales</italic>, which included seven families, i.e. <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic>, <italic>Didymosphaeriaceae</italic>, <italic>Herpotrichiellaceae</italic>, <italic>Lophiostomataceae</italic>, <italic>Mesnieraceae</italic>, <italic>Pleosporaceae</italic> and <italic>Venturiaceae</italic>. Müller and von Arx (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR265">1962</xref>) however, reused <italic>Pseudosphaeriales</italic> with 12 families included, viz. <italic>Capnodiaceae</italic>, <italic>Chaetothyriaceae</italic>, <italic>Dimeriaceae</italic>, <italic>Lophiostomataceae</italic>, <italic>Mesnieraceae</italic>, <italic>Micropeltaceae</italic>, <italic>Microthyriaceae</italic>, <italic>Mycosphaerellaceae</italic>, <italic>Pleosporaceae</italic>, <italic>Sporormiaceae</italic>, <italic>Trichothyriaceae</italic> and <italic>Venturiaceae</italic>.</p><p>Familial circumscriptions of the <italic>Pleosporales</italic> were based on characters of ascomata, morphology of asci and their arrangement in locules, presence and type of hamathecium, shape of papilla or ostioles, morphology of ascospores and type of habitats (Luttrell <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR241">1973</xref>) (Table <xref rid="Tab1" ref-type="table">1</xref>). Based on these characters, Luttrell (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR241">1973</xref>) included eight families, i.e. <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic>, <italic>Dimeriaceae</italic>, <italic>Lophiostomataceae</italic>, <italic>Mesnieraceae</italic>, <italic>Mycoporaceae</italic>, <italic>Pleosporaceae</italic>, <italic>Sporormiaceae</italic> and <italic>Venturiaceae</italic> in <italic>Pleosporales</italic>. In their review of bitunicate ascomycetes, von Arx and Müller (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR390">1975</xref>) accepted only a single order, <italic>Dothideales</italic>, with two suborders, i.e. <italic>Dothideineae</italic> (including <italic>Atichiales</italic>, <italic>Dothiorales</italic>, <italic>Hysteriales</italic> and <italic>Myriangiales</italic>) and <italic>Pseudosphaeriineae</italic> (including <italic>Capnodiales</italic>, <italic>Chaetothyriales</italic>, <italic>Hemisphaeriales</italic>, <italic>Lophiostomatales</italic>, <italic>Microthyriales</italic>, <italic>Perisporiales</italic>, <italic>Pleosporales</italic>, <italic>Pseudosphaeriales</italic> and <italic>Trichothyriales</italic>). This proposal has however, rarely been followed. Three existing families, i.e. <italic>Lophiostomataceae</italic>, <italic>Pleosporaceae</italic> and <italic>Venturiaceae</italic> plus 11 other families were accepted in <italic>Pleosporales</italic> as arranged by Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR17">1979a</xref>) (largely using Luttrell’s concepts, Table <xref rid="Tab1" ref-type="table">1</xref>), and she assigned these families to six suborders. The morphology of pseudoparaphyses was given much prominence at the ordinal level in this classification (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR23">1983</xref>). In particular the <italic>Melanommatales</italic> was introduced to accommodate taxa with trabeculate pseudoparaphyses (<italic>Sporormia</italic>-type centrum development) (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR23">1983</xref>), distinguished from cellular pseudoparaphyses (<italic>Pleospora</italic>-type centrum development) possessed by members of <italic>Pleosporales sensu</italic> Barr. The order <italic>Melanommatales</italic> included <italic>Didymosphaeriaceae</italic>, <italic>Fenestellaceae</italic>, <italic>Massariaceae</italic>, <italic>Melanommataceae</italic>, <italic>Microthyriaceae</italic>, <italic>Mytilinidiaceae</italic>, <italic>Platystomaceae</italic> and <italic>Requienellaceae</italic> (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">1990a</xref>).<table-wrap id="Tab1"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Major circumscription changes of <italic>Pleosporales</italic> from 1955 to 2011</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th>References</th><th>Circumscription of <italic>Pleosporales</italic></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Luttrell <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR240">1955</xref></td><td><italic>Pleospora</italic>-type centrum development.</td></tr><tr><td>Müller and von Arx <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR265">1962</xref></td><td>Ascomata perithecoid, with rounded or slit-like ostiole; asci produced within a locule, arranged regularly in a single layer or irregularly scattered, surrounded with filiform pseudoparaphyses, cylindrical, ellipsoidal or sac-like.</td></tr><tr><td>Luttrell <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR241">1973</xref></td><td>Ascocarps perithecioid, immersed, erumpent to superficial on various substrates, asci ovoid to mostly clavate or cylindrical, interspersed with pseudoparaphyses (sometimes form an epithecium) in mostly medium- to large-sized locules.</td></tr><tr><td>Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR17">1979a</xref></td><td>Saprobic, parasitic, lichenized or hypersaprobic. Ascomata perithecioid, rarely cleistothecioid or hysterothecioid, peridium pseudoparenchymatous, pseudoparaphyses cellular, narrow or broad, deliquescing early at times, not forming an epithecium, asci oblong, clavate or cylindrical, interspersed with pseudoparaphyses, ascospores mostly asymmetric.</td></tr><tr><td>Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR27">1987b</xref></td><td>Saprobic, biotrophic or hemibiotrophic. Ascomata globose, subglobose or conical, asci bitunicate, oblong, clavate or cylindrical, cellular pseudoparaphyses, ascospores hyaline or pigmented, asymmetric or symmetric, with or without septa.</td></tr><tr><td>Kirk et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR197">2001</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR198">2008</xref></td><td>Ascomata perithecial or rarely cleistothecial, sometimes clypeate, mostly globose, thick-walled, immersed or erumpent, black, sometimes setose, peridium composed of pseudoparenchymatous cells, pseudoparaphyses trabeculate or cellular, asci cylindrical, fissitunicate, with a well-developed ocular chamber, rarely with a poorly defined ring (J-), ascospores hyaline to brown, septate, thin or thick-walled, sometimes muriform, usually with sheath, anamorphs hyphomycetous or coelomycetous.</td></tr><tr><td>Boehm et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR48">2009a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR49">b</xref>; Mugambi and Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR259">2009b</xref>; Schoch et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR314">2009</xref>; Shearer et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR321">2009</xref>; Suetrong et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR357">2009</xref>; Tanaka et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR370">2009</xref>; Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref></td><td>Hemibiotrophic, saprobic, hypersaprobic, or lichenized. Habitats in freshwater, marine or terrestrial environment. Ascomata perithecioid, rarely cleistothecioid, immersed, erumpent to superficial, globose to subglobose, or lenticular to irregular, with or without conspicuous papilla or ostioles. Ostioles with or without periphyses. Peridium usually composed of a few layers of cells with various shapes and structures. Hamathecium persistent, filamentous, very rarely decomposing. Asci bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical, clavate to obclavate, with or without pedicel. Ascospores hyaline or pigmented, ellipsoidal, broadly to narrowly fusoid or filiform, mostly septate.</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></p><p><italic>Pleosporales</italic> was formally established by Luttrell and Barr (in Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR27">1987b</xref>), characterised by perithecioid ascomata, usually with a papillate apex, ostioles with or without periphyses, presence of cellular pseudoparaphyses, bitunicate asci, and ascospores of various shapes, pigmentation and septation (Table <xref rid="Tab1" ref-type="table">1</xref>). Eighteen families were included, i.e. <italic>Arthopyreniaceae</italic>, <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic>, <italic>Cucurbitariaceae</italic>, <italic>Dacampiaceae</italic>, <italic>Dimeriaceae</italic>, <italic>Hysteriaceae</italic>, <italic>Leptosphaeriaceae</italic>, <italic>Lophiostomataceae</italic>, <italic>Parodiellaceae</italic>, <italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic>, <italic>Phaeotrichaceae</italic>, <italic>Pleomassariaceae</italic>, <italic>Pleosporaceae</italic>, <italic>Polystomellaceae</italic>, <italic>Pyrenophoraceae</italic>, <italic>Micropeltidaceae</italic>, <italic>Tubeufiaceae</italic> and <italic>Venturiaceae</italic>. Recent phylogenetic analysis based on DNA sequence comparisons, however, indicated that separation of the orders (<italic>Pleosporales</italic> and <italic>Melanommatales</italic>) based on the <italic>Pleospora</italic> or <italic>Sporormia</italic> centrum type, is not a natural grouping, and <italic>Melanommatales</italic> has therefore been combined under <italic>Pleosporales</italic> (Liew et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR227">2000</xref>; Lumbsch and Lindemuth <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR238">2001</xref>; Reynolds <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR295">1991</xref>). Six more families, i.e. <italic>Cucurbitariaceae</italic>, <italic>Diademaceae</italic>, <italic>Didymosphaeriaceae</italic>, <italic>Mytilinidiaceae</italic>, <italic>Testudinaceae</italic> and <italic>Zopfiaceae</italic>, were subsequently added to <italic>Pleosporales</italic> (Lumbsch and Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR236">2007</xref>). After intensive sampling and multigene phylogenetic studies, 20 families were accepted in <italic>Pleosporales</italic>, namely <italic>Aigialaceae</italic>, <italic>Amniculicolaceae</italic>, <italic>Delitschiaceae</italic>, <italic>Didymellaceae</italic>, <italic>Didymosphaeriaceae</italic>, <italic>Hypsostromataceae</italic>, <italic>Lentitheciaceae</italic>, <italic>Leptosphaeriaceae</italic>, <italic>Lindgomycetaceae</italic>, <italic>Lophiostomataceae</italic>, <italic>Massarinaceae</italic>, <italic>Melanommataceae</italic>, <italic>Montagnulaceae</italic>, <italic>Morosphaeriaceae</italic>, <italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic>, <italic>Pleosporaceae</italic>, <italic>Pleomassariaceae</italic>, <italic>Sporormiaceae</italic>, <italic>Tetraplosphaeriaceae</italic> and <italic>Trematosphaeriaceae</italic> (Boehm et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR48">2009a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR49">b</xref>; Mugambi and Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR259">2009b</xref>; Schoch et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR314">2009</xref>; Shearer et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR321">2009</xref>; Suetrong et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR357">2009</xref>; Tanaka et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR370">2009</xref>; Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>) (Table <xref rid="Tab1" ref-type="table">1</xref>). In addition, another five families, i.e. <italic>Arthopyreniaceae</italic>, <italic>Cucurbitariaceae</italic>, <italic>Diademaceae</italic>, <italic>Teichosporaceae</italic> and <italic>Zopfiaceae</italic> are tentatively included (Kruys et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR221">2006</xref>; Plate <xref rid="Fig1" ref-type="fig">1</xref>). In the most recent issue of Myconet, 28 families were included in <italic>Pleosporales</italic> (Lumbsch and Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR237">2010</xref>).<fig id="Fig1"><label>Plate 1</label><caption><p>The best scoring likelihood tree of representative Pleosporales obtained with RAxML v. 7.2.7 for a concatenated set of nucleotides from LSU, SSU, <italic>RPB</italic>2 and <italic>TEF</italic>1<italic>.</italic> Family and suborder names are indicated where possible. The percentages of nodes present in 250 bootstrap pseudo replicates are shown above branches. Culture and voucher numbers are indicated after species names and the presence of the genes used in the analysis are indicated by pluses in this order: LSU, SSU, <italic>RPB</italic>2, <italic>TEF</italic>1</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig1a_HTML" id="d30e1017"></graphic><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig1b_HTML" id="d30e1018"></graphic></fig></p><p>Species included in <italic>Pleosporales</italic> have different ecological or morphological characters. For instance, members of the <italic>Leptosphaeriaceae</italic> have saprobic or parasitic lifestyles and lightly pigmented, multi-septate ascospores. Members of the <italic>Lophiostomataceae</italic> are mostly saprobic with ascomata that usually possess a compressed apex. Members of <italic>Sporormiaceae</italic> are coprophilous, and are characterized by heavily pigmented, multi-septate ascospores with germ slits, and with or without non-periphysate ostioles. The lack of DNA sequence data for representatives of numerous families means that their inter-relationships are unclear and many genera or species are artificially placed based on morphological classification. The most recent study on <italic>Venturiaceae</italic> indicated that this group had a set of unique morphological and ecological characters, which is distinct and distantly related to other members of <italic>Pleosporales</italic> (Kruys et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR221">2006</xref>; Zhang et al. unpublished). Molecular phylogenetic results indicated that members of <italic>Venturiaceae</italic> form a robust clade separate from the core members of <italic>Pleosporales</italic>, and the clade of <italic>Venturiaceae</italic> was uncertainly placed but outside of the two currently designated dothideomycetous subclasses, i.e. <italic>Pleosporomycetidae</italic> and <italic>Dothideomycetidae</italic> (Schoch et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR314">2009</xref>). In addition, phylogenetic analysis of rDNA sequence data indicates that members of <italic>Zopfiaceae</italic> (as <italic>Testudinaceae</italic>) seem to lack affinity with <italic>Pleosporales</italic> (Kodsueb et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR203">2006</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR203">b</xref>). Thus, 26 families are temporarily accepted in <italic>Pleosporales</italic> in this study, although some such as <italic>Zopfiaceae</italic>, still require extensive DNA sequence sampling (Table <xref rid="Tab4" ref-type="table">4</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec3"><title>Morpho-characters used in taxonomy of <italic>Pleosporales</italic></title><sec id="Sec4"><title>Sexual characters</title><p>According to the Linnean classification system, reproductive structures are the most important criteria in plant taxonomy, and this proposal is widely applied in fungal taxonomy (Gäumann <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR125">1952</xref>). In the classification of <italic>Dothideomycetes</italic>, reproductive characters such as the uni- or multilocular nature and shape of ascomata, presence and shape of ostioles/papillae, shape and apical structures of asci and shape, pigmentation and septation of ascospores play important roles at different ranks (Clements and Shear <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR76">1931</xref>; Luttrell <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR239">1951</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR240">1955</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR241">1973</xref>). Besides the common morphological characters possessed by <italic>Dothideomycetes</italic> (bitunicate and fissitunicate asci as well as the perithecioid-like ascostromata), most pleosporalean fungi also have pseudoparaphyses among their well-arranged asci (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>). Currently, classification of <italic>Pleosporales</italic> at the family level focuses mostly on morphological characters of ascomata (such as size, shape of ostiole or papilla), presence or absence of periphyses, characters of centrum (such as asci, pseudoparaphyses and ascospores) as well as on lifestyle or habitat (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">1990a</xref>; Shearer et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR321">2009</xref>; Suetrong et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR357">2009</xref>; Tanaka et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR370">2009</xref>; Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>), whilst relying extensively on DNA sequence comparisons.</p><p><bold>Ascomata</bold></p><p>Most species of <italic>Pleosporales</italic> have uniloculate ascomata. The presence (or absence) and forms of papilla and ostiole are the pitoval character of ascomata, which serve as important characteristics in generic or higher rank classification (Clements and Shear <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR76">1931</xref>). The vertically flattened papilla has recently been shown as an effective criterion for familial level classification, e.g. in the <italic>Amniculicolaceae</italic> and the <italic>Lophiostomataceae</italic> (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>). Papillae and ostioles are present in most species of <italic>Pleosporales</italic>, except in the <italic>Diademaceae</italic> and <italic>Sporormiaceae</italic>. Members of <italic>Diademaceae</italic> have apothecial ascomata, and some genera of <italic>Sporormiaceae</italic> have cleistothecioid ascomata. Another coprophilous pleosporalean family, <italic>Delitschiaceae</italic>, can be distinguished from <italic>Sporormiaceae</italic> by the presence of periphysate ostioles.</p><p><bold>Pseudoparaphyses</bold></p><p>Presence of pseudoparaphyses is a characteristic of <italic>Pleosporales</italic> (Kirk et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR198">2008</xref>; Liew et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR227">2000</xref>). Although pseudoparaphyses may be deliquescing in some families when the ascomata mature (e.g. in <italic>Didymellaceae</italic>), they are persistent in most of other pleosporalean members. According to the thickness, with or without branching and density of septa, pseudoparaphyses were roughly divided into two types: trabeculate and cellular, and their taxonomic significance need to be re-evaluated (Liew et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR227">2000</xref>).</p><p><bold>Asci</bold></p><p>The asci of <italic>Pleosporales</italic> are bitunicate, usually fissitunicate, mostly cylindrical, clavate or cylindro-clavate, and rarely somewhat obclavate or sphaerical (e.g. <italic>Macroventuria anomochaeta</italic> Aa and <italic>Westerdykella dispersa</italic>). There are ocular chambers in some genera (e.g. <italic>Amniculicola</italic> and <italic>Asteromassaria</italic>), or sometimes with a large apical ring (J-) (e.g. <italic>Massaria</italic>).</p><p><bold>Ascospores</bold></p><p>Ascospores of <italic>Pleosporales</italic> can be hyaline or colored to varying degrees. They may be amerosporous (e.g. species of <italic>Semidelitschia</italic>), phragmosporous (e.g. <italic>Phaeosphaeria</italic> and <italic>Massariosphaeria</italic>), dictyosporous (e.g. most species of <italic>Pleospora</italic> and <italic>Bimuria</italic>), or scolecosporous (e.g. type species of <italic>Cochliobolus</italic>, <italic>Entodesmium</italic> or <italic>Lophionema</italic>). Although ascospore morphology had been regarded as a key factor in differentiating genera under some families, e.g. <italic>Arthopyreniaceae</italic> (Watson <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR401">1929</xref>) and <italic>Testudinaceae</italic> (Hawksworth <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR133">1979</xref>), it has been proven variable even within a single species. For instance, two types of ascospores are produced by <italic>Mamillisphaeria dimorphospora</italic>, i.e. one type is large and hyaline, and the other is comparatively smaller and brown. Numerous studies have shown the unreliability of ascospore characters above genus level classification (e.g. Phillips et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR280">2008</xref>; Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec5"><title>Asexual states of <italic>Pleosporales</italic></title><p><bold>Anamorphs of pleosporalean families</bold></p><p>Anamorphs of <italic>Pleosporales</italic> are mostly coelomycetous, but may also be hyphomycetous. <italic>Phoma</italic> or <italic>Phoma</italic>-like anamorphic stages and its relatives are most common anamorphs of <italic>Pleosporales</italic> (Aveskamp et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR11">2010</xref>; de Gruyter et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR85">2009</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR86">2010</xref>; Hyde et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR182">2011</xref>). Some of the reported teleomorph and anamorph connections (including some listed below) are, however, based on the association rather than single ascospore isolation followed by induction of the other stage in culture (Hyde et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR182">2011</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Pleosporales</italic></bold><bold>suborder</bold><bold><italic>Pleosporineae</italic></bold></p><p><italic>Pleosporineae</italic> is a phylogenetically well supported suborder of <italic>Pleosporales</italic>, which temporarily includes seven families, namely <italic>Cucurbitariaceae</italic>, <italic>Didymellaceae</italic>, <italic>Didymosphaeriaceae</italic>, <italic>Dothidotthiaceae</italic>, <italic>Leptosphaeriaceae</italic>, <italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic> and <italic>Pleosporaceae</italic>, and contains many important plant pathogens (de Gruyter et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR86">2010</xref>; Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>). De Gruyter et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR85">2009</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR86">2010</xref>) systematically analyzed the phylogeny of <italic>Phoma</italic> and its closely related genera, and indicated that their representative species cluster in different subclades of <italic>Pleosporineae</italic>.</p><p><bold><italic>Cucurbitariaceae</italic></bold></p><p>Based on the molecular phylogenetic analysis, some species of <italic>Coniothyrium</italic>, <italic>Pyrenochaeta</italic>, <italic>Phoma</italic>, <italic>Phialophorophoma</italic> and <italic>Pleurophoma</italic> belong to <italic>Cucurbitariaceae</italic> (de Gruyter et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR86">2010</xref>; Hyde et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR182">2011</xref>). Other reported anamorphs of <italic>Cucurbitaria</italic> are <italic>Camarosporium</italic>, <italic>Diplodia</italic>-like and <italic>Pleurostromella</italic> (Hyde et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR182">2011</xref>; Sivanesan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR344">1984</xref>). The generic type of <italic>Cucurbitaria</italic> (<italic>C</italic>. <italic>berberidis</italic> Fuckel) is linked to <italic>Pyrenochaeta berberidis</italic> (Farr et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR115">1989</xref>). <italic>Curreya</italic> has a <italic>Coniothyrium</italic>-like anamorphic stage (von Arx and van der Aa <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR391">1983</xref>; Marincowitz et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR247">2008</xref>). The generic type of <italic>Curreya</italic> is <italic>C</italic>. <italic>conorum</italic> (Fuckel) Sacc., which is reported to be linked with <italic>Coniothyrium glomerulatum</italic> Sacc. (von Arx and van der Aa <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR391">1983</xref>). The generic type of <italic>Rhytidiella</italic> (<italic>R</italic>. <italic>moriformis</italic>, <italic>Cucurbitariaceae</italic>) can cause rough-bark of <italic>Populus balsamifera</italic>, and has a <italic>Phaeoseptoria</italic> anamorphic stage (Zalasky <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR421">1968</xref>). <italic>Rhytidiella baranyayi</italic> Funk & Zalasky, another species of <italic>Rhytidiella</italic> associated with the cork-bark disease of aspen is linked with <italic>Pseudosporella</italic>-like anamorphs (Funk and Zalasky <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR124">1975</xref>; Sivanesan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR344">1984</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Didymellaceae, Didymosphaeriaceae</italic></bold><bold>and</bold><bold><italic>Dothidotthiaceae</italic></bold></p><p>As has been mentioned before, <italic>Phoma sensu lato</italic> species have been proved to be highly polyphyletic, and they cluster in six distinct familial clades within the <italic>Pleosporales</italic> (Aveskamp et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR11">2010</xref>). Most <italic>Phoma</italic> species, including the generic type (<italic>P</italic>. <italic>herbarum</italic>), clustered in <italic>Didymellaceae</italic> (Aveskamp et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR11">2010</xref>). The clade of <italic>Didymellaceae</italic> also comprises other sections, such as <italic>Ampelomyces</italic>, <italic>Boeremia</italic>, <italic>Chaetasbolisia</italic>, <italic>Dactuliochaeta</italic>, <italic>Epicoccum</italic>, <italic>Peyronellaea</italic>, <italic>Phoma</italic>-like, <italic>Piggotia</italic>, <italic>Pithoascus</italic>, as well as the type species of <italic>Ascochyta</italic> and <italic>Microsphaeropsis</italic> (Aveskamp et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR11">2010</xref>; de Gruyter et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR85">2009</xref>; Kirk et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR198">2008</xref>; Sivanesan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR344">1984</xref>). <italic>Leptosphaerulina</italic> is another genus of <italic>Didymellaceae</italic>, which has hyphomycetous anamorphs with pigmented and muriform conidia, such as <italic>Pithomyces</italic> (Roux <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR299">1986</xref>).</p><p>The other reported anamorphs of <italic>Didymosphaeria</italic> are <italic>Fusicladiella</italic>-like, <italic>Dendrophoma</italic>, <italic>Phoma</italic>-like (Hyde et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR182">2011</xref>). Hyphomycetous <italic>Thyrostroma</italic> links to <italic>Dothidotthiaceae</italic> (Phillips et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR280">2008</xref>).</p><p>Some important plant pathogens are included within <italic>Didymellaceae</italic>, such as <italic>Phoma medicaginis</italic> Malbr. & Roum., which is a necrotrophic pathogen on <italic>Medicago truncatula</italic> (Ellwood et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR96">2006</xref>). <italic>Phoma herbarum</italic> is another plant pathogen, which has potential as a biocontrol agent of weeds (Neumann and Boland <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR271">2002</xref>). <italic>Ascochyta rabiei</italic> is a devastating disease of chickpea in most of the chickpea producing countries (Saxena and Singh <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR310">1987</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Leptosphaeriaceae</italic></bold></p><p>The anamorphic stages of <italic>Leptosphaeriaceae</italic> can be <italic>Coniothyrium</italic>, <italic>Phoma</italic>, <italic>Plenodomus</italic> and <italic>Pyrenochaeta</italic>. All are coelomycetous anamorphs, and they may have phialidic or annellidic conidiogenous cells. <italic>Phoma heteromorphospora</italic> Aa & Kesteren, the type species of <italic>Phoma</italic> sect. <italic>Heterospora</italic> and <italic>Coniothyrium palmarum</italic>, the generic type of <italic>Coniothyrium</italic>, reside in <italic>Leptosphaeriaceae</italic> (de Gruyter et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR85">2009</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Pleosporaceae</italic></bold></p><p>Various anamorphic types can occur in <italic>Pleosporaceae</italic>, which can be coelomycetous or hyphomycetous, and the ontogeny of conidiogenous cells can be phialidic, annellidic or sympodial blastic. Both <italic>Ascochyta caulina</italic> and <italic>Phoma betae</italic> belong to <italic>Pleosporaceae</italic> (de Gruyter et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR85">2009</xref>).</p><p>Some species of <italic>Bipolaris</italic> and <italic>Curvularia</italic> are anamorphs of <italic>Cochliobolus</italic>. Many species of these two genera cause plant disease or even infect human beings (Khan et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR195">2000</xref>). They are hyphomycetous anamorphs with sympodial proliferating conidiogenous cells, and pigmented phragmosporous poroconidia. The generic type of <italic>Lewia</italic> (<italic>L</italic>. <italic>scrophulariae</italic>) is linked with <italic>Alternaria conjuncta</italic> E.G. Simmons (Simmons <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR338">1986</xref>), and the generic type of <italic>Pleospora</italic> (<italic>P</italic>. <italic>herbarum</italic>) is linked with <italic>Stemphylium botryosum</italic> Sacc. (Sivanesan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR344">1984</xref>). Both <italic>Alternaria</italic> and <italic>Stemphylium</italic> are hyphomycetous anamorphs characterized by pigmented, muriform conidia that develop at a very restricted site in the apex of distinctive conidiophores (Simmons <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR341">2007</xref>).</p><p>The generic type of <italic>Pleoseptum</italic> (<italic>P</italic>. <italic>yuccaesedum</italic>) is linked with <italic>Camarosporium yuccaesedum</italic> (Ramaley and Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR289">1995</xref>), the generic type of <italic>Macrospora</italic> (<italic>M</italic>. <italic>scirpicola</italic>) with <italic>Nimbya scirpicola</italic> (Fuckel) E.G. Simmons (Simmons <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR339">1989</xref>), and the generic type of <italic>Setosphaeria</italic> (<italic>S</italic>. <italic>turcica</italic>) with <italic>Drechslera turcica</italic> (Pass.) Subram. & B.L. Jain (Sivanesan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR344">1984</xref>). <italic>Pyrenophora</italic> has the anamorphic stages of <italic>Drechslera</italic>, and the anamorphic stage of <italic>Wettsteinina</italic> can be species of <italic>Stagonospora</italic> (Farr et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR115">1989</xref>).</p><p>Most common anamorphs in <italic>Pleosporaceae</italic> are <italic>Alternaria</italic>, <italic>Bipolaris</italic>, <italic>Phoma</italic>-like and <italic>Stemphylium</italic>, and they can be saprobic or parasitic on various hosts. <italic>Phoma betae</italic> A.B. Frank is a notorious pathogen on sugar beet, which causes zonate leaf spot or Phomopsis of sugar beet. <italic>Alternaria porri</italic> (Ellis) Cif., <italic>Stemphylium solani</italic> G.F. Weber, <italic>S</italic>. <italic>botryosum</italic> and <italic>S</italic>. <italic>vesicarium</italic> (Wallr.) E.G. Simmons can cause leaf blight of garlic (Zheng et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR430">2009</xref>). <italic>Phoma incompta</italic> Sacc. & Martelli is a pathogen on olive, and <italic>Stemphylium botryosum</italic>, the anamorph of <italic>Pleospora herbarum</italic>, causes leaf disease of olive trees (Malathrakis <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR244">1979</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic></bold></p><p>The type species of <italic>Phoma</italic> sect. <italic>Paraphoma</italic> (<italic>Phoma radicina</italic> (McAlpine) Boerema) as well as several pathogens on Gramineae, i.e. <italic>Stagonospora foliicola</italic> (Bres.) Bubák, <italic>S</italic>. <italic>neglecta</italic> var. <italic>colorata</italic> and <italic>Wojnowicia hirta</italic> Sacc. belong to <italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic> (de Gruyter et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR85">2009</xref>). Other anamorphs reported for <italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic> are <italic>Amarenographium</italic>, <italic>Ampelomyces</italic>, <italic>Chaetosphaeronema</italic>, <italic>Coniothyrium</italic>, <italic>Hendersonia</italic>, <italic>Neosetophoma</italic>, ?<italic>Parahendersonia</italic>, <italic>Paraphoma</italic>, <italic>Phaeoseptoria</italic>, <italic>Rhabdospora</italic>, <italic>Scolecosporiella</italic>, <italic>Setophoma</italic>, <italic>Sphaerellopsis</italic> and <italic>Tiarospora</italic>.</p><p>These anamorphic fungi can be saprobic, but mostly pathogenic on herbaceous plants. For instance, <italic>Stagonospora foliicola</italic> and <italic>Coniothyrium concentricum</italic> (Desm.) Sacc. can cause leaf spots on herbaceous plants (Zeiders <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR422">1975</xref>), and <italic>Ampelomyces quisqualis</italic> Ces. is a hyperparasite of powdery mildews.</p><p><bold><italic>Pleosporales</italic></bold><bold>suborder</bold><bold><italic>Massarineae</italic></bold></p><p><italic>Massarineae</italic> species are mostly saprobic in terrestrial or aquatic environments. Five families are currently included within <italic>Massarineae</italic>, viz. <italic>Lentitheciaceae</italic>, <italic>Massarinaceae</italic>, <italic>Montagnulaceae</italic>, <italic>Morosphaeriaceae</italic> and <italic>Trematosphaeriaceae</italic>. Anamorphs of the five families are summarized as follows.</p><p><bold><italic>Lentitheciaceae</italic></bold></p><p><italic>Stagonospora macropycnidia</italic> Cunnell nests within the clade of <italic>Lentitheciaceae</italic> (Plate <xref rid="Fig1" ref-type="fig">1</xref>). A relatively broad genus concept of <italic>Stagonospora</italic> is currently accepted, which comprises parasitic or saprobic taxa. <italic>Keissleriella cladophila</italic> (Niessl) Corbaz is another species nesting within <italic>Lentitheciaceae</italic> (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>), and is linked with <italic>Dendrophoma</italic> sp., which has branching conidiogenous cells, and 1-celled, hyaline conidia (Bose <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR55">1961</xref>; Sivanesan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR344">1984</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Massarinaceae</italic></bold></p><p>A relatively narrow concept tends to be accepted for <italic>Massarinaceae</italic>, which seems only to comprise limited species such as <italic>Byssothecium circinans</italic>, <italic>Massarina eburnea</italic>, <italic>M</italic>. <italic>cisti</italic> S.K. Bose, <italic>M</italic>. <italic>igniaria</italic> (C. Booth) Aptroot (anamorph: <italic>Periconia igniaria</italic> E.W. Mason & M.B. Ellis) and <italic>Neottiosporina paspali</italic> (G.F. Atk.) B. Sutton & Alcorn (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>; Plate <xref rid="Fig1" ref-type="fig">1</xref>). Similarly, a relatively narrow generic concept of <italic>Massarina</italic> was accepted, containing only <italic>M</italic>. <italic>eburnea</italic> and <italic>M</italic>. <italic>cisti</italic> (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR427">2009b</xref>), and both species have been linked with species of <italic>Ceratophoma</italic> (Sivanesan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR344">1984</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Montagnulaceae</italic></bold></p><p><italic>Montagnula</italic> has an <italic>Aschersonia</italic> anamorph, and <italic>Kalmusia</italic> and <italic>Paraphaeosphaeria</italic> have <italic>Coniothyrium</italic>-like, <italic>Cytoplea</italic>, <italic>Microsphaeropsis</italic> and <italic>Paraconiothyrium</italic> anamorphs. The generic type of <italic>Paraphaeosphaeria</italic> (<italic>P</italic>. <italic>michotii</italic>) is linked with <italic>Coniothyrium scirpi</italic> Trail (Webster <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR402">1955</xref>). The <italic>Coniothyrium</italic> complex is highly polyphyletic, and was subdivided into four groups by Sutton (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR359">1980</xref>), viz. <italic>Coniothyrium</italic>, <italic>Microsphaeropsis</italic>, <italic>Cyclothyrium</italic> and <italic>Cytoplea</italic>. <italic>Paraconiothyrium</italic> was introduced to accommodate <italic>Coniothyrium minitans</italic> W.A. Campb. and <italic>C</italic>. <italic>sporulosum</italic> (W. Gams & Domsch) Aa, which are closely related to <italic>Paraphaeosphaeria</italic> based on 18S rDNA sequences phylogeny (Verkley et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR381">2004</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Morosphaeriaceae</italic></bold></p><p>Based on the multigene phylogenetic analysis in this study, <italic>Asteromassaria</italic> is tentatively included in <italic>Morosphaeriaceae</italic>. <italic>Asteromassaria macrospora</italic> is linked with <italic>Scolicosporium macrosporium</italic> (Berk.) B. Sutton, which is hyphomycetous. No anamorphic stages have been reported for other species of <italic>Morosphaeriaceae</italic>.</p><p><bold><italic>Trematosphaeriaceae</italic></bold></p><p>Three species from three different genera were included in <italic>Trematosphaeriaceae</italic>, i.e. <italic>Falciformispora lignatilis</italic>, <italic>Halomassarina thalassiae</italic> and <italic>Trematosphaeria pertusa</italic> (Suetrong et al. data unpublished; Plate <xref rid="Fig1" ref-type="fig">1</xref>). Of these, only <italic>Trematosphaeria pertusa</italic>, the generic type of <italic>Trematosphaeria</italic>, produces hyphopodia-like structures on agar (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR423">2008a</xref>).</p></sec></sec><sec id="Sec6"><title>Other families of <italic>Pleosporales</italic></title><sec id="Sec7"><title>Amniculicolaceae</title><p>Three anamorphic species nested within the clade of <italic>Amniculicolaceae</italic>, i.e. <italic>Anguillospora longissima</italic> (Sacc. & P. Syd.) Ingold, <italic>Repetophragma ontariense</italic> (Matsush.) W.P. Wu and <italic>Spirosphaera cupreorufescens</italic> Voglmayr (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>). Sivanesan (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR344">1984</xref>, p. 500) described the teleomorphic stage of <italic>Anguillospora longissima</italic> as <italic>Massarina</italic> sp. II, which fits the diagnostic characters of <italic>Amniculicola</italic> well. Thus this taxon may be another species of <italic>Amniculicola</italic>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec8"><title>Hypsostromataceae</title><p>A <italic>Pleurophomopsis</italic>-like anamorph is reported in the subiculum of the generic type of <italic>Hypsostroma</italic> (<italic>H</italic>. <italic>saxicola</italic> Huhndorf) (Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR159">1992</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec9"><title>Lophiostomataceae</title><p>The concept of <italic>Lophiostomataceae</italic> was also narrowed, and presently contains only <italic>Lophiostoma</italic> (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>). Leuchtmann (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR226">1985</xref>) studied cultures of some <italic>Lophiostoma</italic> species, and noticed that <italic>L. caulium</italic> (Fr.) Ces. & De Not., <italic>L. macrostomum</italic>, <italic>L. semiliberum</italic> (Desm.) Ces. & De Not., <italic>Lophiostoma</italic> sp. and <italic>Lophiotrema nucula</italic> produced <italic>Pleurophomopsis</italic> anamorphic stages, which are similar to those now in <italic>Melanomma</italic> (Chesters <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR72">1938</xref>), but <italic>Lophiostoma</italic> and <italic>Melanomma</italic> has no proven phylogenetic relationship (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR427">b</xref>; Plate <xref rid="Fig1" ref-type="fig">1</xref>). Species of <italic>Aposphaeria</italic> have also been reported in <italic>Massariosphaeria</italic> (Farr et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR115">1989</xref>; Leuchtmann <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR225">1984</xref>), but the polyphyletic nature of <italic>Massariosphaeria</italic> is well documented (Wang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR400">2007</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec10"><title>Melanommataceae</title><p>The anamorphs of the <italic>Melanommataceae</italic> are mostly coelomycetous and rarely hyphomycetous with various ontogenic structures, such as annellidic or sympodial for hyphomycetes (<italic>Exosporiella</italic> and <italic>Pseudospiropes</italic>) and coelomycetes (<italic>Aposphaeria</italic>-like and <italic>Pyrenochaeta</italic>).</p><p><italic>Herpotrichia</italic> is reported as having a <italic>Pyrenochaeta</italic> anamorphic stage with or without seta on the surface of pycnidia (Sivanesan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR344">1984</xref>). <italic>Aposphaeria</italic> and <italic>Phoma</italic>-like have been reported in <italic>Melanomma</italic> species (Chesters <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR72">1938</xref>; Sivanesan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR344">1984</xref>). Similarly, the anamorphs of <italic>Karstenula</italic> are reported as coelomycetous, i.e. <italic>Microdiplodia</italic> (Constantinescu <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR78">1993</xref>). The anamorphic stage of <italic>Anomalemma</italic> is <italic>Exosporiella</italic> (Sivanesan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR343">1983</xref>), and that of <italic>Byssosphaeria</italic> is <italic>Pyrenochaeta</italic> (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR24">1984</xref>). <italic>Ohleria brasiliensis</italic> Starbäck has been linked with <italic>Monodictys putredinis</italic> (Wallr.) S. Hughes (Samuels <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR307">1980</xref>). <italic>Astrosphaeriella</italic> is a contentious genus as its familial status is not determined yet. Here we temporarily assigned it under <italic>Melanommataceae</italic>, which is linked with the anamorph genus <italic>Pleurophomopsis</italic>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec11"><title>Pleomassariaceae</title><p><italic>Shearia</italic> and <italic>Prosthemium</italic> are all anamorphs of <italic>Pleomassaria</italic>, and <italic>Prosthemium betulinum</italic> is linked with the generic type of <italic>Pleomassaria</italic> (<italic>P</italic>. <italic>siparia</italic>) (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR22">1982b</xref>; Sivanesan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR344">1984</xref>; Sutton <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR359">1980</xref>; Tanaka et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR371">2010</xref>). <italic>Splanchnonema</italic> is a genus of <italic>Pleomassariaceae</italic>, the teleomorphic morphology of which is difficult to distinguish from two other genera, i.e. <italic>Asteromassaria</italic> and <italic>Pleomassaria</italic>, and the reported anamorphs of <italic>Splanchnonema</italic> are <italic>Ceuthodiplospora</italic>, <italic>Myxocyclus</italic> and <italic>Stegonsporium</italic>, which are comparable with those of <italic>Asteromassaria</italic> and <italic>Pleomassaria</italic>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec12"><title>Tetraplosphaeriaceae</title><p><italic>Tetraplosphaeriaceae</italic> was introduced to accommodate the <italic>Massarina</italic>-like bambusicolous fungi that produce <italic>Tetraploa sensu stricto</italic> anamorphs (Tanaka et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR370">2009</xref>). <italic>Tetraploa aristata</italic> Berk. & Broome, the generic type of <italic>Tetraploa</italic> is widely distributed, associated with various substrates and many occur in freshwater or has been isolated from air. The polyphyletic nature of <italic>T. aristata</italic> has been well documented (Tanaka et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR370">2009</xref>). Anamorphic stages can serve as a diagnostic character for this family.</p></sec><sec id="Sec13"><title>Diademaceae, Massariaceae, Sporormiaceae and Teichosporaceae</title><p>The <italic>Sporormiaceae</italic> is coprophilous having <italic>Phoma</italic> or <italic>Phoma</italic>-related anamorphic states (Cannon and Kirk <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR67">2007</xref>). <italic>Comoclathris</italic> (<italic>Diademaceae</italic>) is linked with <italic>Alternaria</italic>-like anamorphs (Simmons <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR335">1952</xref>). <italic>Myxocyclus</italic> links to <italic>Massaria</italic> (<italic>Massariaceae</italic>) (Hyde et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR182">2011</xref>). The anamorphic stage of <italic>Chaetomastia</italic> (<italic>Teichosporaceae</italic>) is <italic>Aposphaeria</italic>- or <italic>Coniothyrium</italic>-like (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR30">1989c</xref>).</p><p>Generally speaking, the morphologically simple conidiophores are usually considered phylogenetically uninformative (Seifert and Samuels <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR315">2000</xref>). <italic>Phoma</italic>-like anamorphs commonly occur in <italic>Pleosporales</italic>, while their colorless and unicellular conidia are also not phylogenetically informative (Seifert and Samuels <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR315">2000</xref>).</p><p>All of the above mentioned anamorphic taxa of <italic>Pleosporales</italic> have phialidic, annellidic or sympodial conidiogenous cells, representing apical wall-building type (compared to ring wall-building and diffused wall-building) (Nag Raj <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR269">1993</xref>), which may indicate that the wall-building type probably has phylogenetic significance.</p></sec></sec><sec id="Sec14"><title>Molecular phylogeny of <italic>Pleosporales</italic></title><p>Numerous genes have been applied in phylogenetic studies of <italic>Pleosporales</italic>, mostly including LSU, SSU, mtSSU and ITS as well as the protein genes, such as <italic>RPB</italic>1, <italic>RPB</italic>2, <italic>TEF</italic>1, β-tubulin (<italic>TUB</italic>1) and actin (<italic>ACT</italic>1). A single gene such as ITS or LSU, has been used to study phylogenetic relationships between <italic>Leptosphaeria</italic> and <italic>Phaeosphaeria</italic> (Câmara et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR64">2002</xref>) or <italic>Pleosporaceae</italic> and <italic>Tubeufiaceae</italic> (Kodsueb et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR202">2006a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR203">b</xref>) (Table <xref rid="Tab2" ref-type="table">2</xref>). The use of these phylogenetic markers, although making important contributions, has not been successful in resolving numerous relationships in single gene dendrograms. One exception is the use of SSU sequences to demonstrate the phylogenetic significance of pseudoparaphyses (Liew et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR227">2000</xref>) whilst rejecting the phylogenetic utility of pseudoparaphyses morphology (cellular or trabeculate). Analyses with combined genes have had more success. For instance combined analyses with LSU and SSU sequence data could be used to define family level classification in a few cases (Dong et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR93">1998</xref>; de Gruyter et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR85">2009</xref>; Lumbsch and Lindemuth <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR238">2001</xref>; Pinnoi et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR281">2007</xref>; Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR427">2009b</xref>) (Table <xref rid="Tab2" ref-type="table">2</xref>). The addition of more than two genes has been used to determine relationships between orders. For instance, genes such as LSU, SSU and <italic>mt</italic>SSU have been used to analyze ordinal relationships in <italic>Loculoascomycetes</italic> (Lindemuth et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR230">2001</xref>), and to analyze phylogenetic relationships of coprophilous families in <italic>Pleosporales</italic> (Kruys et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR221">2006</xref>). <italic>Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii</italic> (T. Rohde) Petr. was shown to belong in <italic>Dothideales</italic> based on LSU, SSU and ITS sequence analysis (Winton et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR415">2007</xref>), while Schoch et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR313">2006</xref>) used four genes, i.e. LSU, SSU, <italic>RPB</italic>2 and <italic>TEF</italic>1 to evaluate the phylogenetic relationships among different orders of the <italic>Dothideomycetes</italic>. Five genes, viz. LSU, SSU, <italic>TEF</italic>1, <italic>RPB</italic>1 and <italic>RPB</italic>2, were used to study the phylogenetic relationships of different orders within <italic>Dothideomycetes</italic> (Schoch et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR314">2009</xref>) and of different families within <italic>Pleosporales</italic> (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>) (Table <xref rid="Tab2" ref-type="table">2</xref>). It is clear that even more genes will be required to address the remaining issues and the promise of genome analyses is within reach (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.jgi.doe.gov/sequencing/why/dothideomycetes.html">www.jgi.doe.gov/sequencing/why/dothideomycetes.html</ext-link>) for <italic>Dothideomycetes</italic>.<table-wrap id="Tab2"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>List of phylogenetic studies in <italic>Pleosporales</italic></p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th>Year</th><th>Author(s)</th><th>Loci used</th><th>Target fungi</th><th>General conclusion</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1998</td><td>Dong et al.</td><td>LSU, SSU</td><td><italic>Leptosphaeriaceae</italic>, <italic>Pleosporaceae</italic> and three other families</td><td><italic>Leptosphaeriaceae</italic> is paraphyletic and <italic>Pleosporaceae</italic> is monophyletic.</td></tr><tr><td>2000</td><td>Liew et al.</td><td>SSU</td><td><italic>Pleosporales</italic> and <italic>Melanommatales</italic></td><td><italic>Pleosporales</italic> and <italic>Melanommatales</italic> are not naturial groups.</td></tr><tr><td>2001</td><td>Lindemuth et al.</td><td>LSU, SSU, mtSSU</td><td>loculoascomycetes</td><td>Loculoascomycetes are not monophyletic.</td></tr><tr><td>2001</td><td>Lumbsch and Lindemuth</td><td>LSU, SSU</td><td><italic>Dothideomycetes</italic></td><td>Presence of pseudoparaphyses is a major character at order level classification</td></tr><tr><td>2002</td><td>Câmara et al.</td><td>ITS</td><td><italic>Leptosphaeria</italic> and <italic>Phaeosphaeria</italic></td><td>Accepted <italic>Leptosphaeria</italic> sensu stricto.</td></tr><tr><td>2006</td><td>Kodsueb et al.</td><td>LSU</td><td><italic>Pleosporaceae</italic></td><td><italic>Wettsteinina</italic> should be excluded from the <italic>Pleosporaceae</italic>.</td></tr><tr><td>2006</td><td>Kodsueb et al.</td><td>LSU</td><td><italic>Tubeufiaceae</italic></td><td><italic>Tubeufiaceae</italic> is more closely related to the <italic>Venturiaceae</italic>.</td></tr><tr><td>2006</td><td>Kruys et al.</td><td>LSU, SSU, mtSSU</td><td>coprophilous familes of <italic>Pleosporales</italic></td><td>coprophilous familes of <italic>Pleosporales</italic> form phylogenetic monophyletic groups, respectively</td></tr><tr><td>2006</td><td>Schoch et al.</td><td>LSU, SSU, <italic>TEF</italic>1, <italic>RPB</italic>2</td><td><italic>Dothideomycetes</italic></td><td>Proposed the subclasses <italic>Pleosporomycetidae</italic></td></tr><tr><td>2007</td><td>Pinnoi et al.</td><td>LSU, SSU</td><td><italic>Pleosporales</italic></td><td>phylogenetic relationships of different families of <italic>Pleosporales</italic>, introduced a new fungus–– <italic>Berkleasmium crunisia</italic></td></tr><tr><td>2007</td><td>Wang et al.</td><td>LSU, SSU, <italic>RPB</italic>2</td><td><italic>Massariosphaeria</italic></td><td><italic>Massariosphaeria</italic> is not monophyletic</td></tr><tr><td>2007</td><td>Winton et al.</td><td>LSU, SSU, ITS</td><td><italic>Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii</italic></td><td><italic>Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii</italic> located in <italic>Dothideales</italic>.</td></tr><tr><td>2008a</td><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>LSU, SSU</td><td><italic>Melanomma</italic> and <italic>Trematosphaeria</italic></td><td><italic>Melanomma</italic> and <italic>Trematosphaeria</italic> belong to different families</td></tr><tr><td>2009</td><td>de Gruyter et al.</td><td>LSU, SSU;</td><td><italic>Phoma</italic> and related genera</td><td>They are closely related with <italic>Didymellaceae</italic>, <italic>Leptosphaeriaceae</italic>, <italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic> and <italic>Pleosporaceae</italic></td></tr><tr><td>2009a</td><td>Zhang et al.</td><td>LSU, SSU, <italic>TEF</italic>1, <italic>RPB</italic>1, <italic>RPB</italic>2</td><td><italic>Pleosporales</italic></td><td><italic>Amniculicolaceae</italic> and <italic>Lentitheciaceae</italic> were introduced, and <italic>Pleosporineae</italic> recircumscribed.</td></tr><tr><td>2009</td><td>Mugambi and Huhndorf</td><td>LSU, <italic>TEF</italic>1</td><td><italic>Melanommataceae</italic>, <italic>Lophiostomataceae</italic></td><td>Recircumscribed <italic>Melanommataceae</italic> and <italic>Lophiostomataceae</italic>, and reinstated <italic>Hypsostromataceae</italic>.</td></tr><tr><td>2009</td><td>Nelsen et al.</td><td>LSU and mtSSU</td><td>lichenized <italic>Dothideomycetes</italic></td><td>Pyrenocarpous lichens with bitunicate asci are not monophyletic, but belong to at least two classes (<italic>Dothideomycetes</italic> and <italic>Erotiomycetes</italic>).</td></tr><tr><td>2009</td><td>Suetrong et al.</td><td>LSU, SSU, <italic>TEF</italic>1, <italic>RPB</italic>1</td><td>marine <italic>Dothideomycetes</italic></td><td>Two new families are introduced <italic>Aigialaceae</italic> and <italic>Morosphaeriaceae</italic>.</td></tr><tr><td>2009</td><td>Shearer et al.</td><td>LSU, SSU</td><td>freshwater <italic>Dothideomycetes</italic></td><td>Freshwater <italic>Dothideomycetes</italic> are related to terrestrial taxa and have adapted to freshwater habitats numerous times.</td></tr><tr><td>2009</td><td>Tanaka et al.</td><td>LSU, SSU, <italic>TEF</italic>1, ITS, BT</td><td>bambusicolous <italic>Pleosporales</italic></td><td>Introduced <italic>Tetraplosphaeriaceae</italic> with <italic>Tetraploa</italic>-like anamorphs.</td></tr><tr><td>2009</td><td>Kruys and Wedin</td><td>ITS-nLSU, mtSSU rDNA and β-tubulin</td><td><italic>Sporormiaceae</italic></td><td>Analyzed the inter-generic relationships as well as evaluated the morphological significance used in this family.</td></tr><tr><td>2010</td><td>Hirayama et al.</td><td>LSU, SSU</td><td><italic>Massarina ingoldiana</italic> sensu <italic>lato</italic></td><td><italic>Massarina ingoldiana</italic> sensu <italic>lato</italic> is polyphyletic, and separated into two clades within <italic>Pleosporales</italic>.</td></tr><tr><td>2010</td><td>Aveskamp et al.</td><td>LSU, SSU, ITS and β-tubulin</td><td><italic>Phoma</italic> and related genera within <italic>Didymellaceae</italic></td><td>Rejected current Boeremaean subdivision.</td></tr><tr><td>2010</td><td>de Gruyter et al.</td><td>LSU, SSU</td><td><italic>Phoma</italic> and related genera within <italic>Pleosporineae</italic></td><td>Introduced <italic>Pyrenochaetopsis</italic>, <italic>Setophoma</italic> and <italic>Neosetophoma</italic> and reinstated <italic>Cucurbitariaceae</italic> within <italic>Pleosporineae</italic></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></p></sec><sec id="Sec15"><title>The importance of generic type specimens</title><p>The type specimen (collection type) is a fundamental element in the current Code of Botanical Nomenclature at familial or lower ranks (Moore <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR253">1998</xref>). A type specimen fixes the name to an exact specimen at family, genera, species and variety/subspecies rank and is ultimately based on this single specimen, i.e. a family name is based on a genus, the genus name is based on a species, and the species name is based on a specimen (Kirk et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR198">2008</xref>).</p><p>The generic type is of great importance in defining generic circumscriptions in fungal taxonomy. The generic types of <italic>Pleosporales</italic> have been studied previously by many mycologists. For instance, Müller and von Arx (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR265">1962</xref>) studied the generic types of “<italic>Pyrenomycetes</italic>”, and described and illustrated them in detail. Sivanesan (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR344">1984</xref>) described and illustrated the generic representatives of <italic>Loculoascomycetes</italic> for both their teleomorphs and anamorphs, and their links were emphasized. A large number of pleosporalean genera have been studied by Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">1990a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR32">b</xref>). Almost all of the previous work was conducted more than 20 years ago, when no molecular phylogenetic studies could be carried out and thus had been carried out in a systematic fashion.</p></sec><sec id="Sec16"><title>Aim and outline of present study</title><p>The present study had two principal objectives:<list list-type="order"><list-item><p>To explore genera under <italic>Pleosporales</italic> based on the generic types and provide a detailed description and illustration for the type species of selected genera, discuss the study history of those genera, and explore their ordinal, familial, and generic relationships;</p></list-item><list-item><p>To investigate the phylogeny of <italic>Pleosporales</italic>, its inter-familial relationships, and the morphological circumscription of each family;</p></list-item></list></p><p>In order to clarify morphological characters, the generic types of the majority of teleomorphic pleosporalean genera (> 60%) were studied. Most of them are from the “core families” of <italic>Pleosporales</italic>, i.e. <italic>Delitschiaceae</italic>, <italic>Lophiostomataceae</italic>, <italic>Massariaceae</italic>, <italic>Massarinaceae</italic>, <italic>Melanommataceae</italic>, <italic>Montagnulaceae</italic>, <italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic>, <italic>Phaeotrichaceae</italic>, <italic>Pleomassariaceae</italic>, <italic>Pleosporaceae</italic>, <italic>Sporormiaceae</italic> and <italic>Teichosporaceae</italic>. Notes are given for those where type specimens could not be obtained during the timeframe of this study. A detailed description and illustration of each generic type is provided. Comments, notes and problems that need to be addressed are provided for each genus. Phylogenetic investigation based on five nuclear loci, viz. LSU, SSU, <italic>RPB</italic>1, <italic>RPB</italic>2 and <italic>TEF</italic>1 was carried out using available strains from numerous genera in <italic>Pleosporales</italic>. In total, 278 pleosporalean taxa are included in the phylogenetic analysis, which form 25 familial clades on the dendrogram (Plate <xref rid="Fig1" ref-type="fig">1</xref>). The suborder, <italic>Massarineae</italic>, is emended to accommodate <italic>Lentitheciaceae</italic>, <italic>Massarinaceae</italic>, <italic>Montagnulaceae</italic>, <italic>Morosphaeriaceae</italic> and <italic>Trematosphaeriaceae</italic>.</p></sec></sec><sec id="Sec17" sec-type="materials|methods"><title>Materials and methods</title><sec id="Sec18"><title>Molecular phylogeny</title><p>Four genes were used in this analysis, the large and small subunits of the nuclear ribosomal RNA genes (LSU, SSU) and two protein coding genes, namely the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (<italic>RPB</italic>2) and translation elongation factor-1 alpha (<italic>TEF</italic>1). All sequences were downloaded from GenBank as listed in Table <xref rid="Tab3" ref-type="table">3</xref>. Each of the individual ribosomal genes was aligned in SATé under default settings with at least 20 iterations. The protein coding genes were aligned in BioEdit (Hall <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR132">2004</xref>) and completed by manual adjustment. Introns were removed and all genes were concatenated in a single nucleotide alignment with 43% missing and gap characters out of a total set of 5081. The alignment had 100% representation for LSU, 75% for SSU, 48% for <italic>RPB</italic>2 and 65% for <italic>TEF</italic>1. The final data matrix had 280 taxa including outgroups (Table <xref rid="Tab3" ref-type="table">3</xref>).<table-wrap id="Tab3"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Taxa used in the phylogenetic analysis and their corresponding GenBank numbers. Culture and voucher abbreviations are indicated were available</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th>Species</th><th>Culture/voucher<sup>1</sup></th><th>LSU</th><th>SSU</th><th>RPB2</th><th>TEF1</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><italic>Acrocordiopsis patilii</italic></td><td>BCC 28166</td><td>GU479772</td><td>GU479736</td><td>GU479811</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Acrocordiopsis patilii</italic></td><td>BCC 28167</td><td>GU479773</td><td>GU479737</td><td>GU479812</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Aigialus grandis</italic></td><td>BCC 18419</td><td>GU479774</td><td>GU479738</td><td>GU479813</td><td>GU479838</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Aigialus grandis</italic></td><td>JK 5244A</td><td>GU301793</td><td>GU296131</td><td>GU371762</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Aigialus mangrovis</italic></td><td>BCC 33563</td><td>GU479776</td><td>GU479741</td><td>GU479815</td><td>GU479840</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Aigialus mangrovis</italic></td><td>BCC 33564</td><td>GU479777</td><td>GU479742</td><td>GU479816</td><td>GU479841</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Aigialus parvus</italic></td><td>A6</td><td>GU301795</td><td>GU296133</td><td>GU371771</td><td>GU349064</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Aigialus parvus</italic></td><td>BCC 32558</td><td>GU479779</td><td>GU479743</td><td>GU479818</td><td>GU479843</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Aigialus rhizophorae</italic></td><td>BCC 33572</td><td>GU479780</td><td>GU479745</td><td>GU479819</td><td>GU479844</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Aigialus rhizophorae</italic></td><td>BCC 33573</td><td>GU479781</td><td>GU479746</td><td>GU479820</td><td>GU479845</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Alternaria alternata</italic></td><td>CBS 916.96</td><td>DQ678082</td><td>DQ678031</td><td>DQ677980</td><td>DQ677927</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Amniculicola immersa</italic></td><td>CBS 123083</td><td>FJ795498</td><td>GU456295</td><td>GU456358</td><td>GU456273</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Amniculicola parva</italic></td><td>CBS 123092</td><td>FJ795497</td><td>GU296134</td><td></td><td>GU349065</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Anteaglonium abbreviatum</italic></td><td>ANM 925.1</td><td>GQ221877</td><td></td><td></td><td>GQ221924</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Anteaglonium abbreviatum</italic></td><td>GKM 1029</td><td>GQ221878</td><td></td><td></td><td>GQ221915</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Anteaglonium globosum</italic></td><td>ANM 925.2</td><td>GQ221879</td><td></td><td></td><td>GQ221925</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Anteaglonium latirostrum</italic></td><td>L100N 2</td><td>GQ221876</td><td></td><td></td><td>GQ221938</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Arthopyrenia salicis</italic></td><td>1994 Coppins</td><td>AY607730</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Arthopyrenia salicis</italic></td><td>CBS 368.94</td><td>AY538339</td><td>AY538333</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Ascochyta pisi</italic></td><td>CBS 126.54</td><td>DQ678070</td><td>DQ678018</td><td>DQ677967</td><td>DQ677913</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Ascocratera manglicola</italic></td><td>BCC 09270</td><td>GU479782</td><td>GU479747</td><td>GU479821</td><td>GU479846</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Ascocratera manglicola</italic></td><td>JK 5262 C</td><td>GU301799</td><td>GU296136</td><td>GU371763</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Asteromassaria pulchra</italic></td><td>CBS 124082</td><td>GU301800</td><td>GU296137</td><td>GU371772</td><td>GU349066</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Astrosphaeriella aggregata</italic></td><td>MAFF 239485</td><td>AB524590</td><td>AB524449</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Astrosphaeriella aggregata</italic></td><td>MAFF 239486</td><td>AB524591</td><td>AB524450</td><td>AB539105</td><td>AB539092</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Astrosphaeriella bakeriana</italic></td><td>CBS 115556</td><td>GU301801</td><td></td><td></td><td>GU349015</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Astrosphaeriella stellata</italic></td><td>MAFF 239487</td><td>AB524592</td><td>AB524451</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Beverwykella pulmonaria</italic></td><td>CBS 283.53</td><td>GU301804</td><td></td><td>GU371768</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Biatriospora marina</italic></td><td>CY 1228</td><td>GQ925848</td><td>GQ925835</td><td>GU479823</td><td>GU479848</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Bimuria novae-zelandiae</italic></td><td>CBS 107.79</td><td>AY016356</td><td>AY016338</td><td>DQ470917</td><td>DQ471087</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Byssolophis sphaerioides</italic></td><td>IFRDCC2053</td><td>GU301805</td><td>GU296140</td><td>GU456348</td><td>GU456263</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Byssosphaeria jamaicana</italic></td><td>SMH1403</td><td>GU385152</td><td></td><td></td><td>GU327746</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Byssosphaeria rhodomphala</italic></td><td>GKM L153N</td><td>GU385157</td><td></td><td></td><td>GU327747</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Byssosphaeria salebrosa</italic></td><td>SMH2387</td><td>GU385162</td><td></td><td></td><td>GU327748</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Byssosphaeria schiedermayeriana</italic></td><td>GKM1197</td><td>GU385161</td><td></td><td></td><td>GU327750</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Byssosphaeria schiedermayeriana</italic></td><td>GKM152N</td><td>GU385168</td><td></td><td></td><td>GU327749</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Byssosphaeria villosa</italic></td><td>GKM204N</td><td>GU385151</td><td></td><td></td><td>GU327751</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Byssothecium circinans</italic></td><td>CBS 675.92</td><td>AY016357</td><td>AY016339</td><td>DQ767646</td><td>GU349061</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Chaetosphaeronema hispidulum</italic></td><td>CBS 216.75</td><td>EU754144</td><td>EU754045</td><td>GU371777</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Cochliobolus heterostrophus</italic></td><td>CBS 134.39</td><td>AY544645</td><td>AY544727</td><td>DQ247790</td><td>DQ497603</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Cochliobolus sativus</italic></td><td>DAOM 226212</td><td>DQ678045</td><td>DQ677995</td><td>DQ677939</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Corynespora cassiicola</italic></td><td>CBS 100822</td><td>GU301808</td><td>GU296144</td><td>GU371742</td><td>GU349052</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Corynespora olivacea</italic></td><td>CBS 114450</td><td>GU301809</td><td></td><td></td><td>GU349014</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Corynespora smithii</italic></td><td>CABI 5649b</td><td>GU323201</td><td></td><td>GU371783</td><td>GU349018</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Cucurbitaria berberidis</italic></td><td>CBS 394.84</td><td>GQ387605</td><td>GQ387544</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Decaisnella formosa</italic></td><td>BCC 25616</td><td>GQ925846</td><td>GQ925833</td><td>GU479825</td><td>GU479851</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Decaisnella formosa</italic></td><td>BCC 25617</td><td>GQ925847</td><td>GQ925834</td><td>GU479824</td><td>GU479850</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Decorospora gaudefroyi</italic></td><td>CBS 332.63</td><td>EF177849</td><td>AF394542</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Delitschia</italic> cf<italic>. chaetomioides</italic></td><td>GKM 1283</td><td>GU385172</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Delitschia</italic> cf<italic>. chaetomioides</italic></td><td>GKM 3253.2</td><td>GU390656</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Delitschia chaetomioides</italic></td><td>GKM1283</td><td>GU385172</td><td></td><td></td><td>GU327752</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Delitschia chaetomioides</italic></td><td>SMH3253.2</td><td>GU390656</td><td></td><td></td><td>GU327753</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Delitschia winteri</italic></td><td>CBS 225.62</td><td>DQ678077</td><td>DQ678026</td><td>DQ677975</td><td>DQ677922</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Didymella exigua</italic></td><td>CBS 183.55</td><td>EU754155</td><td>EU754056</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Didymocrea sadasivanii</italic></td><td>CBS 438 65</td><td>DQ384103</td><td>DQ384066</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Didymosphaeria futilis</italic></td><td>CMW 22186</td><td>EU552123</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Didymosphaeria futilis</italic></td><td>HKUCC 5834</td><td>GU205219</td><td>GU205236</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Dothidotthia aspera</italic></td><td>CPC 12933</td><td>EU673276</td><td>EU673228</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Dothidotthia symphoricarpi</italic></td><td>CBS119687</td><td>EU673273</td><td>EU673224</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Entodesmium rude</italic></td><td>CBS 650.86</td><td>GU301812</td><td></td><td></td><td>GU349012</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Falciformispora lignatilis</italic></td><td>BCC 21117</td><td>GU371826</td><td>GU371834</td><td></td><td>GU371819</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Falciformispora lignatilis</italic></td><td>BCC 21118</td><td>GU371827</td><td>GU371835</td><td></td><td>GU371820</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Floricola striata</italic></td><td>JK 5603 K</td><td>GU479785</td><td>GU479751</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Floricola striata</italic></td><td>JK 5678I</td><td>GU301813</td><td>GU296149</td><td>GU371758</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Halomassarina thalassiae</italic></td><td>BCC 17055</td><td>GQ925850</td><td>GQ925843</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Halomassarina thalassiae</italic></td><td>JK 5262D</td><td>GU301816</td><td></td><td></td><td>GU349011</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Halotthia posidoniae</italic></td><td>BBH 22481</td><td>GU479786</td><td>GU479752</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Helicascus nypae</italic></td><td>BCC 36751</td><td>GU479788</td><td>GU479754</td><td>GU479826</td><td>GU479854</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Helicascus nypae</italic></td><td>BCC 36752</td><td>GU479789</td><td>GU479755</td><td>GU479827</td><td>GU479855</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Herpotrichia diffusa</italic></td><td>CBS 250.62</td><td>DQ678071</td><td>DQ678019</td><td>DQ677968</td><td>DQ677915</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Herpotrichia juniperi</italic></td><td>CBS 200.31</td><td>DQ678080</td><td>DQ678029</td><td>DQ677978</td><td>DQ677925</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Herpotrichia macrotricha</italic></td><td>GKM196N</td><td>GU385176</td><td></td><td></td><td>GU327755</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Herpotrichia macrotricha</italic></td><td>SMH269</td><td>GU385177</td><td></td><td></td><td>GU327756</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Hypsostroma caimitalense</italic></td><td>GKM 1165</td><td>GU385180</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Hypsostroma saxicola</italic></td><td>SMH 5005</td><td>GU385181</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Hysterium angustatum</italic></td><td>CBS 123334</td><td>FJ161207</td><td>FJ161167</td><td>FJ161129</td><td>FJ161111</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Hysterium angustatum</italic></td><td>CBS 236.34</td><td>FJ161180</td><td>GU397359</td><td>FJ161117</td><td>FJ161096</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Julella avicenniae</italic></td><td>BCC 18422</td><td>GU371823</td><td>GU371831</td><td>GU371787</td><td>GU371816</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Julella avicenniae</italic></td><td>BCC 20173</td><td>GU371822</td><td>GU371830</td><td>GU371786</td><td>GU371815</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Julella avicenniae</italic></td><td>JK 5326A</td><td>GU479790</td><td>GU479756</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Kalmusia scabrispora</italic></td><td>MAFF 239517</td><td>AB524593</td><td>AB524452</td><td>AB539093</td><td>AB539106</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Kalmusia scabrispora</italic></td><td>NBRC 106237</td><td>AB524594</td><td>AB524453</td><td>AB539094</td><td>AB539107</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Karstenula rhodostoma</italic></td><td>CBS 690.94</td><td>GU301821</td><td>GU296154</td><td>GU371788</td><td>GU349067</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Katumotoa bambusicola</italic></td><td>MAFF 239641</td><td>AB524595</td><td>AB524454</td><td>AB539095</td><td>AB539108</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Keissleriella cladophila</italic></td><td>CBS 104.55</td><td>GU301822</td><td>GU296155</td><td>GU371735</td><td>GU349043</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Keissleriella rara</italic></td><td>CBS 118429</td><td>GU479791</td><td>GU479757</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Kirschsteiniothelia elaterascus</italic></td><td>A22-5A/HKUCC7769</td><td>AY787934</td><td>AF053727</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Lentithecium aquaticum</italic></td><td>CBS 123099</td><td>GU301823</td><td>GU296156</td><td>GU371789</td><td>GU349068</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Lentithecium arundinaceum</italic></td><td>CBS 123131</td><td>GU456320</td><td>GU456298</td><td></td><td>GU456281</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Lentithecium arundinaceum</italic></td><td>CBS 619.86</td><td>GU301824</td><td>GU296157</td><td>FJ795473</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Lentithecium fluviatile</italic></td><td>CBS 122367</td><td>GU301825</td><td>GU296158</td><td></td><td>GU349074</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Lepidosphaeria nicotiae</italic></td><td>CBS 101341</td><td>DQ678067</td><td></td><td>DQ677963</td><td>DQ677910</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Leptosphaeria biglobosa</italic></td><td>CBS 298.36</td><td>GU237980</td><td>GU238207</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Leptosphaeria biglobosa</italic></td><td>CBS 303.51</td><td>GU301826</td><td></td><td></td><td>GU349010</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Leptosphaeria doliolum</italic></td><td>CBS 505.75</td><td>GU301827</td><td>GU296159</td><td></td><td>GU349069</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Leptosphaeria dryadis</italic></td><td>CBS 643.86</td><td>GU301828</td><td></td><td>GU371733</td><td>GU349009</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Leptosphaerulina argentinensis</italic></td><td>CBS 569.94</td><td>GU301829</td><td></td><td></td><td>GU349008</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Leptosphaerulina australis</italic></td><td>CBS 311.51-T</td><td>FJ795500</td><td></td><td>GU456357</td><td>GU456272</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Leptosphaerulina australis</italic></td><td>CBS 317.83</td><td>GU301830</td><td>GU296160</td><td>GU371790</td><td>GU349070</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Leptosphearia maculans</italic></td><td>DAOM 229267</td><td>DQ470946</td><td>DQ470993</td><td>DQ470894</td><td>DQ471062</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Letendraea helminthicola</italic></td><td>CBS 884.85</td><td>AY016362</td><td>AY016345</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Letendraea padouk</italic></td><td>CBS 485.70</td><td>AY849951</td><td>GU296162</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Lindgomyces breviappendiculatus</italic></td><td>KT 1399</td><td>AB521749</td><td>AB521734</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Lindgomyces cinctosporae</italic></td><td>R56-1</td><td>AB522431</td><td>AB522430</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Lindgomyces cinctosporae</italic></td><td>R56-3</td><td>GU266245</td><td>GU266238</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Lindgomyces ingoldianus</italic></td><td>KH 100 JCM 16479</td><td>AB521737</td><td>AB521720</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Lindgomyces rotundatus</italic></td><td>KH 114 JCM 16484</td><td>AB521742</td><td>AB521725</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Lophiostoma alpigenum</italic></td><td>GKM 1091b</td><td>GU385193</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Lophiostoma arundinis</italic></td><td>CBS 621.86</td><td>DQ782384</td><td>DQ782383</td><td>DQ782386</td><td>DQ782387</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Lophiostoma caulium</italic></td><td>CBS 623.86</td><td>GU301833</td><td>GU296163</td><td>GU371791</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Lophiostoma compressum</italic></td><td>IFRD 2014</td><td>GU301834</td><td>GU296164</td><td>FJ795457</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Lophiostoma crenatum</italic></td><td>CBS 629.86</td><td>DQ678069</td><td>DQ678017</td><td>DQ677965</td><td>DQ677912</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Lophiostoma fuckelii</italic></td><td>CBS 101952</td><td>DQ399531</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Lophiostoma fuckelii</italic></td><td>CBS 113432</td><td>EU552139</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Lophiostoma fuckelii</italic></td><td>GKM 1063</td><td>GU385192</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Lophiostoma macrostomum</italic></td><td>CBS 122681</td><td>EU552141</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Lophiostoma macrostomum</italic></td><td>HHUF 27293</td><td>AB433274</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Lophiostoma macrostomum</italic></td><td>KT 635</td><td>AB433273</td><td>AB521731</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Lophiostoma quadrinucleatum</italic></td><td>GKM1233</td><td>GU385184</td><td></td><td></td><td>GU327760</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Lophiostoma sagittiforme</italic></td><td>HHUF 29754</td><td>AB369267</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Lophiotrema brunneosporum</italic></td><td>CBS 123095</td><td>GU301835</td><td>GU296165</td><td></td><td>GU349071</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Lophiotrema lignicola</italic></td><td>CBS 122364</td><td>GU301836</td><td>GU296166</td><td></td><td>GU349072</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Massarina arundinariae</italic></td><td>MAFF 239461</td><td>AB524596</td><td>AB524455</td><td>AB539096</td><td>AB524817</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Massarina arundinariae</italic></td><td>NBRC 106238</td><td>AB524597</td><td>AB524456</td><td>AB539097</td><td>AB524818</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Lophiotrema nucula</italic></td><td>CBS 627.86</td><td>GU301837</td><td>GU296167</td><td>GU371792</td><td>GU349073</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Loratospora aestuarii</italic></td><td>JK 5535B</td><td>GU301838</td><td>GU296168</td><td>GU371760</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Macroventuria anomochaeta</italic></td><td>CBS 525.71</td><td>GU456315</td><td></td><td>GU456346</td><td>GU456262</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Massaria anomia</italic></td><td>CBS 123109</td><td>GU301792</td><td>GU296130</td><td></td><td>GU349062</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Massaria anomia</italic></td><td>CBS 591.78</td><td>GU301839</td><td>GU296169</td><td>GU371769</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Massaria ariae</italic></td><td>M52</td><td>HQ599382</td><td>HQ599456</td><td></td><td>HQ599322</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Massaria aucupariae</italic></td><td>M49</td><td>HQ599384</td><td>HQ599455</td><td></td><td>HQ599324</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Massaria campestris</italic></td><td>M28</td><td>HQ599385</td><td>HQ599449</td><td>HQ599459</td><td>HQ599325</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Massaria conspurcata</italic></td><td>M14</td><td>HQ599393</td><td>HQ599441</td><td></td><td>HQ599333</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Massaria gigantispora</italic></td><td>M26</td><td>HQ599397</td><td>HQ599447</td><td></td><td>HQ599337</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Massaria inquinans</italic></td><td>M19</td><td>HQ599402</td><td>HQ599444</td><td>HQ599460</td><td>HQ599342</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Massaria lantanae</italic></td><td>M18</td><td>HQ599406</td><td>HQ599443</td><td></td><td>HQ599346</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Massaria macra</italic></td><td>M3</td><td>HQ599408</td><td>HQ599450</td><td></td><td>HQ599348</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Massaria mediterranea</italic></td><td>M45</td><td>HQ599417</td><td>HQ599452</td><td></td><td>HQ599357</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Massaria platanoidea</italic></td><td>M7</td><td>HQ599420</td><td>HQ599457</td><td>HQ599462</td><td>HQ599359</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Massaria pyri</italic></td><td>M21</td><td>HQ599424</td><td>HQ599445</td><td></td><td>HQ599363</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Massaria vindobonensis</italic></td><td>M27</td><td>HQ599429</td><td>HQ599448</td><td>HQ599464</td><td>HQ599368</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Massaria vomitoria</italic></td><td>M13</td><td>HQ599437</td><td>HQ599440</td><td>HQ599466</td><td>HQ599375</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Massarina cisti</italic></td><td>CBS 266.62</td><td>FJ795447</td><td>FJ795490</td><td>FJ795464</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Massarina eburnea</italic></td><td>CBS 473.64</td><td>GU301840</td><td>GU296170</td><td>GU371732</td><td>GU349040</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Massarina igniaria</italic></td><td>CBS 845.96</td><td>GU301841</td><td>GU296171</td><td>GU371793</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Massarina ricifera</italic></td><td>JK 5535 F</td><td>GU479793</td><td>GU479759</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Massariosphaeria phaeospora</italic></td><td>CBS 611.86</td><td>GU301843</td><td>GU296173</td><td>GU371794</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Mauritiana rhizophorae</italic></td><td>BCC 28866</td><td>GU371824</td><td>GU371832</td><td>GU371796</td><td>GU371817</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Mauritiana rhizophorae</italic></td><td>BCC 28867</td><td>GU371825</td><td>GU371833</td><td>GU371797</td><td>GU371818</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Melanomma pulvis-pyrius</italic></td><td>CBS 124080</td><td>GU456323</td><td>GU456302</td><td>GU456350</td><td>GU456265</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Melanomma pulvis-pyrius</italic></td><td>CBS 371.75</td><td>GU301845</td><td></td><td>GU371798</td><td>GU349019</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Melanomma pulvis-pyrius</italic></td><td>SMH 3291</td><td>GU385197</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Melanomma rhododendri</italic></td><td>ANM 73</td><td>GU385198</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Misturatosphaeria aurantonotata</italic></td><td>GKM1238</td><td>GU385173</td><td></td><td></td><td>GU327761</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Misturatosphaeria aurantonotata</italic></td><td>GKM1280</td><td>GU385174</td><td></td><td></td><td>GU327762</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Misturatosphaeria claviformis</italic></td><td>GKM1210</td><td>GU385212</td><td></td><td></td><td>GU327763</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Misturatosphaeria kenyensis</italic></td><td>GKM1195</td><td>GU385194</td><td></td><td></td><td>GU327767</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Misturatosphaeria kenyensis</italic></td><td>GKM L100Na</td><td>GU385189</td><td></td><td></td><td>GU327766</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Misturatosphaeria minima</italic></td><td>GKM169N</td><td>GU385165</td><td></td><td></td><td>GU327768</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Misturatosphaeria tennesseensis</italic></td><td>ANM911</td><td>GU385207</td><td></td><td></td><td>GU327769</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Misturatosphaeria uniseptata</italic></td><td>SMH4330</td><td>GU385167</td><td></td><td></td><td>GU327770</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Monascostroma innumerosum</italic></td><td>CBS 345.50</td><td>GU301850</td><td>GU296179</td><td></td><td>GU349033</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Monotosporella tuberculata</italic></td><td>CBS 256.84</td><td>GU301851</td><td></td><td></td><td>GU349006</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Montagnula anthostomoides</italic></td><td>CBS 615.86</td><td>GU205223</td><td>GU205246</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Montagnula opulenta</italic></td><td>CBS 168.34</td><td>DQ678086</td><td>AF164370</td><td>DQ677984</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Morosphaeria ramunculicola</italic></td><td>BCC 18405</td><td>GQ925854</td><td>GQ925839</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Morosphaeria ramunculicola</italic></td><td>JK 5304B</td><td>GU479794</td><td>GU479760</td><td>GU479831</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Morosphaeria velataspora</italic></td><td>BCC 17059</td><td>GQ925852</td><td>GQ925841</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Morosphaeria velataspora</italic></td><td>BCC 17058</td><td>GQ925851</td><td>GQ925840</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Massariosphaeria grandispora</italic></td><td>CBS 613 86</td><td>GU301842</td><td>GU296172</td><td>GU371725</td><td>GU349036</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Massariosphaeria typhicola</italic></td><td>CBS 123126</td><td>GU301844</td><td>GU296174</td><td>GU371795</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Neophaeosphaeria filamentosa</italic></td><td>CBS 102202</td><td>GQ387577</td><td>GQ387516</td><td>GU371773</td><td>GU349084</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Neotestudina rosatii</italic></td><td>CBS 690.82</td><td></td><td>DQ384069</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Neottiosporina paspali</italic></td><td>CBS 331.37</td><td>EU754172</td><td>EU754073</td><td>GU371779</td><td>GU349079</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Ophiosphaerella herpotricha</italic></td><td>CBS 240.31</td><td>DQ767656</td><td>DQ767650</td><td>DQ767645</td><td>DQ767639</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Ophiosphaerella herpotricha</italic></td><td>CBS 620.86</td><td>DQ678062</td><td>DQ678010</td><td>DQ677958</td><td>DQ677905</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Ophiosphaerella sasicola</italic></td><td>MAFF 239644</td><td>AB524599</td><td>AB524458</td><td>AB539098</td><td>AB539111</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Paraconiothyrium minitans</italic></td><td>CBS 122788</td><td>EU754173</td><td>EU754074</td><td>GU371776</td><td>GU349083</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Paraphaeosphaeria michotii</italic></td><td>CBS 591.73</td><td>GU456326</td><td>GU456305</td><td>GU456352</td><td>GU456267</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Paraphaeosphaeria michotii</italic></td><td>CBS 652.86</td><td>GU456325</td><td>GU456304</td><td>GU456351</td><td>GU456266</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Phaeosphaeria ammophilae</italic></td><td>CBS 114595</td><td>GU301859</td><td>GU296185</td><td>GU371724</td><td>GU349035</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Phaeosphaeria avenaria</italic></td><td>CBS 602.86</td><td>AY544684</td><td>AY544725</td><td>DQ677941</td><td>DQ677885</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Phaeosphaeria avenaria</italic></td><td>DAOM 226215</td><td>AY544684</td><td>AY544725</td><td>DQ677941</td><td>DQ677885</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Phaeosphaeria brevispora</italic></td><td>MAFF 239276</td><td>AB524600</td><td>AB524459</td><td>AB539099</td><td>AB539112</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Phaeosphaeria brevispora</italic></td><td>NBRC 106240</td><td>AB524601</td><td>AB524460</td><td>AB539100</td><td>AB539113</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Phaeosphaeria caricis</italic></td><td>CBS 120249</td><td>GU301860</td><td></td><td></td><td>GU349005</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Phaeosphaeria elongata</italic></td><td>CBS 120250</td><td>GU456327</td><td>GU456306</td><td>GU456345</td><td>GU456261</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Phaeosphaeria eustoma</italic></td><td>CBS 573.86</td><td>DQ678063</td><td>DQ678011</td><td>DQ677959</td><td>DQ677906</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Phaeosphaeria luctuosa</italic></td><td>CBS 308.79</td><td>GU301861</td><td></td><td></td><td>GU349004</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Phaeosphaeria nigrans</italic></td><td>CBS 576.86</td><td>GU456331</td><td></td><td>GU456356</td><td>GU456271</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Phaeosphaeria nodorum</italic></td><td>CBS 259.49</td><td>GU456332</td><td></td><td></td><td>GU456285</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Phaeosphaeria oryzae</italic></td><td>CBS 110110</td><td>GQ387591</td><td>GQ387530</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Phaeosphaeriopsis musae</italic></td><td>CBS 120026</td><td>GU301862</td><td>GU296186</td><td></td><td>GU349037</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Phoma apiicola</italic></td><td>CBS 285.72</td><td>GU238040</td><td>GU238211</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Phoma betae</italic></td><td>CBS 109410</td><td>EU754178</td><td>EU754079</td><td>GU371774</td><td>GU349075</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Phoma complanata</italic></td><td>CBS 268.92</td><td>EU754180</td><td>EU754081</td><td>GU371778</td><td>GU349078</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Phoma cucurbitacearum</italic></td><td>CBS 133.96</td><td>GU301863</td><td></td><td>GU371767</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Phoma exigua</italic></td><td>CBS 431.74</td><td>EU754183</td><td>EU754084</td><td>GU371780</td><td>GU349080</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Phoma glomerata</italic></td><td>CBS 528.66</td><td>EU754184</td><td>EU754085</td><td>GU371781</td><td>GU349081</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Phoma herbarum</italic></td><td>CBS 276.37</td><td>DQ678066</td><td>DQ678014</td><td>DQ677962</td><td>DQ677909</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Phoma radicina</italic></td><td>CBS 111.79</td><td>EU754191</td><td>EU754092</td><td></td><td>GU349076</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Phoma valerianae</italic></td><td>CBS 630.68</td><td>GU238150</td><td>GU238229</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Phoma vasinfecta</italic></td><td>CBS 539.63</td><td>GU238151</td><td>GU238230</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Phoma violicola</italic></td><td>CBS 306.68</td><td>GU238156</td><td>GU238231</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Phoma zeae-maydis</italic></td><td>CBS 588.69</td><td>EU754192</td><td>EU754093</td><td>GU371782</td><td>GU349082</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Platychora ulmi</italic></td><td>CBS 361.52</td><td>EF114702</td><td>EF114726</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Lophiostoma compressum</italic></td><td>GKM1048</td><td>GU385204</td><td></td><td></td><td>GU327772</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Lophiostoma scabridisporum</italic></td><td>BCC 22836</td><td>GQ925845</td><td>GQ925832</td><td>GU479829</td><td>GU479856</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Lophiostoma scabridisporum</italic></td><td>BCC 22835</td><td>GQ925844</td><td>GQ925831</td><td>GU479830</td><td>GU479857</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Pleomassaria siparia</italic></td><td>CBS 279.74</td><td>DQ678078</td><td>DQ678027</td><td>DQ677976</td><td>DQ677923</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Pleospora ambigua</italic></td><td>CBS 113979</td><td>AY787937</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Pleospora herbarum</italic></td><td>CBS 191.86</td><td>DQ247804</td><td>DQ247812</td><td>DQ247794</td><td>DQ471090</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Polyplosphaeria fusca</italic></td><td>CBS 125425</td><td>AB524607</td><td>AB524466</td><td></td><td>AB524822</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Polyplosphaeria fusca</italic></td><td>MAFF 239687</td><td>AB524606</td><td>AB524465</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Preussia funiculata</italic></td><td>CBS 659.74</td><td>GU301864</td><td>GU296187</td><td>GU371799</td><td>GU349032</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Preussia lignicola</italic></td><td>CBS 264.69</td><td>GU301872</td><td>GU296197</td><td>GU371765</td><td>GU349027</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Preussia terricola</italic></td><td>DAOM 230091</td><td>AY544686</td><td>AY544726</td><td>DQ470895</td><td>DQ471063</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Prosthemium betulinum</italic></td><td>CBS 127468</td><td>AB553754</td><td>AB553644</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Prosthemium canba</italic></td><td>JCM 16966</td><td>AB553760</td><td>AB553646</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Prosthemium orientale</italic></td><td>JCM 12841</td><td>AB553748</td><td>AB553641</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Prosthemium stellare</italic></td><td>CBS 126964</td><td>AB553781</td><td>AB553650</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Pseudotetraploa curviappendiculata</italic></td><td>CBS 125426</td><td>AB524610</td><td>AB524469</td><td></td><td>AB524825</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Pseudotetraploa curviappendiculata</italic></td><td>MAFF 239495</td><td>AB524608</td><td>AB524467</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Pseudotetraploa javanica</italic></td><td>MAFF 239498</td><td>AB524611</td><td>AB524470</td><td></td><td>AB524826</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Pseudotetraploa longissima</italic></td><td>MAFF 239497</td><td>AB524612</td><td>AB524471</td><td></td><td>AB524827</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Pseudotrichia guatopoensis</italic></td><td>SMH4535</td><td>GU385202</td><td></td><td></td><td>GU327774</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Pyrenochaeta acicola</italic></td><td>CBS 812.95</td><td>GQ387602</td><td>GQ387541</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Pleurophoma cava</italic></td><td>CBS 257.68</td><td>EU754199</td><td>EU754100</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Pyrenochaeta corn</italic></td><td>CBS 248.79</td><td>GQ387608</td><td>GQ387547</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Pyrenochaeta nobilis</italic></td><td>CBS 292.74</td><td>GQ387615</td><td>GQ387554</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Pyrenochaeta nobilis</italic></td><td>CBS 407.76</td><td>DQ678096</td><td></td><td>DQ677991</td><td>DQ677936</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Pyrenochaeta quercina</italic></td><td>CBS 115095</td><td>GQ387619</td><td>GQ387558</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Pyrenochaeta unguis-hominis</italic></td><td>CBS 378.92</td><td>GQ387621</td><td>GQ387560</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Pyrenochaetopsis decipiens</italic></td><td>CBS 343.85</td><td>GQ387624</td><td>GQ387563</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Pyrenophora phaeocomes</italic></td><td>DAOM 222769</td><td>DQ499596</td><td>DQ499595</td><td>DQ497614</td><td>DQ497607</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Pyrenophora tritici-repentis</italic></td><td>OSC 100066</td><td>AY544672</td><td></td><td></td><td>DQ677882</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Quadricrura bicornis</italic></td><td>CBS 125427</td><td>AB524613</td><td>AB524472</td><td></td><td>AB524828</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Quadricrura meridionalis</italic></td><td>CBS 125684</td><td>AB524614</td><td>AB524473</td><td></td><td>AB524829</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Quadricrura septentrionalis</italic></td><td>CBS 125428</td><td>AB524617</td><td>AB524476</td><td></td><td>AB524832</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Quintaria lignatilis</italic></td><td>BCC 17444</td><td>GU479797</td><td>GU479764</td><td>GU479832</td><td>GU479859</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Quintaria lignatilis</italic></td><td>CBS 117700</td><td>GU301865</td><td>GU296188</td><td>GU371761</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Quintaria submersa</italic></td><td>CBS 115553</td><td>GU301866</td><td></td><td></td><td>GU349003</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Repetophragma ontariense</italic></td><td>HKUCC 10830</td><td>DQ408575</td><td></td><td>DQ435077</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Rimora mangrovei</italic></td><td>JK 5246A</td><td>GU301868</td><td>GU296193</td><td>GU371759</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Rimora mangrovei</italic></td><td>JK 5437B</td><td>GU479798</td><td>GU479765</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Roussoella hysterioides</italic></td><td>CBS 125434</td><td>AB524622</td><td>AB524481</td><td>AB539102</td><td>AB539115</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Roussoella hysterioides</italic></td><td>MAFF 239636</td><td>AB524621</td><td>AB524480</td><td>AB539101</td><td>AB539114</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Roussoella pustulans</italic></td><td>MAFF 239637</td><td>AB524623</td><td>AB524482</td><td>AB539103</td><td>AB539116</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Roussoellopsis tosaensis</italic></td><td>MAFF 239638</td><td>AB524625</td><td></td><td>AB539104</td><td>AB539117</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Saccothecium sepincola</italic></td><td>CBS 278.32</td><td>GU301870</td><td>GU296195</td><td>GU371745</td><td>GU349029</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Salsuginea ramicola</italic></td><td>KT 2597.1</td><td>GU479800</td><td>GU479767</td><td>GU479833</td><td>GU479861</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Salsuginea ramicola</italic></td><td>KT 2597.2</td><td>GU479801</td><td>GU479768</td><td>GU479834</td><td>GU479862</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Setomelanomma holmii</italic></td><td>CBS 110217</td><td>GU301871</td><td>GU296196</td><td>GU371800</td><td>GU349028</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Setosphaeria monoceras</italic></td><td>AY016368</td><td>AY016368</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Massaria platani</italic></td><td>CBS 221.37</td><td>DQ678065</td><td>DQ678013</td><td>DQ677961</td><td>DQ677908</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Sporormiella minima</italic></td><td>CBS 524.50</td><td>DQ678056</td><td>DQ678003</td><td>DQ677950</td><td>DQ677897</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Stagonospora macropycnidia</italic></td><td>CBS 114202</td><td>GU301873</td><td>GU296198</td><td></td><td>GU349026</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Tetraploa aristata</italic></td><td>CBS 996.70</td><td>AB524627</td><td>AB524486</td><td></td><td>AB524836</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Tetraplosphaeria nagasakiensis</italic></td><td>MAFF 239678</td><td>AB524630</td><td>AB524489</td><td></td><td>AB524837</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Lophiostoma macrostomoides</italic></td><td>GKM1033</td><td>GU385190</td><td></td><td></td><td>GU327776</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Lophiostoma macrostomoides</italic></td><td>GKM1159</td><td>GU385185</td><td></td><td></td><td>GU327778</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Thyridaria rubronotata</italic></td><td>CBS 419.85</td><td>GU301875</td><td></td><td>GU371728</td><td>GU349002</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Tingoldiago graminicola</italic></td><td>KH 68</td><td>AB521743</td><td>AB521726</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Trematosphaeria pertusa</italic></td><td>CBS 122368</td><td>FJ201990</td><td>FJ201991</td><td>FJ795476</td><td>GU456276</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Trematosphaeria pertusa</italic></td><td>CBS 122371</td><td>GU301876</td><td>GU348999</td><td>GU371801</td><td>GU349085</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Trematosphaeria pertusa</italic></td><td>SMH 1448</td><td>GU385213</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Triplosphaeria cylindrica</italic></td><td>MAFF 239679</td><td>AB524634</td><td>AB524493</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Triplosphaeria maxima</italic></td><td>MAFF 239682</td><td>AB524637</td><td>AB524496</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Triplosphaeria yezoensis</italic></td><td>CBS 125436</td><td>AB524638</td><td>AB524497</td><td></td><td>AB524844</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Ulospora bilgramii</italic></td><td>CBS 110020</td><td>DQ678076</td><td>DQ678025</td><td>DQ677974</td><td>DQ677921</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Verruculina enalia</italic></td><td>BCC 18401</td><td>GU479802</td><td>GU479770</td><td>GU479835</td><td>GU479863</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Verruculina enalia</italic></td><td>BCC 18402</td><td>GU479803</td><td>GU479771</td><td>GU479836</td><td>GU479864</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Westerdykella cylindrica</italic></td><td>CBS 454.72</td><td>AY004343</td><td>AY016355</td><td>DQ470925</td><td>DQ497610</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Westerdykella dispersa</italic></td><td>CBS 508.75</td><td>DQ468050</td><td>U42488</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Westerdykella ornata</italic></td><td>CBS 379.55</td><td>GU301880</td><td>GU296208</td><td>GU371803</td><td>GU349021</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Wicklowia aquatica</italic></td><td>AF289-1</td><td>GU045446</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Wicklowia aquatica</italic></td><td>CBS 125634</td><td>GU045445</td><td>GU266232</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Xenolophium applanatum</italic></td><td>CBS 123123</td><td>GU456329</td><td>GU456312</td><td>GU456354</td><td>GU456269</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Xenolophium applanatum</italic></td><td>CBS 123127</td><td>GU456330</td><td>GU456313</td><td>GU456355</td><td>GU456270</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Zopfia rhizophila</italic></td><td>CBS 207.26</td><td>DQ384104</td><td>L76622</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><p><sup>1</sup><italic>BCC</italic> Belgian Coordinated Collections of Microorganisms; <italic>CABI</italic> International Mycological Institute, CABI-Bioscience, Egham, Bakeham Lane, U.K.; <italic>CBS</italic> Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Utrecht, The Netherlands; <italic>DAOM</italic> Plant Research Institute, Department of Agriculture (Mycology), Ottawa, Canada; <italic>DUKE</italic> Duke University Herbarium, Durham, North Carolina, U.S.A.; <italic>HHUF</italic> Herbarium of Hirosaki University, Japan; <italic>IFRDCC</italic> Culture Collection, International Fungal Research & Development Centre, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, China; <italic>MAFF</italic> Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Japan; <italic>NBRC</italic> NITE Biological Resource Centre, Japan; <italic>OSC</italic> Oregon State University Herbarium, U.S.A.; <italic>UAMH</italic> University of Alberta Microfungus Collection and Herbarium, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; <italic>UME</italic> Herbarium of the University of Umeå, Umeå, Sweden; Culture and specimen abbreviations: <italic>ANM</italic> A.N. Miller; CPC; P.W. Crous; <italic>EB</italic> E.W.A. Boehm; <italic>EG</italic> E.B.G. Jones; <italic>GKM</italic> G.K. Mugambi; <italic>JK</italic> J. Kohlmeyer; <italic>KT</italic> K. Tanaka; <italic>SMH</italic> S.M. Huhndorf</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></p><p>Previous results indicated no clear conflict amongst the majority of the data used (Schoch et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR314">2009</xref>). A phylogenetic analysis of the concatenated alignment was performed on CIPRES webportal (Miller et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR250">2009</xref>) using RAxML v. 7.2.7 (Stamatakis <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR352">2006</xref>; Stamatakis et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR353">2008</xref>) applying unique model parameters for each gene and codon (8 partitions). A general time reversible model (GTR) was applied with a discrete gamma distribution and four rate classes. Fifty thorough maximum likelihood (ML) tree searches were done in RAxML v. 7.2.7 under the same model, each one starting from a separate randomized tree and the best scoring tree selected with a final likelihood value of −95238.628839. Two isolates of <italic>Hysterium angustatum</italic> (<italic>Hysteriales</italic>, <italic>Pleosporomycetidae</italic>) were used as outgroups based on earlier work (Boehm et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR48">2009a</xref>). Bootstrap pseudo-replicates were run with the GTRCAT model approximation, allowing the program to halt bootstraps automatically under the majority rule criterion (Pattengale et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR274">2010</xref>). The resulting 250 replicates were plotted on to the best scoring tree obtained previously. The phylogram with bootstrap values on the branches is presented in Plate <xref rid="Fig1" ref-type="fig">1</xref> by using graphical options available in TreeDyn v. 198.3 (Chevenet et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR74">2006</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec19"><title>Morphology</title><p>Type specimens as well as some other specimens were loaned from the following herbaria: BAFC, BISH, BPI, BR, BRIP, CBS, E, ETH, FFE, FH, G, H, Herb. J. Kohlmeyer, HHUF, IFRD, ILLS, IMI, K(M), L, LPS, M, MA, NY, PAD, PC, PH, RO, S, TNS, TRTC, UB, UBC, UPS and ZT. Attempts were made to trace and borrow all the type specimens from herbaria worldwide, but only some of them could be obtained. Some of the type specimens are in such bad condition that little information could be obtained. In order to obtain the location of specimens, original publications were searched.</p><p>Ascostroma and ascomata were examined under an Olympus SZ H10 dissecting microscope. Section of the fruiting structures was carried out by cryotome or by hand-cutting. Measurements and descriptions of sections of the ascomata, hamathecium, asci and ascospores were carried out by immersing ascomata in water or in 10% lactic acid. Microphotography was taken with material mounted in water, cotton blue, Melzer’s reagent or 10–100% lactic acid.</p><p>Terminologies are as in Ulloa and Hanlin (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR377">2000</xref>). In addition, ascomata size is defined as: small-sized: < 300 <italic>μm</italic> diam., medium-sized: from 300 <italic>μm</italic> to 600 <italic>μm</italic> diam., large-sized: > 600 <italic>μm</italic> diam.</p><p>Question mark (“?”) before family (or genus) name means its familial (or generic) status within <italic>Pleosporales</italic> (or some particular family) is uncertain. Other question marks after habitats, latin names or other substantives mean the correctness of their usages need verification.</p></sec></sec><sec id="Sec20" sec-type="results"><title>Results</title><sec id="Sec21"><title>Molecular phylogeny</title><p>In total, 278 pleosporalean taxa are included in the phylogenetic analysis. These form 25 familial clades in the dendrogram, i.e. <italic>Aigialaceae</italic>, <italic>Amniculicolaceae</italic>, <italic>Arthopyreniaceae</italic>, <italic>Cucurbitariaceae/Didymosphaeriaceae</italic>, <italic>Delitschiaceae</italic>, <italic>Didymellaceae</italic>, <italic>Dothidotthiaceae</italic>, <italic>Hypsostromataceae</italic>, <italic>Lentitheciaceae</italic>, <italic>Leptosphaeriaceae</italic>, <italic>Lindgomycetaceae</italic>, <italic>Lophiostomataceae</italic>, <italic>Massariaceae</italic>, <italic>Massarinaceae</italic>, <italic>Melanommataceae</italic>, <italic>Montagnulaceae</italic>, <italic>Morosphaeriaceae</italic>, <italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic>, <italic>Pleomassariaceae</italic>, <italic>Pleosporaceae</italic>, <italic>Sporormiaceae</italic>, <italic>Testudinaceae</italic>/<italic>Platystomaceae</italic>, <italic>Tetraplosphaeriaceae</italic>, <italic>Trematosphaeriaceae</italic> and <italic>Zopfiaceae</italic> (Plate <xref rid="Fig1" ref-type="fig">1</xref>). Of these, <italic>Lentitheciaceae</italic>, <italic>Massarinaceae</italic>, <italic>Montagnulaceae</italic>, <italic>Morosphaeriaceae</italic> and <italic>Trematosphaeriaceae</italic> form a robust clade in the present study and in previous studies (Schoch et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR314">2009</xref>; Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR427">b</xref>). We thus emended the suborder, <italic>Massarineae</italic>, to accommodate them.</p><p><bold><italic>Pleosporales</italic></bold><bold>suborder</bold><bold><italic>Massarineae</italic></bold> Barr, Mycologia 71: 948. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR17">1979a</xref>). <bold>emend.</bold></p><p>Habitat freshwater, marine or terrestrial environment, saprobic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> solitary, scattered or gregarious, globose, subglobose, conical to lenticular, immersed, erumpent to superficial, papillate, ostiolate. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense or rarely few, filliform pseudoparaphyses. <italic>Asci</italic> bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical, clavate or broadly clavate, pedicellate. <italic>Ascospores</italic> hyaline, pale brown or brown, 1 to 3 or more transverse septa, rarely muriform, narrowly fusoid, fusoid, broadly fusoid, symmetrical or asymmetrical, with or without sheath.</p><p>Accepted genera of <italic>Pleosporales</italic></p><p><bold><italic>Acrocordiopsis</italic></bold> Borse & K.D. Hyde, Mycotaxon 34: 535 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR54">1989</xref>). (<italic>Pleosporales</italic>, genera <italic>incertae sedis</italic>)</p><p><bold>Generic description</bold></p><p>Habitat marine, saprobic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> seated in blackish stroma, scattered or gregarious, superficial, conical to semiglobose, ostiolate, carbonaceous. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long trabeculate pseudoparaphyses. <italic>Asci</italic> 8-spored, cylindrical with pedicels and conspicuous ocular chambers. <italic>Ascospores</italic> hyaline, 1-septate, obovoid to broadly fusoid.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: none.</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Alias et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR5">1999</xref>; Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR26">1987a</xref>; Borse and Hyde <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR54">1989</xref>.</p><p><bold>Type species</bold></p><p><bold><italic>Acrocordiopsis patilii</italic></bold> Borse & K.D. Hyde, Mycotaxon 34: 536 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR54">1989</xref>). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig2" ref-type="fig">1</xref>)<fig id="Fig2"><label>Fig. 1</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Acrocordiopsis patilii</italic></bold> (from IMI 297769, <bold>holotype</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Ascomata on the host surface. <bold>b</bold> Section of an ascoma. <bold>c</bold> Section of lateral peridium. <bold>d</bold> Section of the apical peridium. <bold>e</bold> Section of the basal peridium. Note the paler cells of <italic>textura prismatica.</italic><bold>f</bold> Cylindrical ascus. <bold>g</bold> Cylindrical ascus in pseudoparaphyses. <bold>h</bold>, <bold>i</bold> One-septate ascospores. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 3 mm, <bold>b</bold> = 0.5 mm, <bold>c</bold> = 200 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>d</bold>, <bold>e</bold> =50 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>f</bold>, <bold>g =</bold> 20 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig2_HTML" id="MO2"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 1–2 mm high × 1.8–3 mm diam., scattered or gregarious, superficial, conical or semiglobose, with a flattened base not easily removed from the substrate, ostiolate, black, very brittle and carbonaceous and extremely difficult to cut (Fig. <xref rid="Fig2" ref-type="fig">1a and b</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> 250–310 <italic>μm</italic> thick, to 600 <italic>μm</italic> thick near the apex, thinner at the base, comprising three types of cells; outer cells pseudoparenchymatous, small heavily pigmented thick-walled cells of <italic>textura epidermoidea</italic>, cells 0.6–1 × 6–10 <italic>μm</italic> diam., cell wall 5–9 <italic>μm</italic> thick; cells near the substrate less pigmented, composed of cells of <italic>textura prismatica</italic>, cell walls 1–3(−5) <italic>μm</italic> thick; inner cells less pigmented, comprised of hyaline to pale brown thin-walled cells, merging with pseudoparaphyses (Fig. <xref rid="Fig2" ref-type="fig">1c, d and e</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, <italic>ca</italic>. 1 <italic>μm</italic> broad, embedded in mucilage, hyaline, anastomosing and sparsely septate. <italic>Asci</italic> 140<bold>–</bold>220 × 13–17 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq1"><alternatives><tex-math id="M1">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = { 165}.{3 } \times { 15}.{6 }\mu {\text{m}} $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq1.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical, with short pedicels, 15–25(−40) <italic>μm</italic> long, with a large and conspicuous ocular chamber (Fig. <xref rid="Fig2" ref-type="fig">1f and g</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 17.5–25 × 12.5–15(−20) <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq2"><alternatives><tex-math id="M2">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = { 21}.{5 } \times { 13}.{6 }\mu {\text{m}} $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq2.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), uniseriate to partially overlapping, ovoid or ellipsoidal, hyaline, 1-septate, not constricted at the septum, smooth-walled (Fig. <xref rid="Fig2" ref-type="fig">1h and i</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: INDIA, Indian Ocean, Malvan (Maharashtra), on intertidal wood of <italic>Avicennia alba</italic> Bl., 30 Oct. 1981 (IMI 297769, <bold>holotype</bold>).</p><p><bold>Notes</bold></p><p><bold>Morphology</bold><italic>Acrocordiopsis</italic> was formally established by Borse and Hyde (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR54">1989</xref>) as a monotypic genus represented by <italic>A</italic>. <italic>patilii</italic> based on its “conical or semiglobose superficial carbonaceous ascomata, trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, cylindrical, bitunicate, 8-spored asci, and hyaline, 1-septate, obovoid or ellipsoid ascospores”. <italic>Acrocordiopsis patilii</italic> was first collected from mangrove wood (Indian Ocean) as a marine fungus, and a second marine <italic>Acrocordiopsis</italic> species was reported subsequently from Philippines (Alias et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR5">1999</xref>). <italic>Acrocordiopsis</italic> is assigned to <italic>Melanommataceae</italic> (<italic>Melanommatales sensu</italic> Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR23">1983</xref>) based on its ostiolate ascomata and trabeculate pseudoparaphyses (Borse and Hyde <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR54">1989</xref>). Morphologically, <italic>Acrocordiopsis</italic> is similar to <italic>Astrosphaeriella sensu stricto</italic> based on the conical ascomata and the brittle, carbonaceous peridium composed of thick-walled black cells with rows of palisade-like parallel cells at the rim area. Ascospores of <italic>Astrosphaeriella</italic> are, however, elongate-fusoid, usually brown or reddish brown and surrounded by a gelatinous sheath when young; as such they are readily distinguishable from those of <italic>Acrocordiopsis</italic>. A new family (<italic>Acrocordiaceae</italic>) was introduced by Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR26">1987a</xref>) to accommodate <italic>Acrocordiopsis</italic>. This proposal, however, has been rarely followed and Jones et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR188">2009</xref>) assigned <italic>Acrocordiopsis</italic> to <italic>Melanommataceae</italic>.</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p><italic>Acrocordiopsis patilii</italic> nested within an unresolved clade within <italic>Pleosporales</italic> (Suetrong et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR357">2009</xref>). Thus its familial placement is unresolved, but use of the <italic>Acrocordiaceae</italic> could be reconsidered with more data.</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p><italic>Acrocordiopsis</italic>, <italic>Astrosphaeriella sensu stricto</italic>, <italic>Mamillisphaeria</italic>, <italic>Caryospora</italic> and <italic>Caryosporella</italic> are morphologically similar as all have very thick-walled carbonaceous ascomata, narrow pseudoparaphyses in a gelatinous matrix (trabeculae) and bitunicate, fissitunicate asci. Despite their similarities, the shape of asci and ascospores differs (e.g. <italic>Mamillisphaeria</italic> has sac-like asci and two types of ascospores, brown or hyaline, <italic>Astrosphaeriella</italic> has cylindro-clavate asci and narrowly fusoid ascospores, both <italic>Acrocordiopsis</italic> and <italic>Caryosporella</italic> has cylindrical asci, but ascospores of <italic>Caryosporella</italic> are reddish brown). Therefore, the current familial placement of <italic>Acrocordiopsis</italic> cannot be determined. All generic types of <italic>Astrosphaeriella sensu stricto</italic>, <italic>Mamillisphaeria</italic> and <italic>Caryospora</italic> should be recollected and isolated for phylogenetic study.</p><p><bold><italic>Aigialus</italic></bold> Kohlm. & S. Schatz, Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 85: 699 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR211">1985</xref>). (<italic>Aigialaceae</italic>)</p><p><bold>Generic description</bold></p><p>Habitat marine, saprobic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> mostly subglobose in front view, fusoid in sagittal section, rarely subglobose, scattered, immersed to erumpent, papillate, ostiolate, ostiole rounded or slit-like, periphysate. <italic>Peridium</italic> 2-layered. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of trabeculate pseudoparaphyses. <italic>Asci</italic> 8-spored, cylindrical, pedicellate, with an ocular chamber and conspicuous apical ring. <italic>Ascospores</italic> ellipsoidal to fusoid, muriform, yellow brown to brown, with terminal appendages.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: none.</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Eriksson <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR103">2006</xref>; Jones et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR188">2009</xref>; Kohlmeyer and Schatz <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR211">1985</xref>; Lumbsch and Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR236">2007</xref>.</p><p><bold>Type species</bold></p><p><bold><italic>Aigialus grandis</italic></bold> Kohlm. & S. Schatz, Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 85: 699 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR211">1985</xref>). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig3" ref-type="fig">2</xref>)<fig id="Fig3"><label>Fig. 2</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Aigialus grandis</italic></bold> (from NY, J.K. 4332b, <bold>isotype</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Ascomata on the host surface. Note the longitudinal slit-like furrow which is the ostiole. <bold>b</bold> Section of the peridium. <bold>c</bold>, <bold>d</bold>. Released ascospores. <bold>e</bold> Ascospores in ascus. Note the conspicuous apical ring. <bold>f</bold> Cylindrical ascus with a long pedicel. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 1 mm, <bold>b</bold> = 200 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>c</bold>–<bold>f</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig3_HTML" id="MO3"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 1–1.25 mm high × 1–1.3 mm diam. in front view, 250–400 <italic>μm</italic> broad in sagittal section, vertically flattened subglobose, laterally compressed, scattered, immersed to semi-immersed, papillate, with an elongated furrow at the top of the papilla, wall black, carbonaceous, ostiolate, ostiole filled with branched or forked septate periphyses (Fig. <xref rid="Fig3" ref-type="fig">2a</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> 70–100 <italic>μm</italic> thick laterally, up to 150 <italic>μm</italic> thick at the apex, thinner at the base, comprising two cell types, outer layer composed of small heavily pigmented thick-walled pseudoparenchymatous cells, cells 1–2 <italic>μm</italic> diam., cell wall 2–5 <italic>μm</italic> thick, inner layer thin, composed of small hyaline cells (Fig. <xref rid="Fig3" ref-type="fig">2b</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, very long trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, 0.8–1.2 <italic>μm</italic> broad, embedded in mucilage, anastomosing and branching above the asci. <italic>Asci</italic> 450<bold>–</bold>640 × 22–35 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq3"><alternatives><tex-math id="M3">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 505 \times 30\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq3.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical to cylindro-clavate, with a long furcate pedicel, 90–180 <italic>μm</italic> long, with a low truncate ocular chamber and a refractive apical apparatus (to 12 <italic>μm</italic> wide × 4 <italic>μm</italic> high) (Fig. <xref rid="Fig3" ref-type="fig">2e and f</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 75<bold>–</bold>95 × 15–26 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq4"><alternatives><tex-math id="M4">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 84.3 \times 17.5\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq4.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), obliquely uniseriate and partially overlapping, broadly fusoid to fusoid with narrowly rounded ends in front view, flat on one side from side view (14–20 <italic>μm</italic> thick), yellowish brown, apical cells usually hyaline, muriform, with 14–17(−18) transversal septa, 1–3 longitudinal septa in most cells, slightly constricted at the septa, with a gelatinous cap at each end (Fig. <xref rid="Fig3" ref-type="fig">2c and d</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: BELIZE, Wee-Wee Cay, on submerged wood of roots and branches of <italic>Rhizophora mangle</italic> L., Mar. 1983, leg. J. Kohlmeyer (NY, J.K. 4332b, <bold>isotype</bold>).</p><p><bold>Notes</bold></p><p><bold>Morphology</bold><italic>Aigialus</italic> was formally established by Kohlmeyer and Schatz (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR211">1985</xref>) based on its immersed or semi-immersed ascomata with periphysate ostiole, trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, cylindrical and fissitunicate asci, and distinctive muriform ascospores with gelatinous sheath or caps. There are five accepted species in the genus, namely <italic>A</italic>. <italic>grandis</italic>, <italic>A</italic>. <italic>mangrovei</italic> Borse, <italic>A</italic>. <italic>parvus</italic> S. Schatz & Kohlm., <italic>A</italic>. <italic>rhizophorae</italic> Borse and <italic>A</italic>. <italic>striatispora</italic> K.D. Hyde (Jones et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR188">2009</xref>). <italic>Aigialus</italic> was first assigned to the <italic>Melanommatales</italic>, but its familial status was uncertain (Kohlmeyer and Schatz <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR211">1985</xref>). Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR32">1990b</xref>) included <italic>Aigialus</italic> in <italic>Massariaceae</italic> based on its conspicuous apical ring in the asci and ascospore characters, and this has subsequently been widely followed (Eriksson <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR103">2006</xref>; Hawksworth et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR143">1995</xref>; Kirk et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR197">2001</xref>; Lumbsch and Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR236">2007</xref>).</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold> The generic type of <italic>Aigialus</italic> (<italic>A</italic>. <italic>grandis</italic>) together with other three marine species, i.e. <italic>A</italic>. <italic>mangrovei</italic>, <italic>A</italic>. <italic>parvus</italic> as well as <italic>A</italic>. <italic>rhizophorae</italic> form a robust clade on the phylogenetic tree. Thus a new family, <italic>Aigialaceae</italic>, was introduced to accommodate <italic>Aigialus</italic> together with <italic>Ascocratera</italic> and <italic>Rimora</italic> (Suetrong et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR357">2009</xref>).</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold> The pleosporalean status of <italic>Aigialus</italic> has been phylogenetically verified, and the single branch containing <italic>Aigialus</italic>, <italic>Ascocratera</italic> and <italic>Rimora</italic> represents a familial rank of <italic>Aigialaceae</italic> (Suetrong et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR357">2009</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Amniculicola</italic></bold> Yin. Zhang & K.D. Hyde, Mycol. Res. 112: 1189 (2008). (<italic>Amniculicolaceae</italic>)</p><p><bold>Generic description</bold></p><p>Habitat freshwater, saprobic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> solitary, scattered, or in small groups, initially immersed, becoming erumpent, to nearly superficial, globose, subglobose to conical, wall black, roughened; apex well differentiated into two tuberculate flared lips surrounding a slit-like ostiole. <italic>Peridium</italic> thin, 2-layered, outer layer composed of small heavily pigmented thick-walled cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, inner layer composed of hyaline thin-walled cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, embedded in mucilage, anastomosing between and above the asci. <italic>Asci</italic> 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical to narrowly fusoid, short pedicellate, with an ocular chamber and a small apical apparatus. <italic>Ascospores</italic> fusoid, hyaline, 1-septate, constricted at the septum, surrounded by an irregular hyaline gelatinous sheath.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: <italic>Anguillospora longissima</italic>, <italic>Spirosphaera cupreorufescens</italic> and <italic>Repetophragma ontariense</italic> (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR425">2008c</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR428">2009c</xref>).</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR425">2008c</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR428">c</xref>.</p><p><bold>Type species</bold></p><p><bold><italic>Amniculicola lignicola</italic></bold> Ying Zhang & K.D. Hyde, Mycol. Res. 112: 1189 (2008). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig4" ref-type="fig">3</xref>)<fig id="Fig4"><label>Fig. 3</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Amniculicola lignicola</italic></bold> (from PC 0092661, <bold>holotype</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Superficial ascomata gregarious on the host surface. <bold>b</bold> An erumpent ascoma with elongated papilla and slit-like ostiole. <bold>c</bold> Habitat section of a superficial ascoma. <bold>d</bold>, <bold>e</bold> Section of an ascoma and the partial peridium. <bold>f</bold> Cylindrical 8-spored ascus with a short pedicel. <bold>g</bold> Hyaline, 1-septate broadly fusoid ascospores. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 1 mm, <bold>b–d</bold> = 100 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>e</bold> = 50 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>f</bold>, <bold>g</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig4_HTML" id="MO4"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 350–450 <italic>μm</italic> high × 300–500 <italic>μm</italic> diam., solitary, scattered, or in small groups of 2–3, initially immersed, becoming erumpent, to nearly superficial, with basal wall remaining immersed in host tissue, globose, subglobose, broadly or narrowly conical, often laterally flattened, with a flattened base not easily removed from the substrate, wall black, roughened, often bearing remnants of wood fibers; apex well differentiated into two tuberculate flared lips surrounding a slit-like ostiole, 150–250 <italic>μm</italic> long, filled with a purplish amorphous matter, oriented in the axis of the wood fibers; underlying wood stained pale purple (Fig. <xref rid="Fig4" ref-type="fig">3a and b</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> 40–55 <italic>μm</italic> thick laterally, up to 120 <italic>μm</italic> thick at the apex, thinner at the base, coriaceous, 2-layered, outer layer composed of small heavily pigmented thick-walled cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, cells 4–9 <italic>μm</italic> diam., cell wall 2–3 <italic>μm</italic> thick, apex cells smaller and walls thicker, inner layer composed of hyaline thin-walled cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, 8–16 <italic>μm</italic> diam., in places with columns of <italic>textura prismatica</italic>, oriented perpendicular to the ascomatal surface, and larger, paler cells of <italic>textura prismatica</italic> towards the interior and at the base, 10–25 <italic>μm</italic> (Fig. <xref rid="Fig4" ref-type="fig">3c, d and e</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long trabeculate pseudoparaphyses <1 <italic>μm</italic> broad, embedded in mucilage (Indian ink), anastomosing between and above the asci. <italic>Asci</italic> 140<bold>–</bold>184 × 9–10 <italic>μm</italic>, 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical to narrowly fusoid, with a short, narrowed, twisted, furcate pedicel which is 15–25 <italic>μm</italic> long, with a low truncate ocular chamber and a small inconspicuous apical apparatus barely seen in water (Fig. <xref rid="Fig4" ref-type="fig">3f</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> (20.5-)28–32 × (6-)8(−9) <italic>μm</italic>, obliquely uniseriate and partially overlapping, broadly fusoid to fusoid with broadly to narrowly rounded ends, hyaline, 1-septate, deeply constricted at the median septum, the upper cell often shorter and broader than the lower one, smooth, containing four refractive globules, surrounded by an irregular hyaline gelatinous sheath 4–8.5 <italic>μm</italic> thick, best seen in India ink, released senescent ascospores are greyish and 3-septate, strongly constricted at all septa (Fig. <xref rid="Fig4" ref-type="fig">3g</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p>Colonies slow growing, reaching 4 cm diam. after 70 d growth on Malt Extract Agar (MEA) at 25°C, flat, with irregular to rhizoidal margin, off-white to grey, reverse reddish purple to deep reddish purple, the medium is stained pale yellow.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: FRANCE, Ariège, Prat Communal, Ruisseau de Loumet, 1000 m, on partly submerged wood of <italic>Fraxinus excelsior</italic>, 8 Aug. 2006, leg. Jacques Fournier (PC 0092661, <bold>holotype</bold>); 3 Sept. 2004 (BPI 877774; CBS: H-17932); Rimont, Ruisseau de Peyrau, 400 m, on driftwood of <italic>Alnus glutinosa</italic> (L.) Gaertn., 23 Jul. 2006 (HKU(M) 17515, <bold>isotype</bold>).</p><p><bold>Notes</bold></p><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Amniculicola</italic> is a freshwater genus which stains the woody substrate purple (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR425">2008c</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR428">c</xref>). This genus appears only to be reported from Europe. A detailed description of the generic type was provided by Zhang et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR425">2008c</xref>).</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>Three species of <italic>Amniculicola</italic> cluster together with <italic>Anguillospora longissima</italic>, <italic>Spirosphaera cupreorufescens</italic> and <italic>Repetophragma ontariense</italic> as well as <italic>Pleospora rubicunda</italic> Niessl (current name <italic>Murispora rubicunda</italic> (Niessl) Y. Zhang ter, J. Fourn. & K.D. Hyde) and <italic>Massariosphaeria typhicola</italic> (P. Karst.) Leuchtm. (current name <italic>Neomassariosphaeria typhicola</italic> (P. Karst.) Yin. Zhang, J. Fourn. & K.D. Hyde). A new family, i.e. <italic>Amniculicolaceae</italic>, was introduced to accommodate these taxa (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR425">2008c</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR428">c</xref>).</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>All of the five teleomorphic taxa within <italic>Amniculicolaceae</italic> are from freshwater in Europe and their ascomata stain the woody substrate purple. Purple staining makes taxa of this family easily recognized in the field.</p><p><bold><italic>Anomalemma</italic></bold> Sivan., Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 81: 328 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR343">1983</xref>). (?<italic>Melanommataceae</italic>)</p><p><bold>Generic description</bold></p><p>Habitat terrestrial, fungicolous. <italic>Ascomata</italic> gregarious, superficial, papillate, ostiolate. <italic>Peridium</italic> composed cells of pseudoparenchymatous. <italic>Asci</italic> clavate, 8-spored. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, filliform pseudoparaphyses. <italic>Ascospores</italic> 1- (rarely 2- to 3-) septate, fusoid, reddish brown, constricted at the main septum.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: <italic>Exosporiella</italic> (<bold>=</bold><italic>Phanerocorynella</italic>) (Sivanesan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR343">1983</xref>).</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Berkeley and Broome <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR44">1866</xref>; Keissler <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR192">1922</xref>; Massee <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR248">1887</xref>; Saccardo <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR300">1878a</xref>; Sivanesan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR343">1983</xref>.</p><p><bold>Type species</bold></p><p><bold><italic>Anomalemma epochnii</italic></bold> (Berk. & Broome) Sivan., Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 81: 328 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR343">1983</xref>). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig5" ref-type="fig">4</xref>)<fig id="Fig5"><label>Fig. 4</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Anomalemma epochnii</italic></bold> (K(M):143936, <bold>syntype</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Gregarious ascomata on the host surface. <bold>b</bold>, <bold>c</bold> Bitunicate asci. Note the wide pseudoparaphyses. <bold>d</bold> Section of the apical peridium comprising thick-walled cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>. <bold>e–h</bold> Fusoid to broadly fusoid ascospores. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 0.5 mm, <bold>b–h</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig5_HTML" id="MO5"></graphic></fig></p><p>≡ <italic>Sphaeria epochnii</italic> Berk. & Broome, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., Ser. 3 18: 128 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR44">1866</xref>).</p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 340–500 <italic>μm</italic> high × 170–286 <italic>μm</italic> diam., gregarious on the intertwined hyphae, superficial, papillate, wall black, coriaceous, roughened (Fig. <xref rid="Fig5" ref-type="fig">4a</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> composed of two types of cells, outer layer 17–22 <italic>μm</italic> wide, composed of heavily pigmented thick-walled cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, cells up to 8 × 13 <italic>μm</italic> diam., cell wall 1–1.5 <italic>μm</italic> thick, inner layer 30–34 <italic>μm</italic> thick, composed of hyaline thin-walled cells (Fig. <xref rid="Fig5" ref-type="fig">4d</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long cellular pseudoparaphyses, 2–4 <italic>μm</italic> broad, septate. <italic>Asci</italic> 75<bold>–</bold>108 × 9.5–12.5 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq5"><alternatives><tex-math id="M5">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 92.8 \times 11.1\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq5.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, dehiscence not observed, cylindro-clavate to clavate, with a furcate pedicel up to 6–25 <italic>μm</italic> long, with a small ocular chamber best seen in immature asci (<italic>ca</italic>. 2 <italic>μm</italic> wide × 1 <italic>μm</italic> high) (Fig. <xref rid="Fig5" ref-type="fig">4b and c</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 20–25(−30) × 5–7.5 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq6"><alternatives><tex-math id="M6">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 23.1 \times 6.3\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq6.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), obliquely uniseriate and partially overlapping to biseriate, fusoid to narrowly fusoid with narrowly rounded ends, brown, 1-septate, rarely 2- to 3-septate, deeply constricted at the median septum, smooth (Fig. <xref rid="Fig5" ref-type="fig">4e, f, g and h</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: <italic>Exosporiella fungorum</italic> (Fr.) P. Karst. (Sivanesan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR343">1983</xref>).</p><p>= <italic>Epochnium fungorum</italic> Fr., Syst. mycol. 3: 449 (1832).</p><p><italic>Mycelium</italic> composed of branched, septate, pale brown hyphae. <italic>Stroma</italic> none. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> macronematous or semi-macronematous, mononematous, hyaline, smooth, branched towards the apex. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> monoblastic, cylindrical or doliform. <italic>Conidia</italic> cylindrical or ellipsoidal, dry, 3-4-septate, smooth, hyaline or pale brown.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: UK, England, Warleigh near Bath, on fungus on bark (<italic>Epochnium</italic> sp.), Mar. 1866, leg. Warbright? (K(M):143936, <bold>syntype</bold>, ex herb. C.E. Broome).</p><p><bold>Notes</bold></p><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Sphaeria epochnii</italic> was first described and illustrated by Berkeley and Broome (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR44">1866</xref>) from Britain and the anamorphic stage is the hyphomycetous <italic>Epochniella fungorum</italic>. <italic>Sphaeria epochnii</italic> has subsequently been transferred to <italic>Melanomma</italic> (as <italic>M</italic>. <italic>epochnii</italic> (Berk. & Broome) Sacc.; Saccardo <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR300">1878a</xref>), <italic>Byssosphaeria</italic> (as <italic>B</italic>. <italic>epochnii</italic> (Berk. & Broome) Cooke; Massee <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR248">1887</xref>) and <italic>Chaetosphaeria</italic> (as <italic>C</italic>. <italic>epochnii</italic> (Berk. & Broome) Keissl.; Keissler <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR192">1922</xref>). The deposition of <italic>Sphaeria epochnii</italic> in <italic>Chaetosphaeria</italic> is obviously unacceptable, as <italic>Chaetosphaeria</italic> has unitunicate asci. <italic>Melanomma</italic> has been reported having <italic>Aposphaeria</italic> or <italic>Pseudospiropes</italic> anamorphs, which differs from <italic>Exosporiella</italic> (Sivanesan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR343">1983</xref>). In addition, the presence of well developed prosenchymatous stroma in <italic>Sphaeria epochnii</italic> can also readily distinguish it from <italic>Melanomma</italic> (Sivanesan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR343">1983</xref>).</p><p>The gregarious ascomata and formation of prosenchymatous stroma of <italic>Anomalemma</italic> resembles those of <italic>Cucurbitaria</italic>, but the pleosporaceous dictyosporous ascospores of <italic>Cucurbitaria</italic> readily distinguish it from <italic>Anomalemma epochnii</italic>. In addition, the pseudoparenchymatous peridium, fungicolous habitat and brown 1-septate ascospores, which later becoming 3-septate differ from any other pleosporalean genus. Thus a new genus, <italic>Anomalemma</italic>, was introduced to accommodate it (Sivanesan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR343">1983</xref>). <italic>Anomalemma</italic> is presently monotypic.</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>None.</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p><italic>Anomalemma epochnii</italic> certainly resembles <italic>Byssosphaeria</italic> in its ascomata clustering together in groups on closely intertwined hyphae and brown ascospores, and may well be included in this genus. Its fungicolous habitat, however, distinguishes it from <italic>Byssosphaeria</italic>.</p><p><bold><italic>Appendispora</italic></bold> K.D. Hyde, Sydowia 46: 29 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR167">1994a</xref>). (?<italic>Didymellaceae</italic>)</p><p><bold>Generic description</bold></p><p>Habitat terrestrial, saprobic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> small, clustered, immersed, subglobose or irregularly pyriform. <italic>Peridium</italic> thin. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long trabeculate pseudoparaphyses. <italic>Asci</italic> 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical, apical rounded with ocular chamber and faint ring, with short pedicels. <italic>Ascospores</italic> uniseriate to partially overlapping, fusoid, brown, 1-septate, slightly constricted at the septum.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: none.</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Hyde <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR167">1994a</xref>.</p><p><bold>Type species</bold></p><p><bold><italic>Appendispora frondicola</italic></bold> K.D. Hyde, Sydowia 46: 30 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR167">1994a</xref>). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig6" ref-type="fig">5</xref>)<fig id="Fig6"><label>Fig. 5</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Appendispora frondicola</italic></bold> (from BRIP 21354, <bold>holotype</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Immersed ascomata on host surface. <bold>b</bold> Valsoid configuration of the ascomata. <bold>c</bold> Cylindrical ascus. <bold>d</bold> Squash showing asci and numerous pseudoparaphyses. <bold>e</bold> Thin strands of anastomosing pseudoparaphyses. <bold>f</bold>, <bold>g</bold> Ascospores with one or two appendages. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 0.5 mm, <bold>b</bold> = 100 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>c–g</bold> = 10 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig6_HTML" id="MO6"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 120–280 <italic>μm</italic> high × 180–280 <italic>μm</italic> diam., clustered, immersed with minute ostioles visible through cracks or blackened dots on the host surface, subglobose or irregularly pyriform (Fig. <xref rid="Fig6" ref-type="fig">5a and b</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> 40 <italic>μm</italic> thick, comprising two types of cells; outer cells, small heavily pigmented thick-walled cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, inner cells compressed, hyaline. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, very long trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, <italic>ca</italic>. 1 <italic>μm</italic> broad, embedded in mucilage, hyaline, anastomosing (Fig. <xref rid="Fig6" ref-type="fig">5e</xref>). <italic>Asci</italic> 130<bold>–</bold>144 × 11–13 <italic>μm</italic>, 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical, with an ocular chamber and faint ring, with short pedicels (Fig. <xref rid="Fig6" ref-type="fig">5c and d</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 21<bold>–</bold>30 × 7–9 <italic>μm</italic>, uniseriate to partially overlapping, fusoid, brown, 1-septate, slightly constricted at the septum, with an irregular ridged ornamentation and 3–5 narrow appendages at each end (Fig. <xref rid="Fig6" ref-type="fig">5f and g</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: BRUNEL, Jalan, Muara, Simpang 835, on dead rachis of <italic>Oncosperma horridum</italic> on forest floor, Nov. 1992, K.D. Hyde 1652 (BRIP 21354, <bold>holotype</bold>).</p><p><bold>Notes</bold></p><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Appendispora</italic> was described as a saprobe of palm, and is characterized by small, immersed ascomata, bitunicate, fissitunicate asci, trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, brown, 1-septate, appendaged ascospores with irregular wall striations (Hyde <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR167">1994a</xref>). Based on its trabeculate pseudoparaphyses embedded within gel matrix and its brown ascospores, <italic>Appendispora</italic> was assigned to <italic>Didymosphaeriaceae</italic> (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR27">1987b</xref>; Hyde <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR167">1994a</xref>).</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>None.</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>The saprobic habitat and association with monocots, cylindrical asci, trabeculate pseudoparaphyses as well as its brown, 1-septate ascospores make it difficult to determine a better phylogenetic position than <italic>Didymellaceae</italic>.</p><p><bold><italic>Ascorhombispora</italic></bold> L. Cai & K.D. Hyde, Cryptog. Mycol. 28: 294 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR57">2007</xref>). (<italic>Pleosporales</italic>, genera <italic>incertae sedis</italic>)</p><p><bold>Generic description</bold></p><p>Habitat freshwater, saprobic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> solitary or gregarious, superficial, globose to subglobose, dark brown to black, short papillate, ostiolate, coriaceous. <italic>Peridium</italic> relatively thin, <italic>textura angularis</italic> in longitudinal section, 2-layered. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> not observed. <italic>Asci</italic> 8-spored, obpyriform, broadly clavate to saccate, pedicellate, bitunicate, apex rounded, persistent. <italic>Ascospores</italic> overlapping 2-3-seriate, broadly fusoid to rhomboid, thick-walled, surrounded by mucilaginous sheath, 3-euseptate, not constricted at septa, median septum wide, forming a darker band, central cells large, trapezoid, dark brown to black, verruculose, polar end cells small and paler.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: none.</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Cai and Hyde <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR57">2007</xref>.</p><p><bold>Type species</bold></p><p><bold><italic>Ascorhombispora aquatica</italic></bold> L. Cai & K.D. Hyde, Cryptog. Mycol. 28: 295 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR57">2007</xref>). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig7" ref-type="fig">6</xref>)<fig id="Fig7"><label>Fig. 6</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Ascorhombispora aquatica</italic></bold> (from HKU(M) 10859, <bold>holotype</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Section of an ascoma. <bold>b</bold> Section of a partial peridium. <bold>c</bold> Immature ascus. <bold>d–f</bold> Mature asci with ascospores. Note the deliquescent ascal wall in <bold>f</bold>. Note the wide, dark band in the medium septum of ascospores in <bold>d</bold> and <bold>e</bold> and the mucilaginous sheath and paler end cells in <bold>e</bold> and <bold>f</bold>. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>b–f</bold> = 10 <italic>μm</italic> (figures referred to Cai and Hyde <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR57">2007</xref>)</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig7_HTML" id="MO7"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 140–170 <italic>μm</italic> high × 150–185 <italic>μm</italic> diam., solitary or gregarious, superficial, globose to subglobose, dark brown to black, short papillate, ostiolate, ostioles rounded, small, coriaceous. <italic>Peridium</italic> relatively thin, 10–18 <italic>μm</italic> wide, <italic>textura angularis</italic> in longitudinal section, composed of two layers of angular cells, outer later dark brown to black, relatively thick-walled, inner layer hyaline, relatively thin-walled (Fig. <xref rid="Fig7" ref-type="fig">6a and b</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> not observed. <italic>Asci</italic> 100–198 × 72–102 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq7"><alternatives><tex-math id="M7">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 186 \times 88\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq7.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 15), 8-spored, obpyriform, broadly clavate to saccate, pedicellate, bitunicate, apex rounded, deliquescent (Fig. <xref rid="Fig7" ref-type="fig">6c, d and e</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 30.5–45 × 16–26.5 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq8"><alternatives><tex-math id="M8">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 38.5 \times 21\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq8.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 25), overlapping 2-3-seriate, broadly fusoid to rhomboid, thick-walled, surrounded by mucilaginous sheath, 3-euseptate, not constricted at septa, median septum wide, forming a darker band, central cells large, trapezoid, 11–18 <italic>μm</italic> long, dark brown to black, verruculose, polar end cells small, hemispherical, 3.5–4 <italic>μm</italic> long, subhyaline to pale brown, smooth (Fig. <xref rid="Fig7" ref-type="fig">6f</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: CHINA, Yunnan, Jinghong, on submerged bamboo in a small forest stream, 26 Jan. 2003, leg. det. L. Cai, CAI-1H31 (HKU(M) 10859, <bold>holotype</bold>).</p><p><bold>Notes</bold></p><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Ascorhombispora</italic> was introduced as a monotypic genus from freshwater by Cai and Hyde (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR57">2007</xref>), and is characterized by superficial, coriaceous, non-stromatic ascomata, large, saccate asci; lack of interascal filaments and trapezoid (rhombic), 3-septate, dark brown to black ascospores with smaller end cells which are subhyaline to pale brown. <italic>Ascorhombispora</italic> is most comparable with <italic>Caryospora</italic> and <italic>Zopfia</italic>. But the globose to subglobose ascomata and thin peridium, saccate asci lacking interascal pseudoparaphyses, and the 3-septate, rhomboid ascospores with the paler end cells of <italic>Ascorhombispora</italic> differs from those of <italic>Caryospora</italic> (Cai and Hyde <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR57">2007</xref>).</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>Phylogenetic analysis based on either SSU or LSU rDNA sequences indicated that <italic>Ascorhombispora aquatica</italic> belongs to <italic>Pleosporales</italic>, but its familial placement was left undetermined (Cai and Hyde <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR57">2007</xref>).</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>The sac-shaped asci and absence of pseudoparaphyses are uncommon in <italic>Pleosporales</italic>, especially among those from freshwater.</p><p><bold><italic>Asteromassaria</italic></bold> Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. I 126: 368 (1917). (?<italic>Morosphaeriaceae</italic>)</p><p><bold>Generic description</bold></p><p>Habitat terrestrial, saprobic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> medium-sized, clustered, at first immersed and then breaking through the host surface and becoming superficial, globose, subglobose, coriaceous. <italic>Peridium</italic> 2-layered, thicker near the base. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, septate, cellular pseudoparaphyses which branch and anastomosing frequently between and above asci. <italic>Asci</italic> (4-)8-spored, bitunicate, cylindro-clavate to clavate, with a short truncated pedicel and a small ocular chamber. <italic>Ascospores</italic> obliquely uniseriate and partially overlapping to biseriate, fusoid to fusoid-ellipsoidal, pale brown when mature, 1-septate, some becoming 3-septate when old, constricted at the median septum.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: <italic>Scolicosporium</italic> (Sivanesan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR344">1984</xref>).</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR21">1982a</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR22">b</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR35">1993a</xref>; Boise <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR52">1985</xref>; Shoemaker and LeClair <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR333">1975</xref>; Sivanesan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR345">1987</xref>; Tanaka et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR369">2005</xref>.</p><p><bold>Type species</bold></p><p><bold><italic>Asteromassaria macrospora</italic></bold> (Desm.) Höhn., F. von, Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. I 126: 368 (1917). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig8" ref-type="fig">7</xref>)<fig id="Fig8"><label>Fig. 7</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Asteromassaria macrospora</italic></bold> (from L, 1004). <bold>a</bold> Ascomata clustered in a group breaking through the host surface. <bold>b</bold> Section of an ascoma. <bold>c</bold> Section of a partial peridium. Note the cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>. <bold>d</bold> Pseudoparaphyses. Note the branches. <bold>e</bold> Upper part of the ascus illustrating the ocular chamber. <bold>f</bold> Ascus with a short pedicel. <bold>g–j</bold> Ascospores. Note the mucilaginous sheath in G and minutely verruculose ornamentation in J. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 0.5 mm, <bold>b</bold>, <bold>c</bold> = 100 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>d–j</bold> = 10 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig8_HTML" id="MO8"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>≡ Sphaeria macrospora</italic> Desm., Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. 10: 351 (1849).</p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 400–600 <italic>μm</italic> high × 450–650 <italic>μm</italic> diam., 4–20 clustered together, at first immersed and then breaking through the host surface and becoming superficial, globose, subglobose, not easily removed from the substrate, wall black, coriaceous, roughened, apex usually widely porate, with or without papilla (Fig. <xref rid="Fig8" ref-type="fig">7a</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> 70–90 <italic>μm</italic> wide, thicker near the base where it is up to 180 <italic>μm</italic> wide, comprising two cell types, outer cells composed of heavily pigmented small cells, cells 3–5 <italic>μm</italic> diam., inner layer composed of less pigmented cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, 10–20 <italic>μm</italic> diam. (Fig. <xref rid="Fig8" ref-type="fig">7b and c</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, septate, 2–3 <italic>μm</italic> broad, pseudoparaphyses which branch and anastomosing frequently between and above asci (Fig. <xref rid="Fig8" ref-type="fig">7d</xref>). <italic>Asci</italic> (180-)200–280 × 28–43 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq9"><alternatives><tex-math id="M9">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 230 \times 35\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq9.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), 8-spored (sometimes 4-spored), bitunicate, fissitunicate dehiscence not observed, cylindro-clavate to clavate, with a short truncated pedicel up to 30 <italic>μm</italic>, with a small ocular chamber (<italic>ca</italic>. 3 <italic>μm</italic> wide × 3 <italic>μm</italic> high) (Fig. <xref rid="Fig8" ref-type="fig">7e and f</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 50<bold>–</bold>58 × (14-)18–21 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq10"><alternatives><tex-math id="M10">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 55.3 \times 18.2\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq10.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), obliquely uniseriate and partially overlapping to biseriate, fusoid to fusoid-ellipsoidal, with narrowly rounded ends, lightly brown when mature, 1-septate, some becoming 3-septate when old, constricted at the median septum, the upper cell often broader and longer than the lower one, minutely verrucose (Fig. <xref rid="Fig8" ref-type="fig">7g, h, i and j</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: <italic>Scolicosporium macrosporium</italic> (Berk.) B. Sutton.</p><p><italic>Acervuli</italic> immersed in bark, brown, discrete, up to 250 <italic>μm</italic> diam., opening by irregular rupture of the overlaying tissues. <italic>Peridium</italic> of thin-walled angular cells. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> cylindrical, 1-2-septate, up to 30 <italic>μm</italic> long and 3–5 <italic>μm</italic> wide. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> holoblastic, 1-2-annellate, cylindrical, hyaline. <italic>Conidia</italic> 100–190 × 12–15 <italic>μm</italic>, fusoid, pale brown with paler or hyaline ends, 7–17 transverse septate, smooth-walled, with a tapered apex and truncate base (adapted from Sivanesan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR344">1984</xref>).</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: CZECH REPUBLIC, Mährisch-Welвkirchen (Hranice), Wsetin (Vsetin), Berg Čap., on <italic>Fagus sylvatica</italic> L., Aug. 1938, F. Petrak (L, 1004).</p><p><bold>Notes</bold></p><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p>In this study we were unable to obtain the holotype, so we used a collection of Petrak’s. The main morphological characters of <italic>Asteromassaria</italic> are the medium- to large-sized, globose to depressed ascomata opening with a pore, clavate to oblong asci, narrowly cellular pseudoparaphyses, pale to dark brown, bipolar symmetric, mostly fusoid, distoseptate or euseptate ascospores (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR35">1993a</xref>). The bipolar symmetric ascospores of <italic>Asteromassaria</italic> can readily be distinguished from other genera of this family (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR35">1993a</xref>; Tanaka et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR369">2005</xref>). Currently, it comprises 12 species (Tanaka et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR369">2005</xref>; <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.mycobank.org">http://www.mycobank.org</ext-link>, 28-02-2009).</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p><italic>Asteromassaria pulchra</italic> (Harkn.) Shoemaker & P.M. LeClair is basal to <italic>Morosphaeriaceae</italic> in the phylogenetic tree based on four genes, but its placement is influenced by taxon sampling that was different in several analyses.</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold><italic>Asteromassaria</italic> can be distinguished from other comparable genera, i.e. <italic>Pleomassaria</italic> and <italic>Splanchnonema</italic> by 1-septate and pale brown ascospores, thick-walled <italic>textura angularis</italic> peridium and <italic>Scolicosporium</italic> anamorphic stage (see under <italic>Pleomassaria</italic>).</p><p><bold><italic>Astrosphaeriella</italic></bold> Syd. & P. Syd., Annls mycol. 11: 260 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR360">1913</xref>). (?<italic>Melanommataceae</italic>)</p><p><bold>Generic description</bold></p><p>Habitat terrestrial, saprobic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> densely scattered or in small groups, erumpent through the outer layers of the host tissues to nearly superficial, reflexed pieces of the ruptured host tissue usually persisting around the base of the ascomata, often star-like, conical to semiglobose, with a central papilla. <italic>Peridium</italic> upper wall usually comprising a thick dark brittle pseudoparenchymatous layer, base usually flattened and thin-walled. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, filliform, trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, embedded in mucilage. <italic>Asci</italic> 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindro-clavate to narrowly fusoid. <italic>Ascospores</italic> narrowly fusoid with acute ends, hyaline, pale brown or brown, 1-3-septate.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: <italic>Pleurophomopsis</italic> (Hyde et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR182">2011</xref>).</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: von Arx and Müller <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR390">1975</xref>; Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">1990a</xref>; Chen and Hsieh <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR70">2004</xref>; Hawksworth <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR134">1981</xref>; Hawksworth and Boise <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR138">1985</xref>; Hyde and Fröhlich <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR174">1998</xref>; Hyde et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR180">2000</xref>; Kirk et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR197">2001</xref>; Sydow and Sydow <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR360">1913</xref>; Tanaka and Harada <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR367">2005a</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR368">b</xref>; Tanaka et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR370">2009</xref>.</p><p><bold>Type species</bold></p><p><bold><italic>Astrosphaeriella stellata</italic></bold> Syd. & P. Syd., Annls mycol. 11: 260 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR360">1913</xref>). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig9" ref-type="fig">8</xref>)<fig id="Fig9"><label>Fig. 8</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Astrosphaeriella fusispora</italic></bold> (BISH 145726). <bold>a</bold> Ascomata forming a small group on host surface. Note the remains of the host forming flanges around the ascomata. <bold>b</bold> Section of the partial peridium. Note the black peridium and wedge of palisade cells between the lateral and basal walls. <bold>c</bold> Asci in trabeculate pseudoparaphyses. <bold>d–f</bold> Narrowly fusoid ascospores. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 1 mm, <bold>b</bold> = 100 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>c</bold> = 50 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>d–f</bold> = 10 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig9_HTML" id="MO9"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 360–570 <italic>μm</italic> high × 860–1150 <italic>μm</italic> diam., densely scattered or in small groups, erumpent through the outer layers of the host tissues to nearly superficial, reflexed pieces of the ruptured host tissue usually persisting around the base of the ascomata, forming star-like flanges around the ascomata from the surface view; ascomata broadly conical, with a flattened base not easily removed from the substrate, wall black; apex with a central papilla which is black and shiny at maturity, scarcely projecting (Fig. <xref rid="Fig9" ref-type="fig">8a</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> 40–70 <italic>μm</italic> thick, carbonaceous and crisp, 1-layered, composed of very small dark brown thick-walled pseudoparenchymatous cells, cells 2–5 <italic>μm</italic> diam., cell wall 2–6 <italic>μm</italic> thick, in places at the base composed of hyaline cells of <italic>textura prismatica</italic>, cells 5 × 8 <italic>μm</italic> diam. (Fig. <xref rid="Fig9" ref-type="fig">8b</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, very long trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, <1 <italic>μm</italic> broad, embedded in mucilage (Indian ink), anastomosing between and above the asci. <italic>Asci</italic> 130<bold>–</bold>190 × 11.5–15 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq11"><alternatives><tex-math id="M11">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 161.5 \times 12.8\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq11.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindro-clavate to narrowly fusoid, with a short, narrowed pedicel which is 10–35 <italic>μm</italic> long, with a large ocular chamber (Fig. <xref rid="Fig9" ref-type="fig">8c</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 35<bold>–</bold>50 × 5–7.5 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq12"><alternatives><tex-math id="M12">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 43.4 \times 6\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq12.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), biseriate, elongate- fusoid, gradually tapering towards the ends, hyaline, turning pale brown when mature, 1(−3)-septate, constricted at the median septum (Fig. <xref rid="Fig9" ref-type="fig">8d,e and f</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: USA, Hawaii, Kapano Gulch, in bamboo culms, 5 Jun. 1947, leg. Kopf & Rogers, det. Miller (BISH 145726, as <italic>Astrosphaeriella fusispora</italic> Syd. & P. Syd.).</p><p><bold>Notes</bold></p><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Astrosphaeriella</italic> has been treated as a synonym of <italic>Microthelia</italic> (von Arx and Müller <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR390">1975</xref>), but the large conical ascomata, numerous trabeculate pseudoparaphyses and 1-septate and elongated ascospores of <italic>Astrosphaeriella</italic> all disagree with those of <italic>Microthelia</italic> (Hawksworth <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR134">1981</xref>). It was assigned to <italic>Platystomaceae</italic> by Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">1990a</xref>) in <italic>Pleosporales</italic> or <italic>Melanommataceae</italic> by Kirk et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR197">2001</xref>). Following a systematic study of <italic>Astrosphaeriella</italic>, only four species were accepted, i.e. <italic>A</italic>. <italic>aosimensis</italic> I. Hino & Katum., <italic>A</italic>. <italic>stellata</italic>, <italic>A</italic>. <italic>trochus</italic> (Penz. & Sacc.) D. Hawksw. and <italic>A</italic>. <italic>venezuelensis</italic> M.E. Barr & D. Hawksw. (Hawksworth <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR134">1981</xref>), and it was defined as a tropical genus, occurring exclusively on palms or bamboo. <italic>Astrosphaeriella stellata</italic> was selected as the type of <italic>Astrosphaeriella</italic>, and <italic>A</italic>. <italic>fusispora</italic> was regarded as a synonym of <italic>A</italic>. <italic>stellata</italic> (Hawksworth <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR134">1981</xref>). More taxa were subsequently added (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">1990a</xref>; Hawksworth and Boise <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR138">1985</xref>; Hyde and Fröhlich <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR174">1998</xref>), and the generic concept extended to include three elements: 1. typical semi-immersed to superficial ascomata with flattened base, cylindro-clavate asci with fusoid ascospores and trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, i.e. <italic>Astrosphaeriella sensu stricto</italic> (e.g. <italic>A</italic>. <italic>fusispora</italic> and <italic>A</italic>. <italic>vesuvius</italic> (Berk. & Broome) D. Hawksw. & Boise); 2. <italic>Trematosphaeria</italic>-like with rounded ascomata (e.g. <italic>A</italic>. <italic>africana</italic> D. Hawksw.); and 3. <italic>Massarina</italic>-like species with immersed ascomata (e.g. <italic>A</italic>. <italic>bakeriana</italic> (Sacc.) K.D. Hyde & J. Fröhl.) (Chen and Hsieh <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR70">2004</xref>; Tanaka and Harada <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR367">2005a</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR368">b</xref>). Currently, a broad generic concept of <italic>Astrosphaeriella</italic> is accepted, and 47 taxa are included in <italic>Astrosphaeriella</italic>.</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>Phylogenetic analysis based on LSU and SSU <italic>nu</italic>rDNA sequence data indicates that <italic>Astrosphaeriella</italic> is polyphyletic, and located in the basal region of the <italic>Pleosporales</italic> between <italic>Testudinaceae</italic> and <italic>Zopfiaceae</italic>/<italic>Delitschiaceae</italic> (Tanaka et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR370">2009</xref>), or basal to <italic>Aigialaceae</italic> (Schoch et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR314">2009</xref>). The genus is, however, clearly not related to <italic>Trematosphaeria</italic> as previously understood (Boise <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR52">1985</xref>).</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold><italic>Astrosphaeriella</italic> is currently polyphyletic and new collections of the different elements listed above are needed in order to understand the placement of various species. We suggest that some immersed bambusicolous species may belong in <italic>Tetraplospheariaceae</italic>.</p><p><bold><italic>Asymmetricospora</italic></bold> J. Fröhl. & K.D. Hyde, Sydowia 50: 183 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR120">1998</xref>). (?<italic>Melanommataceae</italic>)</p><p><bold>Generic description</bold></p><p>Habitat terrestrial, saprobic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> solitary or in small groups, immersed, black, lenticular in section, uni- or often multi-locular, with a central ostiole without tissue differentiation. <italic>Upper peridium</italic> carbonaceous, thicker at sides and apex. <italic>Lower peridium</italic> composed of irregular-shaped, hyaline cells. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, branching and anastomosing between and above asci, embedded in mucilage. <italic>Asci</italic> 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate unknown, clavate, short pedicellate. <italic>Ascospores</italic> 1-septate, hyaline, constricted at the septum, with a broad, spreading mucilaginous sheath.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: none.</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Fröhlich and Hyde <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR120">1998</xref>.</p><p><bold>Type species</bold></p><p><bold><italic>Asymmetricospora calamicola</italic></bold> J. Fröhl. & K.D. Hyde, Sydowia 50: 184 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR120">1998</xref>). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig10" ref-type="fig">9</xref>)<fig id="Fig10"><label>Fig. 9</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Asymmetricospora calamicola</italic></bold> (from HKU(M) 7794, <bold>holotype</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Ascomata immersed in the substrate. <bold>b</bold> Section of the peridium. <bold>c</bold> Mature and immature asci in pseudoparaphyses (in <italic>cotton blue</italic>). <bold>d</bold> Clavate ascus with a small ocular chamber. <bold>e–g</bold> Ascospores with sheath. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold>, <bold>b</bold> = 0.5 mm, <bold>c</bold> = 50 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>d</bold>–<bold>g</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig10_HTML" id="MO10"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 675–950 <italic>μm</italic> high × 875–1500 <italic>μm</italic> diam., solitary or in small groups of 2–10, immersed and forming slightly protruding domes on the substrate surface, with near-white rim around the central ostiole; in vertical view lenticular, multi- or rarely unilocular, individual locules 175–270 <italic>μm</italic> high × 320–400 <italic>μm</italic> diam., with a flattened base, ostiole a central opening without tissue differentiation (Fig. <xref rid="Fig10" ref-type="fig">9a</xref>). <italic>Upper peridium</italic> 32–70 <italic>μm</italic> wide, carbonaceous, composed of a few layers of black walled cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>. <italic>Lower peridium</italic> thinner, composed of hyaline cells of <italic>textura globulosa</italic> or <italic>textura prismatica</italic> (Fig. <xref rid="Fig10" ref-type="fig">9b</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of long trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, 1.2–1.6(−2) <italic>μm</italic> wide, branching and anastomosing between and above asci, embedded in mucilage. <italic>Asci</italic> 137.5–207.5 × 26–35 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq13"><alternatives><tex-math id="M13">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 172.8 \times 31.5\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq13.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 20), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate dehiscence not observed, clavate, with short pedicel (to 25 <italic>μm</italic>), with ocular chambers (<italic>ca</italic>. 3 <italic>μm</italic> wide × 4 <italic>μm</italic> high) (Fig. <xref rid="Fig10" ref-type="fig">9c and d</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 35–55 × 10.5–15 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq14"><alternatives><tex-math id="M14">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 44.7 \times 12.4\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq14.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 50), biseriate, navicular to obovoid, hyaline, becoming pale brown when senescent, straight or usually curved, smooth, asymmetric, 1-septate, the upper cell larger with a rounded end, basal cell with a tapering end, constricted at the septum, with spreading mucilaginous sheath (Fig. <xref rid="Fig10" ref-type="fig">9e, f and g</xref>) (data from Fröhlich and Hyde <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR120">1998</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: AUSTRALIA, North Queensland, Palmerston, Palmerston National Park, on dead rattan of <italic>Calamus caryotoides</italic> A.Cunn. ex Mart., Mar. 1994, J. Fröhlich (HKU(M) 7794, <bold>holotype</bold>).</p><p><bold>Notes</bold></p><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Asymmetricospora</italic> was introduced as a monotypic genus represented by <italic>A</italic>. <italic>calamicola</italic> based on its “absence of a subiculum, the absence of short dark setae around the papilla and its asymmetric ascospores” (Fröhlich and Hyde <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR120">1998</xref>). Because of the immersed ascomata, ostiole and peridium morphology, fissitunicate asci and trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, <italic>Asymmetricospora</italic> was assigned to <italic>Melanommataceae</italic> (<italic>sensu</italic> Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">1990a</xref>; Fröhlich and Hyde <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR120">1998</xref>).</p><p>Morphologically <italic>Asymmetricospora</italic> can be distinguished from its most comparable genus, <italic>Astrosphaeriella</italic>, by its ostiole, which is a simple opening without tissue differentiation, asymmetric ascospores, and the usually multi-loculate fruiting body (Fröhlich and Hyde <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR120">1998</xref>).</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>None.</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>The placement of <italic>Asymmetricospora</italic> under <italic>Melanommataceae</italic> remains to be confirmed.</p><p><bold><italic>Barria</italic></bold> Z.Q. Yuan, Mycotaxon 51: 313 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR416">1994</xref>). (<italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic>)</p><p><bold>Generic description</bold></p><p>Habitat terrestrial, parasitic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> small- to medium-sized, solitary or scattered, immersed, globose, subglobose, ostiolate, coriaceous. <italic>Apex</italic> with or without papilla and with a pore-like ostiole. <italic>Peridium</italic> 2-layered. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long cellular pseudoparaphyses, septate, embedded in mucilage. <italic>Asci</italic> bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical to clavate, with a short, furcate pedicel. <italic>Ascospores</italic> ellipsoid, hyaline at first, turning brown at maturity, 1-septate, strongly constricted at the septum.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: none.</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Yuan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR416">1994</xref>.</p><p><bold>Type species</bold></p><p><bold><italic>Barria piceae</italic></bold> Z.Q. Yuan, Mycotaxon 51: 314 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR416">1994</xref>). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig11" ref-type="fig">10</xref>)<fig id="Fig11"><label>Fig. 10</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Barria piceae</italic></bold> (from NY 92003, <bold>isotype</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Ascoma on the host surface. Note the wide opening ostiole. <bold>b</bold> Section of the partial peridium with two types of cells. <bold>c</bold>, <bold>d</bold> Asci with ocular chambers and short pedicels. <bold>e</bold>, <bold>f</bold> Ellipsoid ascospores which are turning brown with thin sheath around them. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 0.5 mm, <bold>b</bold> = 50 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>c</bold>, <bold>d</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>e</bold>, <bold>f</bold> = 10 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig11_HTML" id="MO11"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 240–370 <italic>μm</italic> high × 200–320 <italic>μm</italic> diam., solitary, scattered, immersed, globose, subglobose, coriaceous, apex with or without papilla and with a pore-like ostiole (Fig. <xref rid="Fig11" ref-type="fig">10a</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> 20–35 <italic>μm</italic> thick, comprising two cell types, the outer cells comprising 3–4 layers of brown pseudoparenchymatous cells, cells 4–5 <italic>μm</italic> diam., cell wall 2–3 <italic>μm</italic> thick, inner cells comprising 3–4 layers of pale brown compressed cells, cells 2 × 16 <italic>μm</italic> diam., cell wall 0.5–1.5 <italic>μm</italic> thick (Fig. <xref rid="Fig11" ref-type="fig">10b</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long cellular pseudoparaphyses, 2–3 <italic>μm</italic> broad, septate. <italic>Asci</italic> 135–200(−220) × 14–20 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq15"><alternatives><tex-math id="M15">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 156 \times 16.6\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq15.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical to clavate, with a short, furcate pedicel, up to 22 <italic>μm</italic> long, with a large ocular chamber (<italic>ca</italic>. 4 <italic>μm</italic> wide × 3 <italic>μm</italic> high) (Fig. <xref rid="Fig11" ref-type="fig">10c and d</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 19<bold>–</bold>21.5 × 10–12 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq16"><alternatives><tex-math id="M16">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 20.4 \times 11\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq16.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), uniseriate to partially overlapping, ellipsoid, hyaline or greenish with numerous small guttules at first and olive green to smoky brown at maturity, 1-septate, strongly constricted at the septum, foveolate, surrounded with sheath (Fig. <xref rid="Fig11" ref-type="fig">10e and f</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: CHINA, Xinjiang Province, Uygur, Urumqi, Tianshan Mountain, on needles of <italic>Picea schrenkiana</italic>, 1 Jul. 1992, Z.Q. Yuan (NY 92003, <bold>isotype</bold>).</p><p><bold>Notes</bold></p><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Barria</italic> was established by Yuan (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR416">1994</xref>) as a monotypic genus represented by <italic>B</italic>. <italic>piceae</italic> according to its “two-celled, pigmented ascospores, pseudoparenchymatous peridium and narrowly cellular pseudoparaphyses” thus differing in its combination of characters from all of the morphologically related dothideomycetous genera, such as <italic>Didymosphaeria</italic>, <italic>Didymopleella</italic> or <italic>Stegasphaeria</italic>. The taxon was considered to belong in <italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic>. Ascomata and colour or shape of ascospores, however, readily distinguish it from other 1-septate <italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic> genera, i.e. <italic>Didymella</italic>, <italic>Lautitia</italic> and <italic>Metameris</italic> (Yuan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR416">1994</xref>). <italic>Barria piceae</italic> causes blight of spruce needles.</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>None.</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>The status of <italic>Barria</italic> with its unusual verrucose ascospores and thick gel coating is uncertain. In many ways it resembles <italic>Belizeana</italic>, with its cylindrical asci, 1-septate, ellipsoid ascospores with sheath and verruculose surface (Kohlmeyer and Volkmann-Kohlmeyer <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR213">1987</xref>). However, the latter is a marine genus while <italic>Barria</italic> causes leaf blight of terrestrial <italic>Picea</italic> (Yuan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR416">1994</xref>). The placement in <italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic> seems logical based on the parasitic life style, thin and simple peridium, wide cellular pseudoparaphyses and brown ascospores. However, molecular data are needed to confirm this.</p><p><bold><italic>Belizeana</italic></bold> Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Bot. Mar. 30: 195 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR213">1987</xref>). (<italic>Pleosporales</italic>, genera <italic>incertae sedis</italic>)</p><p><bold>Generic description</bold></p><p>Habitat marine, saprobic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> solitary, scattered, or in small groups, medium-sized, immersed to semi-immersed, subglobose to broadly ampulliform, black, ostiolate, carbonaceous. <italic>Peridium</italic> thin, comprising several layers of brown thin-walled cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, filliform pseudoparaphyses, rarely branched. <italic>Asci</italic> 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, broadly cylindrical to clavate, with a short pedicel and an ocular chamber. <italic>Ascospores</italic> uniseriate, broadly ellipsoidal, hyaline, turn pale brown when senescent, 1-septate, constricted at the septum, thick-walled, 2-layered, mature spores with tuberculate ornamentation between the two layers.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: <italic>Phoma</italic>-like (Kohlmeyer and Volkmann-Kohlmeyer <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR213">1987</xref>).</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Kohlmeyer and Volkmann-Kohlmeyer <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR213">1987</xref>.</p><p><bold>Type species</bold></p><p><bold><italic>Belizeana tuberculata</italic></bold> Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Bot. Mar. 30: 196 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR213">1987</xref>). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig12" ref-type="fig">11</xref>)<fig id="Fig12"><label>Fig. 11</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Belizeana tuberculata</italic></bold> (from Herb. J. Kohlmeyer No. 4398, <bold>holotype</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Immersed to semi-immersed ascomata. <bold>b</bold>, <bold>e</bold> Vertical section of an ascoma. <bold>c</bold> Section of a partial peridium. <bold>d</bold> Squash mounts with a large number of asci. <bold>f</bold> Broadly cylindrical ascus with a large ocular chamber. <bold>g</bold> Filliform pseudoparaphyses. <bold>h</bold> Apical part of an ascus. Note the large ocular chamber. <bold>i</bold>, <bold>j</bold> One-septate ascospores. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 0.3 mm, <bold>b</bold> = 100 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>c</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>d</bold>, <bold>e</bold> = 50 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>f–i</bold> = 10 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig12_HTML" id="MO12"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 170–300 <italic>μm</italic> high × 160–290 <italic>μm</italic> diam., solitary, scattered, or in small groups of 2–3, immersed to semi-immersed, subglobose to broadly ampulliform, carbonaceous, black, pale brown on the sides, ostiolate, epapillate or shortly papillate, ostiolar canal filled with a tissue of hyaline cells (Fig. <xref rid="Fig12" ref-type="fig">11a</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> 25–35 <italic>μm</italic> wide, comprising several layers thin-walled cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, which are hyaline inwardly, near the base composed of a hyaline hyphal mass producing asci, up to 20 <italic>μm</italic> thick (Fig. <xref rid="Fig12" ref-type="fig">11b, c and e</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, <italic>ca.</italic> 2 <italic>μm</italic> broad, filliform pseudoparaphyses, rarely branched, embedded in mucilage (Fig. <xref rid="Fig12" ref-type="fig">11g</xref>). <italic>Asci</italic> 145<bold>–</bold>170 × 20–30 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq17"><alternatives><tex-math id="M17">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 163 \times 25\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq17.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, broadly cylindrical to clavate with a short pedicel, thick-walled, with a small ocular chamber (Fig. <xref rid="Fig12" ref-type="fig">11d, f and h</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 21–26 × 13–18 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq18"><alternatives><tex-math id="M18">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 22 \times 15\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq18.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), uniseriate, broadly ellipsoidal, hyaline, turn pale brown when senescent, 1-septate, constricted at the septum, thick-walled, 2-layered, mature spores with tuberculate ornamentation between the two layers (Fig. <xref rid="Fig12" ref-type="fig">11i and j</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: <italic>Phoma</italic>-like (Kohlmeyer and Volkmann-Kohlmeyer <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR213">1987</xref>).</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: BELIZE, Twin Cays, on <italic>Laguncularia</italic> sp., 7 Apr. 1983, leg. & det. J. Kohlmeyer (Herb. J. Kohlmeyer No. 4398, <bold>holotype</bold>); AUSTRALIA, Towra Point, New South Wales, trunk of eroded tree with oysters and shipworms, intertidal zone, Botany Bay, 23 Aug. 1981 (Herb. J. Kohlmeyer No. 4209, <bold>paratype</bold>).<bold>Notes</bold></p><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Belizeana</italic> was formally established to accommodate <italic>B</italic>. <italic>tuberculata</italic>, an obligate marine fungus, which is characterized by verrucose ascospores (Kohlmeyer and Volkmann-Kohlmeyer <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR213">1987</xref>). <italic>Belizeana tuberculata</italic> can be assigned to <italic>Pleosporaceae</italic> (<italic>Pleosporales</italic>) according to Luttrell’s (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR241">1973</xref>) treatment and keys of von Arx and Müller (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR390">1975</xref>), but cannot resolve a proper family based on Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR17">1979a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR23">1983</xref>). The unique morphology together with obligate marine habitat makes <italic>B</italic>. <italic>tuberculata</italic> readily distinguishable from all other taxa of <italic>Pleosporaceae</italic>.</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold> None.</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>The ascospores of <italic>Belizeana tuberculata</italic> are most comparable with those of <italic>Acrocordiopsis patilii</italic>, but the superficial conical ascomata of <italic>A</italic>. <italic>patilii</italic> are distinct from <italic>B</italic>. <italic>tuberculata</italic>. Thus, the familial placement of <italic>Belizeana</italic> is still undetermined.</p><p><bold><italic>Biatriospora</italic></bold> K.D. Hyde & Borse, Mycotaxon 26: 263 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR173">1986</xref>). (<italic>Pleosporales</italic>, genera <italic>incertae sedis</italic>)</p><p><bold>Generic description</bold></p><p>Habitat marine, saprobic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> large, solitary or gregarious, immersed, subglobose to pyriform, ostiolate, papillate, periphysate, black, branching, carbonaceous. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, embedded in mucilage. <italic>Asci</italic> 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical, with apical apparatus. <italic>Ascospores</italic> uniseriate to partially overlapping, fusoid, hyaline when young, becoming brown to dark brown at maturity, multi-septate towards each end, with a hyaline, globose refractive chamber or appendage at each end, not constricted at the septum.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: none.</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Hyde and Borse <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR173">1986</xref>; Suetrong et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR357">2009</xref>.</p><p><bold>Type species</bold></p><p><bold><italic>Biatriospora marina</italic></bold> K.D. Hyde & Borse, Mycotaxon 26: 264 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR173">1986</xref>). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig13" ref-type="fig">12</xref>)<fig id="Fig13"><label>Fig. 12</label><caption><p><bold>1</bold><bold><italic>Biatriospora marina</italic></bold> (from IMI 297768, <bold>holotype</bold>). <bold>a</bold>, <bold>b</bold> Cylindrical asci. Note the mucilage pseudoparaphyses in (<bold>a</bold>) and the conspicuous ocular chamber in (<bold>b</bold>). <bold>c</bold>, <bold>d</bold> Ascospores with hyaline end chambers (<italic>arrowed</italic>). Scale bars: <bold>a</bold>, <bold>b</bold> = 50 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>c</bold>, <bold>d</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic>. <bold>2</bold> Line drawings of <bold><italic>Biatriospora marina</italic></bold> (based on <bold>holotype</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Section through ascocarp showing asci and pseudoparaphyses. <bold>b</bold> Asci and pseudoparaphyses. <bold>c</bold> Ascospores. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 200 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>b</bold> = 40 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>c</bold> = 30 <italic>μm</italic> (figure with permission from Hyde and Borse <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR173">1986</xref>)</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig13a_HTML" id="d30e12741"></graphic><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig13b_HTML" id="d30e12742"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 650–860 <italic>μm</italic> high × 350–510 <italic>μm</italic> diam., solitary or gregarious, immersed, subglobose to pyriform, ostiolate, papillate, periphysate, black, carbonaceous (Fig. <xref rid="Fig13" ref-type="fig">12</xref>.2a). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, 1–1.5 <italic>μm</italic> broad, branching, embedded in mucilage. <italic>Asci</italic> 175<bold>–</bold>400 × 22–40 <italic>μm</italic>, 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical, with long pedicels and apical apparatus (Fig. <xref rid="Fig13" ref-type="fig">12</xref>.1a, b, 2b). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 55<bold>–</bold>82 × 16–25 <italic>μm</italic>, uniseriate to partially overlapping, fusoid, hyaline when young, becoming brown to dark brown at maturity, 2-4-septate towards each end, and with a hyaline, globose refractive chamber or appendage at each end, 6–8 × 4–6 <italic>μm</italic> diam., not constricted at the septum (Fig. <xref rid="Fig13" ref-type="fig">12</xref>.1c, d, 2c).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: SEYCHELLES, 2 Jan. 1984 (Herb. IMI 297768 <bold>holotype</bold>).</p><p><bold>Notes</bold></p><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Biatriospora</italic> was introduced to accommodate a marine fungus <italic>B</italic>. <italic>marina</italic>, which is characterized by horizontal ascomata and ascospores with polar, globose refractive chambers and polar septa (Hyde and Borse <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR173">1986</xref>). Polar refractive chambers can also occur in other marine fungi, such as <italic>Lulworthia</italic> and <italic>Aigialus</italic>. The chambers have been proposed as important for spore attachment to substrates in a liquid environment (Hyde and Borse <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR173">1986</xref>).</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>Multigene phylogenetic analysis indicated that <italic>Biatriospora marina</italic> forms a separate branch, sister to other families of <italic>Pleosporales</italic> (Suetrong et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR357">2009</xref>), and maybe related to species in <italic>Roussoella</italic> (Plate <xref rid="Fig1" ref-type="fig">1</xref>).</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold> The familial status of <italic>Biatriospora</italic> can not be determined.</p><p><bold><italic>Bicrouania</italic></bold> Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Mycol. Res. 94: 685 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR214">1990</xref>). (?<italic>Melanommataceae</italic>)</p><p><bold>Generic description</bold></p><p>Habitat marine, saprobic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> immersed gregarious, erumpent to superficial, globose to subglobose, black, periphysate, coriaceous, epapillate or papillate, ostiolate. <italic>Peridium</italic> thin, 2-layered. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, branching and anastomosing between and above the asci. <italic>Asci</italic> 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical, with a thick, furcate pedicel lacking ocular chamber. <italic>Ascospores</italic> obliquely uniseriate and partially overlapping, ellipsoidal with broadly rounded ends, reddish brown, 1-septate, thick-walled, constricted at the septum.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: none.</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Jones et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR188">2009</xref>; Kohlmeyer and Volkmann-Kohlmeyer <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR214">1990</xref>.</p><p><bold>Type species</bold></p><p><bold><italic>Bicrouania maritima</italic></bold> (P. Crouan & H. Crouan) Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Mycol. Res. 94: 685 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR214">1990</xref>). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig14" ref-type="fig">13</xref>)<fig id="Fig14"><label>Fig. 13</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Bicrouania maritima</italic></bold> (from IMI 330806, <bold>isotype</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Section of an ascoma. <bold>b</bold> Section of papilla. Note the periphyses. <bold>c–e</bold> Eight-spored asci. Note the furcated pedicel. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold>, <bold>b</bold> = 100 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>c–e</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig14_HTML" id="MO14"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>≡ Sphaeria maritima</italic> P. Crouan & H. Crouan, Florule du Finistére, Paris: 27 (1867) non <italic>Sphaeria maritima</italic> Cooke & Plowright, Grevillia 5: 120 (1877).</p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 320–440 <italic>μm</italic> high × 370–460 <italic>μm</italic> diam., gregarious, immersed, mostly erumpent to superficial, globose to subglobose, black, coriaceous, with a rough surface, papillate or epapillate, ostiolate, periphysate (Fig. <xref rid="Fig14" ref-type="fig">13a</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> 40–50 <italic>μm</italic> thick laterally, up to 75 <italic>μm</italic> thick at the apex, thinner at the base, 2-layered, outer layer composed of small heavily pigmented pseudoparenchymatous cells, inner layer very thin, composed of hyaline thin-walled small cells, merging into pseudoparaphyses (Fig. <xref rid="Fig14" ref-type="fig">13a and b</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, very long trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, 0.8–1.2 <italic>μm</italic> broad, branching and anastomosing between and above the asci. <italic>Asci</italic> 170<bold>–</bold>225 × 17.5–22.5 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq19"><alternatives><tex-math id="M19">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 199.6 \times 20\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq19.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical, with a thick, furcate pedicel which is up to 70 <italic>μm</italic> long, lacking ocular chamber (Fig. <xref rid="Fig14" ref-type="fig">13c, d and e</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 22<bold>–</bold>26 × 12–15 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq20"><alternatives><tex-math id="M20">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 24.5 \times 13.3\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq20.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), obliquely uniseriate and partially overlapping, ellipsoidal with broadly rounded ends, reddish brown, 1-septate, slightly constricted at the septum, thick-walled, with a thick darkened band around the septum, smooth (Fig. <xref rid="Fig14" ref-type="fig">13c, d and e</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: FRANCE, Finistère, on <italic>Halimone portulacoides</italic> (IMI 330806, <bold>isotype</bold>, as <italic>Sphaeria maritima</italic>).</p><p><bold>Notes</bold></p><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p>When Kohlmeyer and Volkmann-Kohlmeyer (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR214">1990</xref>) studied the four marine <italic>Didymosphaeria</italic> species, the monotypic <italic>Bicrouania</italic> was established to accommodate <italic>B. maritima</italic> (as <italic>Didymosphaeria maritima</italic> (P. Crouan & H. Crouan) Sacc.), which could be distinguished from <italic>Didymosphaeria</italic> by its superficial ascomata lacking a clypeus, thick-walled asci and its association with algae (Kohlmeyer and Volkmann-Kohlmeyer <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR214">1990</xref>). Jones et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR188">2009</xref>) agreed that it cannot be placed in <italic>Didymosphaeria</italic> based on its superficial ascomata, but that it does have many similarities with <italic>Didymosphaeria</italic>. Molecular data are required to determine its relationship with <italic>Didymosphaeria</italic> and to resolve its higher level placement.</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold> None.</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>Besides the morphological differences, its marine and substrate habitats also differ from <italic>Didymosphaeria</italic>.</p><p><bold><italic>Bimuria</italic></bold> D. Hawksw., Chea & Sheridan, N. Z. J. Bot. 17: 268 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR141">1979</xref>). (<italic>Montagnulaceae</italic>)</p><sec id="Sec22"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, saprobic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> solitary, superficial, globose, dark brown, epapillate, ostiolate. <italic>Peridium</italic> thin, pseudoparenchymatous. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of few, cellular pseudoparaphyses, embedded in mucilage, rarely anastomosing and branching. <italic>Asci</italic> bitunicate, fissitunicate, broadly clavate with short pedicels, 2-3-spored. <italic>Ascospores</italic> muriform, broadly ellipsoid, dark brown with subhyaline end cells, verrucose.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: none.</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR27">1987b</xref>; Hawksworth et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR141">1979</xref>; Lumbsch and Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR236">2007</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec23"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Bimuria novae-zelandiae</italic></bold> Hawksworth, Chea & Sheridan, N. Z. J. Bot. 17: 268 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR141">1979</xref>). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig15" ref-type="fig">14</xref>)<fig id="Fig15"><label>Fig. 14</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Bimuria novae-zelandiae</italic></bold> (from CBS 107.79, <bold>isotype</bold>). <bold>a–c</bold> Asci with a short pedicel and small ocular chamber. <bold>d</bold> Immature ascus. <bold>e</bold> Partial ascospore. Note the convex verrucae on the ascospore surface. <bold>f</bold> Released ascospores. Note the lighter end cells, germ pore and the longiseptum (<italic>arrowed</italic>). <bold>g</bold> Fissitunicate ascus dehiscent. Scale bars: <bold>a–g</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig15_HTML" id="MO15"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> (185-)200 × 310(-330) <italic>μm</italic> diam., solitary, scattered, semi-immersed or superficial, globose, hyaline when young, turning dark brown to black when mature, ostiolate, the ostiole more or less sessile or raised into a very short neck. <italic>Peridium</italic> 5–8(-12) <italic>μm</italic> thick, comprising 2–3 layers of radically compressed pseudoparenchymatous cells, cells 10–15 <italic>μm</italic> diam. in surface view, cell wall 2–3 <italic>μm</italic> thick. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> consisting of few, 2.5–4 <italic>μm</italic> broad cellular pseudoparaphyses, embedded in mucilage, rarely anastomosing and branching, septate, 7–13 <italic>μm</italic> long between two septa. <italic>Asci</italic> (65-)80–95 × 20–32.5 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq21"><alternatives><tex-math id="M21">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 75.6 \times 29.4\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq21.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), (1-)2(-3)-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, broadly clavate, with a short and small knob-like pedicel which is up to 13 <italic>μm</italic> long, ocular chamber best seen in immature asci (Fig. <xref rid="Fig15" ref-type="fig">14a, b, c, d and g</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> accumulating in a subglobose black shiny mass adhering together outside the ostiole, 55–68 × 25–28 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq22"><alternatives><tex-math id="M22">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 59 \times 26\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq22.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), broadly ellipsoid but becoming narrowed towards the poles, muriform with (5-)7 transverse septa, cells with (0-)l(-2) longitudinal septa in each cell, no constriction at the septa, dark brown, the apical cells paler with no longitudinal septa, verruculose (Fig. <xref rid="Fig15" ref-type="fig">14e and f</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: NEW ZEALAND, North Island, Wairarapa District, Nutty Farm, isolated from soil, 3 Mar. 1978, Chea Chark Yen & J.E. Sheridan (CBS 107.79, <bold>isotype</bold>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec24"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Bimuria novae-zelandiae</italic> was first isolated from soil of a barley field in New Zealand (Hawksworth et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR141">1979</xref>). Based on <italic>B</italic>. <italic>novae-zelandiae</italic>, the genus is characterized by a very thin peridium, mostly 2-spored and fissitunicate asci as well as the muriform, dark brown, verrucose ascospores (Hawksworth et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR141">1979</xref>). Because of its unique morphological characters, the familial placement of this genus has been debatable and it has been placed in <italic>Pleosporaceae</italic> (Hawksworth et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR141">1979</xref>), in <italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic> (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR27">1987b</xref>) and in <italic>Melanommataceae</italic> (Lumbsch and Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR236">2007</xref>).</p><p>Morphologically, <italic>Bimuria</italic> is most comparable with some superficially similar or allied genera, in particular <italic>Montagnula</italic> (Hawksworth et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR141">1979</xref>). However, the thick carbonaceous peridium distinguishes <italic>Montagnula</italic> from that of <italic>Bimuria</italic> (Hawksworth et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR141">1979</xref>). In addition, the ascospores of <italic>Montagnula</italic> are discharged forcibly through the ostiole instead of forming a mass outside of the ostiole as in <italic>Bimuria</italic> (Hawksworth et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR141">1979</xref>). <italic>Ascomauritiana lignicola</italic> V.M. Ranghoo & K.D. Hyde has somewhat similar ascospores in 4-spored asci, but this taxon has unitunicate asci (Ranghoo and Hyde <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR292">1999</xref>). The morphological characters of <italic>Bimuria</italic>, such as ascospore release and large, thick-walled ascospores may be an adaptation to its soil-borne habitat (Hawksworth et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR141">1979</xref>).</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p><italic>Bimuria novae-zelandiae</italic> was found to be closely related to <italic>Phaeodothis winteri</italic> (Niessl) Aptroot (syn. <italic>Didymosphaerella opulenta</italic> (De Not.) Checa & M.E. Barr) and <italic>Montagnula opulenta</italic> (De Not.) Aptroot in analysis of combined sequences, i.e. SSU rDNA, LSU rDNA, <italic>RPB</italic>2 and <italic>TEF</italic>1 sequences (Schoch et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR313">2006</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR314">2009</xref>). These two species had been included by Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR38">2001</xref>) in her new family <italic>Montagnulaceae</italic>.</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>We agree with Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR38">2001</xref>) and include the genus in <italic>Montagnulaceae</italic> based on both morphological and phylogenetic characters.</p><p><bold><italic>Bricookea</italic></bold> M.E. Barr, Mycotaxon 15: 346 <bold>(</bold>1982). (?<italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic>)</p></sec><sec id="Sec25"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, saprobic (or parasitic?). <italic>Ascomata</italic> small- to medium-sized, solitary, scattered, or in small groups, immersed, erumpent to superficial, depressed globose, papillate, ostiolate. <italic>Peridium</italic> thin. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> filliform, cellular pseudoparaphyses, embedded in mucilage, anastomosing, septate. <italic>Asci</italic> bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical, cylindro-clavate or slightly obclavate, with a short knob-like pedicel, with an ocular chamber. <italic>Ascospores</italic> hyaline, ellipsoid to narrowly obovoid, 3-septate, constricted at each septum.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: none.</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR21">1982a</xref>; Berlese <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR46">1896</xref>; Holm <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR150">1957</xref>; Shoemaker and Babcock <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR328">1989a</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec26"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Bricookea sepalorum</italic></bold> (Vleugel) M.E. Barr, Mycotaxon 15: 346 (1982). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig16" ref-type="fig">15</xref>).<fig id="Fig16"><label>Fig. 15</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Bricookea sepalorum</italic></bold> (from S, <bold>type</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Ascomata on host surface (<italic>arrowed</italic>). <bold>b</bold> Section of partial peridium. Note thick-walled out layer and thin-walled inner layer. <bold>c–e</bold> Cylindrical to slightly obclavate asci with short knob-like pedicels. <bold>f–j</bold> Hyaline, 3-septate smooth-walled ascospores. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 0.5 mm, <bold>b</bold> = 50 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>c–j</bold> = 10 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig16_HTML" id="MO16"></graphic></fig></p><p>≡ <italic>Metasphaeria sepalorum</italic> Vleugel, Svensk bot. Tidskr. 2: 369 (1908).</p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 120–250 <italic>μm</italic> high × 170–440 <italic>μm</italic> diam., solitary, scattered, or in small groups, or forming locules in massive stromatic tissues, initially immersed, becoming erumpent, to nearly superficial, depressed globose, black, membraneous, roughened; apex rounded, sometimes very short and almost inconspicuous, with a somewhat slit-like or Y-shaped ostiole (Fig. <xref rid="Fig16" ref-type="fig">15a</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> 16–30 <italic>μm</italic> wide, comprising two types of cells, outer cells heavily pigmented thick-walled <italic>textura angularis</italic>, cells 4.5–8 <italic>μm</italic> diam., cell wall 1–1.5 <italic>μm</italic> thick, inner cells of subhyaline thin-walled <italic>textura angularis</italic>, cells larger than outer cells (Fig. <xref rid="Fig16" ref-type="fig">15b</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of long cellular pseudoparaphyses, 1.5–2 <italic>μm</italic> broad, embedded in mucilage, anastomosing, septate. <italic>Asci</italic> 63<bold>–</bold>83 × 9.5–11 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq23"><alternatives><tex-math id="M23">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 73.8 \times 10.8\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq23.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, oblong, cylindro-clavate or slightly obclavate, with a short knob-like pedicel which is 5–13 <italic>μm</italic> long, with an ocular chamber (Fig. <xref rid="Fig16" ref-type="fig">15c, d and e</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic><bold>(</bold>14-)15.5–19 × 5–7 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq24"><alternatives><tex-math id="M24">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 16.9 \times 5.9\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq24.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), obliquely uniseriate and partially overlapping to biseriate, ellipsoid to narrowly obovoid, hyaline, 3-septate, constricted at each septum, the cells above central septum often broader than the lower ones, smooth (Fig. <xref rid="Fig16" ref-type="fig">15f, g, h, i and j</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: SWEDEN, on <italic>Juncus filliformis</italic>, Stockholm, J. Vleugel. Jul. 1907 (S, <bold>type</bold> as <italic>Metasphaeria sepalorum</italic> Vleugel).</p></sec><sec id="Sec27"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Bricookea</italic> was formally established by Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR21">1982a</xref>) as a monotypic genus represented by <italic>B</italic>. <italic>sepalorum</italic> based on its “globose to depressed ascomata, slit-like ostiole with labial cells, bitunicate asci, cellular pseudoparaphyses, and hyaline septate ascospores”. <italic>Bricookea</italic> was morphologically assigned to <italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic>. Holm (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR150">1957</xref>) checked the authentic collections from North America and type material from Europe, and observed that the ascospores of collections from North America were significantly larger than those from the type material from Sweden. Thus, Shoemaker and Babcock (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR328">1989a</xref>) considered that the collections from North America represented a new species, which they introduced as <italic>B</italic>. <italic>barrae</italic> Shoemaker & C.E. Babc. Although the short slit-like ostiole has previously been reported (Shoemaker and Babcock <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR328">1989a</xref>), it is inconspicuous in the type specimen from Sweden. Currently, only two species are accommodated in this genus.</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>None.</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>The knob-shaped pedicel, slit-like ostiole, hyaline ascospores as well as the herbaceous substrate all disagree with any current pleosporalean family. Thus, we temporarily retain this genus under <italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic> until DNA sequence comparisons can be carried out.</p><p><bold><italic>Byssolophis</italic></bold> Clem., in Clements & Shear, Gen. fung., Edn 2 (Minneapolis): 286 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR76">1931</xref>). (<italic>Pleosporales</italic>, genera <italic>incertae sedis</italic>)</p></sec><sec id="Sec28"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, saprobic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> medium-sized, gregarious, semi-immersed to erumpent, coriaceous, ovoid, with a conspicuous elongate slit-like ostiole on the top. <italic>Peridium</italic> not observed. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long pseudoparaphyses, anastomosing and branching between and above the asci. <italic>Asci</italic> 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical or cylindro-clavate, with a furcate pedicel. <italic>Ascospores</italic> fusoid, hyaline, turning faintly brown when old, 1-septate, with a short terminal appendage at each end.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: none.</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Clements and Shear <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR76">1931</xref>; Holm <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR154">1986</xref>; Müller and von Arx <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR265">1962</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec29"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Byssolophis byssiseda</italic></bold> (Flageolet & Chenant.) Clem., Gen. Fung. (Minneapolis): 286 (1931). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig17" ref-type="fig">16</xref>)<fig id="Fig17"><label>Fig. 16</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Byssolophis byssiseda</italic></bold> (from K(M):164030, <bold>isotype</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Ascomata gregarious on the host surface. <bold>b</bold> Numerous pseudoparaphyses. <bold>c</bold> Fusoid ascospores with or without terminal appendages. <bold>d</bold> Clavate ascus with a short furcate pedicel. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 1 mm, <bold>b–d</bold> = 10 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig17_HTML" id="MO17"></graphic></fig></p><p>≡ <italic>Schizostoma byssisedum</italic> Flageolet & Chenant., in Chenantaise, Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 35: 125 (1919).</p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 300–450 <italic>μm</italic> high × 600–750 <italic>μm</italic> long × 350–420 <italic>μm</italic> broad, gregarious, semi-immersed to erumpent, coriaceous, ovoid with a flattened base and apex with a elongate slit-like ostiole, up to 700 <italic>μm</italic> long and 200 <italic>μm</italic> wide (Fig. <xref rid="Fig17" ref-type="fig">16a</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> not observed. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long pseudoparaphyses, up to 1.5–2.5 <italic>μm</italic> broad, anastomosing and branching between and above the asci (Fig. <xref rid="Fig17" ref-type="fig">16b</xref>). <italic>Asci</italic> 80<bold>–</bold>105 × (5-)7.5–10 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq25"><alternatives><tex-math id="M25">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 91 \times 8\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq25.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>; <italic>n</italic> = 10), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical or cylindro-clavate, with a furcate pedicel and a small ocular chamber (J-) (Fig. <xref rid="Fig17" ref-type="fig">16d</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 18–20(−28) × 4.5–6(−7.5) <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq26"><alternatives><tex-math id="M26">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 20.8 \times 5.7\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq26.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), uniseriate to biseriate, fusoid, hyaline, turning faintly brown when old, 1-septate, with 1–2 distinct oil drops in each cell and usually with a short terminal appendage at each end (Fig. <xref rid="Fig17" ref-type="fig">16c</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: on decaying wood (K(M):164030, <bold>isotype</bold>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec30"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Byssolophis</italic> was introduced as a monotypic genus based on <italic>B</italic>. <italic>byssiseda</italic>, which is characterized by its semi-immersed, gregarious, ovoid ascomata, with a conspicuous central apical ostiolar slit (Holm <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR154">1986</xref>). Subsequently, two more species were introduced, viz. <italic>B</italic>. <italic>ampla</italic> (Berk. & Broome) L. Holm and <italic>B. sphaerioides</italic> (P. Karst.) E. Müll. (Holm <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR154">1986</xref>; Müller and von Arx <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR265">1962</xref>).</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>The current phylogeny places <italic>Byssolophis sphaerioides</italic> in proximity of <italic>Hypsostromataceae</italic> without resolving any sister taxa (Plate <xref rid="Fig1" ref-type="fig">1</xref>).</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>The slit-like ostiole, cylindrical asci, hyaline and 1-septate ascospores as well as the form of pseudoparaphyses are similar to species in <italic>Lophiostoma</italic>. Thus, <italic>Byssolophis</italic> may be a synonym of <italic>Lophiostoma.</italic></p><p><bold><italic>Byssosphaeria</italic></bold> Cooke, Grevillea 7: 84 (1879). (<italic>Melanommataceae</italic>)</p></sec><sec id="Sec31"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, saprobic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> medium-sized, scattered to gregarious, superficial, globose, subglobose to turbinate, non papillate with white, orange, red or green ostiolar region, wall black. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, embedded in mucilage, anastomosing between and above the asci. <italic>Asci</italic> bitunicate, fissitunicate, clavate to nearly cylindrical, with a furcate pedicel. <italic>Ascospores</italic> fusoid with narrow ends, straight or slightly curved, brown, 1-septate when young.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: <italic>Pyrenochaeta</italic> or <italic>Chaetophoma</italic>-like (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR24">1984</xref>; Hawksworth et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR143">1995</xref>; Samuels and Müller <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR309">1978</xref>).</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: von Arx and Müller <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR390">1975</xref>; Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR24">1984</xref>; Boise <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR51">1984</xref>; Bose <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR55">1961</xref>; Chen and Hsieh <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR70">2004</xref>; Cooke and Plowright <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR79">1879</xref>; Hyde et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR180">2000</xref>; Luttrell <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR241">1973</xref>; Mugambi and Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR259">2009b</xref>; Müller and von Arx <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR265">1962</xref>; Samuels and Müller <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR309">1978</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec32"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Byssosphaeria keitii</italic></bold> (Berk. & Broome) Cooke [as ‘<italic>Byssosphaeria keithii</italic>’], (1879). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig18" ref-type="fig">17</xref>)<fig id="Fig18"><label>Fig. 17</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Byssosphaeria schiedermayriana</italic></bold> (from K(M):108784, <bold>holotype</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Superficial ascomata on the host surface. <bold>b</bold> Brown, 1-septate ascospores. <bold>c</bold> Section of the lateral peridium. Note the outer <italic>textura angularis</italic> and inner <italic>textura epidermoidea</italic> cells. <bold>d</bold>, <bold>e</bold> Furcate asci with a long pedicel. <bold>f</bold> Dehiscent ascus. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 0.5 mm, <bold>c</bold> = 50 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>b</bold>, <bold>d–f</bold> = 10 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig18_HTML" id="MO18"></graphic></fig></p><p>≡ <italic>Sphaeria keitii</italic> Berk. & Broome [as ‘<italic>Sphaeria keithii’</italic>], Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., IV 17: 144 (1876).</p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 360–500(−600) <italic>μm</italic> high × 420–640 <italic>μm</italic> diam., scattered or in small groups, superficial with basal subiculum anchoring on the substrate, globose, subglobose to turbinate, non-papillate with pore-like ostiole, ostiolar region sometimes with orange and greenish tint, wall black, roughened, coriaceous (Fig. <xref rid="Fig18" ref-type="fig">17a</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> 55–85 <italic>μm</italic> thick, peridium outside of the substrate comprising two cell types, outer layer composed of brown thick-walled cells of <italic>textura epidermoidea</italic>, cells 1–3 <italic>μm</italic> diam., inner layer composed of small hyaline cells, cells 3–5 <italic>μm</italic> diam., merging into pseudoparaphyses; peridium inside the substrate one layer, composed of large pale brown cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, cells 6–13 <italic>μm</italic> diam. (Fig. <xref rid="Fig18" ref-type="fig">17c</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, 1–2 <italic>μm</italic> broad, embedded in mucilage, anastomosing between and above the asci. <italic>Asci</italic> 90–120(−148) × 10–14 <italic>μm</italic>, 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindro-clavate to clavate, biseriate above and uniseriate below, pedicel 15–20(−53) <italic>μm</italic> long, the immature asci usually with longer and furcate pedicel (−68 <italic>μm</italic>) (Fig. <xref rid="Fig18" ref-type="fig">17d,e and f</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 29–34(−38) × 5.5–8(−10) <italic>μm</italic>, fusoid with narrow ends, mostly straight, sometimes slightly curved, smooth, pale brown, 1-septate, becoming 3-septate after discharge, with hyaline appendages at each acute to subacute end; in some mature spores the appendage may be absent (Fig. <xref rid="Fig18" ref-type="fig">17b</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: <italic>Pyrenochaeta</italic> sp. (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR24">1984</xref>; Samuels and Müller <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR309">1978</xref>).</p><p><italic>Pycnidia</italic> 70–500 <italic>μm</italic> diam. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> phialidic, lining cavity, 5–8 × 4–6 <italic>μm</italic> to 5–10 × 3–6 <italic>μm</italic>. <italic>Conidia</italic> 2.5–3.5(−4) × 1.5–2(−3) <italic>μm</italic>, hyaline, ellipsoid or subglobose (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR24">1984</xref>).</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: ERIE, Dublin, Glasnevin Botanic Garden, on old rope, Jun. 1872, W. Keit (K(M):108784, <bold>holotype</bold>, as <italic>Sphaeria keitii</italic> Berk. & Broome).</p></sec><sec id="Sec33"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Byssosphaeria</italic> was introduced by Cooke and Plowright (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR79">1879</xref>) based on its superficial ascomata seated on a “tomentose subiculum of interwoven threads”, which includes various species in <italic>Sphaeria</italic> and <italic>Byssisedae</italic>, and was validly typified by <italic>B</italic>. <italic>keitii</italic> (Cooke 1878). <italic>Byssosphaeria keitii</italic> was treated as a synonym of <italic>B</italic>. <italic>schiedermayeriana</italic> (Fuckel) M.E. Barr by Sivanesan (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR342">1971</xref>), and <italic>B</italic>. <italic>schiedermayeriana</italic> exclusively occurs in tropical regions or greenhouse environments in temperate regions (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR24">1984</xref>). Morphologically, <italic>B</italic>. <italic>keitii</italic> is characterized by its large ascomata with orange to reddish plain apices, and is closely related to <italic>B</italic>. <italic>rhodomphala</italic> (Berk.) Cooke (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR24">1984</xref>).</p><p>For a long time, <italic>Byssosphaeria</italic> was assigned to <italic>Herpotrichia sensu lato</italic>, and <italic>Byssosphaeria schiedermayeriana</italic> was renamed as <italic>H</italic>. <italic>schiedermayeriana</italic> Fuckel (von Arx and Müller <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR390">1975</xref>; Bose <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR55">1961</xref>; Luttrell <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR241">1973</xref>; Müller and von Arx <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR265">1962</xref>; Sivanesan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR342">1971</xref>). After studying <italic>Herpotrichia</italic> in North America, Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR24">1984</xref>) accepted a relatively narrow generic concept, <italic>Herpotrichia sensu stricto</italic>, and revived <italic>Byssosphaeria</italic>; this proposal is supported by phylogenetic study (Mugambi and Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR259">2009b</xref>). Currently <italic>Byssosphaeria</italic> comprises 32 species (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.mycobank.org">http://www.mycobank.org</ext-link>, 08-01-2009).</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>The monophyletic nature of <italic>Byssosphaeria</italic> is well demonstrated, as well as its familial status in <italic>Melanommataceae</italic> (Mugambi and Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR259">2009b</xref>).</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>Orange and greenish plain apices exist in the specimen we examined, which is different from records as “orange, bright or dull reddish plain apices” by Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR24">1984</xref>). This might be because different specimens have different colours, or there may be a variation of apical colour within a single species, as both orange and green can coexist on the same ascoma (see Fig. <xref rid="Fig18" ref-type="fig">17a</xref>). The coloured apical rim, together with the trabeculate pseudoparaphyses as well as the presence of subiculum make <italic>Byssosphaeria</italic> readily distinguishable from other morphologically comparable genera, e.g. <italic>Herpotrichia</italic> and <italic>Keissleriella</italic> (Hyde et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR180">2000</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Calyptronectria</italic></bold> Speg., Anal. Mus. nac. Hist. nat. B. Aires 19: 412 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR350">1909</xref>). (<italic>Melanommataceae</italic>)</p></sec><sec id="Sec34"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, saprobic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> small- to medium-sized, solitary, scattered, or in small groups, immersed, lenticular to subglobose, papillate, ostiolate. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of long, filliform pseudoparaphyses, branching and anastomosing, embedded in mucilage. <italic>Asci</italic> 4- to 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical to cylindro-clavate, with a short, furcate pedicel. <italic>Ascospores</italic> muriform, broadly fusoid to fusoid with broadly to narrowly rounded ends, hyaline.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: none.</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR23">1983</xref>; Rossman et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR297">1999</xref>; Spegazzini <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR350">1909</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec35"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Calyptronectria platensis</italic></bold> Speg., Anal. Mus. nac. Hist. nat. B. Aires 19: 412 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR350">1909</xref>). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig19" ref-type="fig">18</xref>)<fig id="Fig19"><label>Fig. 18</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Calyptronectria platensis</italic></bold> (from LPS 1209, <bold>holotype</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Appearance of ascomata scattered in the substrate (after removing the out layer of the substrate). Note the protruding papilla. <bold>b</bold> Section of an ascoma. <bold>c</bold> Section of the partial peridium. Note the lightly pigmented pseudoparenchymatous cells. <bold>d</bold> Released ascospores with mucilaginous sheath. <bold>e</bold> Eight-spored asci in hamathecium and embedded in gel matrix. <bold>f</bold> Ascus with a short pedicel. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 0.5 mm, <bold>b</bold> = 100 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>c</bold> = 50 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>d–f</bold> = 10 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig19_HTML" id="MO19"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 120–270 <italic>μm</italic> high × 170–400 <italic>μm</italic> diam., solitary, scattered, immersed, lenticular to subglobose, papillate, ostiolate (Fig. <xref rid="Fig19" ref-type="fig">18a and b</xref>). <italic>Apex</italic> with a small and slightly protruding papilla. <italic>Peridium</italic> 18–30 <italic>μm</italic> wide, comprising two types of cells, outer layer composed of pseudoparenchymatous cells, cells 3–6 <italic>μm</italic> diam., cell wall 1–2 <italic>μm</italic> thick, inner layer comprising less pigmented cells, merging with pseudoparaphyses (Fig. <xref rid="Fig19" ref-type="fig">18b and c</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of long, filliform pseudoparaphyses, 1–2 <italic>μm</italic> broad, branching and anastomosing, embedded in mucilage. <italic>Asci</italic> 98<bold>–</bold>140 × 12.5–20 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq27"><alternatives><tex-math id="M27">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 107 \times 15.4\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq27.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), 8-spored, sometimes 4-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical to cylindro-clavate, with a short, furcate pedicel, 12–20 <italic>μm</italic> long, with an ocular chamber (to 4 <italic>μm</italic> wide × 3 <italic>μm</italic> high) (Fig. <xref rid="Fig19" ref-type="fig">18e and f</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 17<bold>–</bold>22.5 <italic>μm</italic> × (6.3-)7.5–10 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq28"><alternatives><tex-math id="M28">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 19.8 \times 7.6\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq28.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), biseriate above and uniseriate below, ellipsoid to broadly fusoid with broadly to narrowly rounded ends, hyaline, usually with (3-)5 transverse septa, with or without 1–3 longitudinal septa in the central cells, constricted at the median septum, the upper cell often broader than the lower one, smooth, surrounded by an irregular hyaline gelatinous sheath up to 3 <italic>μm</italic> thick (in dry specimen) (Fig. <xref rid="Fig19" ref-type="fig">18d</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: ARGENTINA, La Plata, on decaying branches of <italic>Manihot carthaginensis</italic> (Jacq.) Müll., Sept. 1906, Spegazzini (LPS 1209, <bold>holotype</bold>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec36"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Calyptronectria</italic> is a relatively poorly studied genus, which was formally established based on <italic>C</italic>. <italic>argentinensis</italic> Speg. and <italic>C</italic>. <italic>platensis</italic>, with <italic>C</italic>. <italic>platensis</italic> being chosen as the generic type (Spegazzini <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR350">1909</xref>). Morphologically, <italic>Calyptronectria</italic> is characterized by its immersed ascomata, trabeculate pseudoparaphyses and hyaline, muriform ascospores as well as its peridium that turns reddish brown in KOH (Rossman et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR297">1999</xref>) (not shown here). Subsequently, <italic>C</italic>. <italic>indica</italic> Dhaware was introduced from India, and Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR23">1983</xref>) transferred <italic>Teichospora ohiensis</italic> Ellis & Everh. to <italic>Calyptronectria</italic> as <italic>C</italic>. <italic>ohiensis</italic> (Ellis & Everh.) M.E. Barr. However, this proposal is inappropriate as the type specimen of <italic>T</italic>. <italic>ohiensis</italic> is “unitunicate” (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR23">1983</xref>; Rossman et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR297">1999</xref>). Subsequently, Rossman et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR297">1999</xref>) transferred <italic>Calyptronectria ohiensis</italic> to <italic>Thyridium</italic> (as <italic>T</italic>. <italic>ohiense</italic> (Ellis & Everh.) Rossman & Samuels).</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>None.</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>The immersed ascomata, trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, bitunicate asci, hyaline and muriform ascospores as well as the reaction of peridium to KOH (turns reddish brown) make it distinguishable from all other reported genera (Rossman et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR297">1999</xref>). Thus <italic>Calyptronectria</italic> is a morphologically well defined genus.</p><p><bold><italic>Carinispora</italic></bold> K.D. Hyde, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 110: 97 (1992). (<italic>Pleosporales</italic>, genera <italic>incertae sedis</italic>)</p></sec><sec id="Sec37"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat marine, saprobic. One or two ascomata per stroma. <italic>Ascomata</italic> scattered or in small groups, developing beneath the host epidermis, erumpent, lenticular, ostiolate, lacking periphyses. <italic>Peridium</italic> pale brown, composed of thin-walled elongated cells at the sides and thick-walled cells of <italic>textura epidermoidea</italic> at the base. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long filliform pseudoparaphyses, embedded in mucilage, anastomosing between and above the asci, rarely septate. <italic>Asci</italic> 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, clavate to cylindrical, with a short furcate pedicel, apex with an ocular chamber and apical ring. <italic>Ascospores</italic> biseriate, narrowly fusoid, yellow to pale brown, multi-septate, constricted at the septa, the two central cells being the largest, surrounded by a gelatinous sheath.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: none.</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Hyde <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR165">1992a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR168">1994b</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec38"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Carinispora nypae</italic></bold> K.D. Hyde, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 110: 99 (1992). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig20" ref-type="fig">19</xref>)<fig id="Fig20"><label>Fig. 19</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Carinispora nypae</italic></bold> (from BRIP 17106, <bold>holotype</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Ascomata on the host surface. <bold>b</bold> Section of an ascoma. <bold>c</bold> Section of a partial peridium. <bold>d</bold>, <bold>e</bold>, <bold>g</bold>, <bold>h</bold> Asci with ocular chambers and short pedicels. <bold>f</bold> The ocular chamber and apical ring of ascus. <bold>i–j</bold> Narrowly fusoid ascospores. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 1 mm, <bold>b</bold>, <bold>c</bold> = 100 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>d</bold>, <bold>h</bold>, <bold>i</bold> = 50 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>f</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>g</bold>, <bold>e</bold>, <bold>j</bold> =10 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig20_HTML" id="MO20"></graphic></fig></p><p>One or two ascomata per stroma. <italic>Ascomata</italic> up to 0.8 mm diam., scattered or in small groups, developing beneath the host epidermis, crust-like, as circular spots, wall brown, with a small central ostiole, in section 225–285 <italic>μm</italic> high × 510–750 <italic>μm</italic> diam., lenticular, ostiolar canal lacking periphyses (Fig. <xref rid="Fig20" ref-type="fig">19a and b</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> 35–45 <italic>μm</italic> wide at sides, pale brown, at sides composed of a thin layer of thin-walled elongate cells, fusing with the stromatic tissue and host cells, at the base composed of thick-walled cells, forming a <italic>textura epidermoidea</italic> and fusing with host cells. A wedge of pale brown hyphae forming a <italic>textura porrecta</italic> is present at the rim (Fig. <xref rid="Fig20" ref-type="fig">19c</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long filliform pseudoparaphyses 1–3 <italic>μm</italic> broad, embedded in mucilage, anastomosing between and above the asci, rarely septate. <italic>Asci</italic> 142<bold>–</bold>207 × 14.2–19.8 <italic>μm</italic>, 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, clavate to cylindrical, with a furcate pedicel, up to 40 <italic>μm</italic> long, apex with an ocular chamber and apical ring (to 2 <italic>μm</italic> wide × 3 <italic>μm</italic> high, J-), developing from ascogenous tissue at the base of the ascocarp (Fig. <xref rid="Fig20" ref-type="fig">19d, e, f, g and h</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 42<bold>–</bold>66 × 7–10.6 <italic>μm</italic>, biseriate, narrowly fusoid with broadly to narrowly rounded ends, somewhat curved, yellow to pale brown, yellow in mass, 7-8-septate, constricted at the septa, the two central cells being the largest, surrounded by a gelatinous sheath; the sheath has a central “spine” and curved polar extrusions (Fig. <xref rid="Fig20" ref-type="fig">19i and j</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: BRUNEI DARUSSALAM, Tungit Api Api mangrove, from decaying intertidal fronds of <italic>Nypa fruticans</italic> Wurmb., 14 Apr. 1987, K.D. Hyde (BRIP 17106, <bold>holotype</bold>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec39"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Carinispora</italic> is distinguished from <italic>Phaeosphaeria</italic> by its saprobic life style and lenticular ascomata formed under the host epidermis, peridium structure and sheath surrounding the ascospores (Hyde <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR165">1992a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR168">1994b</xref>). Two species were reported, i.e. <italic>C</italic>. <italic>nypae</italic> and <italic>C</italic>. <italic>velatispora</italic> K.D. Hyde.</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>Suetrong et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR357">2009</xref>) could not resolve <italic>Carinispora nypae</italic> in a phylogeny based on four genes.</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>Both <italic>Carinispora nypae</italic> and <italic>C</italic>. <italic>velatispora</italic> are reported as marine fungi, which should be taken into consideration for their familial placement.</p><p><bold><italic>Caryosporella</italic></bold> Kohlm., Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., Pl. Sci. 94: 355 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR207">1985</xref>). (?<italic>Melanommataceae</italic>)</p></sec><sec id="Sec40"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat marine, saprobic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> densely scattered or gregarious, superficial, subglobose, black, papillate, ostiolate, periphysate, carbonaceous. <italic>Peridium</italic> carbonaceous. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, anastomosing and branching above the asci. <italic>Asci</italic> 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical. <italic>Ascospores</italic> ellipsoidal to broadly fusoid with narrowly hyaline rounded ends, deep reddish brown, thick-walled, 1-septate with hyaline germ pore at each end.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: suspected spermatia (Kohlmeyer <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR207">1985</xref>).</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Eriksson <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR103">2006</xref>; Kohlmeyer <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR207">1985</xref>; Lumbsch and Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR236">2007</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec41"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Caryosporella rhizophorae</italic></bold> Kohlm., Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., Pl. Sci. 94: 356 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR207">1985</xref>). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig21" ref-type="fig">20</xref>)<fig id="Fig21"><label>Fig. 20</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Caryosporella rhizophoriae</italic></bold> (from NY. Herb. J. Kohlmeyer No. 4532a, <bold>holotype</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Gregarious ascomata on host surface. <bold>b</bold> Section of an ascoma. <bold>c</bold>, <bold>d</bold> Section of partial peridium at sides (<bold>c</bold>) and base (<bold>d</bold>). Note the three layers. <bold>e</bold> Asci with long peduncles in pseudoparaphyses. <bold>f</bold>, <bold>g</bold> Ascospores. Note the “net”-like ridged ornamentation of spore surface and hyaline germ pores. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 1 mm, <bold>b</bold> = 200 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>c–e</bold> = 100 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>f</bold>, <bold>g</bold> = 10 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig21_HTML" id="MO21"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 0.8–1.1 mm high × 0.9–1.2 mm diam., densely scattered or gregarious, superficial with a flattened base, not easily removed from the host surface, subglobose, black, short papillate, ostiolate, periphysate, carbonaceous (Fig. <xref rid="Fig21" ref-type="fig">20a and b</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> 120–150 <italic>μm</italic> thick at sides, up to 200 <italic>μm</italic> thick at the apex, thinner at the base, 3-layered, outer layer composed of golden-yellow, very thick-walled cells of <italic>textura epidermoidea</italic>, mixed with subglobose, large cells near the surface, cells 7–15 <italic>μm</italic> diam., middle layer composed of deep brown, very thick-walled cells of <italic>textura epidermoidea</italic>, inner layer composed of hyaline, thin-walled cells of <italic>textura prismatica</italic>, up to 50 × 5 <italic>μm</italic> diam., merging with pseudoparaphyses (Fig. <xref rid="Fig21" ref-type="fig">20b, c and d</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, 1.5-2 <italic>μm</italic> wide, anastomosing and branching above the asci. <italic>Asci</italic> 225–250(−275) × 14–17 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq29"><alternatives><tex-math id="M29">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 137 \times 16.3\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq29.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical, with a long, narrowed, pedicel which is up to 75 <italic>μm</italic> long, apical characters not observed (Fig. <xref rid="Fig21" ref-type="fig">20e</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 25–28(−30) × 9–13 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq30"><alternatives><tex-math id="M30">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 26.8 \times 11\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq30.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), uniseriate to partially overlapping, ellipsoidal to broadly fusoid with narrow hyaline rounded ends, deep reddish brown, thick-walled, 1-septate with hyaline germ pore at each end, slightly constricted at the septum, verruculose, sometimes with “net”-like ridged ornamentations (Fig. <xref rid="Fig21" ref-type="fig">20f and g</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: suspected spermatia (Kohlmeyer <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR207">1985</xref>).</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: BELIZE, Twin Cays, tip of prop root of <italic>Rhizophora mangle</italic>, 18 Mar. 1984, J. Kohlmeyer (NY. Herb. J. Kohlmeyer No. 4532a, <bold>holotype</bold>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec42"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Caryosporella</italic> was formally established by Kohlmeyer (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR207">1985</xref>) based on the obligate marine fungus, <italic>C</italic>. <italic>rhizophorae</italic>, which is characterized by its superficial ascomata, 3-layered peridium, filliform trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, and brown, 1-septate ascospores. <italic>Caryosporella</italic> was originally assigned to <italic>Massariaceae</italic> despite several major differences, such as the superficial ascomata, reddish brown ascospores (Kohlmeyer <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR207">1985</xref>). Subsequently, <italic>Caryosporella</italic> was assigned to <italic>Melanommataceae</italic> (Eriksson <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR103">2006</xref>; Lumbsch and Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR236">2007</xref>).</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>Suetrong et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR357">2009</xref>) showed that a single isolate of <italic>Caryosporella rhizophorae</italic> does not reside in <italic>Pleosporales</italic>, but is related to <italic>Lineolata rhizophorae</italic> (Kohlm. & E. Kohlm.) Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. and placed in <italic>Dothideomycetidae incertae sedis</italic>.</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>As an obligate marine fungus, the familial placement of <italic>Caryosporella rhizophorae</italic> is uncertain but it may not belong to <italic>Pleosporales</italic>.</p><p><bold><italic>Chaetomastia</italic></bold> (Sacc.) Berl., Icon. fung. (Abellini) 1: 38 (1890). (<italic>Teichosporaceae</italic>)</p><p>≡ <italic>Melanomma</italic> subgen. <italic>Chaetomastia</italic> Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 2: 113 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR304">1883</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec43"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, saprobic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> relatively small, scattered, or in small groups, superficial, globose or subglobose, black, papillate, ostiolate, coriaceous. <italic>Peridium</italic> relatively thin, 1-layered, composed of heavily pigmented cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long cellular pseudoparaphyses, embedded in mucilage. <italic>Asci</italic> mostly 4-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, broadly cylindrical with a furcate pedicel, with a large ocular chamber, especially apparent in immature asci. <italic>Ascospores</italic> ellipsoid to broadly fusoid with broadly to narrowly rounded ends, brown, 3-septate, constricted at all septa.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: coelomycetous where known: conidia hyaline or brown, aseptate or 1-septate (<italic>Aposphaeria</italic>- or <italic>Coniothyrium</italic>-like) (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR30">1989c</xref>).</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR27">1987b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR30">1989c</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR35">1993a</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR36">b</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR39">2002</xref>; Berlese <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR45">1890</xref>; Clements and Shear <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR76">1931</xref>; Eriksson <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR102">1999</xref>; Eriksson and Hawksworth <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR105">1987</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR108">1998</xref>; Holm <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR150">1957</xref>; Leuchtmann <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR226">1985</xref>; Saccardo <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR304">1883</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec44"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Chaetomastia hirtula</italic></bold> (P. Karst.) Berl., Icon. fung. (Abellini) 1: 38 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR45">1890</xref>). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig22" ref-type="fig">21</xref>)<fig id="Fig22"><label>Fig. 21</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Chaetomastia hirtula</italic></bold> (from H, FFE 825, <bold>kleptotype</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Superficial ascomata gregarious on the host surface. <bold>b</bold> Section of a partial peridium. Note the cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic> with relatively thick wall. <bold>c</bold>, <bold>d</bold> Cylindrical asci with long and furcate pedicels. <bold>e</bold>, <bold>f</bold> Brown, 3-septate ascospores. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 0.5 mm, <bold>b</bold> = 50 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>c–f</bold> = 10 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig22_HTML" id="MO22"></graphic></fig></p><p>≡ <italic>Sphaeria hirtula</italic> P. Karst., Fungi Fenn. Exs. N. 825 (1869).</p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 214–286 <italic>μm</italic> high × 210–258 <italic>μm</italic> diam., scattered or in groups, superficial, globose, wall black; apex often opening with a broad pore within slightly raised papilla, up to 30 <italic>μm</italic> diam., coriaceous (Fig. <xref rid="Fig22" ref-type="fig">21a</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> 20–26 <italic>μm</italic> thick, 1-layered, composed of heavily pigmented cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, cells up to 5 × 15 <italic>μm</italic> diam., cell wall up to 3.5 <italic>μm</italic> thick (Fig. <xref rid="Fig22" ref-type="fig">21b</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long cellular pseudoparaphyses, embedded in mucilage. <italic>Asci</italic> 90<bold>–</bold>130 × 12.5–17.5(−22.5) <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq31"><alternatives><tex-math id="M31">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 111 \times 16.3\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq31.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), mostly 4-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, broadly cylindrical, with a furcate pedicel, 18–48 <italic>μm</italic> long, with a large ocular chamber best seen in immature asci (to 3 <italic>μm</italic> wide × 3 <italic>μm</italic> high) (Fig. <xref rid="Fig22" ref-type="fig">21c and d</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 20.5–27 × 7–10 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq32"><alternatives><tex-math id="M32">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 23.5 \times 8.2\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq32.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), uniseriate to partially overlapping, ellipsoid to broadly fusoid with broadly to narrowly rounded ends, brown, 3-septate, verruculose, constricted at all septa, constricted at the median septum, the cell above the central septum often broader than the others (Fig. <xref rid="Fig22" ref-type="fig">21e and f</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: FINLAND, ETELÄ-HÄME (EH/Ta), Tammela, Mustiala, På <italic>Rub. id.</italic>, 8 May 1866. P.A. Karsten (H, FFE 825, <bold>kleptotype</bold>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec45"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Chaetomastia</italic> was introduced by Saccardo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR304">1883</xref>) as a subgenus of <italic>Melanomma</italic>, and five species were included, i.e. <italic>M. canescens</italic> Speg., <italic>M</italic>. <italic>cucurbitarioides</italic> Speg., <italic>M</italic>. <italic>hirtulum</italic> (P. Karst.) Sacc., <italic>M</italic>. <italic>hispidulum</italic> Sacc. and <italic>M</italic>. <italic>pilosellum</italic> P. Karst. Berlese (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR45">1890</xref>) promoted it to genus rank. Subsequently, <italic>Chaetomastia hirtula</italic> (P. Karst.) Berl. was selected as the lectotype species of the genus (Clements and Shear <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR76">1931</xref>). <italic>Chaetomastia</italic> has been regarded as having unitunicate asci (Eriksson and Hawksworth <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR104">1986</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR108">1998</xref>; Eriksson <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR102">1999</xref>). However its bitunicate status was confirmed by Holm (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR150">1957</xref>). Holm (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR150">1957</xref>) treated <italic>C</italic>. <italic>hirtula</italic> as <italic>Melanomma hirtulum</italic> (P. Karst.) Sacc., and Leuchtmann (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR226">1985</xref>) transferred this species to <italic>Montagnula sensu lato</italic> based on the ascospore morphology and the hyphae surrounding the ascomata. Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR27">1987b</xref>) suggested that ascoma, peridium structure and ascospore characters pointed <italic>Montagnula sensu stricto</italic> to <italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic>, while the characters of ascomata and peridium structure of <italic>Chaetomastia</italic> were thought to fit the definition of <italic>Dacampiaceae</italic> (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR27">1987b</xref>). In particular, the peridium and ascospore characters of <italic>C</italic>. <italic>hirtula</italic> are comparable with those of the generic type of <italic>Massariosphaeria</italic> (<italic>M</italic>. <italic>phaeospora</italic>). Thus, Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR30">1989c</xref>) accepted <italic>Massariosphaeria sensu stricto</italic> and assigned the phragmosporous species of <italic>Massariosphaeria sensu lato</italic> to <italic>Chaetomastia</italic>.</p><p>Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR39">2002</xref>) later assigned <italic>Chaetomastia</italic> to <italic>Teichosporaceae</italic> based on its saprobic or hypersaprobic lifestyle, occurring on woody stems and peridium structure, and this is widely followed (Eriksson <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR103">2006</xref>; Lumbsch and Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR236">2007</xref>). Currently, 11 species are accepted in this genus (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.indexfungorum.org/">http://www.indexfungorum.org/</ext-link>).</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>None.</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>Familial placement of <italic>Chaetomastia</italic> is undetermined currently but has been included in the <italic>Teichosporaceae</italic> by authoritative sources (Eriksson <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR103">2006</xref>; Lumbsch and Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR236">2007</xref>) or the <italic>Dacampiaceae</italic> (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.indexfungorum.org/">http://www.indexfungorum.org/</ext-link>).</p><p><bold><italic>Chaetoplea</italic></bold> (Sacc.) Clem., Gen. Fung. (Minneapolis): 275 (1931). (?<italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic>)</p><p>≡ <italic>Pyrenophora</italic> subgen. <italic>Chaetoplea</italic> Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 2: 279 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR304">1883</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec46"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, saprobic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> small to medium, immersed, erumpent to superficial, globose to subglobose, papillate, ostiolate. <italic>Peridium</italic> not examined. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long, narrowly cellular pseudoparaphyses. <italic>Asci</italic> 8-spored or 4-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindro-clavate, with a thick, furcate pedicel. <italic>Ascospores</italic> ellipsoid or fusoid, pale brown to brown, phragmosporous or muriform.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: <italic>Microdiplodia</italic>-like (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR32">1990b</xref>).</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR20">1981</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR26">1987a</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR27">b</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR32">1990b</xref>; Clements and Shear <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR76">1931</xref>; Ramaley and Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR289">1995</xref>; Yuan and Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR417">1994</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec47"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Chaetoplea calvescens</italic></bold> (Fr.) Clem., Gen. Fung. (Minneapolis): 275 (1931). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig23" ref-type="fig">22</xref>)<fig id="Fig23"><label>Fig. 22</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Chaetoplea calvescens</italic></bold> (from FH-81113, <bold>isotype</bold>). <bold>a</bold>, <bold>b</bold> Four-spored and 8-spored asci. <bold>c</bold> Released ascospores. Scale bars: <bold>a–c</bold> = 10 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig23_HTML" id="MO23"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>≡ Sphaeria calvescens</italic> Fr. Scleromyc. Sueciae 401.</p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> not examined. <italic>Peridium</italic> not examined. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long, narrow cellular pseudoparaphyses, 2–3 <italic>μm</italic> broad, septate, branching and anastomosing. <italic>Asci</italic> 90<bold>–</bold>110 × 10–12 <italic>μm</italic>, 8-spored, rarely 4-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindro-clavate, with a thick, furcate pedicel which is up to 30 <italic>μm</italic> long (Fig. <xref rid="Fig23" ref-type="fig">22a and b</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 13<bold>–</bold>18 × 5.5–7 <italic>μm</italic>, obliquely uniseriate and partially overlapping, broadly fusoid to oblong with broadly rounded ends, pale brown, 2-3-septate, constricted at the septa, containing four refractive globules (Fig. <xref rid="Fig23" ref-type="fig">22c</xref>).</p><p>Note: The specimen is only a slide, and no peridium or ascomata information could be obtained.</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: coelomycetous, <italic>conidia</italic> yellowish, 1-septate, 9–13 × 4–5(−8) <italic>μm</italic> (Webster and Lucas <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR405">1959</xref>); <italic>Microdiplodia henningsii</italic> Staritz=<italic>Chaetodiplodia caudina</italic> Karst. (Sutton <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR359">1980</xref>) (referred to Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR32">1990b</xref> (p50)).</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: SWEDEN, sub-collection: Curtis Herbarium, verified by R.A. Shoemaker, leg. E.M. Fries 401 (FH-81113, <bold>isotype,</bold> microscope slide).</p></sec><sec id="Sec48"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Chaetoplea</italic> was introduced based on <italic>C</italic>. <italic>calvescens</italic>, which has been regarded as similar to <italic>Pleospora</italic> or <italic>Leptosphaeria</italic> (Eriksson and Hawksworth <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR105">1987</xref>; Wehmeyer <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR408">1961</xref>; von Arx and Müller <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR390">1975</xref>). Based on the differences in ascomata, peridium structure, pseudoparaphyses as well as its anamorphic stage, <italic>Chaetoplea</italic> was maintained as a separate genus (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR32">1990b</xref>; Yuan and Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR417">1994</xref>). <italic>Chaetoplea sensu lato</italic> was accepted by Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR32">1990b</xref>), which included some species of <italic>Teichospora</italic> as well as the subgenus <italic>Pleospora</italic> subg. <italic>Cylindrosporeae</italic>.</p><p>The following is from the label of specimen.<disp-quote><p>“<italic>Sphaeria calvescens</italic>, Scler. Suecicae (Ed. 2) 401. No specimen of Scler. Suecicae 401 is now at Uppsala according to R. Santesson 1966. This Curtis Herbarium specimen in the Farlow Herbarium is isotype. Wehmeyer (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR408">1961</xref>) in his <italic>Pleospora</italic> monograph did not study any portion of the Scler. Suecicae exsiccatus 401, nor did Webster & Lucas in the taxonomic and life-history study (Trans. Brit. Myc. Soc. 42, 332–342. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR405">1959</xref>) of this species.</p><p>The specimen has most of the features described by Webster & Lucas including the presence of the conidial state <italic>Microdiplodia henningsii</italic> Staritz. I did not see vertical septa in the ascospores. Webster & Lucas note that vertical septa may be occasionally be lacking. The fungus is otherwise as they describe it although some perithecia collapse and appear cupulate.”—by R.A. Shoemaker.</p></disp-quote></p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>None.</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>The substrate of <italic>Chaetoplea sensu</italic> Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR32">1990b</xref>) can be herbaceous stalks, decorticated wood or periderm, or old cotton cloth and string, which may indicate its heterogeneous nature. The ascospores seem very much like <italic>Phaeosphaeria</italic> which may be an earlier name; more details concerning the ascomatal, peridial and hamathecial structures are needed to make any conclusion.</p><p><bold><italic>Cilioplea</italic></bold> Munk, Dansk botanisk Arkiv 15: 113 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR266">1953</xref>). (<italic>Pleosporales</italic>, genera <italic>incertae sedis</italic>)</p></sec><sec id="Sec49"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, saprobic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> small- to medium-sized, solitary, scattered or in small groups, immersed, globose or subglobose, papilla covered with short and blackish setae, coriaceous. <italic>Peridium</italic> thin, comprising small heavily pigmented thick-walled cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of cellular pseudoparaphyses. <italic>Asci</italic> 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, broadly clavate, with a short, furcate pedicel, and small ocular chamber. <italic>Ascospores</italic> fusoid to narrowly fusoid with narrowly rounded ends, pale brown to reddish brown, multi-transverse septa, usually with one longitudinal septum in some central cells, constricted at the primary septum.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: none.</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR32">1990b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR34">1992b</xref>; Crivelli <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR83">1983</xref>; Lumbsch and Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR236">2007</xref>; Müller <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR261">1951</xref>; Munk <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR266">1953</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR268">1957</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec50"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Cilioplea coronata</italic></bold> (Niessl) Munk, Dansk botanisk Arkiv 15: 113 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR266">1953</xref>). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig24" ref-type="fig">23</xref>)<fig id="Fig24"><label>Fig. 23</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Cilioplea coronata</italic></bold> (M 175-89-290, <bold>lectotype</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Immersed ascomata in small groups on the host surface (the covering host tissue was removed). <bold>b</bold> Section of a partial ascoma. Note the thin peridium. <bold>c</bold> Clavate asci within pseudoparaphyses. <bold>d</bold> Ascus with a small ocular chamber. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 0.5 mm, <bold>b</bold> = 100 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>c</bold> = 50 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>d</bold> = 10 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig24_HTML" id="MO24"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>≡ Pleospora coronata</italic> Niessl, Notiz. Pyr.: 16 (1876).</p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 170–290 <italic>μm</italic> high × 200–410 <italic>μm</italic> diam., solitary, scattered, or in small groups, immersed, globose or subglobose, wall black, papilla raised, 50–80 <italic>μm</italic> high, with short and blackish setae, coriaceous (Fig. <xref rid="Fig24" ref-type="fig">23a</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> 9–15 <italic>μm</italic> thick laterally, up to 28 <italic>μm</italic> thick at the apex, thinner at the base, 1-layered, composed of small heavily pigmented thick-walled cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, cells up to 4 × 2.5 <italic>μm</italic> diam., cell wall 2–3 <italic>μm</italic> thick, apex cells smaller and walls thicker (Fig. <xref rid="Fig24" ref-type="fig">23b</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of long cellular pseudoparaphyses, 2–3 <italic>μm</italic> broad. <italic>Asci</italic> (60-)80–108 × 10–15 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq33"><alternatives><tex-math id="M33">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 85.3 \times 12.1\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq33.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, broadly clavate, with a short, thick, furcate pedicel, 5–15 <italic>μm</italic> long, and a small ocular chamber (to 3 <italic>μm</italic> wide × 2 <italic>μm</italic> high) (Fig. <xref rid="Fig24" ref-type="fig">23c and d</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 21<bold>–</bold>27.5 × 5.5–7.5 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq34"><alternatives><tex-math id="M34">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 24 \times 6.7\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq34.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), biseriate to uniseriate at base, fusoid to narrowly fusoid with narrowly rounded ends, pale reddish brown, 5–7 transverse septa (mostly 5), usually with one longitudinal septum in some central cells, deeply constricted at the median septum, the part above the primary septum shorter and broader, smooth-walled.</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: GERMANY, Hadiberg. on <italic>Reseda lutea</italic> Hadiberg, 20 Sept. 1875, Niessl (M 175-89-290, <bold>lectotype</bold>; M 175-89-291, <bold>type</bold>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec51"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Cilioplea</italic> was introduced by Müller (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR261">1951</xref>) as a subgenus of <italic>Pleospora</italic>, and this was followed by Munk (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR268">1957</xref>), who had earlier proposed it as a separate genus typified by <italic>C</italic>. <italic>coronata</italic> based on its hairy papilla, clavate asci as well as its “perfectly paraphysoid” (see Munk <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR266">1953</xref>). A relatively narrow concept of <italic>Pleospora</italic> was accepted by Crivelli (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR83">1983</xref>), and four species was assigned under the separate genus <italic>Cilioplea</italic>, viz. <italic>C</italic>. <italic>coronata</italic>, <italic>C</italic>. <italic>genisticola</italic> (Fautrey & Lambotte) Crivelli, <italic>C</italic>. <italic>kansensis</italic> (Ellis & Everh.) Crivelli and <italic>C</italic>. <italic>nivalis</italic> (Niessl) Crivelli. Subsequently, another six species were added (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR32">1990b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR34">1992b</xref>). Currently, ten species are included under <italic>Cilioplea</italic>.</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>None.</p><sec id="d30e16365"><title>Concluding remarks</title><p>The most striking character of <italic>Cilioplea</italic> is its setose papilla, which has been shown to have no phylogenetic significance in <italic>Lentitheciaceae</italic> (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>). <italic>Cilioplea</italic> was assigned under <italic>Lophiostomataceae</italic> (Lumbsch and Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR236">2007</xref>), but there is little morphological similarity with the <italic>Lophiostomataceae sensu stricto</italic> (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>). Thus its familial placement needs further study.</p><p><bold><italic>Crivellia</italic></bold> Shoemaker & Inderb., in Inderbitzin, Shoemaker, O’Neill, Turgeon & Berbee, Can. J. Bot. 84: 1308 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR185">2006</xref>). (<italic>Pleosporaceae</italic>)</p></sec></sec><sec id="Sec52"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, hemibiotrophic or parasitic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> small- to medium-sized, scattered, immersed, erumpent to nearly superficial, papillate, ostiolate. <italic>Peridium</italic> thin, composed of two cells types, outer cells of thick walled and <italic>textura angularis</italic>, inner cells thin-walled, yellow. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long and thin pseudoparaphyses. <italic>Asci</italic><bold>(</bold>4-)8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate dehiscence not observed, broadly cylindrical to cylindrical, with a short, furcate pedicel and an ocular chamber. <italic>Ascospores</italic> fusoid to broadly fusoid, pale brown, septate, sometimes with one or two vertical septa in the middle cells, constricted at the septa.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: <italic>Brachycladium</italic> (Inderbitzin et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR185">2006</xref>).</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Inderbitzin et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR185">2006</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec53"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Crivellia papaveracea</italic></bold> (De Not.) Shoemaker & Inderb., Can. J. Bot. 84: 1308 (2006). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig25" ref-type="fig">24</xref>)<fig id="Fig25"><label>Fig. 24</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Crivellia papareracea</italic></bold> (from UBC F14995, <bold>epitype</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Gregarious ascomata immersed within the host surface. <bold>b</bold> Section of an ascoma. <bold>c</bold> Asci within pseudoparaphyses. <bold>d</bold> Cylindrical ascus with a short pedicel. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 1 mm, <bold>b</bold> = 100 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>c</bold>, <bold>d</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig25_HTML" id="MO25"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>≡ Cucurbitaria papaveracea</italic> De Not., Sfer. Ital.: 62 (1863).</p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 210–260 <italic>μm</italic> high × 300–380 <italic>μm</italic> diam., densely scattered, immersed, erumpent to nearly superficial, flattened globose, dark brown, papillate, ostiolate (Fig. <xref rid="Fig25" ref-type="fig">24a</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> 25–30 <italic>μm</italic> thick, thicker near the apex and thinner at the base, composed of two cell types, outer cells of thick-walled and <italic>textura angularis</italic>, cells up to 10 × 5 <italic>μm</italic> diam., cell wall 2–4 <italic>μm</italic> thick, inner cells thin-walled, yellow (Fig. <xref rid="Fig25" ref-type="fig">24b</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long, 1–2 <italic>μm</italic> broad, rarely septate pseudoparaphyses. <italic>Asci</italic> 85<bold>–</bold>125 × 10–13 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq35"><alternatives><tex-math id="M35">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = {1}0{6} \times {11}\mu {\text{m}} $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq35.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), (4-)8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate dehiscence not observed, broadly cylindrical to cylindrical, with a short, furcate pedicel, with a relatively large ocular chamber (Fig. <xref rid="Fig25" ref-type="fig">24c and d</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> (16-)19–24 × 5–7.5 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq36"><alternatives><tex-math id="M36">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 20.4 \times 6.3\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq36.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), overlapping uniseriate to rarely biseriate, fusoid to broadly fusoid, pale brown, 3-septate, sometimes with one or two vertical septa in the middle cells, constricted at the septa, the upper cell often broader than the lower one, smooth-walled.</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: <italic>Brachycladium penicillatum</italic> (Corda) Fr. (Inderbitzin et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR185">2006</xref>).</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: AUSTRIA, Vienna, on decaying stems of <italic>Papaver rhoeas</italic> L., 28 Oct. 2001, W. Jaklitsch (UBC F14995, <bold>epitype</bold>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec54"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Crivellia</italic> was separated from <italic>Pleospora</italic> and introduced as a new genus by Inderbitzin et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR185">2006</xref>) based on their differences in ascospore morphology and anamorphic stages. <italic>Crivellia</italic> is characterized by having small- to medium-sized ascomata, and yellow, 3-septate ascospores with one or two vertical septa in central cells. Its <italic>Brachycladium</italic> anamorphic stage with phragmosporous conidia also differs from that of <italic>Stemphylium</italic>, which is the anamorphic stage of <italic>Pleospora</italic> (Inderbitzin et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR185">2006</xref>). Currently, two species are included within <italic>Crivellia</italic>, i.e. <italic>C</italic>. <italic>homothallica</italic> Inderb. & Shoemaker and <italic>C</italic>. <italic>papaveracea</italic>.</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p><italic>Crivellia papaveracea</italic> was shown to be closely related to some species of <italic>Alternaria</italic>, and its pleosporaceous status was confirmed following molecular studies (Inderbitzin et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR185">2006</xref>).</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p><italic>Crivellia</italic> seems to belong to <italic>Pleosporaceae</italic>, and may be closely related to <italic>Pleospora</italic>.</p><p><bold><italic>Decaisnella</italic></bold> Fabre, Annls Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 6 9:112 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR113">1878</xref>). (<italic>Pleosporales</italic>, genera <italic>incertae sedis</italic>)</p></sec><sec id="Sec55"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, saprobic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> medium to large, immersed to erumpent, clypeate, papillate, ostiolate. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long, cellular pseudoparaphyses, rarely septate, embedded in mucilage. <italic>Asci</italic> mostly 4- or 8-spored, rarely 2-spored, cylindrical to cylindro-clavate, with a furcate pedicel. <italic>Ascospores</italic> muriform, dark brown, oblong with broadly rounded ends.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: none.</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR25">1986</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">1990a</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR32">b</xref>; Fabre <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR113">1878</xref>; Saccardo <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR304">1883</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec56"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Decaisnella spectabilis</italic></bold> Fabre, Annls Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 6 9: 112 (1879). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig26" ref-type="fig">25</xref>)<fig id="Fig26"><label>Fig. 25</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Decaisnella spectabilis</italic></bold> (NY2082, <bold>syntype</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Appearance of ascomata on the host surface. <bold>b</bold> Section of a partial peridium (immersed in the substrate). Note the pseudoparenchymatous out layer. <bold>c</bold>, <bold>d</bold> Muriform ascospores. Note the minuitely verrucose ornamentation. <bold>e</bold> Ascus with a short pedicel. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 0.5 mm, <bold>b</bold> = 100 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>c–e</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig26_HTML" id="MO26"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 520–680 <italic>μm</italic> high × 430–600 <italic>μm</italic> diam., solitary, scattered, or in small groups of 2–3, immersed to erumpent, clypeate, globose or subglobose, black, roughened, with a blunt papilla up to 170 <italic>μm</italic> high, apex with a round ostiole, coriaceous (Fig. <xref rid="Fig26" ref-type="fig">25a</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> 70–90 <italic>μm</italic> thick at sides, thicker near the apex, comprising two types of cells; part immersed in host tissue, outer layer pseudoparenchymatous, 55–65 <italic>μm</italic> thick, pigmented, inner layer composed of lightly pigmented to hyaline thin-walled compressed cells, 15–23 <italic>μm</italic> thick, cells 3.5–7 <italic>μm</italic> diam., part above host tissue heavily pigmented covered by clypeus tissues (Fig. <xref rid="Fig26" ref-type="fig">25b</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long, cellular pseudoparaphyses, 1.5–3 <italic>μm</italic> broad, rarely septate, embedded in mucilage. <italic>Asci</italic> 150<bold>–</bold>200 × 15–25(−33) <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq37"><alternatives><tex-math id="M37">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 181 \times 20.6\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq37.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), (2-)4-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, broadly cylindrical, with a short, thick, furcate pedicel which is 20–40 <italic>μm</italic> long, no apical apparatus observed (Fig. <xref rid="Fig26" ref-type="fig">25e</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 37<bold>–</bold>45 × 12–17 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq38"><alternatives><tex-math id="M38">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 43 \times 15\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq38.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), uniseriate and sometimes slightly overlapping, oblong with broadly rounded ends, dark brown, verrucose or smooth, 7–9 transverse septa and 1–3 longitudinal septa in some of the cells, no constriction at the septa (Fig. <xref rid="Fig26" ref-type="fig">25c and d</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: GERMANY, Valsalpe in der Ramsau, Bayer, Alpen, on <italic>Rhamnus pumila</italic> Turra., Jul. 1913, Karl Arnold (NY2082, <bold>syntype</bold> as <italic>Teichospora megalocarpa</italic> Rehm).</p></sec><sec id="Sec57"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Decaisnella</italic> was formally established by Fabre (1879), but was treated as a synonym of <italic>Teichospora</italic> by Saccardo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR304">1883</xref>). This was followed by several mycologists over a long time. The main morphological differences between <italic>Decaisnella</italic> and <italic>Teichospora</italic> include the size and septation of ascospores, shape of ascomata, structure of peridium and type of pseudoparaphyses (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR25">1986</xref>). Thus Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR25">1986</xref>) revived <italic>Decaisnella</italic> and assigned it to <italic>Massariaceae</italic> based on the shape of ascomata and large, distoseptate ascospores. Currently, 15 species are accepted under <italic>Decaisnella</italic> (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.mycobank.org/MycoTaxo.aspx">http://www.mycobank.org/MycoTaxo.aspx</ext-link>). Neither the size of ascomata nor the ascospore characters have proven sufficient to place taxa at the family level in <italic>Pleosporales</italic> (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>), and therefore familial placement of <italic>Decaisnella</italic> remains uncertain.</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p><italic>Decaisnella formosa</italic> resided in the clade of <italic>Lophiostomataceae</italic> and in proximity to <italic>Lophiostoma macrostomoides</italic> De Not. (Plate <xref rid="Fig1" ref-type="fig">1</xref>).</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>The muriform ascospores, saprobic life style and 4-spored asci point <italic>Decaisnella spectabilis</italic> to <italic>Montagnulaceae</italic>, but this can only be confirmed following a molecular phylogenetic study.</p><p><bold><italic>Delitschia</italic></bold> Auersw., Hedwigia 5: 49 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR10">1866</xref>). (<italic>Delitschiaceae</italic>)</p></sec><sec id="Sec58"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, saprobic (coprophilous). <italic>Ascomata</italic> medium- to large-sized, solitary or scattered, immersed to erumpent, globose or subglobose, apex with or without papilla, ostiolate. <italic>Peridium</italic> thin, composed of compressed cells. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long pseudoparaphyses, anastomosing and branching. <italic>Asci</italic> 8-spored, cylindrical to cylindro-clavate, with short pedicel. <italic>Ascospores</italic> uni- to triseriate, pale to dark brown, ellipsoid, 1-septate, usually constricted at the septum, smooth, with a full length germ slit in each cell.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: none.</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Auerswald <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR10">1866</xref>; Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR37">2000</xref>; Cain <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR58">1934</xref>; Dennis <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR89">1968</xref>; Eriksson <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR103">2006</xref>; Griffiths <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR128">1901</xref>; Hyde and Steinke <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR177">1996</xref>; Kirschstein <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR199">1911</xref>; Kruys et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR221">2006</xref>; Luck-Allen and Cain <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR235">1975</xref>; Lumbsch and Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR236">2007</xref>; Moreau <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR256">1953</xref>; Munk <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR268">1957</xref>; Romero and Samuels <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR296">1991</xref>; Schoch et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR313">2006</xref>; Winter <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR414">1887</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec59"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Delitschia didyma</italic></bold> Auersw., Hedwigia 5: 49 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR10">1866</xref>). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig27" ref-type="fig">26</xref>)<fig id="Fig27"><label>Fig. 26</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Delitschia didyma</italic></bold> (from L, 1950). <bold>a</bold> Ascomata on the substrate surface. Note the ostiolar opening. <bold>b</bold> Section of peridium. Note the small cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>. <bold>c</bold> Released and unreleased ascospores. Note the germ slit in each cell. <bold>d</bold>, <bold>e</bold> Asci with ascospores and short pedicels with rounded ends. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 0.5 mm, <bold>b</bold> =30 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>c–e</bold> = 50 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig27_HTML" id="MO27"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 400–800 <italic>μm</italic> diam., solitary or scattered, immersed, globose or subglobose, black, papilla short, 70–130 <italic>μm</italic> broad, central, with a wide opening, coriaceous (Fig. <xref rid="Fig27" ref-type="fig">26a</xref>). <italic>Peridium ca</italic>. 15 <italic>μm</italic> thick laterally, up to 35 <italic>μm</italic> thick at the apex, up to 30 <italic>μm</italic> at the base, comprising a single layer of small lightly pigmented thin-walled cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, cells 4–10 <italic>μm</italic> diam., cell wall <1 <italic>μm</italic> thick, apex cells smaller and wall thicker (Fig. <xref rid="Fig27" ref-type="fig">26b</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, very long pseudoparaphyses, 1.5–2 <italic>μm</italic> broad, anastomosing and branching. <italic>Asci</italic> 290<bold>–</bold>380 × 35–45 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq39"><alternatives><tex-math id="M39">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 357.5 \times 40.6\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq39.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical to cylindro-clavate, with short, narrowed pedicels which are rounded at the base, 25–60 <italic>μm</italic> long, apex with a wide ocular chamber (Fig. <xref rid="Fig27" ref-type="fig">26d and e</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 50–58 × 20–22.5 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq40"><alternatives><tex-math id="M40">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 54 \times 21.3\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq40.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), obliquely uniseriate and partially overlapping, ellipsoid with narrowly rounded ends, reddish brown, 1-septate, slightly constricted at the septum, smooth-walled, each cell with a full length germ slit (Fig. <xref rid="Fig27" ref-type="fig">26c</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: GERMANY, Near Königstein, in forest, rare, Oct. 1904, W. Krieger (L, 1950).</p></sec><sec id="Sec60"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Delitschia</italic> was established by Auerswald (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR10">1866</xref>), and assigned to <italic>Sphaeriaceae</italic>. It was considered to be closely related to <italic>Sordariaceae</italic> and <italic>Amphisphaeriaceae</italic>. Winter (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR414">1887</xref>) assigned <italic>Delitschia</italic> under <italic>Sordariaceae</italic>, and this placement is followed in several subsequent studies (Griffiths <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR128">1901</xref>; Kirschstein <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR199">1911</xref>). Cain (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR58">1934</xref>) suggested that <italic>Delitschia</italic> might belong in <italic>Pleosporaceae</italic>, and this proposal was supported by Moreau (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR256">1953</xref>) and Dennis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR89">1968</xref>). Finally, Munk (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR268">1957</xref>) established <italic>Sporormiaceae</italic> (<italic>Pseudosphaeriales</italic>), and <italic>Delitschia</italic> was assigned therein. Luck-Allen and Cain (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR235">1975</xref>) reviewed and redefined the genus as having bitunicate asci, pigmented and 1-septate ascospores with an elongated germ slit in each cell and surrounded by a gelatinous sheath, and in particular, the coprophilous habitat. Luck-Allen and Cain (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR235">1975</xref>) accepted 46 species. Subsequently, some wood-inhabiting species were also described (Hyde and Steinke <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR177">1996</xref>; Romero and Samuels <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR296">1991</xref>). Three genera, i.e. <italic>Delitschia</italic>, <italic>Ohleriella</italic> and <italic>Semidelitschia</italic> were separated from <italic>Sporormiaceae</italic>, and a new family, <italic>Delitschiaceae</italic>, was introduced by Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR37">2000</xref>) to accommodate them. <italic>Delitschiaceae</italic> is characterized by a periphysate ostiole, wide endotunicate asci with a wide ocular chamber and ascospores having cells with germ slits. <italic>Delitschiaceae</italic> has been subsequently accepted (Eriksson <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR103">2006</xref>; Lumbsch and Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR236">2007</xref>).</p><p>The genus comprises 83 names (Index Fungorum) and is estimated to comprise 51 species (Kirk et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR198">2008</xref>). Keys to <italic>Delitschia</italic> can be found in Luck-Allen and Cain (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR235">1975</xref>) and Hyde and Steinke (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR177">1996</xref>).</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p><italic>Delitschia didyma</italic> and <italic>D</italic>. <italic>winteri</italic> (W. Phillips & Plowr.) Sacc. form a robust phylogenetic clade within <italic>Delitschiaceae</italic>, which is basal to other members of <italic>Pleosporales</italic> (Kruys et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR221">2006</xref>; Schoch et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR313">2006</xref>) except for <italic>Massariaceae</italic> (Voglmayr and Jaklitsch <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR383">2011</xref>). This might indicate its early derivation (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>).</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>Morphologically, <italic>Delitschia</italic> is a well defined genus, and each cell of the ascospore has a full length germ slit. Currently, most species of this genus are coprophilous, although a few species are reported from wood (Hyde and Steinke <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR177">1996</xref>; Luck-Allen and Cain <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR235">1975</xref>). Whether the lignicolous habitat is an important character that might separate these taxa from the main coprophilous group, needs to be addressed, however, the morphological characters are similar.</p><p><bold><italic>Didymosphaeria</italic></bold> Fuckel, Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 22–23: 140 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR123">1870</xref>). (<italic>Didymosphaeriaceae</italic>)</p></sec><sec id="Sec61"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, saprobic or parasitic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> solitary, scattered, or in small groups, immersed to erumpent, globose to ovoid, papillate, ostiolate, periphysate. <italic>Ostiole</italic> with a pore-like opening. <italic>Peridium</italic> 1-layered, thin, composed of brown pseudoparenchymatous cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, trabeculate, anastomosing mostly above the asci. <italic>Asci</italic> (2-)4-spored or 8-spored, bitunicate, cylindrical, with a furcate pedicel. <italic>Ascospores</italic> uniseriate, ellipsoid, brown, 1-distoseptate.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: <italic>Dendrophoma</italic>, <italic>Fusicladiella</italic> and <italic>Phoma</italic> (Aptroot <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR6">1995</xref>).</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Aptroot <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR6">1995</xref>; Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR28">1989a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR29">b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">1990a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR33">1992a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR34">b</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR35">1993a</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR36">b</xref>; Fuckel <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR123">1870</xref>; Hawksworth <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR135">1985a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR136">b</xref>; Hawksworth and Boise <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR138">1985</xref>; Hawksworth and Diederich <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR140">1988</xref>; Hyde et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR180">2000</xref>; Lumbsch and Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR236">2007</xref>; Saccardo <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR303">1882</xref>; Scheinpflug <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR312">1958</xref>; Sivanesan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR344">1984</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec62"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Didymosphaeria futilis</italic></bold> (Berk. & Broome) Rehm, Hedwigia 18: 167 (1879). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig28" ref-type="fig">27</xref>)<fig id="Fig28"><label>Fig. 27</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Didymosphaeria futilis</italic></bold> (from K(M): 147683, <bold>holotype</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Two immersed ascomata on the host surface (one of them is cut horizontally). <bold>b</bold> Section of an ascoma. Note the thin peridium. <bold>c</bold> Hand cut portion of ascoma showing habitat in wood. <bold>d</bold> Asci in pseudoparaphyses. Note the trabeculate pseudonparaphyses anastomosing above the asci. <bold>e</bold>, <bold>f</bold> Four-spored asci with long pedicels which are rounded at their bases. <bold>g</bold> Brown, 1-septate ascospores with spinulose ornamentation. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 0.3 mm, <bold>b</bold>, <bold>c</bold> = 100 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>d–g</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig28_HTML" id="MO28"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>≡ Sphaeria futilis</italic> Berk. & Broome, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., Ser. 2 9: 326 (1852).</p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 190–230 <italic>μm</italic> high × 240–340 <italic>μm</italic> diam., scattered, or in small groups, immersed to slightly erumpent, subglobose to ovoid, membraneous, near-hyaline, under clypeus, papillate, periphysate (Fig. <xref rid="Fig28" ref-type="fig">27a and c</xref>). <italic>Papilla</italic> central, up to 100 <italic>μm</italic> high, black, with a pore-like ostiole (Fig. <xref rid="Fig28" ref-type="fig">27a and c</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> 30–40 <italic>μm</italic> wide upper part, 6–23 <italic>μm</italic> wide near the base, 1-layered, composed of brown pseudoparenchymatous cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, cell wall 2–3 <italic>μm</italic> thick (Fig. <xref rid="Fig28" ref-type="fig">27b</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, 0.8–1.5 <italic>μm</italic> broad, anastomosing mostly above the asci, embedded in mucilage (Fig. <xref rid="Fig28" ref-type="fig">27d</xref>). <italic>Asci</italic> 90<bold>–</bold>110 × 7.5–10 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq41"><alternatives><tex-math id="M41">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 97 \times 9\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq41.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), 2–4-spored, rarely 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical, with a furcate pedicel, 17.5–27.5 <italic>μm</italic> long, with a large ocular (to 2.5 <italic>μm</italic> wide × 4 <italic>μm</italic> high) (Fig. <xref rid="Fig28" ref-type="fig">27d, e and f</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 14<bold>–</bold>15.5 × (5.5-) 6–7.5 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq42"><alternatives><tex-math id="M42">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 14.8 \times 6.9\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq42.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), uniseriate, ellipsoid with obtuse ends, brown, 1-septate, distoseptate, slightly to not constricted, capitate (Fig. <xref rid="Fig28" ref-type="fig">27g</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: <italic>Dendrophoma</italic> sp., <italic>Fusicladiella</italic> sp. vel aff. (Sivanesan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR344">1984</xref>).</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: UK, England, Norfolk, King’s Cliffe; on dead stem (in ramis emortuis) <italic>Rosa</italic> sp., Mar. 1850, M.J. Berkeley (K(M): 147683, <bold>holotype</bold>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec63"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Didymosphaeria</italic> is a widely distributed genus with wide host range (Aptroot <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR6">1995</xref>). <italic>Didymosphaeria</italic> was formally established by Fuckel (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR123">1870</xref>) based on six ascomycetous species, and <italic>D. epidermidis</italic> (Fries) Fuckel (or <italic>D</italic>. <italic>peltigerae</italic> Fuckel) has been chosen as the lectotype species (see comments by Aptroot <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR6">1995</xref>). Hawksworth and David (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR142">1989</xref>: 494) proposed to conserve the genus with a lectotype specimen, Fungi Rhenani 1770. The genus had been considered as a depository to accommodate all types of didymosporous pyrenocarpous ascomycetes. Many workers have tried to redefine the genus and excluded some species. Saccardo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR303">1882</xref>) restricted the genus to brown-spored species, and about 100 species have been excluded subsequently (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR28">1989a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR29">b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">1990a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR33">1992a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR34">b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR36">1993b</xref>; Hawksworth <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR135">1985a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR136">b</xref>; Hawksworth and Boise <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR138">1985</xref>; Hawksworth and Diederich <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR140">1988</xref>; Scheinpflug <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR312">1958</xref>). Over 400 epithets of <italic>Didymosphaeria</italic> were included until the monograph of Aptroot (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR6">1995</xref>).</p><p>Aptroot (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR6">1995</xref>) examined more than 3000 specimens under the name <italic>Didymosphaeria</italic>. The type specimen of <italic>Didymosphaeria</italic> (Fungi Rhenani 1770) represents the widespread and common <italic>D</italic>. <italic>futilis</italic> (Aptroot <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR6">1995</xref>). In this study, we did not get the lectotype specimen, but described the type of <italic>D. futilis</italic> (<italic>Sphaeria futilis</italic>). Using a narrow concept (ignoring differences of host or country of origin), Aptroot (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR6">1995</xref>) accepted only seven species, which were closely related with the generic type of <italic>Didymosphaeria</italic> with over 100 synonyms distributed among them. Many taxa were found to belong to other groups, i.e. <italic>Aaosphaeria</italic>, <italic>Amphisphaeria</italic>, <italic>Astrosphaeriella</italic>, <italic>Dothidotthia</italic>, <italic>Flagellosphaeria</italic>, <italic>Kirschsteiniothelia</italic>, <italic>Megalotremis</italic>, <italic>Montagnula</italic>, <italic>Munkovalsaria</italic>, <italic>Mycomicrothelia</italic>, <italic>Parapyrenis</italic> or <italic>Phaeodothis</italic>. <italic>Didymosphaeria</italic> is mainly characterized by a peridium consisting of flattened or irregular cells or completely hyphae; a hamathecium consisting of narrow, trabeculate paraphysoids or paraphyses, richly anastomosing above the asci; and brown thinly distoseptate ascospores. <italic>Didymosphaeriaceae</italic> was maintained as a separated family within <italic>Pleosporales</italic> by Aptroot (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR6">1995</xref>) because of the distoseptate ascospores and trabeculate pseudoparaphyses mainly anastomosing above the asci. This proposal, however, has not received much support (Lumbsch and Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR236">2007</xref>).</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>There have been few molecular investigations of <italic>Didymosphaeria</italic> when compared to the morphological studies. <italic>Didymosphaeria futilis</italic> resided in the clade of <italic>Cucurbitariaceae</italic> (or <italic>Didymosphaeriaceae</italic>) (Plate <xref rid="Fig1" ref-type="fig">1</xref>). The correct identification of the <italic>Didymosphaeria</italic> strain used for sequencing, however, has not been verified.</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p><italic>Didymosphaeria</italic> is a well established genus represented by <italic>D. futilis</italic>. Of particular significance are the narrow pseudoparaphyses which anastomose above the asci and brown 1-septate ascospores with indistinct distosepta. Familial placement of <italic>Didymosphaeria</italic> is unclear yet because of insufficient molecular data.</p><p><bold><italic>Dothidotthia</italic></bold> Höhn., Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 36: 312 (1918). (<italic>Didymellaceae</italic>)</p></sec><sec id="Sec64"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, saprobic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> medium-sized, solitary, clustered or somewhat gregarious, erumpent, subglobose, apex somewhat papillate to depressed, coriaceous. <italic>Peridium</italic> composed of a few layers of dark brown cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, and giving rise dark brown, thick-walled hyphae in the basal region, 2-layered. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> septate pseudoparaphyses branched in upper part above asci. <italic>Asci</italic> 8-spored, bitunicate, clavate, straight to curved. <italic>Ascospores</italic> biseriate to obliquely uniseriate, ellipsoid, pale brown, 1-septate.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: <italic>Dothiorella</italic> and <italic>Thyrostroma</italic> (Hyde et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR182">2011</xref>; Phillips et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR280">2008</xref>).</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR29">1989b</xref>; Phillips et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR280">2008</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec65"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Dothidotthia symphoricarpi</italic></bold> (Rehm) Höhn., Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 36: 312 (1918). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig29" ref-type="fig">28</xref>)<fig id="Fig29"><label>Fig. 28</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Dothidotthia symphoricarpi</italic></bold> (from NY, <bold>holotype</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Clustered ascomata on the host stubstrate. <bold>b</bold> Longitudinal section through an ascoma. <bold>c</bold>, <bold>d</bold> Asci with pale brown, 1-septate ascospores. <bold>e</bold> Immature asci<italic>.</italic><bold>f</bold> Pale brown, 1-septate ascospores within asci. <bold>g</bold> Conidia of <italic>Thyrostroma</italic> anamorph in association with ascomata. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 0.5 mm, <bold>b</bold> = 100 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>c–g</bold> = 10 <italic>μm</italic>. (figure with permission from Phillips et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR280">2008</xref>)</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig29_HTML" id="MO29"></graphic></fig></p><p>≡ <italic>Pseudotthia symphoricarpi</italic> Rehm, Ann. Mycol. 11: 169 (1913).</p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> up to 500 <italic>μm</italic> high × 550 <italic>μm</italic> diam., gregarious clustered, rarely solitary, erumpent, subglobose, apex somewhat papillate to depressed, coriaceous (Fig. <xref rid="Fig29" ref-type="fig">28a</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> 20–80 <italic>μm</italic> thick, composed of 3–6 layers of dark brown cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, giving rise dark brown, thick-walled hyphae in the basal region, 2-layered, outer layer wall thicker and inner layer wall thinner (Fig. <xref rid="Fig29" ref-type="fig">28b</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> hyaline, septate pseudoparaphyses, 2–3 <italic>μm</italic> wide, branched in upper part above asci. <italic>Asci</italic> 70<bold>–</bold>120 × 15–22 <italic>μm</italic>, 8-spored, bitunicate, clavate, straight to curved (Fig. <xref rid="Fig29" ref-type="fig">28c, d and e</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> (20-)22–23(−26) × (8-)9–10(−11) <italic>μm</italic>, biseriate to obliquely uniseriate and partially overlapping, ellipsoid tapering towards subacutely rounded ends, pale brown, 1-septate, constricted at the septum, smooth (Fig. <xref rid="Fig29" ref-type="fig">28f</xref>) (description referred to Phillips et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR280">2008</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: <italic>Thyrostroma negundinis</italic> (Phillips et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR280">2008</xref>).</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: USA, North Dakota, on branches of <italic>Symphoricarpos occidentalis</italic> Hook. (NY, <bold>holotype</bold>); Colorado, San Juan Co, c. 0.5 mile up Engineer Mountain Trail from turnoff at mile 52.5, Hwy 550, dead twigs of <italic>Symphoricarpos rotundifolius</italic> A. Gray, 24 Jun. 2004, A.W. Ramaley 0410 (BPI 871823, <bold>epitype</bold>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec66"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Dothidotthia</italic> was formally established to accommodate <italic>Pseudotthia symphoricarpi</italic> (<italic>Montagnellaceae</italic>, <italic>Dothideales</italic>) (von Höhnel <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR394">1918a</xref>). Many mycologists considered <italic>Dothidotthia</italic> closely related to a genus of <italic>Venturiaceae</italic> such as <italic>Dibotryon</italic> by Petrak (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR275">1927</xref>), or <italic>Gibbera</italic> by von Arx and Müller (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR389">1954</xref>) and Müller and von Arx (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR265">1962</xref>). <italic>Dothidotthia</italic> had been treated as a synonym of <italic>Gibbera</italic> (von Arx <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR389">1954</xref>; Müller and von Arx <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR265">1962</xref>), which was followed by Shoemaker (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR322">1963</xref>) and Eriksson and Hawksworth (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR105">1987</xref>). Based on the coelomycetous anamorphic stage and peridium structure, shape of asci, as well as morphology of pseudoparaphyses, Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR27">1987b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR29">1989b</xref>) retrieved <italic>Dothidotthia</italic>, and considered it closely related to <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic> (<italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic>). Currently, 11 species are included within <italic>Dothidotthia</italic> (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.mycobank.org">http://www.mycobank.org</ext-link>, 01–2011).</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>Based on a multi-gene phylogenetic analysis, <italic>Dothidotthia</italic> formed a separate familial clade (Phillips et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR280">2008</xref>). Thus <italic>Dothidotthiaceae</italic> was introduced to accommodate it (Phillips et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR280">2008</xref>).</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>By comparing the morphological characters and phylogenetic dendrograms by Phillips et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR280">2008</xref>) and de Gruyter et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR85">2009</xref>), <italic>Dothidotthia</italic> seems closely related to <italic>Didymellaceae</italic>, but <italic>Dothidotthiaceae</italic> should still be treated as a separate family.</p><p><bold><italic>Dubitatio</italic></bold> Speg., Anal. Soc. cient. argent. 12: 212 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR347">1881</xref>). (<italic>Arthopyreniaceae</italic> (or <italic>Massariaceae</italic>))</p></sec><sec id="Sec67"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, saprobic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> medium-sized, solitary, densely scattered, or in small groups of 2–4, immersed, covered with white crystaline rim, papillate, ostiolate. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense pseudoparaphyses, long, 2–3 <italic>μm</italic> broad, branching and anastomosing. <italic>Asci</italic> cylindrical, pedicellate, with furcate pedicel. <italic>Ascospores</italic> 1-septate, asymmetrical, reddish to dark brown.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: <italic>Aplosporella</italic>-like (Rossman et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR297">1999</xref>).</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR18">1979b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR27">1987b</xref>; Müller and von Arx <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR265">1962</xref>; Rossman et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR297">1999</xref>; Spegazzini <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR347">1881</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec68"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Dubitatio dubitationum</italic></bold> Speg., Anal. Soc. cient. argent. 12: 212 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR347">1881</xref>). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig30" ref-type="fig">29</xref>)<fig id="Fig30"><label>Fig. 29</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Dubitatio dubitationum</italic></bold> (from NY, <bold>isotype</bold>; LPS, <bold>holotype</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Appearance of ascomata scattered on the host surface. Note the exposed white covering around the ostioles. <bold>b</bold>, <bold>c</bold> Section of an ascoma. Note the white covering (see <italic>arrow</italic>). <bold>d–f</bold> Cylindrical asci with short furcate pedicels. <bold>g–i</bold> Asymmetrical, 1-septate reddish-brown ascospores. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 1 mm, <bold>b</bold> = 100 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>c</bold> = 50 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>d–i</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig30_HTML" id="MO30"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 350–530 <italic>μm</italic> high × 550–700 <italic>μm</italic> diam., solitary, densely scattered, or in small groups of 2–4, immersed, with a protruding papilla, 110–160 <italic>μm</italic> high, 160–250 <italic>μm</italic> diam., globose or subglobose, black, covered with white crystalline material which becomes hyaline and gel-like in water, ostiolate (Fig. <xref rid="Fig30" ref-type="fig">29a and b</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> 18–25 <italic>μm</italic> thick laterally (excluding the rim), up to 35 <italic>μm</italic> thick at the apex, thinner at the base, 1-layered, composed of small pale brown thin-walled cells of <italic>textura prismatica</italic>, cells 5–12 × 3–5 <italic>μm</italic> diam., cell wall up to 1 <italic>μm</italic> thick, apex cells smaller and walls thicker (Fig. <xref rid="Fig30" ref-type="fig">29b</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long pseudoparaphyses, 2–3 <italic>μm</italic> broad, branching and anastomosing between and above the asci. <italic>Asci</italic> 150–190(−230) × 12.5–15 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq43"><alternatives><tex-math id="M43">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 172.5 \times 13.4\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq43.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), (6-)8-spored, rarely 4-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical, with a furcate pedicel which is up to 40 <italic>μm</italic> long, ocular chamber not observed (Fig. <xref rid="Fig30" ref-type="fig">29c, d and e</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 19<bold>–</bold>22.5 × 10–12 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq44"><alternatives><tex-math id="M44">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 20.2 \times 11.4\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq44.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), uniseriate to obliquely uniseriate and partially overlapping, broadly ellipsoid with broadly to narrowly rounded ends, reddish brown, 1-septate, constricted at septum, asymmetric with a larger upper cell, thick-walled, possibly distoseptate (Fig. <xref rid="Fig30" ref-type="fig">29f, g and h</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: <italic>Aplosporella</italic>-like (for detailed description see Rossman et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR297">1999</xref>).</p><p><italic>Conidiomata</italic> globose, <italic>ca</italic>. 300 <italic>μm</italic> diam. <italic>Conidia</italic> holoblastic, broadly fusoid, 13–15 × 7–10 <italic>μm</italic>, dark brown, finely spinulose (Rossman et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR297">1999</xref>).</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: ARGENTINA, Buenos Aires, Tuyu, on <italic>Celtis tala</italic> Gill., Jan. 1881, leg. det. C. Spegazzini (NY, <bold>isotype</bold>; LPS, <bold>holotype</bold>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec69"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p>When established <italic>Dubitatio</italic>, Spegazzini (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR347">1881</xref>) considered it as intermediate between <italic>Sphaeriaceae</italic> and <italic>Nectriaceae</italic> as has been mentioned by Rossman et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR297">1999</xref>). Müller and von Arx (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR265">1962</xref>) treated <italic>Dubitatio</italic> as a synonym of <italic>Passerinula</italic>, while the differences of ascomata and ascospores could easily distinguish these two genera (Rossman et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR297">1999</xref>). After checking the type specimen, <italic>Dubitatio</italic> was assigned to <italic>Dothideomycetes</italic>, and considered closely related to <italic>Dothivalsaria</italic> in the <italic>Massariaceae</italic> (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR18">1979b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR27">1987b</xref>). <italic>Dubitatio chondrospora</italic> was assigned to <italic>Pseudomassaria</italic> (as <italic>P. chondrospora</italic> (Ces.) Jacz.) (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR12">1964</xref>; Müller and von Arx <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR265">1962</xref>).</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>None.</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>The black ascomata with white crystalline covering and central white ostiolar region as well as the asymmetrical reddish brown ascospores are striking characters of <italic>Dubitatio dubitationum</italic>. The genus cannot be assigned to any family with certainty based on morphological characters and fresh collections are needed for sequencing.</p><p><bold><italic>Entodesmium</italic></bold> Reiss, Hedwigia 1: 28 (1854). (<italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic>)</p><p><bold>Generic description</bold></p><p>Habitat terrestrial, saprobic (or parasitic?). <italic>Ascomata</italic> scattered or in small groups, immersed, papillate, ostiolate, periphysate. <italic>Peridium</italic> thin, comprising one cell type of pigmented pseudoparenchymatous cells. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long pseudoparaphyses, septate, embedded in mucilage. <italic>Asci</italic> 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical, with furcate pedicel. <italic>Ascospores</italic> ellipsoid to filliform, multi-septate, deeply constricted at the primary septum (usually near apex), breaking into partspores.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: none.</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: von Arx and Müller <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR390">1975</xref>; Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR34">1992b</xref>; Eriksson <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR98">1967a</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR99">b</xref>; Holm <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR150">1957</xref>; Liew et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR227">2000</xref>; Shoemaker <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR324">1984a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR325">b</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec70"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Entodesmium rude</italic></bold> Reiss, Hedwigia 1: 28 (1854). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig31" ref-type="fig">30</xref>)<fig id="Fig31"><label>Fig. 30</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Entodesmium rude</italic></bold> (from H, Krieger 1070). <bold>a</bold> Ascomata in groups on the host surface. Note the erumpent papilla which is cylindrical and has an inconspicuous ostiole. <bold>b</bold> Section of part of an ascoma. Note the arrangement of asci and pseudoparaphyses. <bold>c</bold> Section of the peridium comprising cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>. <bold>d</bold> Part-spores inside the ascus. <bold>e</bold> Relatively immature ascus with filliform ascospores and low ocular chamber. <bold>f–h</bold> Mature and immature asci with pedicels. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 0.5 mm, <bold>b</bold>, <bold>c</bold> = 50 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>d</bold>–<bold>h</bold> = 10 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig31_HTML" id="MO31"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 160–250 <italic>μm</italic> high × 150–300 <italic>μm</italic> diam., in groups, immersed with long and protruding cylindrical papilla, globose to subglobose, black, coriaceous (Fig. <xref rid="Fig31" ref-type="fig">30a</xref>). <italic>Papilla</italic> 100<italic>–</italic>220 <italic>μm</italic> long, 70–120 <italic>μm</italic> broad, cylindrical, with periphysate ostiole. <italic>Peridium</italic> 25–33 <italic>μm</italic> wide, comprising pseudoparenchymatous cells, cells up to 10 × 7.5 <italic>μm</italic> diam., cell wall up to 2 <italic>μm</italic> thick, beak cells smaller and wall thicker (Fig. <xref rid="Fig31" ref-type="fig">30b and c</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long pseudoparaphyses, septate, 2–3 <italic>μm</italic> wide, embedded in mucilage. <italic>Asci</italic> 100<bold>–</bold>175 × 8–13 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq45"><alternatives><tex-math id="M45">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 147.5 \times 11.3\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq45.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical, with a furcate pedicel which is 18–50 <italic>μm</italic> long, and with a low ocular chamber (<italic>ca</italic>. 1 <italic>μm</italic> wide × 1 <italic>μm</italic> high) (Fig. <xref rid="Fig31" ref-type="fig">30e,f, g and h</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 108<bold>–</bold>138 × 3–3.5 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq46"><alternatives><tex-math id="M46">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 123 \times 3.2\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq46.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), filliform, brown, multi-septate, breaking into 22–28 partspores, 5–7 × 3–3.5 <italic>μm</italic> diam. (Fig. <xref rid="Fig31" ref-type="fig">30d</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: GERMANY, Königstein, on stems of <italic>Coronilla varia</italic> L., 20 May 1895, W. Krieger (H, Krieger 1070).</p></sec><sec id="Sec71"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Entodesmium</italic> is characterized by having immersed ascomata dark cylindrical, periphysate papillae, numerous clavate to cylindrical asci surrounded by narrowly cellular pseudoparaphyses, and ellipsoidal to filliform multi-septate ascospores (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR34">1992b</xref>; Shoemaker <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR325">1984b</xref>). Currently, five species, viz. <italic>Entodesmium eliassonii</italic> L. Holm, <italic>E</italic>. <italic>lapponicum</italic> (L. Holm) L. Holm, <italic>E</italic>. <italic>mayorii</italic> (E. Müll.) L. Holm, <italic>E</italic>. <italic>niessleanum</italic> (Rabenh. ex Niessl) L. Holm and <italic>E</italic>. <italic>rude</italic> are accepted in this genus (Holm <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR150">1957</xref>; Shoemaker <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR325">1984b</xref>). Von Arx and Müller (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR390">1975</xref>) assigned <italic>Entodesmium</italic> to the <italic>Pleosporaceae sensu lato</italic>, and Shoemaker (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR323">1976</xref>) assigned <italic>E</italic>. <italic>rude</italic> (as <italic>Ophiobolus rudis</italic>) to <italic>Ophiobolus sensu lato</italic> based on the fragmenting filliform ascospores. According to the short, blackish beak and periphysate ostiole, Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR34">1992b</xref>) assigned <italic>Entodesmium</italic> to <italic>Lophiostomataceae</italic>. The hosts of <italic>Entodesmium</italic> are restricted to stems of legumes (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR34">1992b</xref>; Shoemaker <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR325">1984b</xref>).</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>Limited phylogenetic studies indicate that <italic>Entodesmium rude</italic> may have affinities to <italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic> (Liew et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR227">2000</xref>; Plate <xref rid="Fig1" ref-type="fig">1</xref>).</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>Species of <italic>Entodesmium</italic> share several morphological characters, such as immersed, papillate ascomata, periphysate ostioles, pale yellow to light yellowish brown, multi-septate (≥ 3), narrowly fusoid to filliform ascospores, and are specific to legumes. All of the above similarities indicate a close relationship among members of <italic>Entodesmium</italic>. We do not agree with Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR34">1992b</xref>) who assigned <italic>Entodesmium</italic> to <italic>Lophiostomataceae</italic> because the ascomata are immersed, the papilla are not laterally compressed and the peridium comprises a single type of cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>. These characters plus multi-septate, lightly pigmented ascospores, which break up into partspores and host specificity to legumes support inclusion in <italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic>. <italic>Entodesmium multiseptatum</italic> (G. Winter) L. Holm and <italic>E</italic>. <italic>niessleanum</italic> were originally described as <italic>Leptosphaeria</italic> species (Shoemaker <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR325">1984b</xref>) indicating their similarity to <italic>Phaeosphaeria</italic> with which <italic>Leptosphaeria</italic> is commonly confused (Shoemaker <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR324">1984a</xref>; Shoemaker and Babcock <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR329">1989b</xref>). Phylogenetic study has also shown that <italic>Entodesmium rude</italic> is related to members of <italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic> (Liew et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR227">2000</xref>). Thus we assign <italic>Entodesmium</italic> to <italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic> as a separate genus until further phylogenetic analysis is carried out on verified specimens.</p><p><bold><italic>Eudarluca</italic></bold> Speg., Revta Mus. La Plata 15: 22 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR349">1908</xref>). (?<italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic>)</p></sec><sec id="Sec72"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, parasitic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> small, solitary, scattered, immersed to erumpent, subglobose, ostiolate, papillate. <italic>Peridium</italic> thin, composed of a few layers cells of <italic>textura prismatica</italic>. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, cellular pseudoparaphyses, septate. <italic>Asci</italic> 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical to fusoid, with a furcate pedicel. <italic>Ascospores</italic> broadly fusoid to fusoid, hyaline to pale yellow, rarely 1- or 3- septate, mostly 2-septate, constricted at the primary septum.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: <italic>Sphaerellopsis</italic> (Sivanesan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR344">1984</xref>).</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Bayon et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR41">2006</xref>; Eriksson <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR97">1966</xref>; Katumoto <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR191">1986</xref>; Ramakrishnan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR290">1951</xref>; Spegazzini <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR349">1908</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec73"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Eudarluca australis</italic></bold> Speg., Revta Mus. La Plata 15: 22 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR349">1908</xref>). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig32" ref-type="fig">31</xref>)<fig id="Fig32"><label>Fig. 31</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Eudarluca australis</italic></bold> (from LPS 5.415, <bold>type</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Ascomata on the host surface. <bold>b</bold> Section of an ascoma. <bold>c</bold> Section of a partial peridium. Note the thin peridium with cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>. <bold>d–g</bold> Asci with short pedicels. <bold>h</bold> Ascospores. Note the 2-septate hyaline ascospore. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold>, <bold>b</bold> =100 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>c</bold> = 50 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>d–h</bold> = 10 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig32_HTML" id="MO32"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 160–190 <italic>μm</italic> high × 180–290 <italic>μm</italic> diam., solitary, scattered, or in small groups, semi-immersed to erumpent, subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, wall black, ostiolate, apex with a short papilla, 40–70 <italic>μm</italic> broad (Fig. <xref rid="Fig32" ref-type="fig">31a and b</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> < 10 <italic>μm</italic> wide laterally, up to 25 <italic>μm</italic> thick at the apex, thinner at the base, composed of lightly pigmented thin-walled cells of <italic>textura prismatica</italic>, cells up to 12 × 4 <italic>μm</italic> diam., cell wall <1 <italic>μm</italic> thick, apex cells heavily pigmented, smaller and walls thicker (Fig. <xref rid="Fig32" ref-type="fig">31b and c</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long cellular pseudoparaphyses, 1.5–2.5 <italic>μm</italic> broad, septate. <italic>Asci</italic> 50<bold>–</bold>70 × 7.5–10 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq47"><alternatives><tex-math id="M47">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 61.4 \times 8.4\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq47.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), 8-spored, with a short, thick, furcate pedicel, up to 12.5 <italic>μm</italic> long, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical to fusoid, no obvious ocular chamber (Fig. <xref rid="Fig32" ref-type="fig">31d, e, f and g</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 16<bold>–</bold>20 × 4–6 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq48"><alternatives><tex-math id="M48">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 17.3 \times 5\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq48.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), obliquely uniseriate and partially overlapping to biseriate, broadly fusoid to fusoid, hyaline to pale yellow, 2-septate, sometimes 1- or 3-septate, constricted at the two main septa, the medium cell often broader than the others, smooth (Fig. <xref rid="Fig32" ref-type="fig">31h</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: <italic>Sphaerellopsis filum</italic> (Biv.) B. Sutton (Sivanesan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR344">1984</xref>).</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: BRAZIL, Sao Paulo, on leaves of <italic>Canna</italic> sp., 1905, leg. Usteri, nro; det. Ove Eriksson (LPS 5.415, <bold>type</bold>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec74"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Eudarluca</italic> was introduced based on <italic>E</italic>. <italic>australis</italic> (Spegazzini <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR349">1908</xref>), and <italic>E</italic>. <italic>australis</italic> was subsequently treated as a synonym of <italic>E. caricis</italic> (Biv.) O.E. Erikss. (Eriksson <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR97">1966</xref>). The most striking character of <italic>E. australis</italic> is its 2-septate ascospores, which is quite rare in <italic>Pleosporales</italic>. <italic>Sphaerellopsis filum</italic>, anamorph of <italic>E</italic>. <italic>caricis</italic>, is a cosmopolitan hyperparasite associated with a large number of rust species (Płachecka <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR283">2005</xref>).</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>A detailed phylogenetic study was conducted on <italic>Sphaerellopsis filum</italic>, the anamorphic stage of <italic>Eudarluca australis</italic> based on both AFLP and ITS sequences, and only limited variation between different isolates was detected (Bayon et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR41">2006</xref>).</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>By blasting within GenBank, ITS sequences of <italic>E. caricis</italic> (= <italic>E. australis</italic>, strain MullMK, GB, access AY836374) are most comparable with species in <italic>Leptosphaeria</italic> and <italic>Phoma</italic>. Thus <italic>Eudarluca</italic> appears to be related to <italic>Leptosphaeriaceae</italic> pending further study.</p><p><bold><italic>Falciformispora</italic></bold> K.D. Hyde, Mycol. Res. 96: 26 (1992). (<italic>Trematosphaeriaceae</italic>)</p></sec><sec id="Sec75"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat freshwater, saprobic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> small, scattered to gregarious, erumpent to nearly superficial, depressed globose to ovoid, black, ostiolate, epapillate, coriaceous. <italic>Peridium</italic> thin, comprising two cells types, outer layer composed of thick-walled cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, inner layer composed of hyaline compressed cells. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> long and cellular pseudoparaphyses, septate, embedded in mucilage. <italic>Asci</italic> 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, broadly clavate to fusoid, with a short, thick pedicel. <italic>Ascospores</italic> fusoid to somewhat clavate, hyaline, usually slightly curved, multi-septate.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: none.</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Hyde <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR166">1992b</xref>; Raja and Shearer <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR288">2008</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec76"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Falciformispora lignatilis</italic></bold> K.D. Hyde, Mycol. Res. 96: 27 (1992). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig33" ref-type="fig">32</xref>)<fig id="Fig33"><label>Fig. 32</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Falciformispora lignatilis</italic></bold> (from BRIP 16972, <bold>holotype</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Section of a superficial ascoma. The peridium comprises two layers. <bold>b</bold>, <bold>c</bold> Squash mounts showing asci with wide pseudoparaphyses. The asci are cylindro-clavate with very short pedicels. <bold>d–f</bold> Hyaline multiseptate ascospores. Note the elongated appendage at the base (<italic>arrow head</italic>). Scale bars: <bold>a</bold>, <bold>b</bold> =100 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>c</bold> = 50 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>d</bold>–<bold>f</bold> = 10 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig33_HTML" id="MO33"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 180–270 <italic>μm</italic> high × 250–340 <italic>μm</italic> diam., scattered to gregarious, erumpent and eventually superficial, depressed globose to ovoid, black, ostiolate, epapillate, coriaceous (Fig. <xref rid="Fig33" ref-type="fig">32a</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> up to 35 <italic>μm</italic> wide, comprising two cell types, outer layer composed of thick-walled cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, up to 8 <italic>μm</italic> diam., cell wall up to 5 <italic>μm</italic> thick, inner layer composed of hyaline compressed cells, cells 12 × 3 <italic>μm</italic> diam., cell wall 1–1.5 <italic>μm</italic> thick (Fig. <xref rid="Fig33" ref-type="fig">32a</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> long and cellular pseudoparaphyses, 2–3 <italic>μm</italic> broad, septate, embedded in mucilage. <italic>Asci</italic> 115<bold>–</bold>130 × 23–31 <italic>μm</italic>, 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, broadly clavate to fusoid, with a short, thick pedicel, 8–15 <italic>μm</italic> long, with an ocular chamber (to 5 <italic>μm</italic> wide × 3 <italic>μm</italic> high) (Fig. <xref rid="Fig33" ref-type="fig">32b and c</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 42<bold>–</bold>50 × 8–10 <italic>μm</italic>, 2–3 seriate, fusoid to somewhat clavate, hyaline, usually slightly curved, 6–8-septate, mostly 7-septate, slightly constricted at all septa, smooth-walled, surrounded by a thin mucilaginous sheath which is longer at the base (up to 20–30 <italic>μm</italic>) (Fig. <xref rid="Fig33" ref-type="fig">32d, e and f</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: MEXICO, Nova Hispania, mangrove near Boca de Pascuales, saprobic on immersed intertidal mangrove wood, Mar. 1988, K.D. Hyde (BRIP 16972, <bold>holotype</bold>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec77"><title>Notes</title><sec id="d30e19554"><title>Morphology</title><p><italic>Falciformispora</italic> was formally established by Hyde (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR166">1992b</xref>) as a monotypic genus and was assigned to <italic>Pleosporaceae</italic> by comparing with <italic>Setosphaeria</italic>, but <italic>Setosphaeria</italic> has the anamorphic stage of <italic>Exserohilum</italic> and is exclusively parasitic on <italic>Gramineae</italic> unlike <italic>Falciformispora</italic>. The setae on the ascomata of <italic>Setosphaeria</italic> could also serve as a distinguishing character from <italic>Falciformispora</italic>. Raja and Shearer (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR288">2008</xref>) also collected this species from freshwater in Florida. They considered that the species was more closely related to <italic>Chaetomastia</italic> than <italic>Setosphaeria</italic>, but that <italic>Falciformispora</italic> differed in having hyaline ascospores.</p></sec><sec id="d30e19602"><title>Phylogenetic study</title><p>Phylogenetic analyses in Schoch et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR314">2009</xref>) and Suetrong et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR357">2009</xref>) placed <italic>Falciformispora lignatilis</italic> in <italic>Trematosphaeriaceae</italic> in proximity to another marine species associated with mangroves, <italic>Halomassarina thalassiae</italic>.</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>Phylogenetic work confirmed that the saprobic habitat of <italic>Falciformispora</italic> is inconsistent with most other members of <italic>Pleosporaceae</italic>. The hyaline multi-septate ascospores with a mucilaginous sheath indicate affinities to <italic>Lophiostomataceae</italic> but this is not supported in DNA sequence comparisons. <italic>Carinispora</italic> is also similar and may be related.</p><p><bold><italic>Hadrospora</italic></bold> Boise, Mem. N. Y. bot. Gdn 49: 310 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR53">1989</xref>). (?<italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic>)</p></sec></sec><sec id="Sec78"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial (or freshwater?), saprobic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> small- to medium-sized, solitary, scattered, or in groups, immersed to nearly superficial, globose to subglobose, papillate. <italic>Peridium</italic> thin, comprising pseudoparenchymatous cells. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> dense, narrowly cellular, embedded in mucilage. <italic>Asci</italic> bitunicate, fissitunicate, oblong to ovoid, with a short pedicel. <italic>Ascospores</italic> ellipsoid to broadly fusoid with narrow ends, reddish brown, multi-septate, constricted at the primary septum.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: <italic>Zalerion</italic> (Tanaka and Harada <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR362">2003a</xref>).</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Boise <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR51">1984</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR53">1989</xref>; Fisher and Webster <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR116">1992</xref>; Shearer and Crane <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR318">1971</xref>; Tanaka and Harada <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR362">2003a</xref>; Webster <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR404">1993</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec79"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Hadrospora fallax</italic></bold> (Mouton) Boise, Mem. N. Y. bot. Gdn 49: 310 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR53">1989</xref>). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig34" ref-type="fig">33</xref>)<fig id="Fig34"><label>Fig. 33</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Hadrospora fallax</italic></bold> (from BR, Capsa: K 7534, <bold>holotype</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Ascomata forming a cluster on the host surface. <bold>b</bold> Section of an ascoma. Note the peridium structure. <bold>c</bold> Section of a partial peridium. Note the pseudoparenchymatous cells. <bold>d</bold> Asci in pseudoparaphyses. <bold>e–i</bold> Reddish brown multiseptate ascospores. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 0.5 mm, <bold>b</bold> = 100 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>c</bold>, <bold>d</bold> = 50 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>e–i</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig34_HTML" id="MO34"></graphic></fig></p><p>≡ <italic>Trematosphaeria fallax</italic> Mouton, Bull. Soc. R. Bot. Belg. 25: 155, (1886).</p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 130–240 <italic>μm</italic> high × 200–330 <italic>μm</italic> diam., solitary, scattered or in groups, initially immersed, becoming erumpent to nearly superficial, with basal wall remaining immersed in host tissue, not easily removed from the substrate, globose or subglobose, roughened, papillate, coriaceous (Fig. <xref rid="Fig34" ref-type="fig">33a</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> 30–45 <italic>μm</italic> wide, comprising cells of pseudoparenchymatous, up to 12.5 × 9 <italic>μm</italic> diam. (Fig. <xref rid="Fig34" ref-type="fig">33b and c</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, narrowly cellular pseudoparaphyses, 1–2 <italic>μm</italic> broad, embedded in mucilage. <italic>Asci</italic> 150<bold>–</bold>200 × 40–60 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq49"><alternatives><tex-math id="M49">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 171.5 \times 48\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq49.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, oblong to ovoid, with a short pedicel, 10–24 <italic>μm</italic> long, with a ocular chamber (to 5 <italic>μm</italic> wide × 6 <italic>μm</italic> high) (Fig. <xref rid="Fig34" ref-type="fig">33d</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 55<bold>–</bold>80 × 16–22 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq50"><alternatives><tex-math id="M50">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 67.1 \times 18.1\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq50.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), biseriate to 4-seriate, ellipsoid to broadly fusoid with narrow ends, reddish brown with paler end cells, 8-septate, constricted at the primary septum, smooth-walled (Fig. <xref rid="Fig34" ref-type="fig">33e, f, g, h and i</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: <italic>Zalerion</italic> sp. (Tanaka and Harada <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR362">2003a</xref>).</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: BELGIUM, Beaufays, on cut off, still hard wood. Oct. 1922, V. Mouton (BR, Capsa: K 7534, <bold>holotype</bold>). (Note: The specimen is not in good condition, only a few ascomata left).</p></sec><sec id="Sec80"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p>Boise (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR53">1989</xref>) formally established <italic>Hadrospora</italic> to accommodate <italic>Trematosphaeria fallax</italic> and <italic>T</italic>. <italic>clarkia</italic> (Sivan.) Boise, and <italic>Hadrospora fallax</italic> (syn. <italic>T</italic>. <italic>fallax</italic>) was selected as the generic type. <italic>Hadrospora</italic> is a widely distributed species that has been reported from Belgium, China, Italy, Japan, Switzerland and the United States (Boise <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR53">1989</xref>; Fisher and Webster <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR116">1992</xref>; Shearer and Crane <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR318">1971</xref>; Tanaka and Harada <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR362">2003a</xref>; Webster <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR404">1993</xref>). <italic>Hadrospora</italic> was temporarily assigned to <italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic> based on its “small, thin-walled ascomata and narrow cellular pseudoparaphyses” (Boise <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR53">1989</xref>), which is distinguished from other genera of <italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic> by its “large, stout ascospores that form within oblong-ovoid asci” (Boise <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR53">1989</xref>). Currently, <italic>Hadrospora</italic> includes two species, i.e. <italic>H</italic>. <italic>fallax</italic> and <italic>H</italic>. <italic>clarkii</italic> (Sivan.) Boise differentiated by ascospore size.</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>None.</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p><italic>Hadrospora</italic> seems not closely related to <italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic>.</p><p><bold><italic>Halotthia</italic></bold> Kohlm., Nova Hedwigia 6: 9 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR205">1963</xref>). (?<italic>Zopfiaceae</italic>)</p></sec><sec id="Sec81"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat marine, saprobic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> large, solitary, gregarious or confluent, broadly conical to subglobose, flattened at the base, carbonaceous, immersed to erumpent, ostiolate, epapillate. <italic>Peridium</italic> plectenchymatous. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long, cellular pseudoparaphyses, septate, branching. <italic>Asci</italic> 8-spored, bitunicate, cylindrical, with a short pedicel. <italic>Ascospores</italic> uniseriate, ellipsoidal, subcylindrical or obtuse-fusoid, dark brown, 1-septate, constricted at the septum.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: none.</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Kohlmeyer <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR205">1963</xref>; Suetrong et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR357">2009</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec82"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Halotthia posidoniae</italic></bold> (Durieu & Mont.) Kohlm., Nova Hedwigia 6: 9 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR205">1963</xref>). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig35" ref-type="fig">34</xref>)<fig id="Fig35"><label>Fig. 34</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Halotthia posidoniae</italic></bold> (from S, <bold>isotype</bold> of <italic>Sphaeria posidoniae</italic>). <bold>a</bold> Ascomata gregarious on the host surface. <bold>b–d</bold> Mature or immature cylindrical asci. <bold>e–h</bold> Ellipsoidal, dark-brown, 1-septate ascospores. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 1 mm, <bold>b–d</bold> = 50 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>e–h</bold> = 5 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig35_HTML" id="MO35"></graphic></fig></p><p>≡ <italic>Sphaeria posidoniae</italic> Durieu & Mont. Exploration scientifique de l’Algérie, pp. 502–503, Taf. 25, Abb. 8a-i, 1849.</p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 0.8–1.1 mm high × 1.5–2.1 mm diam., solitary, gregarious or confluent, broadly conical to subglobose, flattened at the base, carbonaceous, immersed to erumpent, ostiolate, epapillate (Fig. <xref rid="Fig35" ref-type="fig">34a</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> 165–275 <italic>μm</italic> thick at sides, thicker near the apex, plectenchymatous. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long cellular pseudoparaphyses, 1.5–2 <italic>μm</italic> broad, septate, branching. <italic>Asci</italic> 275<bold>–</bold>290 × 25–35 <italic>μm</italic>, 8-spored, bitunicate, cylindrical, with a short pedicel (Fig. <xref rid="Fig35" ref-type="fig">34b, c and d</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 37<bold>–</bold>60.5 × 16.5–26 <italic>μm</italic>, uniseriate, ellipsoidal, subcylindrical or obtuse-fusoid, dark brown, 1-septate, constricted at the septum (Fig. <xref rid="Fig35" ref-type="fig">34e, f, g and h</xref>) (adapted from Kohlmeyer and Kohlmeyer <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR210">1979</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: ITALY, in rhizomes of <italic>Posidonia oceanica</italic> (<italic>Posidoniaceae</italic>), 1861, Caldesi (S, <bold>isotype</bold> of <italic>Sphaeria posidoniae</italic>)</p></sec><sec id="Sec83"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Halotthia</italic> was introduced to accommodate the marine fungus, <italic>H</italic>. <italic>posidoniae</italic> (as <italic>Sphaeria posidoniae</italic>), which is characterized by immersed to erumpent, large, carbonaceous ascomata, thick peridium, bitunicate, 8-spored, cylindrical asci, ellipsoidal, 1-septate, and dark brown ascospores (Kohlmeyer <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR205">1963</xref>). Morphologically, <italic>Halotthia</italic> is most comparable with <italic>Bicrouania maritima</italic>, but the conical ascomata with flattened base of <italic>H</italic>. <italic>posidoniae</italic> can be readily distinguished from <italic>B</italic>. <italic>maritima</italic>.</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>Phylogenetically, <italic>Halotthia posidoniae</italic>, <italic>Pontoporeia biturbinata</italic> and <italic>Mauritiana rhizophorae</italic> form a robust clade, which may represent a potential family (Suetrong et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR357">2009</xref>).</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>Currently the familial status of <italic>Halotthia</italic> is unresolved (Suetrong et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR357">2009</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Helicascus</italic></bold> Kohlm., Can. J. Bot. 47: 1471 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR206">1969</xref>). (<italic>Morosphaeriaceae</italic>)</p></sec><sec id="Sec84"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat marine, saprobic. <italic>Ascostromata</italic> lenticular, immersed, black, carbonaceous, enclosing several loculi, pseudoclypeus composed of host cells enclosed in black stromatic fungus material. <italic>Ascomata</italic> depressed ampulliform, horizontally arranged under a black pseudoclypeus, ostiolate, torsellioid ostioles, papillate. <italic>Peridium</italic> absent, partitions between loculi formed of brown, isodiametric or elongated cells of the stroma. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long pseudoparaphyses. <italic>Asci</italic> 8-spored, bitunicate, subcylindrical to oblong clavate, with a short pedicel and conspicuous apical ring. <italic>Ascospores</italic> uniseriate, obovoid, brown, 1-septate, at each end with a germ pore, surrounded with dissolving sheath.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: none.</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Kohlmeyer <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR206">1969</xref>; Kohlmeyer and Kohlmeyer <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR210">1979</xref>; Suetrong et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR357">2009</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec85"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Helicascus kanaloanus</italic></bold> Kohlm., Can. J. Bot. 47: 1471 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR206">1969</xref>). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig36" ref-type="fig">35</xref>)<fig id="Fig36"><label>Fig. 35</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Helicascus kanaloanus</italic></bold> (from Herb. J. Kohlmeyer No. 2566, <bold>holotype</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Section of ascostroma immersed in the host tissue. Note the torsellioid ostiole. <bold>b</bold> One-septate, brown, asymmetrical ascospores within the asci. <bold>c</bold>, <bold>d</bold> Released thick-walled ascospores. Note the germ pore at the lower end of the ascospores. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 0.5 mm, <bold>b–d</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig36_HTML" id="MO36"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Ascostromata</italic> 0.6–0.78 mm high × 1.25–2.75 mm diam., lenticular, immersed, black, carbonaceous, enclosing 3–4(−5) loculi, pseudoclypeus composed of host cells enclosed in black stromatic fungus material (Fig. <xref rid="Fig36" ref-type="fig">35a</xref>). <italic>Ascomata</italic> 235–370 <italic>μm</italic> high × 440–800 <italic>μm</italic> diam., depressed ampulliform, horizontally arranged under a black pseudoclypeus, ostioles 70–170 <italic>μm</italic> diam., torsellioid ostiole (Adams et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR1">2005</xref>), papilla slightly rising over the surface of the pseudoclypeus, subconical,canal filled with thick, bright orange to yellowish periphyses, 270–435 <italic>μm</italic> high, 255–300 <italic>μm</italic> diam. <italic>Peridium</italic> absent, partitions between loculi formed of brown, isodiametric or elongated cells of the stroma. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, very long pseudoparaphyses. <italic>Asci</italic> 250<bold>–</bold>335 × 25–30 <italic>μm</italic>, 8-spored, subcylindrical, finally oblong-clavate (400–480 <italic>μm</italic> long), with a short pedicel, bitunicate, thick-walled, physoclastic, apically multi-layered and annulate, ectoascus forming a third, thin permeable outer layer around the base, endoascus swelling in water and becoming coiled at maturity, finally stretching and pushing the ascus into the ostiolar canal (Fig. <xref rid="Fig36" ref-type="fig">35b</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 36.5–48.5 × 18–22.5 <italic>μm</italic>, uniseriate, obovoid, brown, 1-septate, at each end with a germ pore, surrounded with dissolving sheath, 2.7–5.4 <italic>μm</italic> thick, with funnel-shaped, apical indentations (Fig. <xref rid="Fig36" ref-type="fig">35c and d</xref>) (adapted from Kohlmeyer and Kohlmeyer <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR210">1979</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: USA, Hawaii, Oahu, Kaneohe Bay, Heeia Swamp, on <italic>Rhizophora mangle</italic>, 4 Jun. 1968 (Herb. J. Kohlmeyer No. 2566, <bold>holotype</bold>; No. 2565, 2567, <bold>paratype</bold>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec86"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Helicascus</italic> is another marine genus, which is characterized by its thin additional sheath around the base of the asci, the coiling and stretching mechanism of the basal part of the endoascus and its conspicuous apical apparatus which is not that common in bitunicate asci (Kohlmeyer <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR206">1969</xref>). The immersed stroma comprising several loculi sharing one common ostiole is another striking character of <italic>Helicascus</italic>.</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>Multigene phylogenetic analysis indicated that both <italic>Helicascus kanaloanus</italic> and <italic>H</italic>. <italic>nypae</italic> K.D. Hyde nested within <italic>Morosphaeriaceae</italic> (Suetrong et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR357">2009</xref>).</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p><italic>Helicascus</italic> is a well defined marine genus.</p><p><bold><italic>Herpotrichia</italic></bold> Fuckel, Fungi rhenani exsic.: no. 2171 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR122">1868</xref>). (<italic>Melanommataceae</italic>)</p></sec><sec id="Sec87"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, parasitic, hyperparasitic or saprobic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> medium-sized, immersed, erumpent to nearly superficial, scattered to gregarious, globose to subglobose with a broad pore. <italic>Peridium</italic> composed of pseudoparenchymatous cells. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long pseudoparaphyses, embedded in mucilage, septate, branching. <italic>Asci</italic> cylindrical to cylindro-clavate, with a furcated pedicel. <italic>Ascospores</italic> fusoid, ellipsoid or oblong with broadly to narrowly round ends, 1-septate, constricted at the septum, uni- to biseriate.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: <italic>Pyrenochaeta</italic> or <italic>Pyrenochaeta</italic>-like (Sivanesan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR344">1984</xref>).</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: von Arx and Müller <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR390">1975</xref>; Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR24">1984</xref>; Cannon <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR66">1982</xref>; Freyer and van der Aa <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR117">1975</xref>; Mugambi and Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR259">2009b</xref>; Samuels <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR308">1973</xref>; Samuels and Müller <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR309">1978</xref>; Sivanesan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR342">1971</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR344">1984</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec88"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Herpotrichia rubi</italic></bold> Fuckel, Fungi rhenani exsic 2171. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR122">1868</xref>). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig37" ref-type="fig">36</xref>)<fig id="Fig37"><label>Fig. 36</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Herpotrichia rubi</italic></bold> (from <bold>g</bold>, <bold>f</bold>. rh. 2171, <bold>type</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Numerous ascomata gregariously immersed in the host tissue. <bold>b</bold> Section of an ascoma. Note the central ostiole and peridium structure and also note the arrangement of asci and pseudoparaphyses. <bold>c</bold> Section of partial lateral peridium which comprises cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>. <bold>d</bold> Part of a mature squashed ascus. <bold>e</bold> Relatively wide, septate pseudoparaphyses. <bold>f</bold> Immature ascus. Note the furcate pedicel. <bold>g</bold>–<bold>h</bold> One-septate ascospores. Note the verruculose ornamentation which is visible at the sides. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 0.5 mm, <bold>b</bold> = 100 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>c</bold> = 50 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>d</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>e</bold>–<bold>h</bold> = 10 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig37_HTML" id="MO37"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 220–430 <italic>μm</italic> high × 240–390(-530) <italic>μm</italic> diam., scattered to gregarious, immersed to erumpent, rarely superficial, globose to subglobose, wall black, coriaceous, apex with a small sometimes inconspicuous papilla, usually with a pore, lacking periphyses (Fig. <xref rid="Fig37" ref-type="fig">36a and b</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> 32–45 <italic>μm</italic> wide at the sides, up to 60 <italic>μm</italic> wide at the apex, basal wall thinner, all walls comprising cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, cells 2.5–4 <italic>μm</italic> diam., cell wall 2–4(−7) <italic>μm</italic> thick, exterior cells more thick-walled and pigmented, inner cells thin-walled and less pigmented, comprising thin-walled cells up to 9 <italic>μm</italic> diam., apex cells smaller and walls thicker (Fig. <xref rid="Fig37" ref-type="fig">36b and c</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long pseudoparaphyses, 2–3 <italic>μm</italic> broad, embedded in mucilage, septate, branching (Fig. <xref rid="Fig37" ref-type="fig">36e</xref>). <italic>Asci</italic> 105<bold>–</bold>150 × 12.5–15 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq51"><alternatives><tex-math id="M51">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 137.5 \times 13.8\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq51.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical to cylindro-clavate, with a furcate pedicel that is 20–42.5 <italic>μm</italic> long, and ocular chamber up to 2.5 <italic>μm</italic> wide × 2.5 <italic>μm</italic> high (Fig. <xref rid="Fig37" ref-type="fig">36d and f</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 17.5–25 × (5.5-)6.3–9 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq52"><alternatives><tex-math id="M52">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 20.5 \times 7.3\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq52.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), biseriate to partially overlapping uniseriate near the base, fusoid with narrowly rounded ends, hyaline when immature and becoming pale brown, 1-septate, deeply constricted at the septum, the upper cell often broader than the lower one, verruculose (Fig. <xref rid="Fig37" ref-type="fig">36g and h</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: <italic>Pyrenochaeta rhenana</italic> Sacc. (Sivanesan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR344">1984</xref>).</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: AUSTRIA, on <italic>Rubus idaeus</italic> L., very rarely in the spring, in the Oestreicher meadow forest (<bold>G</bold>, F. rh. 2171, <bold>type</bold>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec89"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Herpotrichia</italic> was established by Fuckel (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR122">1868</xref>) comprising two species <italic>H</italic>. <italic>rhenana</italic> Fuckel and <italic>H</italic>. <italic>rubi</italic> Fuckel, but no generic type was assigned. Bose (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR55">1961</xref>) designated <italic>H</italic>. <italic>rhenana</italic> as the lectotype species with <italic>H</italic>. <italic>rubi</italic> as a synonym. This proposal was followed by Müller and von Arx (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR265">1962</xref>) and Sivanesan (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR342">1971</xref>). <italic>Herpotrichia rubi</italic> was later assigned as the generic type (Holm <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR153">1979</xref>) as it was found to be validly published 2 years earlier than <italic>H</italic>. <italic>rhenana</italic>, thus having priority (Cannon <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR66">1982</xref>). However, Cannon (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR66">1982</xref>) reported that <italic>Sphaeria herpotrichoides</italic> Fuckel (1864, cited as a synonym of <italic>H</italic>. <italic>rhenana</italic>) was the earliest name. Thus he made a new combination as <italic>H</italic>. <italic>herpotrichoides</italic> (Fuckel) P.F. Cannon and cited <italic>H</italic>. <italic>rubi</italic> as the synonym. <italic>Herpotrichia rubi</italic> is maintained as the type of the genus (Holm <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR153">1979</xref>; Cannon <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR66">1982</xref>), but the current name is <italic>H</italic>. <italic>herpotrichoides</italic>.</p><p><italic>Herpotrichia</italic> is a morphologically well studied genus (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR24">1984</xref>; Bose <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR55">1961</xref>; Müller and von Arx <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR265">1962</xref>; Pirozynski <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR282">1972</xref>; Samuels and Müller <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR309">1978</xref>; Sivanesan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR342">1971</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR344">1984</xref>), and <italic>Herpotrichia sensu lato</italic> is characterized by having subglobose, pyriform to obpyriform ascomata and a peridium of <italic>textura angularis</italic> or comprising thick-walled polygonal cells with thin-walled hyaline cells towards the centre. Asci are clavate to cylindrical, 4–8-spored and ascospores are hyaline at first, becoming pale to dark brown, one to many septate, constricted or not at the septa and often surrounded by a mucilaginous sheath. Several morphologically distinct genera were synonymized under <italic>Herpotrichia</italic> using the above broad circumscription (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR24">1984</xref>; Müller and von Arx <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR265">1962</xref>; Sivanesan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR344">1984</xref>). In particular, Barr kept <italic>Lojkania</italic> as a separate genus after studying its type material (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR24">1984</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">1990a</xref>). Sivanesan (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR344">1984</xref>) was also of the opinion that <italic>Lojkania</italic> and <italic>Neopeckia</italic> were distinct genera as several of their characters differed. <italic>Byssosphaeria</italic> and <italic>Pseudotrichia</italic> have subsequently been assigned to <italic>Melanommataceae</italic>, <italic>Lojkania</italic> to <italic>Fenestellaceae</italic> and <italic>Neopeckia</italic> to <italic>Coccoideaceae</italic> (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR24">1984</xref>). <italic>Herpotrichia sensu stricto</italic> is represented by <italic>H</italic>. <italic>rubi</italic> and has erumpent to superficial ascomata or immersed in a subiculum, clavate to cylindrical, 4–8-spored, stalked asci with a conspicuous apical “nasse”, hyaline, 1-septate ascospores, usually becoming pale brown and several septate, constricted or not constricted at septa, usually surrounded by sheath (Sivanesan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR344">1984</xref>). Currently, about 90 species are included in this genus (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.indexfungorum.org/">http://www.indexfungorum.org/</ext-link>, 12/01/2009).</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p><italic>Herpotrichia diffusa</italic> (Schwein.) Ellis & Everh., <italic>H</italic>. <italic>juniperi</italic> (Duby) Petr., <italic>H. herpotrichoides</italic> and <italic>H. macrotricha</italic> have been shown to have phylogenetic affinity with the generic types of <italic>Byssosphaeria schiedermayeriana</italic>, <italic>Melanomma pulvis-pyrius</italic> and <italic>Pleomassaria siparia</italic>, which had been assigned under <italic>Melanommataceae</italic> (Kruys et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR221">2006</xref>; Mugambi and Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR259">2009b</xref>; Schoch et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR313">2006</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR314">2009</xref>; Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>). In this study, <italic>Pleomassaria siparia</italic> together with its closely related species of <italic>Prosthemium</italic> is kept in a separate family, viz <italic>Pleomassariaceae</italic>.</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>Even species under <italic>Herpotrichia sensu stricto</italic> (according to Sivanesan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR344">1984</xref>) have diverse hosts (such as gymnosperms (<italic>H</italic>. <italic>coulteri</italic> (Peck) S.K. Bose and <italic>H</italic>. <italic>parasitica</italic> (R. Hartig) Rostr.) and angiosperms (<italic>H</italic>. <italic>diffusa</italic> and <italic>H</italic>. <italic>villosa</italic> Samuels & E. Müll.)) or substrates (like dead or living leaves, bark or decorticated wood) (Sivanesan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR344">1984</xref>). Species of <italic>Herpotrichia sensu stricto</italic> are also reported from various locations such as Europe, Asia or America, and they have various life styles, e.g. parasitic, hyperparasitic or saprobic (Sivanesan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR344">1984</xref>). Additional factors (like hosts or locations) may need to be considered in order to get a natural concept for <italic>Herpotrichia</italic>.</p><p><bold><italic>Immotthia</italic></bold> M.E. Barr, Mycotaxon 29: 504 (1987). (<italic>Teichosporaceae</italic>)</p></sec><sec id="Sec90"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, hyperparasitic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> gregarious, globose, superficial, ostiolate, periphysate. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of cellular pseudoparaphyses. <italic>Asci</italic> 8-spored, bitunicate, cylindrical, with a short pedicel. <italic>Ascospores</italic> 1-seriate, ellipsoidal, brown to reddish brown, 1-septate, constricted at the septum, smooth.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: none.</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR26">1987a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR39">2002</xref>; Wang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR399">2004</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec91"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Immotthia hypoxylon</italic></bold> (Ellis & Everh.) M.E. Barr, Mycotaxon 29: 504 (1987). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig38" ref-type="fig">37</xref>)<fig id="Fig38"><label>Fig. 37</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Immotthia hypoxylon</italic></bold> (from <bold>holotype</bold> of <italic>Amphisphaeria hypoxylon</italic>). <bold>a</bold> Ascomata gregarious on host surface. <bold>b–d</bold> Bitunicate asci. <bold>e–h</bold> Released 1-septate ascospores. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 0.5 mm; <bold>b–h</bold> = 10 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig38_HTML" id="MO38"></graphic></fig></p><p>≡ <italic>Amphisphaeria hypoxylon</italic> Ellis & Everh., J. Mycol. 2: 41 (1886).</p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> gregarious, globose, superficial, ostiolate, periphysate, papillate (Fig. <xref rid="Fig38" ref-type="fig">37a</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of cellular pseudoparaphyses, 2–2.5 <italic>μm</italic> broad, septate. <italic>Asci</italic> 60<bold>–</bold>82 × 7–9 <italic>μm</italic>, 8-spored, bitunicate, cylindrical, with a short pedicel (Fig. <xref rid="Fig38" ref-type="fig">37b, c and d</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 10<bold>–</bold>13 × 4.4–5.4 <italic>μm</italic>, 1-seriate, ellipsoidal, brown to reddish brown, 1-septate, constricted at the septum, smooth (Fig. <xref rid="Fig38" ref-type="fig">37f, g and h</xref>) (adapted from Wang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR399">2004</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: USA, Louisiana, Pointe a la Hache, on decaying wood, a branch of <italic>Carya oliviformis</italic> (<italic>Juglandaceae</italic>) lying on the ground in grass (parasitic on some effused <italic>Hypoxylon</italic>), 30 Dec. 1885, A.B. Langlois, No. 138 (NY, <bold>holotype</bold> of <italic>Amphisphaeria hypoxylon</italic> Ellis & Everh.).</p></sec><sec id="Sec92"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Immotthia</italic> was introduced to accommodate a species of <italic>Amphisphaeria</italic> (<italic>A</italic>. <italic>hypoxylon</italic>), which has bitunicate asci, and is characterized by superficial, ostiolate, periphysate, papillate ascomata, cellular pseudoparaphyses, bitunicate, 8-spored, cylindrical asci, ellipsoid, smooth, brown to reddish brown, 1-septate ascospores (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR26">1987a</xref>; Wang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR399">2004</xref>).</p><sec id="d30e21230"><title>Phylogenetic study</title><p>None.</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>It seems that those <italic>Amphisphaeria</italic> species with bitunicate asci should be assigned to <italic>Pleosporales</italic>. Morphologically, <italic>Immotthia</italic> is somewhat comparable with <italic>Herpotrichia</italic>.</p><p><bold><italic>Isthmosporella</italic></bold> Shearer & J.L. Crane, Mycologia 91: 141 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR319">1999</xref>). (<italic>Pleosporales</italic>, genera <italic>incertae sedis</italic>)</p></sec></sec><sec id="Sec93"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat freshwater, saprobic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> small- to medium-sized, scattered, immersed, erumpent to superficial, globose, papillate, ostiolate, periphysate, membranous. <italic>Peridium</italic> 2-layered, outer layer composed of brown, pseudoparenchymatic, fusoid-cylindric cells, inner layer composed of fusoid, subhyaline to pale brown, compressed cells. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of rare, broad, septate, interascal pseudoparaphyses. <italic>Asci</italic> 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, oblong to clavate, with a short pedicel, ocular chamber not observed. Ascospores 3–4 seriate, cylindrical to fusoid, isthmoid at centre, constricted at septa, isthmus 1-septate, surrounded by a gelatinous sheath.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: none.</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Shearer and Crane <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR319">1999</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec94"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Isthmosporella pulchra</italic></bold> Shearer & J.L. Crane, Mycologia 91: 142 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR319">1999</xref>). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig39" ref-type="fig">38</xref>)<fig id="Fig39"><label>Fig. 38</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Isthmosporella pulchra</italic></bold> (from ILLS 53086, <bold>holotype</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Section of an ascoma. <bold>b</bold> Section of a partial peridium. <bold>c–e</bold> Broadly clavate asci with short pedicels. <bold>f</bold> Pseudoparaphyses. <bold>g–j</bold> Ascospores. Note the 2-celled isthmus in J and mucilaginous sheath in G and H. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 50 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>b–j</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig39_HTML" id="MO39"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 240–330 <italic>μm</italic> diam., scattered on decorticated wood, immersed, erumpent to superficial, globose, black, papillate, papilla short, cylindrical, 60 <italic>μm</italic> long × 55 <italic>μm</italic> wide, ostiolate, periphysate, membranous (Fig. <xref rid="Fig39" ref-type="fig">38a</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> 2-layered, outer 3–4 cell layers composed of brown, pseudoparenchymatic, fusoid-cylindric cells, 2–6.5 <italic>μm</italic> long; inner layer composed of 5–7 rows of fusoid, subhyaline to pale brown compressed cells, 11–20 × 2–3.5 <italic>μm</italic> diam. (Fig. <xref rid="Fig39" ref-type="fig">38a and b</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of rare, broad, septate, interascal pseudoparaphyses (Fig. <xref rid="Fig39" ref-type="fig">38f</xref>). <italic>Asci</italic> (95-)135–160(−175) × (25-)30–45(−60) <italic>μm</italic>, 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, oblong to clavate, with a short pedicel, ocular chamber not observed (Fig. <xref rid="Fig39" ref-type="fig">38c, d and e</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 80–105(−110) × (7-)8–10 <italic>μm</italic>, 3–4-seriate, cylindrical to fusoid, isthmoid at centre, sometimes bent at isthmus and becoming u- or v- shaped, end cells tapering, 12–17-phragmoseptate, constricted at septa, isthmus 1-septate, 2–5.5 × 2–4.5 <italic>μm</italic> diam., hyaline, frequently fragmenting to form partspores; filled with lipid droplets that merge to form large guttules; surrounded by a gelatinous sheath with a dense region near the isthmus, sheath greatly enlarging in water (Fig. <xref rid="Fig39" ref-type="fig">38g, h, i and j</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><italic>Colonies</italic> on yeast soluble starch agar containing balsa wood sticks effuse, white. <italic>Hyphae</italic> hyaline, septate.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: USA, New York, Adirondack Park. Piercefield. Tupper Lake at public boat launch from Rt. 30, UTM Zone 18, 539840 mE, 4892100mN; 44°10″59″N, 80°31′6″W, on submerged, decorticated wood, 7 Jul. 1994, J.L. Crane & C.A. Shearer A-254-1 (ILLS 53086, <bold>holotype</bold>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec95"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Isthmosporella</italic> was described as a freshwater genus typified by <italic>I</italic>. <italic>pulchra</italic>, and is characterized by globose, pseudoparenchymatous ascomata, sparse, septate pseudoparaphyses, fissitunicate asci and hyaline, cylindrical to fusoid, phragmoseptate, isthmoid ascospores surrounded with a gelatinous sheath (Shearer and Crane <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR319">1999</xref>). Based on the morphological characters, i.e. small, globose ascomata, peridium with small pseudoparenchymatous cells and sparse pseudoparaphyses, <italic>Isthmosporella</italic> was assigned to the <italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic> (Shearer and Crane <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR319">1999</xref>). The aquatic habitat of <italic>Isthmosporella</italic>, however, disagree with the <italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic>. <italic>Isthmosporella</italic> seems less likely to belong to <italic>Pleosporineae</italic>.</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>None.</p><sec id="d30e21469"><title>Concluding remarks</title><p>Molecular phylogenetic studies should be conducted to explore its familial placement within <italic>Pleosporales</italic>.</p><p><bold><italic>Kalmusia</italic></bold> Niessl, Verh. nat. Ver. Brünn 10: 204 <bold>(</bold><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR397">1872</xref>). (<italic>Montagnulaceae</italic>)</p></sec></sec><sec id="Sec96"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, saprobic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> small- to medium-sized, solitary, scattered or in small groups, immersed to erumpent, globose or subglobose, often laterally flattened, coriaceous, wall black, with or without papilla. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, filliform, delicate, septate pseudoparaphyses, branching and anastomosing between and above asci, embedded in mucilage. <italic>Asci</italic> bitunicate, fissitunicate unknown, clavate, with a long, furcate pedicel. <italic>Ascospores</italic> narrowly ovoid to clavate, pale brown, 3-septate, distoseptate.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: <italic>Cytoplea</italic> (Petrak and Sydow <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR278">1926</xref>).</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR27">1987b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">1990a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR33">1992a</xref>; Lindau <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR229">1897</xref>; von Niessl <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR397">1872</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec97"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Kalmusia ebuli</italic></bold> Niessl, Verh. nat. Ver. Brünn 10: 204 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR397">1872</xref>). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig40" ref-type="fig">39</xref>)<fig id="Fig40"><label>Fig. 39</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Kalmusia ebuli</italic></bold> (from BR 101525–63, <bold>holotype</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Immersed to erumpent ascomata scattered on the host surface. <bold>b</bold> Section of a partial peridium. Note the compressed peridium cells. <bold>c</bold> Section of an ascoma. <bold>d–f</bold> Eight-spored asci with long pedicels. <bold>g</bold> Partial ascus in pseudoparaphyses. <bold>h</bold>, <bold>i</bold> Ascospores with 3 thick-walled septa. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 0.5 mm, <bold>b</bold> = 50 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>c</bold> = 100 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>d–g</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>h</bold>, <bold>i</bold> = 10 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig40_HTML" id="MO40"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 290–360 <italic>μm</italic> high × 300–520 <italic>μm</italic> diam., solitary, scattered, or in small groups, immersed to erumpent, globose or subglobose, coriaceous, wall black, with or without papilla, ostiolate (Fig. <xref rid="Fig40" ref-type="fig">39a</xref>). <italic>Papilla</italic> small, up to 100 <italic>μm</italic> high, with small ostioles (Fig. <xref rid="Fig40" ref-type="fig">39a</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> 15–40 <italic>μm</italic> wide, comprising one cell type of small, pigmented, thick-walled cells of <italic>textura prismatica</italic> to <italic>textura angularis</italic>, cells <italic>ca</italic>. 5 × 3 <italic>μm</italic> diam., cell wall 2–3 <italic>μm</italic> thick (Fig. <xref rid="Fig40" ref-type="fig">39b and c</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, delicate pseudoparaphyses, 1–1.5 <italic>μm</italic> broad, septate, branching and anastomosing between and above asci, embedded in mucilage. <italic>Asci</italic> 75<bold>–</bold>125 × 10–15 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq53"><alternatives><tex-math id="M53">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 90.5 \times 12\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq53.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate unknown, clavate, with a long, narrowed, furcate pedicel which is up to 45 <italic>μm</italic> long, and a low ocular chamber (<italic>ca</italic>. 2 <italic>μm</italic> wide × 1 <italic>μm</italic> high) (Fig. <xref rid="Fig40" ref-type="fig">39d, e and f</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 15<bold>–</bold>18 × 5.5–6.5 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq54"><alternatives><tex-math id="M54">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 16.3 \times 5.8\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq54.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), biseriate, narrowly ovoid to clavate, pale brown, 3-distoseptate, without constriction, smooth-walled (Fig. <xref rid="Fig40" ref-type="fig">39g, h and i</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: BELGIUM, Dolembreux, on branchlets and pieces of stumps of <italic>Sarothamnus scoparius</italic> from woodland, Oct. 1922, V. Mouton (BR 101525–63, <bold>holotype</bold>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec98"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Kalmusia</italic> was formally established by von Niessl (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR397">1872</xref>), and is mainly characterized as “immersed, sphaeroid ascoma with central, stout papilla, surrounded by hyphae in the substrate, stipitate asci with septate pseudoparaphyses, and brown, 3-septate, inequilateral ascospores” (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR33">1992a</xref>).</p><p>The most morphologically comparable genus to <italic>Kalmusia</italic> is <italic>Thyridaria</italic>, which had been treated as a subgenus under <italic>Kalmusia</italic> (Lindau <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR229">1897</xref>), and was subsequently transferred to <italic>Platystomaceae</italic> in <italic>Melanommatales</italic> (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR27">1987b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">1990a</xref>). Compared to <italic>Thyridaria</italic>, <italic>Kalmusia</italic> has sphaeroid ascomata, a peridium of small pseudoparenchymatous cells, basal asci and very thin pseudoparaphyses, thus it was assigned to <italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic> of the <italic>Pleosporales</italic> by Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">1990a</xref>), and the genus is utilized to accommodate both <italic>K</italic>. <italic>ebuli</italic> and <italic>K</italic>. <italic>clivensis</italic> (Berk. & Broome) M.E. Barr, as well as closely related species, i.e. <italic>K</italic>. <italic>utahensis</italic> (Ellis & Everh.) Huhndorf & M.E. Barr and <italic>K</italic>. <italic>coniothyrium</italic> (Fuckel) Huhndorf (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR33">1992a</xref>). But this proposal is questionable, as the clavate, distoseptate ascospores, as well as the clavate asci with very long pedicels are uncommon in <italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic>, and most recent phylogenetic study indicated that some species of <italic>Kalmusia</italic> reside outside of <italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic> (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>).</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>Both <italic>Kalmusia scabrispora</italic> Teng Kaz. Tanaka, Y. Harada & M.E. Barr and <italic>K</italic>. <italic>brevispora</italic> (Nagas. & Y. Otani) Yin. Zhang, Kaz. Tanaka & C.L. Schoch reside in the clade of <italic>Montagnulaceae</italic> (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>). Familial placement of <italic>Kalmusia</italic> can only be verified after the DNA sequences of the generic type (<italic>K</italic>. <italic>ebuli</italic>) are obtained.</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p><italic>Kalmusia</italic> is distinct amongst the <italic>Pleosporales</italic> as it has pale brown ascospores with indistinct distosepta and clavate asci with long pedicels. Although both <italic>K</italic>. <italic>scabrispora</italic> and <italic>K</italic>. <italic>brevispora</italic> reside in the clade of <italic>Montagnulaceae</italic>, they both lack the distoseptate ascospores that are possessed by the generic type (<italic>K</italic>. <italic>ebuli</italic>). Thus, the familial placement of <italic>Kalmusia</italic> is still undetermined.</p><p><bold><italic>Karstenula</italic></bold> Speg., Decades Mycologicae Italicae ad no. 94 (in sched.) (1879). (<italic>Montagnulaceae</italic>)</p></sec><sec id="Sec99"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, saprobic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> rarely small-, usually medium-sized, immersed usually under thin clypeus, scattered to gregarious, with flattened top and rounded pore-like ostiole, coriaceous. <italic>Peridium</italic> 2-layered, outer layer composed of reddish brown to dark brown small cells, inner layer of pale compressed cells. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, cellular pseudoparaphyses. <italic>Asci</italic> cylindrical to cylindro-clavate with short furcate pedicel. <italic>Ascospores</italic> muriform, ellipsoid to fusoid, reddish brown to dark brown.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for the genus</bold>: <italic>Microdiplodia</italic> (Constantinescu <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR78">1993</xref>).</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">1990a</xref>; Eriksson and Hawksworth <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR106">1991</xref>; Kodsueb et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR202">2006a</xref>; Munk <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR268">1957</xref>; Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec100"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Karstenula rhodostoma</italic></bold> (Alb. & Schwein.) Speg., Decades Mycologicae Italicae no. 94. (1879). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig41" ref-type="fig">40</xref>)<fig id="Fig41"><label>Fig. 40</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Karstenula rhodostoma</italic></bold> (from PH 01048835, <bold>type</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Line of ascomata on host surface (after remove the decaying cover). Note the wide ostiolar opening and light colored region around the ostiole. <bold>b</bold> Immersed ascoma under the decaying cover (see <italic>arrow</italic>). <bold>c</bold>, <bold>d</bold> Section of the peridium. The peridium comprises small thick-walled cells in the outer layer. The outside comprises defuse hyphae which is probably part of the subiculum. <bold>e</bold> Ascus with a short furcate pedicel. <bold>f</bold> Partial ascus showing arrangement of ascospores. <bold>g–i</bold> Released ascospores. Note the transverse and rarely vertical septa. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold>, <bold>b</bold> = 0.5 mm, <bold>c</bold> = 50 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>d–f</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>g–i</bold> = 10 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig41_HTML" id="MO41"></graphic></fig></p><p>≡ <italic>Sphaeria rhodostoma</italic> Alb. & Schwein., Consp. fung. (Leipzig): 43 (1805).</p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 250–430 <italic>μm</italic> high × 450–650 <italic>μm</italic> diam., scattered or gregarious, immersed in the subiculum which sometimes sloths off, globose or subglobose, black, flattened top often white or reddish and sometimes slightly protruding out of the substrate surface, usually with a wide opening ostiole after removing the cover, coriaceous (Fig. <xref rid="Fig41" ref-type="fig">40a and b</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> 30–40 <italic>μm</italic> wide, comprising two cell types, outer region 1-layered, composed of relatively small heavily pigmented thick-walled compressed cells, cells 2–4 × 5–10 <italic>μm</italic> diam., cell wall 2–4 <italic>μm</italic> thick, inner layer cells larger and wall thinner, comprising cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, merging with pseudoparaphyses (Fig. <xref rid="Fig41" ref-type="fig">40c and d</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long cellular pseudoparaphyses 2–3.5 <italic>μm</italic> broad, septate, branching or anastomosing not observed. <italic>Asci</italic> 150<bold>–</bold>210 × 12.5–15 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq55"><alternatives><tex-math id="M55">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 182 \times 13.1\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq55.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical, with a broad, furcate pedicel which is 12–35 <italic>μm</italic> long, and with an ocular chamber (to 4 <italic>μm</italic> wide × 3 <italic>μm</italic> high) (Fig. <xref rid="Fig41" ref-type="fig">40e and f</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 20<bold>–</bold>26 × 7.5–10 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq56"><alternatives><tex-math id="M56">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 22.4 \times 8\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq56.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), obliquely uniseriate and partially overlapping, ellipsoid, reddish brown, with 3 transverse septa and a vertical septum in one or two central cells, constricted at the septa, verruculose (Fig. <xref rid="Fig41" ref-type="fig">40g, h and i</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: <italic>Microdiplodia frangulae</italic> Allesch. (Constantinescu <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR78">1993</xref>).</p><p><italic>Conidiomata</italic> globose to subglobose, 330–495 <italic>μm</italic> diam., in subiculum. <italic>Conidia</italic> 9–13 × 4–5 <italic>μm</italic>, reddish brown, 1-septate (information obtained from Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">1990a</xref>).</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: Fries, Suecia (received by herbarium in 1834) (PH 01048835, <bold>type,</bold> as <italic>Sphaeria rhodostoma</italic> Alb. & Schwein.).</p></sec><sec id="Sec101"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Karstenula</italic> is an ambiguous genus, which has been synonymized under <italic>Pleomassaria</italic> (Lindau <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR229">1897</xref>; Winter <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR413">1885</xref>). Some of the ascomata characters are even comparable with those of <italic>Didymosphaeria</italic>, such as ascomata seated in subiculum or beneath a clypeal thickening, the development of apex vary in a large degree, even to the occasional formation of a blackened internal clypeus, and sometimes apical cells become reddish or orange-brown (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">1990a</xref>). Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">1990a</xref>) redefined the concept of <italic>Karstenula</italic> (<italic>sensu lato</italic>), which encompasses some species of <italic>Thyridium</italic>. In her concept, however, Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">1990a</xref>) treated <italic>Karstenula</italic> as having trabeculate pseudoparaphyses and this is clearly not the case. In most cases the ascospores were brown with transverse septa and sparse longitudinal septa.</p><p>The ascomata of this species are similar to those found in <italic>Byssosphaeria</italic> and <italic>Herpotrichia</italic>, especially in the paler area around the ostiole and even in peridial structure and development under a subiculum. The numerous wide cellular pseudoparaphyses and cylindrical asci (in <italic>Herpotrichia</italic>) are also similar. The main difference of <italic>Karstenula</italic> from other two genera are the 3-septate ascospores with rare longitudinal septa (1-septate in <italic>Byssosphaeria</italic> and <italic>Herpotrichia</italic>).</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p><italic>Karstenula</italic> forms a robust phylogenetic clade with <italic>Phaeodothis winteri</italic> (Niessl) Aptroot, <italic>Didymocrea sadasivanii</italic>, <italic>Bimuria novae-zelandiae</italic>, <italic>Montagnula opulenta</italic>, <italic>Curreya pityophila</italic> (J.C. Schmidt & Kunze) Arx & E. Müll. and some species of <italic>Letendraea</italic> and <italic>Paraphaeosphaeria</italic> (Kodsueb et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR202">2006a</xref>; Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>). Consequently, <italic>Karstenula</italic> might be included in <italic>Montagnulaceae</italic>.</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>The description of the type of <italic>Karstenula</italic> here clearly excludes it from <italic>Melanommataceae</italic> as it has wide pseudoparaphyses. But its <italic>Montagnulaceae</italic> status can only be confirmed by more phylogenetic work including sequencing the generic type of <italic>Karstenula</italic> (<italic>K</italic>. <italic>rhodostoma</italic>).</p><p><bold><italic>Katumotoa</italic></bold> Kaz. Tanaka & Y. Harada, Mycoscience 46: 313 (2005). (<italic>Lentitheciaceae</italic>)</p></sec><sec id="Sec102"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial or freshwater, saprobic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> small- to medium-sized, scattered or in small groups, immersed to erumpent, with a central protruding hairy papilla, subglobose. <italic>Peridium</italic> thin, comprising several layers of thin-walled compressed cells. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, cellular, filliform, embedded in mucilage, branching and anastomosing. <italic>Asci</italic> 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, clavate with short furcate pedicels. <italic>Ascospores</italic> apiosporous and hyaline when young, becoming 2-septate with reddish brown echinate central cell at maturity, with long gelatinous terminal appendages.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: none.</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Tanaka and Harada <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR368">2005b</xref>; Tanaka et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR370">2009</xref>; Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec103"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Katumotoa bambusicola</italic></bold> Kaz. Tanaka & Y. Harada, Mycoscience 46: 313 (2005). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig42" ref-type="fig">41</xref>)<fig id="Fig42"><label>Fig. 41</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Katumotoa bambusicola</italic></bold> (from HHUF 28663, <bold>holotype</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Ascomata scattered on the host surface. <bold>b</bold> Asci in pseudoparaphyses. <bold>c</bold> Hyaline ascospore with long terminal appendages. <bold>d</bold> Clavate ascus with a short pedicel. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 0.5 mm. <bold>b–d</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig42_HTML" id="MO42"></graphic></fig></p><p>Some information for the following description is from Tanaka and Harada (2005).</p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 240–330 <italic>μm</italic> high × 260–420 <italic>μm</italic> diam., scattered or in small groups, immersed, becoming erumpent, with a slightly protruding papilla covered with brown hyphae, subglobose (Fig. <xref rid="Fig42" ref-type="fig">41a</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> 13–30 <italic>μm</italic> thick, composed of a few layers of lightly pigmented, depressed cells. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long cellular pseudoparaphyses, 1.5–3 <italic>μm</italic> broad, embedded in mucilage, branching and anastomosing. <italic>Asci</italic> 110<bold>–</bold>160 × 17.5–24 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq57"><alternatives><tex-math id="M57">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 139 \times 21\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq57.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindro-clavate with a short furcate pedicel which is up to 25 <italic>μm</italic> long (Fig. <xref rid="Fig42" ref-type="fig">41b and d</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 39–50(−57) × 7–10 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq58"><alternatives><tex-math id="M58">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 45.8 \times 8.2\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq58.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), biseriate, fusoid to narrowly fusoid with acute ends, usually curved, apiosporus and hyaline when young, constricted at the primary septum, the upper cell longer and broader than the lower one, smooth, surrounded by a bipolar sheath which is up to 15 <italic>μm</italic> long, best seen in India ink, senescent ascospores yellowish brown, 2–4-septate (Fig. <xref rid="Fig42" ref-type="fig">41c</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: JAPAN, Mt. Iwate, near Yakebashiri, Hirakasa, Nishine, Iwate, on culms of <italic>Oryza sativa</italic> L., 19 Oct. 2003, K. Tanaka (HHUF 28663, <bold>holotype</bold>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec104"><title>Notes</title><sec id="d30e22479"><title>Morphology</title><p><italic>Katumotoa</italic> was formally established by Tanaka and Harada (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR368">2005b</xref>) to accommodate the monotypic species, <italic>K</italic>. <italic>bambusicola</italic>, which is characterized by immersed ascomata with a thin peridium comprising thin-walled compressed cells, cellular pseudoparaphyses, cylindro-clavate and fissitunicate asci and fusoid ascospores with an elongated bipolar mucilaginous sheath. Based on its immersed ascomata, psuedoparenchymatous peridium cells and cellular pseudoparaphyses, <italic>Katumotoa</italic> was assigned to <italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic> (Tanaka and Harada <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR368">2005b</xref>; Tanaka et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR370">2009</xref>), but this classification has been shown to be incorrect in subsequent phylogenetic studies (Tanaka et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR370">2009</xref>; Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>).</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>Phylogenetic analysis based on five genes (LSU, SSU, <italic>RPB</italic>1, <italic>RPB</italic>2 and <italic>EF</italic>1) indicates that <italic>Katumotoa bambusicola</italic> resides in <italic>Lentitheciaceae</italic>, and this receives high bootstrap support (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>). In particular, <italic>K</italic>. <italic>bambusicola</italic> forms a robust clade with <italic>Ophiosphaerella sasicola</italic> (Nagas. & Y. Otani) Shoemaker & C.E. Babc., which has filliform ascospores (Shoemaker and Babcock <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR329">1989b</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="d30e22550"><title>Concluding remarks</title><p>The hyaline, apiosporous ascospores which become 2–4-celled with central reddish brown cells and large unraveling appendages are the most striking features of this species and readily distinguish it from other pleosporalean taxa. Both <italic>Katumotoa bambusicola</italic> and <italic>Ophiosphaerella sasicola</italic> are associated with bambusicolous hosts, which might indicate that host spectrum in this case, has greater phylogenetic significance than some morphological characters (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Keissleriella</italic></bold> Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 128: 582 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR396">1919</xref>). (<italic>Lentitheciaceae</italic>)</p></sec></sec><sec id="Sec105"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial or freshwater, saprobic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> small- to medium-sized, immersed, erumpent to nearly superficial, globose, papillate, ostiolate. <italic>Papilla</italic> covered by dark setae or small blackened cells. <italic>Peridium</italic> thick, composed of cells of pseudoparenchymatous and inner layer composed of pale cells. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long pseudoparaphyses, rarely septate, anastomosing and branching. <italic>Asci</italic> 4- or 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindro-clavate, with a furcate pedicel and a small ocular chamber. <italic>Ascospores</italic> hyaline to pale brown, ellipsoid to fusoid, 1-septate, constricted at the septum (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">1990a</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: <italic>Dendrophoma</italic> (Bose <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR55">1961</xref>).</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: von Arx and Müller <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR390">1975</xref>; Bose <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR55">1961</xref>; Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">1990a</xref>; Dennis <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR90">1978</xref>; Eriksson <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR98">1967a</xref>; von Höhnel <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR396">1919</xref>; Luttrell <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR241">1973</xref>; Munk <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR268">1957</xref>; Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec106"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Keissleriella aesculi</italic></bold> (Höhn.) Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 128: 582 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR396">1919</xref>). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig43" ref-type="fig">42</xref>)<fig id="Fig43"><label>Fig. 42</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Keissleriella sambucina</italic></bold> (from FH, <bold>holotype</bold> of <italic>Otthiella aesculi</italic>). <bold>a</bold> Section of an ascoma. <bold>b</bold> Pseudoparaphyses which are narrow (less than 1.5 <italic>μm</italic>) and branch and anastomosing as trabeculate. <bold>c</bold>, <bold>d</bold> Hyaline ascospores with distinct constrictions at the septa. <bold>e</bold> Asci amongst narrow pseudoparaphyses. <bold>F</bold>. Ascus with a pedicel and ocular chamber. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 100 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>b–f</bold> = 10 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig43_HTML" id="MO43"></graphic></fig></p><p>≡ <italic>Pyrenochaeta aesculi</italic> Höhn., Ber. dt. bot. Ges. 35: 249 (1917).</p><p><italic>Ascomata ca</italic>. 250 <italic>μm</italic> high × 450 <italic>μm</italic> diam., gregarious, immersed to erumpent, globose or subglobose, with a small black papilla, <italic>ca</italic>. 75 <italic>μm</italic> high and 110 <italic>μm</italic> broad, with short black external setae (Fig. <xref rid="Fig43" ref-type="fig">42a</xref>). <italic>Peridium ca</italic>. 25–40 <italic>μm</italic> wide laterally, up to 70 <italic>μm</italic> near the apex, thinner at the base, comprising two types of cells which merge in the middle; outer cells composed of small heavily pigmented thick-walled cells, cells <italic>ca</italic>. 4 <italic>μm</italic> diam., cell wall up to 4 <italic>μm</italic> thick, and thick near the apex and thinner laterally and absent in the immersed part of the ascoma, inner cells less pigmented, comprising lightly pigmented to hyaline cells, 5–7 <italic>μm</italic> thick (Fig. <xref rid="Fig43" ref-type="fig">42a</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long pseudoparaphyses, 0.8–1.2 <italic>μm</italic> broad, rarely septate, anastomosing and branching, thicker near the base, <italic>ca</italic>. 2 <italic>μm</italic>, constricted near the septum (Fig. <xref rid="Fig43" ref-type="fig">42b</xref>). <italic>Asci</italic> 80<bold>–</bold>120 × 6–11 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq59"><alternatives><tex-math id="M59">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 101 \times 8.5\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq59.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), 4- or 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindro-clavate, with a furcate pedicel which is up to 20–40 <italic>μm</italic> long, with a small ocular chamber (Fig. <xref rid="Fig43" ref-type="fig">42e and f</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 13<bold>–</bold>18 × 4–5.5 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq60"><alternatives><tex-math id="M60">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 14.5 \times 4.8\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq60.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), obliquely uniseriate and partially overlapping, fusoid with narrowly rounded ends, hyaline, 1-septate, constricted at the septum, smooth (Fig. <xref rid="Fig43" ref-type="fig">42c and d</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: AUSTRIA, Brentenmaistal in the Viennese forest, <italic>Aesculus hippocastanum</italic> L., 1916, Höhnel (FH, <bold>holotype</bold> of <italic>Otthiella aesculi</italic>). (Note: only two slides; setae cannot be seen from the slides but could be seen from the drawings on the cover).</p></sec><sec id="Sec107"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Keissleriella</italic> is characterized by ascomata with setae in and over the papilla, asci are cylindrical and ascospores are hyaline, 1-septate. Based on the morphological characters, <italic>K</italic>. <italic>aesculi</italic> was regarded as conspecific with <italic>K. sambucina</italic>; as an earlier epithet, <italic>K. sambusina</italic> typifies the genus (see comments by Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">1990a</xref>). Munk (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR268">1957</xref>) placed <italic>Trichometasphaeria</italic> and <italic>Keissleriella</italic> in <italic>Massarinaceae</italic>, and distinguished them by their substrates (<italic>Trichometasphaeria</italic> occurs on herbaceous plants and <italic>Keissleriella</italic> on woody substrates). Bose (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR55">1961</xref>) combined <italic>Trichometasphaeria</italic> under <italic>Keissleriella</italic>, which was followed by some workers (von Arx and Müller <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR390">1975</xref>; Dennis <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR90">1978</xref>; Eriksson <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR98">1967a</xref>; Luttrell <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR241">1973</xref>). Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">1990a</xref>), however, maintained these as distinct genera based on the differences of peridium structure and pseudoparaphyses.</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>The phylogeny of <italic>Keissleriella</italic> is poorly studied. Limited phylogenetic information indicates that <italic>K</italic>. <italic>cladophila</italic> forms a robust clade with other species of <italic>Lentitheciaceae</italic> (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>).</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>The presence of black setae on the surface of papilla is a striking character of <italic>Keissleriella</italic>, but phylogenetic significance of setae is undetermined yet.</p><p><bold><italic>Lentithecium</italic></bold> K.D. Hyde, J. Fourn. & Yin. Zhang, Fungal Divers. 38: 234 (2009). (<italic>Lentitheciaceae</italic>)</p><p><italic>= Tingoldiago</italic> K. Hirayama & Kaz. Tanaka, Mycologia 102: 740 (2010) <bold>syn. nov.</bold></p></sec><sec id="Sec108"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat freshwater, saprobic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> small, scattered or gregarious, immersed, slightly erumpent, depressed spherical to lenticular, ostiolate, papillate or epapillate. <italic>Peridium</italic> thin. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of cellular pseudoparaphyses. <italic>Asci</italic> 8-ascospored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, clavate, short-stipitate. <italic>Ascospores</italic> broadly fusoid with broadly rounded ends, 1-septate, constricted, hyaline, usually with sheath.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: none.</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Shearer et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR321">2009</xref>; Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR427">b</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec109"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Lentithecium fluviatile</italic></bold> (Aptroot & Van Ryck.) K.D. Hyde, J. Fourn. & Yin. Zhang, Fungal Divers. 38: 234 (2009). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig44" ref-type="fig">43</xref>)<fig id="Fig44"><label>Fig. 43</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Lentithecium fluviatile</italic></bold> (from <bold>IFRD 2039</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Erumpent ascomata scattering on the host surface. <bold>b</bold> Habitat section of the immersed ascomata. <bold>c</bold>, <bold>d</bold> Section of an ascoma and a partical peridium. Note the peridium cells of <italic>textura angularis.</italic><bold>e</bold> Clavate 8-spored ascus with a short pedicel. <bold>f</bold>, <bold>g</bold> Hyaline, 1-septate broadly fusoid ascospores. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold>, <bold>b</bold> = 0.5 mm, <bold>c</bold> = 100 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>d</bold> = 50 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>e–g</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig44_HTML" id="MO44"></graphic></fig></p><p>≡ <italic>Massarina fluviatilis</italic> Aptroot & Van Ryck., Nova Hedwigia 73: 162 (2001).</p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 230–260 <italic>μm</italic> high × 280–325 <italic>μm</italic> diam., scattered or gregarious, immersed, slightly erumpent, subglobose to depressed spherical, under a small black pseudostroma originating from the apical part of the peridium, apex slightly papillate, ostiole rounded, 60–70 <italic>μm</italic> diam. (Fig. <xref rid="Fig44" ref-type="fig">43a and b</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> 15–20 <italic>μm</italic> thick at sides and at base, comprising 4–5 layers of angular cells more thick-walled outwards, 50–55 <italic>μm</italic> thick at apex, of small very thick-walled cells. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of cellular pseudoparaphyses, 2–2.5 <italic>μm</italic> broad (Fig. <xref rid="Fig44" ref-type="fig">43c and d</xref>). Asci 89–100 × 19–21 <italic>μm</italic>, 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, clavate, bumpy, short-stipitate, apex without obvious apical chamber (Fig. <xref rid="Fig44" ref-type="fig">43e</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 27–35 × 8.5–9.4 <italic>μm</italic>,, 2-3-seriate, broadly fusoid with broadly rounded ends, straight to slightly curved, 1-septate, slightly constricted, with four large guttules, hyaline, smooth-walled, a very thin mucilaginous sheath can be occasionally observed in India ink but in most cases no sheath can be observed (Fig. <xref rid="Fig44" ref-type="fig">43f and g</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: FRANCE, Haute Garonne: Avignonet, Lac de Rosel, artificial lake, on bark and wood of a submerged branch <italic>Populus</italic> sp., 23 Nov. 2006, leg. Michel Delpont, det. Jacques Fournier (IFRD 2039, <bold>holotype</bold>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec110"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Lentithecium</italic> was introduced to accommodate some freshwater fungi previous assigned under <italic>Massarina</italic>, such as <italic>M</italic>. <italic>arundinacea</italic> (Sowerby) Leuchtm. and <italic>M</italic>. <italic>fluviatilis</italic> (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>). It is characterized by its immersed and lenticular ascomata, thin peridium which is almost equal in thickness, short pedicellate asci and fusoid or filliform, hyaline or rarely lightly pigmented, 1- to multi-septate ascospores (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR427">2009b</xref>). <italic>Lentitheciaceae</italic> was introduced to accommodate <italic>Lentithecium</italic> and some other related taxa (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>).</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>The clade of <italic>Lentitheciaceae</italic> comprises the generic type <italic>Lentithecium fluviatile</italic>, as well as <italic>L</italic>. <italic>arundinaceum</italic> (Sowerby) K.D. Hyde, J. Fourn. & Yin. Zhang, <italic>Stagonospora macropycnidia</italic>, <italic>Wettsteinina lacustris</italic> (Fuckel) Shoemaker & C.E. Babc., <italic>Keissleriella cladophila</italic>, and the bambusicolous species <italic>Katumotoa bambusicola</italic> and <italic>Ophiosphaerella sasicola</italic>, which receive high bootstrap support (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>).</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p><italic>Tingoldiago graminicola</italic> K. Hirayama & Kaz. Tanaka form a robust clade with species of <italic>Lentithecium</italic> (Shearer et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR321">2009</xref>). <italic>Tingoldiago</italic> has lenticular immersed to erumpent ascomata, numerous and septate pseudoparaphyses, cylindro-clavate asci and hyaline, 1-septate ascospores with sheath. All of these characters fit <italic>Lentithecium</italic> well. We treat <italic>Tingoldiago</italic> as a synonym of <italic>Lentithecium</italic>.</p><p><bold><italic>Leptosphaeria</italic></bold> Ces. & De Not., Comm. Soc. crittog. Ital. 1: 234 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR68">1863</xref>). (<italic>Leptosphaeriaceae</italic>)</p></sec><sec id="Sec111"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, saprobic or parasitic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> small- to medium-sized, solitary, scattered or in small groups, erumpent to superficial, subglobose, broadly or narrowly conical, papillate, ostiolate. <italic>Peridium</italic> thick, comprising layers of cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense cellular pseudoparaphyses, embedded in mucilage, anastomosing and branching. <italic>Asci</italic> 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate unknown, cylindrical with a furcate pedicel and a large ocular chamber. <italic>Ascospores</italic> fusoid or narrowly fusoid, brown or reddish brown, 3-septate, constricted at each septum.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: <italic>Coniothyrium</italic> and <italic>Phoma</italic> (Hyde et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR182">2011</xref>; Sivanesan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR344">1984</xref>).</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: von Arx and Müller <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR390">1975</xref>; Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR26">1987a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR27">b</xref>; Cesati and de Notaris <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR68">1863</xref>; Crane and Shearer <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR82">1991</xref>; Dong et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR93">1998</xref>; Eriksson <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR98">1967a</xref>; Eriksson and Hawksworth <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR104">1986</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR106">1991</xref>; de Greuter et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR127">1988</xref>; Hedjaroude <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR144">1969</xref>; von Höhnel <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR393">1907</xref>; Holm <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR150">1957</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR152">1975</xref>; Huhndorf et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR162">1990</xref>; Luttrell <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR241">1973</xref>; Müller <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR260">1950</xref>; Munk <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR268">1957</xref>; Saccardo <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR301">1878b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR304">1883</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR305">1891</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR306">1895</xref>; Schoch et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR314">2009</xref>; Shearer <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR317">1993</xref>; Shearer et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR320">1990</xref>; Shoemaker <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR324">1984a</xref>; Sivanesan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR344">1984</xref>; Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec112"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Leptosphaeria doliolum</italic></bold> Ces. & De Not., Comm. Soc. crittog. Ital. 1: 234 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR68">1863</xref>). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig45" ref-type="fig">44</xref>)<fig id="Fig45"><label>Fig. 44</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Leptosphaeria doliolum</italic></bold> (from L, <bold>lectotype</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Ascomata on the host surface. Note the shiny black surface. <bold>b</bold> Section of the partial peridium. Note the uneven thickness. <bold>c–e</bold> Asci with a short pedicel. <bold>f</bold> Three ascospores in ascus. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 0.5 mm, <bold>b</bold> = 100 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>c–f</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig45_HTML" id="MO45"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>≡ Sphaeria doliolum</italic> Pers., Icon. Desc. Fung. Min. Cognit. (Leipzig) 2: 39 (1800).</p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 340–450 <italic>μm</italic> high × 380–500 <italic>μm</italic> diam., solitary, scattered or in small groups, superficial, subglobose, broadly or narrowly conical, with a flattened base on the host surface, black, usually with 2–4 ring-like ridges surrounding the ascomata surface, apex with a conical, usually shiny papilla (Fig. <xref rid="Fig45" ref-type="fig">44a</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> 85–110 <italic>μm</italic> wide at sides, thinner at the apex, comprising two types of cells, outer layer composed of small thick-walled cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, cells <2 <italic>μm</italic> diam., cell wall up to 8 <italic>μm</italic> thick, surface heavily pigmented and inner lightly pigmented, apex cells smaller, walls thicker, and cells more heavily pigmented, inner layer composed of subhyaline relatively thin-walled cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, 3–6 <italic>μm</italic> diam., wall up to 5 <italic>μm</italic>, cells near the base larger and wall thinner and paler (Fig. <xref rid="Fig45" ref-type="fig">44b</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long cellular pseudoparaphyses, 1.5–3 <italic>μm</italic> broad, embedded in mucilage, anastomosing and branching. <italic>Asci</italic> 110<bold>–</bold>150 × 7–9(−10) <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq61"><alternatives><tex-math id="M61">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 130.6 \times 8.5\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq61.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate unknown, cylindrical, furcate pedicel which is usually less than 25 <italic>μm</italic> long, with a large ocular chamber (Fig. <xref rid="Fig45" ref-type="fig">44c, d and e</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 25<bold>–</bold>31 × 4.5–6 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq62"><alternatives><tex-math id="M62">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 27.7 \times 5.3\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq62.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), uniseriate and somewhat partially overlapping, narrowly fusoid with sharp to narrowly rounded ends, reddish brown, 3-septate, constricted at each septum, smooth (Fig. <xref rid="Fig45" ref-type="fig">44f</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: <italic>Phoma hoehnelii</italic> (Sivanesan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR344">1984</xref>).</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: Herb., Persoon 910270–650 (L, <bold>lectotype</bold>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec113"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Leptosphaeria</italic> was first established by Cesati and de Notaris (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR68">1863</xref>) with 26 species included; <italic>L</italic>. <italic>doliolum</italic> (Pers.:Fr.) Ces. & De Not. was subsequently selected as the lectotype species (de Greuter et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR127">1988</xref>; Holm <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR152">1975</xref>; Shearer et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR320">1990</xref>). <italic>Leptosphaeria</italic> was originally defined based mainly on the characters of ascospores being ellipsoid or fusoid, one to many septa, hyaline to dark brown. These few common characters meant that <italic>Leptosphaeria</italic> comprised many species, and some of them should be assigned to either <italic>Euascomycetes</italic> or <italic>Loculoascomycetes</italic> (Crane and Shearer <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR82">1991</xref>). <italic>Leptosphaeria</italic> had been divided based on host and habitat (Saccardo <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR301">1878b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR305">1891</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR306">1895</xref>) as well as the pseudothecium (glabrous, hairy, setose) and ascospore septation (see comments by Crane and Shearer <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR82">1991</xref>). von Höhnel (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR393">1907</xref>) used centrum structure in the classification of <italic>Leptosphaeria</italic>, and divided <italic>Leptosphaeria</italic> into three genera, viz. <italic>Leptosphaeria</italic>, <italic>Scleropleella</italic> and <italic>Nodulosphaeria</italic>. Müller (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR260">1950</xref>) subdivided <italic>Leptosphaeria</italic> into four sections based on pseudothecial and centrum structure as well as ascospore characters. This classification was modified by Munk (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR268">1957</xref>), who named these four sections as section I (<italic>Eu-Leptosphaeria</italic>), section II (<italic>Para-Leptosphaeria</italic>), section III (<italic>Scleropleella</italic>) and section IV (<italic>Nodulosphaeria</italic>). Holm (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR150">1957</xref>) used a relatively narrow concept for <italic>Leptosphaeria</italic>, which included species closely related to the generic type, <italic>L. doliolum</italic>. This viewpoint was accepted by some workers (Eriksson <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR98">1967a</xref>; Hedjaroude <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR144">1969</xref>; Shoemaker <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR324">1984a</xref>). Nevertheless, it still seems a heterogeneous group of fungi (see comments by Crane and Shearer <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR82">1991</xref>). Its position among the <italic>Loculoascomycetes</italic> is also debated. It has been placed in the <italic>Pleosporaceae</italic> (von Arx and Müller <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR390">1975</xref>; Luttrell <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR241">1973</xref>; Sivanesan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR344">1984</xref>) or <italic>Leptosphaeriaceae</italic> (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR26">1987a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR27">b</xref>; Eriksson and Hawksworth <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR106">1991</xref>) or <italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic> (Eriksson and Hawksworth <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR104">1986</xref>).</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>Molecular phylogenetic analysis based on multigenes indicated that species of <italic>Leptosphaeria</italic> (including the generic type <italic>L. doliolum</italic>) and <italic>Neophaeosphaeria</italic> form a paraphyletic clade with moderate bootstrap support (Dong et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR93">1998</xref>; Schoch et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR314">2009</xref>; Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>), which is sister to other families of <italic>Pleosporales</italic> (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>). Thus the familial rank of the <italic>Leptosphaeriaceae</italic> could be temporarily verified, but further molecular phylogenetic study is needed in which more related taxa should be included.</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>Morphologically, <italic>Leptosphaeria</italic> is mostly comparable with <italic>Amarenomyces</italic>, <italic>Bricookea</italic>, <italic>Diapleella</italic>, <italic>Entodesmium</italic>, <italic>Melanomma</italic>, <italic>Nodulosphaeria</italic>, <italic>Paraphaeosphaeria</italic>, <italic>Passeriniella</italic>, <italic>Phaeosphaeria</italic> and <italic>Trematosphaeria</italic>. While it prefers non-woody parts of dicotyledonous hosts, its cylindrical ascus with short pedicel and smooth, fusoid and multi-septate ascospores make it readily distinguishable from all other genera (Shoemaker <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR324">1984a</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Leptosphaerulina</italic></bold> McAlpine, Fungus diseases of stone-fruit trees in Australia and their treatment: 103 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR249">1902</xref>). (<italic>Didymellaceae</italic>)</p></sec><sec id="Sec114"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, parasitic or saprobic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> small, scattered, immersed, globose to subglobose, with a small, slightly protruding papilla, ostiolate. <italic>Peridium</italic> thin. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of rare or decomposing cellular pseudoparaphyses. <italic>Asci</italic> bitunicate, obpyriform. <italic>Ascospores</italic> broadly clavate or cylindrical, hyaline, turning pale brown when old, asymmetrical, multi-septate, smooth-walled.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: <italic>Pithoascus</italic> and <italic>Pithomyces</italic> (Hyde et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR182">2011</xref>).</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR14">1972</xref>; Chlebicki <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR75">2002</xref>; Crivelli <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR83">1983</xref>; Kodsueb et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR202">2006a</xref>; Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec115"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Leptosphaerulina australis</italic></bold> McAlpine, Fungus diseases of stone-fruit trees in Australia and their treatment: 103 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR249">1902</xref>). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig46" ref-type="fig">45</xref>)<fig id="Fig46"><label>Fig. 45</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Leptosphaerulina australis</italic></bold> (from NY, C.T. Rogerson 3836). <bold>A</bold>. Compressed ascoma. Note the obpyriform asci within the ascoma and the thin peridium. <bold>B</bold>, <bold>C</bold>. Eight-spored asci released from the ascomata. Note the apical apparatus (<italic>arrowed</italic>). <bold>D</bold>. Ascospores with thin sheath. <bold>E</bold>. An old pale brown ascospore. Scale bars: <bold>A-C</bold> = 50 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>D</bold>, <bold>E</bold> = 10 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig46_HTML" id="MO46"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 140–170 <italic>μm</italic> diam., scattered, immersed, globose to subglobose, with a small slightly protruding papilla, ostiolate (Fig. <xref rid="Fig46" ref-type="fig">45a</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> thin, composed of one or two layers of large cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, pale brown (Fig. <xref rid="Fig46" ref-type="fig">45a</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of rare or decomposing cellular pseudoparaphyses, up to 5 <italic>μm</italic> broad, filling the gaps between the asci. <italic>Asci</italic> 38<bold>–</bold>53 × 55–75 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq63"><alternatives><tex-math id="M63">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 67.5 \times 43.3\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq63.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), 8-spored, without pedicel, bitunicate, fissitunicate dehiscence not observed, obpyriform, with a large ocular chamber and apical ring (Fig. <xref rid="Fig46" ref-type="fig">45b and c</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 30–40(-47) × 11–14 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq64"><alternatives><tex-math id="M64">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 36.5 \times 13\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq64.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), broadly clavate, hyaline, turning pale brown when old, asymmetrical, upper hemisphere usually with one transverse septum and with a somewhat narrowly rounded end, lower hemisphere usually with two transverse septa and with broadly rounded ends, slighted constricted at the primary septum, mostly with one vertical septum in each central cell, smooth, with thin gelatinous sheath when young, 2–3 <italic>μm</italic> thick (Fig. <xref rid="Fig46" ref-type="fig">45d and e</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: USA, Kansas, Kansas State College, on <italic>Poa pratensis</italic> L. Grass plots, 2 Jul. 1953, leg. T. Rogerson, det. L.E. Wehmeyer (NY, C.T. Rogerson 3836).</p></sec><sec id="Sec116"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Leptosphaerulina</italic>, introduced by McAlpine (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR249">1902</xref>), is characterized by small immersed ascomata, obpyriform asci with a large ocular chamber and apical ring as well as muriformly septate ascospores which may be hyaline or pigmented. Species of <italic>Leptosphaerulina</italic> may occur on monocotyledons or dicotyledons. <italic>Leptosphaerulina</italic> is most comparable with <italic>Pleospora</italic>, and the only difference between them is that <italic>Leptosphaerulina</italic> has smaller ascomata and hyaline ascospores that only become pigmented after discharge, whereas the ascospores of <italic>Pleospora</italic> become brown within the asci. Currently, about 60 names are accepted in this genus, and some even reported from marine environments, e.g. <italic>L</italic>. <italic>mangrovei</italic> (Inderbitzin et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR183">2000</xref>).</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>Based on multigene phylogenetic analysis, two putative strains of <italic>Leptosphaerulina australis</italic>, the generic type of <italic>Leptosphaerulina</italic>, from Switzerland (CBS 311.51) and Indonesia (CBS 317.83) resided within <italic>Didymellaceae</italic> (de Gruyter et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR85">2009</xref>; Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>).</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>Because of its morphological confusion with <italic>Pleospora</italic> and the diversity of habitats within the genus, <italic>Leptosphaerulina sensu lato</italic> is likely to be polyphyletic. Fresh collections of this species are needed from Australia to epitypify this taxon and define the genus in a strict sense. The specimen described here is a collection from USA and therefore may not represent the type.</p><p><bold><italic>Lewia</italic></bold> M.E. Barr & E.G. Simmons, Mycotaxon 25: 289 (1986). (<italic>Pleosporaceae</italic>)</p></sec><sec id="Sec117"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, parasitic or saprobic? <italic>Ascomata</italic> small, scattered, erumpent to nearly superficial at maturity, subglobose to globose, black, smooth, papillate, ostiolate. <italic>Papilla</italic> short, blunt. <italic>Peridium</italic> thin. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of pseudoparaphyses. <italic>Asci</italic> (4–6-)8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical to cylindro-clavate, with a short, furcate pedicel. <italic>Ascospores</italic> muriform, ellipsoid to fusoid.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: <italic>Alternaria</italic> (Simmons <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR338">1986</xref>).</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Kwasna and Kosiak <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR222">2003</xref>; Kwasna et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR223">2006</xref>; Simmons <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR338">1986</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR341">2007</xref>; Vieira and Barreto <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR382">2006</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec118"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Lewia scrophulariae</italic></bold> (Desm.) M.E. Barr & E.G. Simmons, Mycotaxon 25: 294 (1986). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig47" ref-type="fig">46</xref>)<fig id="Fig47"><label>Fig. 46</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Lewia scrophulariae</italic></bold> (from <bold>FH</bold>, slide from <bold>lectotype</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Cylindrical ascus with a short pedicel. <bold>b</bold> Ascospores in asci. <bold>c–f</bold> Released muriform brown ascospores. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>b–f</bold> = 10 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig47_HTML" id="MO47"></graphic></fig></p><p>≡ <italic>Sphaeria scrophulariae</italic> Desm., Plantes cryptogames du Nord de la France, ed. 1 fasc. 15:no. 718 (1834).</p><p><italic>Ascomata ca</italic>. 150–200 <italic>μm</italic> diam., scattered, erumpent to nearly superficial at maturity, subglobose to globose, black, smooth, papillate. <italic>Papilla</italic> short, blunt. <italic>Peridium</italic> thin. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of septate pseudoparaphyses, <italic>ca</italic>. 2–2.5 <italic>μm</italic> broad, anastomosing or branching not observed. <italic>Asci</italic> 100<bold>–</bold>140 × 13–17 <italic>μm</italic>, (4–6-)8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical to cylindro-clavate, with a short, furcate pedicel, ocular chamber unknown (Fig. <xref rid="Fig47" ref-type="fig">46a</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> ellipsoid, 5 (rarely 6 or 7) transversal septa and one longitudinal septum mostly through the central cells, yellowish brown to gold-brown, 20–24 × 8–10 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq65"><alternatives><tex-math id="M65">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 21.5 \times 9.1\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq65.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), constricted at median septum, smooth or verruculose (Fig. <xref rid="Fig47" ref-type="fig">46b, e and f</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: <italic>Alternaria conjuncta</italic> (Simmons <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR338">1986</xref>).</p><p>Primary conidiophore simple with a single conidiogenous locus; conidia produced in chains, the first conidia in chain is larger, 30–45 × 10–12 <italic>μm</italic>, 7 transverse septa, 1–2 longitudinal or oblique septa in lower cells. Secondary conidiophore with 5–7 conidiogenous loci, sometimes branched; sporulation in chains, rarely branched.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: (FH, slide from <bold>lectotype</bold>).</p><p>Note: The specimen contains only a slide, so limited structures could be observed e.g. ascospores. The information about ascomata, peridium and whole asci is referred to Simmons (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR338">1986</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec119"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Lewia</italic> has “<italic>Pleospora</italic>-like” teleomorphs, while it has <italic>Alternaria</italic> anamorphs, which are characterized by the beakless conidia connected together with secondary conidiophore (Simmons <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR338">1986</xref>). Based on these characters, more species under this genus were subsequently reported, i.e. <italic>Lewia avenicola</italic> Kosiak & Kwaśna (Kwasna and Kosiak <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR222">2003</xref>); <italic>L</italic>. <italic>chlamidosporiformans</italic> B.S. Vieira & R.W. Barreto (Vieira and Barreto <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR382">2006</xref>); <italic>L</italic>. <italic>alternarina</italic> (M.D. Whitehead & J.G. Dicks.) E.G. Simmons and <italic>L</italic>. <italic>daucicaulis</italic> E.G. Simmons (Simmons <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR341">2007</xref>). Currently <italic>Lewia</italic> comprises 15 species (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.mycobank.org">http://www.mycobank.org</ext-link>, 24-02-2009).</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>Phylogenetic analysis based either on SSU rDNA sequences or on multigenes indicated that <italic>Lewia</italic> species (<italic>Allewia eureka</italic> (E.G. Simmons) E.G. Simmons = <italic>L</italic>. <italic>eureka</italic>) form a robust clade with other members of <italic>Pleosporaceae</italic> (Schoch et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR313">2006</xref>; Schoch et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR314">2009</xref>; Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>).</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>Its position in <italic>Pleosporaceae</italic> is confirmed.</p><p><bold><italic>Lichenopyrenis</italic></bold> Calat., Sanz & Aptroot, Mycol. Res. 105: 634 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR62">2001</xref>). (?<italic>Pleomassariaceae</italic>)</p></sec><sec id="Sec120"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, parasitic on lichens. <italic>Ascomata</italic> medium-sized, globose or subglobose. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, filliform, branching, septate pseudoparaphyses. <italic>Asci</italic> bitunicate, fissitunicate, clavate, with a short sometimes furcate pedicel. <italic>Ascospores</italic> ellipsoidal with broadly rounded ends, pale orange-brown, 1-distoseptate.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: see below.</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Calatayud et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR62">2001</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec121"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Lichenopyrenis galligena</italic></bold> Calat., Sanz & Aptroot, Mycol. Res. 105: 636 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR62">2001</xref>). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig48" ref-type="fig">47</xref>)<fig id="Fig48"><label>Fig. 47</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Lichenopyrenis galligena</italic></bold> (from MA-Lichen 12715, <bold>holotype</bold>). <bold>a</bold>, <bold>b</bold> Ascomata forming in the host tissues. <bold>c</bold>, <bold>d</bold> Sections of ascomata. <bold>e</bold> Section of a partial peridium. <bold>f–h</bold>, <bold>k</bold> Broadly clavate asci. Note the short rounded pedicel. <bold>i</bold>, <bold>j</bold>, <bold>l</bold> Ascospores. Note the small swellings at the septa. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold>, <bold>b</bold> = 0.5 mm, <bold>c</bold>, <bold>d</bold> = 100 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>e</bold> = 50 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>f–h</bold>, <bold>k</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>i</bold>, <bold>j</bold>, <bold>l</bold> = 10 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig48_HTML" id="MO48"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 140–260 <italic>μm</italic> high × 140–250 <italic>μm</italic> diam., gregarious, initially immersed in galls, later becoming erumpent, globose or subglobose, black, roughened (Fig. <xref rid="Fig48" ref-type="fig">47a and b</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> 18–25 <italic>μm</italic> wide, composed of 2–5 layers of heavily pigmented cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic> to compressed, cells 6–11 <italic>μm</italic> diam., cell wall 1–3 <italic>μm</italic> thick (Fig. <xref rid="Fig48" ref-type="fig">47c, d and e</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long filamentous pseudoparaphyses, 2.5–4 <italic>μm</italic> broad, branching, septate. <italic>Asci</italic> 65<bold>–</bold>85 × 15–20 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq66"><alternatives><tex-math id="M66">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 74 \times 18\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq66.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, broadly clavate, with a short, thick, sometimes furcate pedicel, up to 13 <italic>μm</italic> long, ocular chamber not observed (Fig. <xref rid="Fig48" ref-type="fig">47f, g, h and k</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 16<bold>–</bold>20 × 9–11 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq67"><alternatives><tex-math id="M67">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 18 \times 10\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq67.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), biseriate, ellipsoidal, pale orange-brown, 1-distoseptate, with prominent swelling at the septum, containing refractive globules, smooth (Fig. <xref rid="Fig48" ref-type="fig">47i, j and l</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: The following description is from Calatayud et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR62">2001</xref>).</p><p><italic>Conidiomata</italic> pycnidial, arising in galls together with the ascomata, immersed, <italic>ca</italic>. 100<italic>–</italic>200 <italic>μm</italic> diam.; wall dark brown throughout, composed of 2–5 layers of angular to laterally compressed cells; cells relatively large, <italic>ca</italic>. 8<italic>–</italic>16 <italic>μm</italic> diam. in superficial view. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> formed by 1–3 cells, frequently branched and with the uppermost cells bearing 1–4 conidiogenous cells; cells ± cylindrical, hyaline except at the base, which are sometimes pale brown, 7–15 × 3–4 <italic>μm</italic>. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> tapered towards the apex, 14–18 × 3–4 <italic>μm</italic>. <italic>Conidia</italic> 5<italic>–</italic>7 × 1.5–2 <italic>μm</italic>. <italic>Vegetative hyphae</italic> hyaline.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: SPAIN, Andalucía, Province, Jaén, Andújar, lichenicolous on <italic>Leptochidium albociliatum</italic> (Desm.) M. Choisy on acid volcanic rock, 19 Apr. 2000, V. Calatayud (MA-Lichen 12715, <bold>holotype</bold>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec122"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Lichenopyrenis</italic> was formally established by Calatayud et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR62">2001</xref>) based on its “perithecioid ascomata with peridium comprising compressed cells, fissitunicate and J- asci, wide hamathecium filaments, and 1-septate pale orange-brown ascospores with distoseptate thickenings at maturity”, and is monotypic with <italic>L. galligena</italic>. The genus was temporarily assigned to <italic>Pleomassariaceae</italic>. <italic>Lichenopyrenis galligena</italic> is a parasite of lichens, occurring in galls in the thallus of the host (Calatayud et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR62">2001</xref>).</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>None.</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>This is one of the few species that are parasitic on lichens. The most comparable species are <italic>Parapyrenis lichenicola</italic> Aptroot & Diederich and <italic>Lacrymospora parasitica</italic> Aptroot (both in <italic>Requienellaceae</italic>, <italic>Pyrenulales</italic>) as well as some species from <italic>Dacampiaceae</italic>. The peridium structure, cellular pseudoparaphyses, distoseptate and smooth, orange-brown ascospores as well as the anamorphic stage of <italic>Lichenopyrenis</italic> can easily distinguish from all of them (Calatayud et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR62">2001</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Lineolata</italic></bold> Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Mycol. Res. 94: 687 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR214">1990</xref>). (<italic>Pleosporales</italic>, genera <italic>incertae sedis</italic>)</p></sec><sec id="Sec123"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat marine, saprobic (or perthophytic?). <italic>Ascomata</italic> medium-sized, gregarious, immersed to erumpent, obpyriform, ostiolate, papillate. <italic>Peridium</italic> thin, comprising two types of cells; outer cells thick stratum pseudostromatic, inner stratum thin, composed of a few layers of hyaline cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, embedded in mucilage, anastomosing and septate. <italic>Asci</italic> 8-spored, bitunicate, cylindrical, with short pedicels, with an ocular chamber. <italic>Ascospores</italic> uniseriate to partially overlapping, ellipsoidal, dark brown, 1-septate.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: none.</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Kohlmeyer and Kohlmeyer <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR209">1966</xref>; Kohlmeyer and Volkmann-Kohlmeyer <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR214">1990</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec124"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Lineolata rhizophorae</italic></bold> (Kohlm. & E. Kohlm.) Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Mycol. Res. 94: 688 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR214">1990</xref>). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig49" ref-type="fig">48</xref>)<fig id="Fig49"><label>Fig. 48</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Lineolata rhizophorae</italic></bold> (from Herb. J. Kolmeyer No. 2390b, <bold>isotype</bold> of <italic>Didymosphaeria rhizophorae</italic>). <bold>a</bold> Ascomata immersed in the host substrate with protruding papilla. <bold>b</bold> Ascospores within an ascus. Note the ascospore arrangement. <bold>c–f</bold> One-septate ascospores. Note the striate ornamentation in (<bold>c</bold>). Scale bars: <bold>a–b</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>c–f</bold> = 10 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig49_HTML" id="MO49"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>≡ Didymosphaeria rhizophorae</italic> Kohlm. & E. Kohlm. Icones Fungorum Maris (Lehre) 4 & 5: tab. 62a (1967).</p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 300–490 <italic>μm</italic> high × 200–360 <italic>μm</italic> diam., gregarious, immersed to erumpent, obpyriform, ostiolate, papillate, subcarbonaceous to subcoriaceous, blackish brown (Fig. <xref rid="Fig49" ref-type="fig">48a</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> 37–45 <italic>μm</italic> thick, comprising two types of cells; outer cells thick stratum pseudostromatic, composed of irregular or roundish, dark brown cells, on the outside with a more or less recognizable hyphal structure, enclosing some decaying cells of the host, inner stratum thin, composed of four or five layers of hyaline, polygonal, elongate, thin-walled cells with large lumina, merging into the pseudoparaphyses. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, 1–1.5 <italic>μm</italic> broad, embedded in mucilage, anastomosing and septate. <italic>Asci</italic> 150<bold>–</bold>175 × 14–17.5 <italic>μm</italic>, 8-spored, bitunicate, cylindrical, with short pedicels, with an ocular chamber (Fig. <xref rid="Fig49" ref-type="fig">48b</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 23–32(−33) × 9–12 <italic>μm</italic>, uniseriate to partially overlapping, ellipsoid, dark brown, 1-septate, not or slightly constricted at the septum, striate by delicate costae that run parallel or in a slight angle to the longitudinal axis of the ascospore (Fig. <xref rid="Fig49" ref-type="fig">48c, d, e and f</xref>) (adapted from Kohlmeyer and Kohlmeyer <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR210">1979</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: US, Florida, Middle Torch Key, on <italic>Rhizophora mangle</italic>, 21 Nov. 1965, J. Kohlmeyer (Herb. J. Kohlmeyer No. 2390b, <bold>isotype</bold>); Pirate Grove Key, on <italic>R</italic>. <italic>mangle</italic>, 5 Jan. 1964 (Herb. J. Kohlmeyer No. 1721 <bold>paratype</bold>); Florida, Virginia Key, on <italic>R</italic>. <italic>mangle</italic>, 1 Jan. 1964, leg. E. Kohlmeyer (Herb. J. Kohlmeyer No. 1751 <bold>paratype</bold>); Florida, Torch Key, on <italic>R</italic>. <italic>mangle</italic>, 20 Nov. 1965, leg. J. Kohlmeyer (Herb. J. Kohlmeyer No. 2423 <bold>paratype</bold>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec125"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Lineolata</italic> was monotypified by <italic>L</italic>. <italic>rhizophorae</italic>, which was originally introduced by Kohlmeyer and Kohlmeyer (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR209">1966</xref>) as a species of <italic>Didymosphaeria</italic> (as <italic>D</italic>. <italic>rhizophorae</italic>). Based on the morphology of ascomata and asci, Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">1990a</xref>) assigned it under <italic>Lojkania</italic> (as <italic>L. rhizophorae</italic>). Kohlmeyer and Volkmann-Kohlmeyer (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR214">1990</xref>) restudied this species and noticed that the absence of clypeus, almost superficial ascomata, coloured peridium, a hamathecium with gelatinous matrix, asci with apical ring-like structure and the ornamented ascospores are quite different from the modified concept of <italic>Didymosphaeria</italic>. Thus they introduced <italic>Lineolata</italic> to accommodate <italic>D</italic>. <italic>rhizophorae</italic> (Kohlmeyer and Volkmann-Kohlmeyer <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR214">1990</xref>).</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>Three isolates of <italic>Lineolata rhizophorae</italic> from varied geographic localities were analyzed by Suetrong et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR357">2009</xref>) and shown to be related to <italic>Caryosporella rhizophorae</italic> in <italic>Dothideomycetidae</italic> and excluded from <italic>Pleosporomycetidae</italic> and <italic>Pleosporales</italic>.</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>Based on initial molecular work it is likely that this species does not belong to <italic>Pleosporales</italic> in spite of its dense pseudoparaphyses and other characters shared with the order.</p><p><bold><italic>Loculohypoxylon</italic></bold> M.E. Barr, Mycotaxon 3: 326 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR16">1976</xref>). (<italic>Teichosporaceae</italic>)</p></sec><sec id="Sec126"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, saprobic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> relatively small, gregarious, immersed to erumpent, globose or subglobose, forming under a clypeus, papillate, ostiolate. <italic>Peridium</italic> thin, a single layer comprising hyaline thin-walled cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic> or <italic>textura prismatica</italic>. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of septate pseudoparaphyses. <italic>Asci</italic> (2–4-)8-spored, bitunicate, cylindrical to cylindro-clavate, with a short, furcate pedicel, and wide ocular chamber. <italic>Ascospores</italic> broadly elliptic to subglobose, often apiculate at both ends, pale to dark brown, aseptate, with a germ slit.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: none.</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: von Arx and Müller <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR390">1975</xref>; Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR16">1976</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec127"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Loculohypoxylon grandineum</italic></bold> (Berk. & Rav.) Barr, Mycotaxon 3: 326 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR16">1976</xref>). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig50" ref-type="fig">49</xref>)<fig id="Fig50"><label>Fig. 49</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Loculohypoxylon grandineum</italic></bold> (from <bold>NY</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Appearance of ascomata on the host surface. <bold>b</bold> Habitat section of ascomata. <bold>c</bold> Section of an ascoma. Note the pale brown thin-walled peridium cells. <bold>d</bold>, <bold>e</bold> Uniseriate ascospores in asci. <bold>f–f</bold> Cylindro-clavate asci with ascospores. Note the ocular chamber in (<bold>g</bold>). Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 100 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>b</bold> = 200 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>c</bold> = 50 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>d</bold>–<bold>h</bold> = 10 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig50_HTML" id="MO50"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>≡ Diatrype grandinea</italic> Berk. & Rav., in Berkeley, Grevillea 4: 95 (1876).</p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 85–130 <italic>μm</italic> high × 75–145 <italic>μm</italic> diam., gregarious, immersed to widely erumpent, globose or subglobose, under a reddish brown to black clypeus, papillate, ostiolate (Fig. <xref rid="Fig50" ref-type="fig">49a and b</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> 18–30 <italic>μm</italic> thick laterally, 1-layered, composed of hyaline thin-walled cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic> to <italic>prismatica</italic>, cells up to 5 × 9 <italic>μm</italic> diam., cell wall 0.5–1 <italic>μm</italic> thick, apex cells smaller and walls thicker (Fig. <xref rid="Fig50" ref-type="fig">49c</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> comprising 2–3 <italic>μm</italic> broad, septate pseudoparaphyses. <italic>Asci</italic> 70<bold>–</bold>90 × 10–12.5 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq68"><alternatives><tex-math id="M68">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 76.5 \times 10.9\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq68.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), (2–4-)8-spored, bitunicate, cylindrical to cylindro-clavate, with a short, furcate pedicel, up to 25 <italic>μm</italic> long, with a wide ocular chamber (Fig. <xref rid="Fig50" ref-type="fig">49f, g, and h</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 7.5–10 × 5–7 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq69"><alternatives><tex-math id="M69">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 8.3 \times 5.9\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq69.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), uniseriate to partially overlapping at the upper part, broadly elliptic to subglobose, often apiculate at both ends, pale to dark brown, aseptate, with a germ slit (Fig. <xref rid="Fig50" ref-type="fig">49d and e</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: USA, New Jersey, Newfield, on bark of <italic>Quercus coccinea</italic>, Sept. 1878, as <italic>Diatrype grandinea</italic>, Ellis N.A.F. 494 (NY, MASS); on <italic>Quercus</italic> sp. wood, Nov. 1893, as <italic>Anthostoma grandinea</italic> B. & Rav., Ellis & Everhart, N.A.F. 494 (NY); Newfield, Oct. 1881, as <italic>Diatrype grandinea</italic> (NY); Newfield, Jan. 1882, on <italic>Quercus coccinea</italic>, as <italic>Diatrype grandinea</italic> B. & Rav, Ex Herb Ellis (NY); Newfield, Nov. 1893, as <italic>Anthostoma grandinea</italic>, on bark of fallen trunks of <italic>Quercus coccinea</italic> (NY).</p></sec><sec id="Sec128"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Loculohypoxylon grandineum</italic> is one of the rare pleosporalean species having aseptate ascospores. When emphasis is given to ascospore morphology, <italic>Semidelitschia</italic> (monotypified by <italic>S. agasmatica</italic> Cain & Luck-Allen) is the most comparable genus. The large ascomata and ascospores, the mucilaginous sheath surrounding the ascospores as well as the coprophilous habitat of <italic>S. agasmatica</italic> differ from <italic>L</italic>. <italic>grandineum</italic> greatly. Thus <italic>Loculohypoxylon</italic> was introduced as a new genus.</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>None.</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>Aseptate ascospores are rare in <italic>Pleosporales</italic>, and the position of this fungus needs further verification. The familial status of <italic>Loculohypoxylon</italic> in <italic>Teichosporaceae</italic> is questionable, as it is simply based on the similarity of living habitat, ascomata and asci with <italic>Immotthia</italic> and <italic>Teichospora</italic> (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR39">2002</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Lophionema</italic></bold> Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 2: 717 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR304">1883</xref>). (<italic>Pleosporales</italic>, genera <italic>incertae sedis</italic>)</p></sec><sec id="Sec129"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, saprobic? <italic>Ascomata</italic> solitary, scattered or in small groups, immersed to erumpent, globose to subglobose, with a flattened base, wall black, papillate, ostiolate. <italic>Peridium</italic> comprising two types of cells which merge in the middle. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, septate, rarely anastomosing and branching. <italic>Asci</italic> 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate unknown, clavate to cylindro-clavate, with a short and furcate pedicel and a small inconspicuous ocular chamber. <italic>Ascospores</italic> filliform, hyaline to pale yellow, multi-septate, slightly constricted at each septum.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: none.</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR34">1992b</xref>; Chesters and Bell <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR73">1970</xref>; Ellis and Everhart <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR95">1892</xref>; Höhnel <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR158">1909</xref>; Solheim <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR346">1949</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec130"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Lophionema vermisporum</italic></bold> (Ellis) Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 2: 717 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR304">1883</xref>). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig51" ref-type="fig">50</xref>)<fig id="Fig51"><label>Fig. 50</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Lophionema vermisporum</italic></bold> (from NY-643, <bold>holotype</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Appearance of ascomata on the host surface. Note the form of the neck. <bold>b</bold> Section of the peridium. <bold>c</bold> Peridium comprising two types of cells which merge in the middle; outer cells small heavily pigmented thick-walled cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, inner cells less pigmented, and comprising thin-walled compressed cells. <bold>d</bold>, <bold>e</bold> Cylindro-clavate, 8-spored asci. <bold>f</bold> A 7-septate filliform ascospore. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 0.5 mm, <bold>b</bold> = 100 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>c</bold> = 50 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>d–f</bold> = 10 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig51_HTML" id="MO51"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>≡ Lophiostoma vermispora</italic> Ellis, Bull. Torrey bot. Club 9: 19 (1882).</p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 320–430 <italic>μm</italic> high × 280–350 <italic>μm</italic> diam., solitary, scattered or in small groups of 2–3, immersed to erumpent, globose to subglobose, black, papillate, ostiolate. <italic>Papilla</italic> 80<italic>–</italic>120 <italic>μm</italic> high, up to 150 <italic>μm</italic> broad, cylindrical to somewhat vertically flattened neck; mostly with a short slot-like ostiole, periphysate (Fig. <xref rid="Fig51" ref-type="fig">50a</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> 30–45 <italic>μm</italic> wide at the sides and slightly thicker at the apex, 2-layered, lateral walls and wall adjacent to neck comprising two types of cells which merge in the middle; outer cells small heavily pigmented thick-walled cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, cells 4–7 <italic>μm</italic> diam., cell wall 3.5–5 <italic>μm</italic> thick, inner cells less pigmented, comprising thin-walled compressed cells; apical wall cells smaller and walls thicker, basal wall thinner (<italic>ca</italic>. 15 <italic>μm</italic> wide), composed of lightly pigmented thin-walled compressed cells (Fig. <xref rid="Fig51" ref-type="fig">50b and c</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, 1–2 <italic>μm</italic> broad, septate, anastomosing and branching rarely between and mostly above the asci. <italic>Asci</italic> 105–130(−150) × 10–15 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq70"><alternatives><tex-math id="M70">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 123 \times 12\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq70.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate dehiscence not observed, clavate to cylindro-clavate, with a short, narrow, furcate pedicel which is 10–25 <italic>μm</italic> long, and a small inconspicuous ocular chamber (to 1.5 <italic>μm</italic> wide × 1 <italic>μm</italic> high) (Fig. <xref rid="Fig51" ref-type="fig">50d and e</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> (80-)90–115 × 3–5 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq71"><alternatives><tex-math id="M71">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 95 \times 3.5\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq71.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), filliform, gradually tapering towards the base, hyaline to light yellow, (6-)7(−8)-septate, slightly constricted at each septum, smooth (Fig. <xref rid="Fig51" ref-type="fig">50f</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: USA, New Jersey, Newfield, on dead stems of <italic>Oenothera biennis</italic>, Aug. 1881, Ellis (NY 643, <bold>holotype</bold>, NY 885, <bold>isotype</bold>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec131"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Lophionema</italic> is a relatively poorly studied genus, which was formally established by Saccardo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR304">1883</xref>) as a monotypic genus represented by <italic>L</italic>. <italic>vermisporum</italic> based on its “globose ascomata, compressed ostiole, cylindrical to clavate ascus, and filamentous, septate, subhyaline to lightly pigmented ascospores”. <italic>Lophionema vermisporum</italic> was consequently listed as the generic type (Clements and Shear <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR76">1931</xref>). Berlese (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR45">1890</xref>) placed the genus in <italic>Lophiostomataceae</italic> but mentioned that the genus was similar to <italic>Ophiobolus</italic> according to the variable apex, and Shoemaker (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR323">1976</xref>) transferred <italic>Lophionema vermisporum</italic> to <italic>Ophiobolus sensu lato</italic>. Chesters and Bell (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR73">1970</xref>) however, had regarded <italic>Lophionema</italic> as related to <italic>Lophiostoma</italic> despite the distinct ascospore morphology. Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR34">1992b</xref>) assigned <italic>Lophionema</italic> to <italic>Entodesmium</italic> based on the morphology of ascomata, papilla, peridium structure, pseudoparaphyses as well as the hyaline or slightly yellowish ascospores with a terminal appendage (not observed here). Species of <italic>Entodesmium</italic>, however, exclusively occur on legumes, but <italic>Lophionema vermisporum</italic> does not. We also note that the filliform ascospores, bitunicate asci, pseudoparaphyses and nature of the peridium may also be considered as typical of genera in the <italic>Tubeufiaceae</italic> (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR19">1980</xref>; Kodsueb et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR203">2006b</xref>).</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>None.</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>The immersed to erumpent ascomata, trabeculate pseudoparaphyses and laterally flattened papilla and periphysate ostioles indicate that this genus should be included in <italic>Lophiostomataceae</italic>. We do not accept the above proposals and, consider that <italic>Lophionema</italic> should be maintained as a separate genus with filliform ascospores in <italic>Lophiostomataceae</italic> until representative taxa can be sequenced and analyzed. Currently <italic>Lophionema</italic> comprises 10 species (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.mycobank.org">http://www.mycobank.org</ext-link>, 08-01-2009). However, many of these are poorly studied and obscure.</p><p><bold><italic>Lophiostoma</italic></bold> Ces. & De Not., Comm. Soc. crittog. Ital. 1: 219 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR68">1863</xref>). (<italic>Lophiostomataceae</italic>)</p></sec><sec id="Sec132"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, saprobic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> immersed to erumpent, usually with a distinct depressed papilla and a slot-like ostiole. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long, septate pseudoparaphyses, embedded in mucilage, anastomosing and branching between and above the asci. <italic>Peridium</italic> unequal in thickness, thicker near the apex and thinner at base. <italic>Asci</italic> usually clavate. <italic>Ascospores</italic> 1-septate, multi-septate or even muriform, hyaline to deep brown, usually with terminal appendages.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: <italic>Pleuorphomopsis</italic>-like (Hyde et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR182">2011</xref>).</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">1990a</xref>; Chesters and Bell <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR73">1970</xref>; Holm and Holm <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR156">1988</xref>; Hyde and Aptroot <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR172">1998</xref>; Hyde et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR181">2002</xref>; Tanaka and Harada <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR363">2003b</xref>; Yuan and Zhao <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR419">1994</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec133"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Lophiostoma macrostomum</italic></bold> (Tode) Ces. & De Not., Comm. Soc. crittog. Ital. 1: 219 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR68">1863</xref>). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig52" ref-type="fig">51</xref>)<fig id="Fig52"><label>Fig. 51</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Lophiostoma macrostomum</italic></bold> (<bold>a</bold>–<bold>h</bold>, <bold>j</bold> from UPS, <bold>leptotype</bold>; <bold>i</bold> from IFRD 2005). <bold>a</bold> Appearance of ascomata on the host surface. Note the raised crest-like areas and full length germ slits. <bold>b</bold> Section of the peridium. <bold>c–e</bold> Cylindro-clavate asci with ascospores arranged in a 2-3-seriate manner. <bold>f</bold> Hamathecium comprising branching and septate pseudoparaphyses. <bold>g–j</bold> Released or unreleased ascospores. Note the smooth young ascospores with terminal sheath, and the verrucose senescent ascospores. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 0.5 mm, <bold>b</bold> = 200 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>c</bold>–<bold>j</bold> = 10 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig52_HTML" id="MO52"></graphic></fig></p><p>≡ <italic>Sphaeria macrostoma</italic> Tode, Fung. mecklenb. sel. (Lüneburg) 2: 12 (1791).</p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 400–600 <italic>μm</italic> high × 420–560 <italic>μm</italic> diam., densely scattered to gregarious, semi-immersed to erumpent, globose or subglobose, with a small to large flattened crest-like raised area above the ascomata which is variable in shape, up to 300 <italic>μm</italic> high and 480 <italic>μm</italic> wide, with a slit-like ostiole along the full length of the crest (Fig. <xref rid="Fig52" ref-type="fig">51a and b</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> 30–45 <italic>μm</italic> thick at the sides, thicker at the apex and thinner at the base, composed of one cell type of small lightly pigmented thin-walled cells of <italic>textura prismatica</italic>, cells <italic>ca</italic>. 6–9 × 3–4 <italic>μm</italic> diam., apex composed of pseudoparenchymatous cells (Fig. <xref rid="Fig52" ref-type="fig">51b</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, filliform, up to 3 <italic>μm</italic> near the base and less than 1.5 <italic>μm</italic> broad in the upper place, septate pseudoparaphyses, embedded in mucilage, anastomosing and branching between and above the asci (Fig. <xref rid="Fig52" ref-type="fig">51f</xref>). <italic>Asci</italic> 110<bold>–</bold>145 × 10–15 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq72"><alternatives><tex-math id="M72">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 127.5 \times 13\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq72.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate (ectotunica no constriction), cylindro-clavate, with a furcate pedicel and a small ocular chamber (to 1.5 <italic>μm</italic> wide × 2 <italic>μm</italic> high) (J-) (Fig. <xref rid="Fig52" ref-type="fig">51c, d and e</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 27–38(−43) × 5–7.5 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq73"><alternatives><tex-math id="M73">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 31.2 \times 6.4\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq73.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), biseriate, fusoid, curved, hyaline, usually 1-septate, with 3–5 septa and faintly brown when old, with (2-)3(−4) distinct oil drops in each cell and short terminal appendage at ends (Fig. <xref rid="Fig52" ref-type="fig">51h, i and j</xref>), and ornamented with warts when spores are senescent (Fig. <xref rid="Fig52" ref-type="fig">51g</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: SWEDEN, Smaland, Femsjö par., Femsjö, on <italic>Prunus</italic>, 2006, Elias Fries, det. Geir Mathiassen (UPS, <bold>lectotype</bold>, as <italic>Sphaeria macrostoma</italic> Fr.). FRANCE, Ariège, Rimont, Las Muros, on dead stems of <italic>Vitis vinifera</italic>, 2 Sept. 1996 (IFRD2005).</p></sec><sec id="Sec134"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Lophiostoma</italic> is morphologically a well studied genus (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">1990a</xref>; Chesters and Bell <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR73">1970</xref>; Holm and Holm <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR156">1988</xref>; Mugambi and Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR259">2009b</xref>; Yuan and Zhao <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR419">1994</xref>), and currently it comprises about 30 species (Tanaka and Harada <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR363">2003b</xref>). The genus was characterized as having immersed to erumpent ascomata with a cylindrical or crest-like papilla and full length, slit-like ostiole; a peridium of unequal thickness, which was broader near the base (<italic>Lophiostoma</italic>-type); mostly clavate, bitunicate asci and 1- to several septate, hyaline to pigmented ascospores with terminal appendages or surrounded by a mucilaginous sheath (Holm and Holm <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR156">1988</xref>). This definition was followed by Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">1990a</xref>), Yuan and Zhao (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR419">1994</xref>) and Hyde et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR181">2002</xref>).</p><p>The crest-like papilla has been regarded as a prominent morphological character of <italic>Lophiostoma macrostomum</italic> (Chesters and Bell <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR73">1970</xref>; Holm and Holm <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR156">1988</xref>). In the lectotype specimen, the raised area above the ascomata is up to 300 <italic>μm</italic> high and 480 <italic>μm</italic> long, and seen as a flattened or even Y-shaped crest (Fig. <xref rid="Fig52" ref-type="fig">51a</xref>). In <italic>Lophiostoma curtum</italic> (Fr.) De Not. and <italic>Lophiotrema boreale</italic> Math. the raised area above the ascomata varies considerably in height or is even lacking (Holm and Holm <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR156">1988</xref>). Thus the variable “crest-like raised area in <italic>Lophiostomataceae</italic>” was explained as an evolutionarily adaptation to the hard substrate within which the ascomata develop (Holm and Holm <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR156">1988</xref>). The ascospores of <italic>L</italic>. <italic>macrostomum</italic> usually turn reddish brown when mature, and minutely verrucose ornamentation was also found on the surface of the pigmented ascospores. Hyaline ascospores that became pigmented with age are common in <italic>Lophiostoma</italic>, such as in <italic>L</italic>. <italic>appendiculatum</italic> Fuckel, <italic>L</italic>. <italic>massarioides</italic> (Sacc.) L. Holm & K. Holm, <italic>L</italic>. <italic>semiliberum</italic>, <italic>L</italic>. <italic>subcorticale</italic> Fuckel and <italic>L</italic>. <italic>winteri</italic> (Holm and Holm <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR156">1988</xref>; Tanaka and Harada <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR363">2003b</xref>). The phylogenetic significance of this character should be observed carefully in the future but at present its phylogenetic significance is unclear as this also occurs in some <italic>Lophiotrema</italic> species.</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>Phylogenetic affinity with some <italic>Massarina</italic> species has been reported by Liew et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR228">2002</xref>), and several <italic>Massarina</italic> species were transferred into <italic>Lophiostoma</italic>. In a systematic study of <italic>Lophiostoma</italic>- and <italic>Massarina</italic>-related fungi conducted by Zhang et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR427">2009b</xref>), <italic>Lophiostoma</italic> taxa clustered into two groups; one includes the type species <italic>L</italic>. <italic>macrostomum</italic> with crest-like ostioles, <italic>L</italic>. <italic>rugulosum</italic> Yin. Zhang, J. Fourn. & K.D. Hyde with a wide, umbilicate pore surrounded by 4–6 radial ridges, and <italic>L</italic>. <italic>glabro-tunicatus</italic> with small ostiolar pores; the other cluster comprises <italic>Lophiostoma</italic>-like taxa with slot-like ostioles lacking raised crests, which includes <italic>L</italic>. <italic>arundinis</italic> (Pers.) Ces. & De Not., <italic>L</italic>. <italic>caulium</italic>, <italic>L</italic>. <italic>compressum</italic> (Pers.) Ces. & De Not., <italic>L</italic>. <italic>crenatum</italic> (Pers.) Fuckel, <italic>L</italic>. <italic>fuckelii</italic> (Sacc.) Sacc., <italic>L</italic>. <italic>macrostomoides</italic>, <italic>L</italic>. <italic>semiliberum</italic> and <italic>L</italic>. <italic>viridarium</italic> Cooke, which seems to represent a natural group at the family level. This conclusion is tentative until verified sequences of <italic>L</italic>. <italic>macrostomum</italic> are included in analyses (see comments of Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>).</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>We tend to accept a narrow concept of <italic>Lophiostomataceae</italic>, which only comprises species of <italic>Lophiostoma sensu stricto</italic> (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Lophiotrema</italic></bold> Sacc., Michelia 1: 338 (1878). (<italic>Pleosporales</italic>, genera <italic>incertae sedis</italic>)</p></sec><sec id="Sec135"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, saprobic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> small- to medium-sized, with or without short papilla. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long, septate pseudoparaphyses, anastomosing and branching between and above asci. <italic>Asci</italic> cylindrical to cylindro-clavate. <italic>Ascospores</italic> hyaline, 1–3-septate, usually with mucilaginous sheath.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: none.</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">1990a</xref>; Chesters and Bell <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR73">1970</xref>; Holm and Holm <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR156">1988</xref>; Saccardo <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR300">1878a</xref>; Tanaka and Harada <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR364">2003c</xref>; Tang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR372">2003</xref>; Yuan and Zhao <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR419">1994</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec136"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Lophiotrema nucula</italic></bold> (Fr.) Sacc., Michelia 1: 338 (1878). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig53" ref-type="fig">52</xref>)<fig id="Fig53"><label>Fig. 52</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Lophiotrema nucula</italic></bold> (from UPS, <bold>lectotype</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Ascomata on the host surface. <bold>b</bold> Section of a partial ascoma. <bold>c</bold> Peridium structure near the apex. <bold>d</bold>, <bold>h</bold> Cylindrical asci in the pseudoparaphyses. <bold>e</bold>, <bold>f</bold> Upper part of the asci, showing the small ocular chamber near the apex. <bold>h</bold> Mature ascospores. <bold>i</bold> Pseudoparaphyses. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 0.5 mm, <bold>b</bold> = 100 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>c</bold>, <bold>d</bold> = 30 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>e–i</bold> = 10 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig53_HTML" id="MO53"></graphic></fig></p><p>≡ <italic>Sphaeria nucula</italic> Fr., Syst. mycol. (Lundae) 2: 466 (1823).</p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 200–240 <italic>μm</italic> high × 200–280 <italic>μm</italic> diam., scattered, erumpent to nearly superficial, with basal wall remaining immersed in host tissue, globose to subglobose, often laterally flattened, with a flattened base not easily removed from the substrate, black, roughened; with a cylindrical or slightly compressed papilla. <italic>Papilla</italic> to 120 <italic>μm</italic> long and 150 <italic>μm</italic> high, protruding, with a pore-like ostiole (Fig. <xref rid="Fig53" ref-type="fig">52a</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> 25–30 <italic>μm</italic> wide, very thin at the base, composed of heavily pigmented pseudoparenchymatous cells near the apex, cells 2–2 × 6 <italic>μm</italic> diam., wall 1–3(−4) <italic>μm</italic> thick, lower sides composed of pigmented cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, 3–5 <italic>μm</italic> diam., wall 0.8–1.5 <italic>μm</italic> thick, ostiole wall composed of heavily pigmented and thick-walled small cells (Fig. <xref rid="Fig53" ref-type="fig">52b and c</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long, septate pseudoparaphyses, 1–2 <italic>μm</italic> broad, anastomosing and branching between and above asci, embedded in mucilage (Fig. <xref rid="Fig53" ref-type="fig">52i</xref>). <italic>Asci</italic> 90<bold>–</bold>115 × 9–11.5 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq74"><alternatives><tex-math id="M74">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 99.5 \times 11.5\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq74.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>; <italic>n</italic> = 10), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical, with a short, narrowed, furcate pedicel which is up to 10 <italic>μm</italic> long, with a small ocular chamber (<italic>ca</italic>. 1.5 <italic>μm</italic> wide × 1 <italic>μm</italic> high) (J-) (Fig. <xref rid="Fig53" ref-type="fig">52d, e, f and h</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 17–21(−25) × (4-)5–6.5 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq75"><alternatives><tex-math id="M75">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 19.5 \times 5.5\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq75.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), obliquely uniseriate and partially overlapping to biseriate, broadly fusoid to fusoid, with narrowly rounded ends, hyaline and lightly pigmented on very rare occasions when senescent, 1-septate, 3-septate when old, constricted at the median septum, the upper cell often broader than the lower one (Fig. <xref rid="Fig53" ref-type="fig">52g</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: on decaying wood (UPS, <bold>lectotype</bold> as <italic>Sphaeria nucula</italic> Fr.).</p></sec><sec id="Sec137"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p>Holm and Holm (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR156">1988</xref>) provided a relatively strict definition for <italic>Lophiotrema</italic> after they examined several specimens including the type material which they lectotypified. <italic>Lophiotrema</italic> was mainly defined on the unique characters of small to medium ascomata, a “<italic>Lophiotrema</italic>-type” peridium and 1-septate ascospores. In <italic>Lophiotrema</italic>, Holm and Holm (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR156">1988</xref>) considered the ascomata to be small- to medium-sized, <italic>ca</italic>. pyriform but neck often reduced, even lacking and sometimes cylindrical. The peridium was of approximately equal thickness, 20–30 <italic>μm</italic>, composed of an outer <italic>textura angularis</italic> of uniformly pigmented cells, up to 12 <italic>μm</italic>, and an inner layer of very small hyaline cells, with somewhat thickened walls. Asci are cylindrical, spores hyaline, at first 1-septate, becoming 3-septate, with distinct guttules, often with a mucilaginous sheath. Much emphasis was given to the 1-septate ascospores by Holm and Holm (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR156">1988</xref>) when they described and distinguished the three <italic>Lophiotrema</italic> species: <italic>L</italic>. <italic>boreale</italic>, <italic>L</italic>. <italic>nucula</italic>, <italic>L</italic>. <italic>vagabundum</italic> (Sacc.) Sacc. and two other unnamed species. This concept was widely accepted by later workers (Kirk et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR197">2001</xref>; Yuan and Zhao <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR419">1994</xref>). Tanaka and Harada (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR364">2003c</xref>) considered the peridium and asci to distinguish <italic>Lophiotrema</italic> from <italic>Lophiostoma</italic>, while Tang et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR372">2003</xref>) introduced a new <italic>Lophiotrema</italic> species with elongated slit-like ostiole stating that the main difference between <italic>Lophiotrema</italic> and <italic>Lophiostoma</italic> were size of ascomata, structure of peridium, shape of asci and sheath of ascospores. This peridium concept however, is not supported by the lectotype specimen we examined here, which has a flattened thin-walled base. Thus the “<italic>Lophiotrema</italic>-like peridium” <italic>sensu</italic> Holm and Holm (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR156">1988</xref>) should not serve as a diagnostic character of <italic>Lophiotrema</italic>, while the ostiole, asci and ascospores might have some phylogenetic significance (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR427">2009b</xref>). No anamorph is yet known for <italic>Lophiotrema</italic>. Although the ascospores was reported by Holm and Holm (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR156">1988</xref>) to be verruculose this could not be observed in the lectotype examined under light microscope (1000 ×) in the present study.</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>In the phylogenetic study of <italic>Lophiostoma</italic>, <italic>Massarina</italic> and related genera (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR427">2009b</xref>), <italic>Lophiotrema nucula</italic> formed a consistent and robust clade with three other <italic>Lophiotrema</italic> species: <italic>L</italic>. <italic>lignicola</italic> Yin. Zhang, J. Fourn. & K.D. Hyde<italic>, L</italic>. <italic>brunneosporum</italic> Yin. Zhang, J. Fourn. & K.D. Hyde and <italic>L</italic>. <italic>vagabundum</italic>, separate from other members of <italic>Lophiostoma</italic> and <italic>Massarina sensu stricto</italic>. This clade might represent <italic>Lophiotrema sensu stricto</italic>, however, the correctness of strains of <italic>L</italic>. <italic>vagabundum</italic> (CBS 628.86) and <italic>L</italic>. <italic>nucula</italic> (CBS 627.86) used in the phylogenetic study are not verified and warrant further study.</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>Holm and Holm (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR156">1988</xref>) distinguished <italic>Lophiostoma</italic> from <italic>Lophiotrema</italic> based on the smaller ascomata, 1-septate versus multi-septate ascospores, and peridial wall structure. However, we doubt that these distinguishing characters (size of ascomata, number of septa of ascospores) can be confidently used to separate these genera and we could not establish any characters that could reliably distinguish between these two genera. The molecular data, however, does separate <italic>Lophiostoma macrostomum</italic> and <italic>Lophiotrema nucula</italic> into separate clades and provides some support that these are separate genera. Although the strain of <italic>L</italic>. <italic>nucula</italic> (CBS 627.86) was isolated by K. & L. Holm, who had examined the type specimen of <italic>L. nucula</italic> (Holm and Holm <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR156">1988</xref>), the culture of <italic>Lophiostoma macrostomum</italic> used in the analysis are unverified (see comment by Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR427">2009b</xref>). For the purpose of this monograph we tentatively maintain <italic>Lophiotrema</italic> as distinct from <italic>Lophiostoma</italic>.</p><p><bold><italic>Macroventuria</italic></bold> Aa, Persoonia 6: 359 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR379">1971</xref>). (<italic>Didymellaceae</italic>)</p></sec><sec id="Sec138"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, saprobic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> small, solitary, scattered, or in groups, initially immersed, becoming erumpent, to nearly superficial, globose to subglobose, roughened with cylindrical setae erect from apex. <italic>Peridium</italic> thin, membranous. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of cellular pseudoparaphyses, seems to easily disappear when mature. <italic>Asci</italic> bitunicate, somewhat obclavate to fusoid. <italic>Ascospores</italic> fusoid with broadly to narrowly rounded ends, hyaline, 1-septate, constricted at the septum.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: none.</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: van der Aa <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR379">1971</xref>; von Arx and Müller <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR390">1975</xref>; Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR26">1987a</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec139"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Macroventuria wentii</italic></bold> Aa, Persoonia 6: 361 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR379">1971</xref>). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig54" ref-type="fig">53</xref>)<fig id="Fig54"><label>Fig. 53</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Macroventuria wenti</italic></bold>. <bold>a</bold> Ascomata. Note the setae. <bold>b</bold> Ascus and ascospores. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 50 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>b</bold> = 10 <italic>μm</italic> (figures referred to van der Aa <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR379">1971</xref>)</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig54_HTML" id="MO54"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 135–180 <italic>μm</italic> diam., rarely more than 200 <italic>μm</italic> diam., solitary, scattered or in groups, initially immersed, becoming erumpent, to nearly superficial, with basal wall remaining immersed in host tissue, globose to subglobose, broadly or narrowly conical, setae erect from the apical region of the ascomata, cylindrical or tapering to the rounded or pointed tip, brown, up to 90 <italic>μm</italic> long, 5–7.5 <italic>μm</italic> thick (Fig. <xref rid="Fig54" ref-type="fig">53a</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic>, 25–35 <italic>μm</italic> thick, 2-layered, out layer composed of relatively thick-walled cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, cell wall up to 3 <italic>μm</italic> thick; inner layer cells with a thinner wall and subhyaline; near apex cells smaller (Fig. <xref rid="Fig54" ref-type="fig">53a</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of cellular pseudoparaphyses, 1–2 <italic>μm</italic> thick, evanescing not sure. <italic>Asci</italic> 75<bold>–</bold>93 × 24–30 <italic>μm</italic>, 8-spored, without pedicel, bitunicate, somewhat obclavate to fusoid (Fig. <xref rid="Fig54" ref-type="fig">53b</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 22<bold>–</bold>32 × 8–14 <italic>μm</italic>, 1–3 seriate, fusoid with broadly to narrowly rounded ends, hyaline, 1-septate, constricted at the septum, smooth (Fig. <xref rid="Fig54" ref-type="fig">53b</xref>) (description adapted from van der Aa <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR379">1971</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material referred</bold>: USA, Nevada; Death Valley, plant litter, F.W. Went, 229, 1970 (CBS 526.71, <bold>holotype</bold>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec140"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Macroventuria</italic> was formally established by van der Aa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR379">1971</xref>) represented by <italic>M</italic>. <italic>anomochaeta</italic> and <italic>M. wentii</italic> based on its “near-hyaline, 1-septate ascospores, setose ascomata, and saprobic life style”. Almost all of the above characters (except the saprobic life style) point this group of fungi to <italic>Venturiaceae</italic>. Thus <italic>Macroventuria</italic> was assigned to this family as a relatively primitive genus (van der Aa <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR379">1971</xref>). Subsequently, von Arx and Müller (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR390">1975</xref>) assigned <italic>Macroventuria</italic> to <italic>Pseudosphaeriaceae</italic> (<italic>Dothideales</italic>), and this proposal was followed by Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR26">1987a</xref>).</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>Phylogenetic analysis based on combined SSU rDNA and LSU rDNA sequences indicated that both of <italic>Macroventuria anomochaeta</italic> and <italic>M</italic>. <italic>wentii</italic> form a robust clade with <italic>Leptosphaerulina argentinensis</italic> (Speg.) J.H. Graham & Luttr., <italic>L</italic>. <italic>australis</italic>, <italic>L</italic>. <italic>trifolii</italic> (Rostr.) Petr. and <italic>Platychora ulmi</italic>, which appear to share phylogenetic affinities with the <italic>Leptosphaeriaceae</italic> and <italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic>, but detached from other members of <italic>Venturiaceae</italic> and <italic>Pleosporaceae</italic> (Kodsueb et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR202">2006a</xref>). In addition, culture characters also support the close relationship between <italic>Macroventuria</italic> and <italic>Leptosphaerulina</italic> (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR26">1987a</xref>). Analysis based on five genes, i.e. SSU, LSU, <italic>RPB</italic>1, <italic>RPB</italic>2 and <italic>TEF</italic>1, indicated <italic>Macroventuria anomochaeta</italic> resides in the well supported clade of <italic>Didymellaceae</italic> (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>).</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>The morphological characters, such as small ascomata and hyaline, 1-septate ascospores all point at <italic>Didymellaceae</italic>, thus the familial status of <italic>Macroventuria</italic> is verified.</p><p><bold><italic>Mamillisphaeria</italic></bold> K.D. Hyde, S.W. Wong & E.B.G. Jones<bold>,</bold> Nova Hedwigia 62: 514 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR179">1996b</xref>). (?<italic>Melanommataceae</italic>)</p></sec><sec id="Sec141"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat freshwater, saprobic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> superficial, scattered or gregarious, conical, carbonaceous, papillate. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, filliform, trabeculate pseudoparaphyses. <italic>Asci</italic> broadly clavate to clavate, with small ocular chambers and short pedicels. <italic>Ascospores</italic> of two types, (1): 2-4-seriate, ellipsoid, hyaline, slightly constricted at the main septum; with apical appendages at each end and around the ascospore; (2) 1-2-seriate, ellipsoid to fusoid, brown, with mucilaginous sheath around the ascospore (Hyde et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR179">1996b</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: none.</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Hyde et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR178">1996a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR179">b</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec142"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Mamillisphaeria dimorphospora</italic></bold> K.D. Hyde, S.W. Wong & E.B.G. Jones, Nova Hedwigia 62: 515 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR179">1996b</xref>). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig55" ref-type="fig">54</xref>)<fig id="Fig55"><label>Fig. 54</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Mamillisphaeria dimorphospora</italic></bold> (from HKU(M) 7425, <bold>paratype</bold>?). <bold>a</bold> Ascomata scattered on the host surface. Note the small papilla. <bold>b</bold> Section of an ascoma. <bold>c</bold>, <bold>d</bold> Asci (TYPE 1). <bold>e</bold> Trabeculate pseudoparaphyses in a gelatinous matrix. <bold>f–j</bold> Ascospores. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 0.5 mm, <bold>b</bold>–<bold>d</bold> = 100 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>e</bold> = 10 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>f–j</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig55_HTML" id="MO55"></graphic></fig></p><p>Following description is adapted from Hyde et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR178">1996a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR179">b</xref>).</p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 455<italic>–</italic>650 <italic>μm</italic> high × 980–1430 <italic>μm</italic> diam., scattered or in small groups, superficial, conical, carbonaceous, papillate, under pseudostroma which forms a thin layer on the host surface, up to 50 <italic>μm</italic> thick between the ascomata and 125–250 <italic>μm</italic> thick on the ascomata surface (Fig. <xref rid="Fig55" ref-type="fig">54a and b</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> 10–25 <italic>μm</italic> thick, comprising several layers of compressed, densely packed, thin-walled, hyaline cells. A wedge-shaped area of vertically orientated hyaline palisade-like cells occurs at the periphery (Fig. <xref rid="Fig55" ref-type="fig">54b</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, <italic>ca</italic>. 1 <italic>μm</italic> broad, hyaline, branching and anastomosing, septate, embedded in mucilage (Fig. <xref rid="Fig55" ref-type="fig">54e</xref>). Two types of asci and ascospores exist in the same ascoma: TYPE 1: <italic>asci</italic> 185<bold>–</bold>320 × 40–100 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq76"><alternatives><tex-math id="M76">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 210 \times 78\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq76.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 50), 8-spored, cylindro-clavate, bitunicate, fissitunicate, short-pedicellate, with an ocular chamber (to 13 <italic>μm</italic> wide × 5 <italic>μm</italic> high) (Fig. <xref rid="Fig55" ref-type="fig">54c and d</xref>). Ascospores 66–84 × 20–38 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq77"><alternatives><tex-math id="M77">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 78 \times 25\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq77.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 50), 2-4-seriate, hyaline, ellipsoidal, constricted at the central septum, with pad-like mucilaginous appendage at each end and with some mucilage associated around the spore, and TYPE 2: asci 158–242 × 8–15 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq78"><alternatives><tex-math id="M78">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 182 \times 11\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq78.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 50), 8-spored, cylindrical, bitunicate, fissitunicate, pedicellate, with an ocular chamber and faint apical ring, ascospores 29–42 × 6–9 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq79"><alternatives><tex-math id="M79">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 35 \times 7\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq79.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 50), 1-2-seriate, brown, ellipsoidal-fusoid, surrounded by a thin mucilaginous sheath (Fig. <xref rid="Fig55" ref-type="fig">54f, g, h, i and j</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: BRUNEI, on submerged wood, Aug. 1997, leg. K.D. Hyde (HKU(M) 7425).</p></sec><sec id="Sec143"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Mamillisphaeria</italic> was established as a monotypic genus according to its bitunicate, fissitunicate asci, trabeculate pseudoparaphyses and dimorphic ascospores, which is typified by the widely distributed freshwater fungus, <italic>M</italic>. <italic>dimorphospora</italic> (Hyde et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR178">1996a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR179">b</xref>). The most striking character of this fungus is its dimorphic ascospores, i.e. one type is large and hyaline, and the other is comparatively smaller and brown. Only a few ascomycetes have been reported having dimorphic ascospores, such as <italic>Aquasphaeria dimorphospora</italic> and <italic>Nectria heterospora</italic> Speg. (Hyde <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR170">1995b</xref>; Spegazzini <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR348">1889</xref>). Dimorphic ascospores appear to have evolutionary benefits, for example the large ascospores with mucilaginous sheaths may facilitate nutrient storage for germination and enhanced collision and attachment to substrates. The smaller brown ascospores may help resist desiccation and damage by UV light and contribute to aerial dispersal, which might explain the worldwide distribution of <italic>M</italic>. <italic>dimorphospora</italic> (Hyde et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR178">1996a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR179">b</xref>).</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>None.</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>Although in the key by Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">1990a</xref>), <italic>M</italic>. <italic>dimorphospora</italic> can be referred to <italic>Massariaceae</italic>, it is temporarily assigned to <italic>Melanommataceae</italic> here based on its trabeculate pseudoparaphyses embedded in mucilage (Hyde et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR178">1996a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR179">b</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Massarina</italic></bold> Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 2: 153 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR304">1883</xref>). <bold>emend.</bold> (<italic>Massarinaceae</italic>)</p></sec><sec id="Sec144"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, saprobic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> immersed or superficial, scattered or clustered, globose, conical globose to lenticular, papillate or epapillate, ostiolate. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, cellular pseudoparaphyses. <italic>Asci</italic> clavate to cylindrical, with short pedicels. <italic>Ascospores</italic> ellipsoid to fusoid, hyaline, 1- to 3-septate, with or without mucilaginous sheath.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: <italic>Ceratophoma</italic> (Sivanesan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR344">1984</xref>).</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Aptroot <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR7">1998</xref>; Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">1990a</xref>; Bose <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR55">1961</xref>; Eriksson and Yue <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR110">1986</xref>; Hyde <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR169">1995a</xref>; Hyde and Aptroot <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR172">1998</xref>; Liew et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR228">2002</xref>; Saccardo <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR304">1883</xref>; Sivanesan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR344">1984</xref>; Tanaka and Harada <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR365">2003d</xref>; Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR427">b</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec145"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Massarina eburnea</italic></bold> (Tul. & C. Tul.) Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 2: 153 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR304">1883</xref>). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig56" ref-type="fig">55</xref>)<fig id="Fig56"><label>Fig. 55</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Massarina eburnea</italic></bold> (from IFRD 2006). <bold>a</bold> Ascomata on the host surface. <bold>b</bold> Section of an ascoma. <bold>c</bold> Ascus with a short pedicel. <bold>d</bold> Cellular pseudoparaphyses. <bold>e</bold> Section of the peridium comprising a few layers of compressed cells. <bold>f</bold> Asci in pseudoparaphyses. <bold>g</bold> Three-septate ascospores. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 0.5 mm, <bold>b</bold> = 100 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>c–g</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig56_HTML" id="MO56"></graphic></fig></p><p>≡ <italic>Massaria eburnea</italic> Tul. & C. Tul., Sel. Fung. Carp. 2: 239 (1863).</p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> to 250 <italic>μm</italic> high × 500–700 <italic>μm</italic> diam., solitary or in small clusters, forming under raised dome-shaped areas, with blackened centres, with a central ostiole, immersed within the cortex of thin dead branches, ellipsoidal, rounded from above, clypeate, neck central, short and barely noticeable on host surface (Fig. <xref rid="Fig56" ref-type="fig">55a</xref>). <italic>Clypeus ca</italic>. 250 <italic>μm</italic> diam., 60 <italic>μm</italic> thick, brown, comprising compact brown-walled cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic> to <italic>globulosa</italic> beneath host epidermal cells (Fig. <xref rid="Fig56" ref-type="fig">55b</xref>). <italic>Peridium ca</italic>. 20 <italic>μm</italic> thick comprising 3–5 layers of hyaline compressed cells, fusing at the outside with the host (Fig. <xref rid="Fig56" ref-type="fig">55e</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> filamentous, cellular pseudoparaphyses, <italic>ca</italic>. 2 <italic>μm</italic> broad, septate, embedded in mucilage, without anastomosing (Fig. <xref rid="Fig56" ref-type="fig">55d</xref>). <italic>Asci</italic> 108–170 × 18–22 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq80"><alternatives><tex-math id="M80">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 144.5 \times 18.8\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq80.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), 8-spored, cylindro-clavate, pedunculate, bitunicate, fissitunicate, (1-)2-seriate, apically rounded, with an ocular chamber and faint ring (J-) (Fig. <xref rid="Fig56" ref-type="fig">55c and f</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 30–38 × 8–12 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq81"><alternatives><tex-math id="M81">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 32.4 \times 8.6\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq81.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), fusoid to ellipsoid, 4-celled, constricted at the septa, hyaline, with acute rounded ends and surrounded by (5–8 <italic>μm</italic> diam.) mucilaginous sheath (Fig. <xref rid="Fig56" ref-type="fig">55g</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: <italic>Ceratophoma</italic> sp. (Sivanesan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR344">1984</xref>).</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: FRANCE, on twig of <italic>Fagus</italic> sp., (Desmazières 1764. P, <bold>holotype</bold> of <italic>Sphaeria pupula</italic> var <italic>minor</italic>), (Mycotheca universalis no. 1951 <bold>lectotype</bold>). AUSTRIA, Silesia, Karlsbrunn, on dead twigs of <italic>Fagus sylvatica</italic> L., Aug. and Sept. 1890, Niessl., De Thümen, sub. <italic>Massarina eburnea</italic>, ETH. Saxonia, Königsbrunn, on twigs of <italic>Fagus sylvatica</italic>, Apr. 1882, W. Krieger, Rabenhorst & Winter, Fungi europaei no. 2767, ETH; FRANCE, on a dead twig of <italic>Fagus sylvatica</italic>, Deux Sèvres, Villiers en Bois, Forêt de Chizé, Rimbaud, 14 Apr. 2008, leg. det. Paul Leroy (IFRD 2006).</p></sec><sec id="Sec146"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Massarina</italic> was introduced by Saccardo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR304">1883</xref>) for species of pyrenocarpous ascomycetes that had previously been placed in <italic>Massaria</italic>, but typically had hyaline ascospores (Bose <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR55">1961</xref>). The family <italic>Massarinaceae</italic> was described by Munk (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR267">1956</xref>) to accommodate <italic>Massarina</italic>. This family was not commonly used and <italic>Massarina</italic> was later placed within the <italic>Lophiostomataceae</italic> in the <italic>Pleosporales</italic> (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">1990a</xref>; Bose <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR55">1961</xref>; Eriksson and Yue <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR110">1986</xref>). Of the 160 epithets listed in his monograph, Aptroot accepted only 43 species (Aptroot <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR7">1998</xref>). The concept of <italic>Massarina</italic> was widely accepted as having single or aggregated, immersed to erumpent, spherical to hemispherical, pseudothecioid ascomata; cellular pseudoparaphyses; bitunicate, cylindrical to clavate or obpyriform asci; and hyaline, 1–3(−7)-septate, fusoid to long ellipsoid ascospores that mostly have a mucilaginous sheath or appendages (Aptroot <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR7">1998</xref>; Hyde and Aptroot <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR172">1998</xref>; Tanaka and Harada <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR365">2003d</xref>).</p><p>In the holotype of <italic>Sphaeria pupula</italic> var. <italic>minor</italic> (P) and lectotype of <italic>Massarina eburnea</italic> (ETH), ascospores are reported as “not constricted at the septa” (Hyde <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR169">1995a</xref>). However, in one of our recent collections, ascospores that are constricted at their septa were observed (Fig. <xref rid="Fig56" ref-type="fig">55g</xref>), which was consistent with the description by Fallah and Shearer (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR114">2001</xref>). This might be because this character is not clear in the old (over 100 years) and dry herbarium specimens, or it may be variable between collections.</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>Recent morphological, molecular and anamorphic results indicate, however, that <italic>Massarina</italic> is polyphyletic (Hyde <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR169">1995a</xref>; Kirk et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR197">2001</xref>; Liew et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR228">2002</xref>). Based on the rDNA dataset, <italic>Massarina cisti</italic> and the type of <italic>Massarina</italic> (<italic>M</italic>. <italic>eburnea</italic>) forms a robust clade representing <italic>Massarina sensu stricto</italic> (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR427">b</xref>).</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p><italic>Massarina sensu stricto</italic> should be accepted, which seems to only include some terrestrial and saprobic species.</p><p><bold><italic>Massariosphaeria</italic></bold> (E. Müll.) Crivelli, Diss. Eidgenöss. Techn. Hochschule Zürich 7318: 141 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR83">1983</xref>). (?<italic>Amniculicolaceae</italic>)</p><p><italic>≡ Leptosphaeria</italic> subgen. <italic>Massariosphaeria</italic> E. Müll., Sydowia 4: 206 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR260">1950</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec147"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial or freshwater, saprobic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> medium-sized, scattered, or in small groups, immersed, erumpent to superficial, subglobose, black; apex with a wide and usually somewhat compressed papilla. <italic>Peridium</italic> thick or thin, usually thicker near the apex, composed of 2–3 layers of thick walled scleroparenchymatous cells. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, trabeculate pseudoparaphyses. <italic>Asci</italic> 8-spored, bitunicate, cylindrical to cylindro-clavate, with a short, thick, furcate pedicel. <italic>Ascospores</italic> fusoid to narrowly ellipsoid, brown or dark brown, multi-septate.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: none.</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR30">1989c</xref>; Huhndorf et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR162">1990</xref>; Kohlmeyer et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR218">1996</xref>; Müller <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR260">1950</xref>; Tanaka and Harada <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR366">2004</xref>; Tanaka et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR369">2005</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec148"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Massariosphaeria phaeospora</italic></bold> (E. Müll.) Crivelli, Ueber die Heterogene Ascomycetengattung <italic>Pleospora</italic> Rabh.; Vorschlag für eine Aufteilung (Diss. Eid genössischen Tech Hochsch Zürich 7318): 141 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR83">1983</xref>). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig57" ref-type="fig">56</xref>)<fig id="Fig57"><label>Fig. 56</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Massariosphaeria phaeospora</italic></bold> (ZT, <bold>holotype</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Ascomata scattering on the host surface. Note the immersed to erumpent ascomata. <bold>b</bold> Section of a partial peridium. Note the peridium structure. <bold>c</bold>, <bold>d</bold> Released ascospores. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 200 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>b–d</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig57_HTML" id="MO57"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>≡ Leptosphaeria phaeospora</italic> E. Müll., Sydowia 4: 208 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR260">1950</xref>).</p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 400–550 <italic>μm</italic> high × 300–500 <italic>μm</italic> diam., scattered, or in small groups, immersed, semi-immersed, subglobose, black, apex wide papilla, sometimes slightly compressed, 40–70(−100) <italic>μm</italic> broad (Fig. <xref rid="Fig57" ref-type="fig">56a</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> 10–20 <italic>μm</italic> wide at sides, comprising one cell type of 2–3 layers of thick walled scleroparenchymatous cells, cell wall 2–5 <italic>μm</italic> thick, peridium thicker near the apex (Fig. <xref rid="Fig57" ref-type="fig">56b</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, 1–2 <italic>μm</italic> broad, septate, branching and anastomosing. <italic>Asci</italic> 120<bold>–</bold>173 × 18–25 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq82"><alternatives><tex-math id="M82">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 133.2 \times 20.5\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq82.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate dehiscence not observed, broadly cylindrical to cylindro-clavate, with a short, thick, furcate pedicel, up to 15 <italic>μm</italic> long. <italic>Ascospores</italic> 32.5–42 × 10–13 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq83"><alternatives><tex-math id="M83">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 36 \times 11.2\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq83.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), narrowly ellipsoid, usually slightly curved, dark brown, 7–9 septa, slightly constricted at the median septum (Fig. <xref rid="Fig57" ref-type="fig">56c and d</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: SWITZERLAND, Kt. Wallis, Findelen, <italic>Artemisiae campestris</italic> L., 10 Sept. 1895, H. Wegelin (ZT, <bold>holotype</bold>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec149"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Massariosphaeria</italic> was established by Müller (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR260">1950</xref>) as a section of <italic>Leptosphaeria</italic> based on its large, thick-walled ascospores with a mucilaginous sheath as well as its ascomata with a thick apex. <italic>Massariosphaeria</italic> was introduced as a separate genus by Crivelli (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR83">1983</xref>), characterized by its wide peridial apex comprising thick-walled cells, compressed to round papilla, and relatively large, thick-walled, reddish brown to brown, multi-septate to dictyosporous ascospores, usually surrounded by a sheath (Crivelli <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR83">1983</xref>; Huhndorf et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR162">1990</xref>; Leuchtmann <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR225">1984</xref>). In particular, Crivelli (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR83">1983</xref>) emphasized that species of <italic>Massariosphaeria</italic> often stain the woody substrate (or culture) purple, and this was accepted by Leuchtmann (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR225">1984</xref>). Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR30">1989c</xref>) had treated <italic>Massariosphaeria</italic> as a synonym of <italic>Chaetomastia</italic>, but this viewpoint was rarely followed.</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>The polyphyletic nature of <italic>Massariosphaeria</italic> is detected by analyzing SSU and LSU rDNA sequences (Wang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR400">2007</xref>). The purple staining character has shown phylogenetic significance in <italic>Amniculicolaceae</italic>, a freshwater family from France (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>). A single isolate of <italic>M</italic>. <italic>phaeospora</italic> was shown to be unrelated to <italic>Amniculicolaceae</italic> and clustered with a single isolate of <italic>Thyridaria rubronotata</italic> (Schoch et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR314">2009</xref>; Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>).</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>Based on phylogenetic analysis, staining the substrate purple may have more phylogenetic significance than morphological characters (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>). Thus, the generic circumscription of <italic>Massariosphaeria</italic> should be re-evaluated by further phylogenetic study with more relevant taxa included.</p><p><bold><italic>Mauritiana</italic></bold> Poonyth, K.D. Hyde, Aptroot & Peerally, Fungal Divers. 4: 102 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR284">2000</xref>). (?<italic>Zopfiaceae</italic>)</p></sec><sec id="Sec150"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, saprobic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> medium-sized, gregarious, ovoid, immersed, ostiolate, ostiole rounded. <italic>Peridium</italic> thin, thicker near the apex. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, cellular pseudoparaphyses, branching. <italic>Asci</italic> 8-spored, bitunicate, cylindrical to cylindro-clavate, with a short pedicel and a small ocular chamber. <italic>Ascospores</italic> 2-3-seriate, fusoid with rounded ends, dark brown with paler apical cells, multi-septate, distoseptate, slightly constricted at the primary septum.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: none.</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Hawksworth et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR143">1995</xref>; Poonyth et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR284">2000</xref>; Suetrong et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR357">2009</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec151"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Mauritiana rhizophorae</italic></bold> Poonyth, K.D. Hyde, Aptroot & Peerally, Fungal Divers. 4: 102 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR284">2000</xref>). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig58" ref-type="fig">57</xref>)<fig id="Fig58"><label>Fig. 57</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Mauritiana rhizophorae</italic></bold> (from HKU(M)10219, <bold>holotype</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Vertical section of an ascoma. Note the thin layer of fungal tissue (pseudostroma?) on the host surface. <bold>b</bold> Section of a partial peridium. <bold>c</bold> Pseudoparaphyses and immature ascus. <bold>d</bold> Fissitunicate asci. <bold>e</bold> Asci showing thickening of the apical wall. <bold>f–i</bold> Ascospores with transverse septa and paler polar cells. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 40 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>b</bold>, <bold>d–i</bold> = 10 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>c</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig58_HTML" id="MO58"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 390–410 <italic>μm</italic> high × 310–325 <italic>μm</italic> diam., gregarious, ovoid, immersed, ostiolate, ostiole rounded (Fig. <xref rid="Fig58" ref-type="fig">57a</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> 40–60 <italic>μm</italic> thick laterally, thicker near the apex (Fig. <xref rid="Fig58" ref-type="fig">57a and b</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long cellular pseudoparaphyses, 1.5–2 <italic>μm</italic> broad, branching. <italic>Asci</italic> 130<bold>–</bold>180 × 20–25 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq84"><alternatives><tex-math id="M84">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 156 \times 21.8\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq84.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), 8-spored, bitunicate, cylindrical to cylindro-clavate, with a short pedicel, with a small ocular chamber (Fig. <xref rid="Fig58" ref-type="fig">57c, d and e</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 29<bold>–</bold>40 × 9–13 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq85"><alternatives><tex-math id="M85">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 35.4 \times 11\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq85.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), 2-3-seriate, fusoid with rounded ends, dark brown with paler apical cells, 9–13-distoseptate, slightly constricted at the primary septum, smooth (Fig. <xref rid="Fig58" ref-type="fig">57f, g, h and i</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: MAURITIUS, Grand Gaube, Melville mangrove, on dead decorticated <italic>Rhizophora mucronata</italic> Lam. wood still attached to living tree, Jan. 1995, A.D. Poonyth (HKU(M)10219, <bold>holotype</bold>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec152"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Mauritiana</italic> was introduced to accommodate the mangrove fungus, <italic>M</italic>. <italic>rhizophorae</italic>, which is characterized by immersed ostiolate, periphysate ascomata, thin peridium, bitunicate, 8-spored, cylindrical to cylindro-clavate asci, fusoid, smooth, hyaline to pale brown, multi-septate and distoseptate ascospores (Poonyth et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR284">2000</xref>). But after carefully studying the type of <italic>M. rhizophorae</italic>, no typical distoseptate ascospores observed. The pigmented curved septum of the ascospore gives a “thickened” appearance. Based on its immersed ascomata, presence of cellular pseudoparaphyses, thick-walled, fissitunicate asci and brown, phragmosporous ascospores constricted at the primary septum, <italic>Mauritiana</italic> was assigned to the <italic>Pyrenulales sensu stricto</italic> (<italic>Melanommatales sensu lato</italic>, <italic>Dothideales sensu lato</italic>) (Hawksworth et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR143">1995</xref>; Poonyth et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR284">2000</xref>).</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>Based on a multigene phylogenetic analysis, <italic>Mauritiana rhizophorae</italic> resided within a paraphyletic clade (Suetrong et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR357">2009</xref>) sister to marine fungi <italic>Halotthia posidonia</italic> and <italic>Pontoporeia biturbinata</italic>. In this study, the dendrogram shows it to be closely related to the <italic>Sporormiaceae</italic> and <italic>Lophiostomataceae</italic>, which may indicate an uncircumscribed familial clade (Plate <xref rid="Fig1" ref-type="fig">1</xref>). Thus, its familial placement remains undetermined.</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>The “thickened” septa of ascospores of <italic>Mauritiana rhizophorae</italic> is quite unique in <italic>Pleosporales</italic>, which makes it easily distinguishable from other genera..</p><p><bold><italic>Melanomma</italic></bold> Nitschke ex Fuckel, Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 23–24: 159 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR123">1870</xref>). (<italic>Melanommataceae</italic>)</p></sec><sec id="Sec153"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, saprobic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> immersed, erumpent to nearly superficial, medium- to large-sized, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, gregarious, short papillate. <italic>Peridium</italic> pseudoparenchymatous cells outside with pale compressed cells inside. <italic>Asci</italic> cylindric to clavate with short pedicels. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, filamentous, branching, rarely anastomosing, septate pseudoparaphyses. <italic>Ascospores</italic> pale brown, reddish brown to olive-brown, ellipsoid to fusoid, 2 to multi-septate, constricted at the main septum.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: <italic>Aposphaeria</italic>, <italic>Nigrolentilocus</italic>, <italic>Phoma</italic>-like and <italic>Pseudospiropes</italic> (Chesters <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR72">1938</xref>; Sivanesan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR344">1984</xref>).</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">1990a</xref>; Chesters <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR72">1938</xref>; Fuckel <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR123">1870</xref>; Saccardo 1878; Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR423">2008a</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec154"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Melanomma pulvis-pyrius</italic></bold> (Pers.) Fuckel, Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 23–24: 160 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR123">1870</xref>). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig59" ref-type="fig">58</xref>)<fig id="Fig59"><label>Fig. 58</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Melanomma pulvis-pyrius</italic></bold> (<bold>a</bold>–<bold>b</bold>, <bold>d</bold>–<bold>e</bold>, <bold>h</bold>–<bold>j</bold> from UPS, <bold>holotype</bold>; <bold>c</bold>, <bold>g</bold>, <bold>k</bold>, <bold>l</bold> from <bold>epitype</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Ascomata gregarious on the host surface. <bold>b</bold> Vertical section of an ascoma. <bold>c–f</bold> Asci with pedicels. <bold>g</bold> Dehiscent ascus. <bold>h–l</bold> Ascospores. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 0.5 mm, <bold>b</bold> = 200 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>c–l</bold> = 10 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig59_HTML" id="MO59"></graphic></fig></p><p>≡ <italic>Sphaeria pulvis-pyrius</italic> Pers., Syn. meth. fung. (Göttingen) 1: 86 (1801).</p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 215–471 <italic>μm</italic> high × 260–440 <italic>μm</italic> diam., gregarious, substrate surface covered with a thin layer of brown psueodstroma, superficial, globose, subglobose, broadly or narrowly conical, often laterally flattened, black, roughened and irregular, often bearing remnants of wood fibers; apex short papillate, often somewhat puckered or sulcate (Fig. <xref rid="Fig59" ref-type="fig">58a</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> 70–90 <italic>μm</italic> wide, to 180 <italic>μm</italic> wide at the base, coriaceous, comprising two types of cells, outer cells small heavily pigmented thick-walled cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, apical cells smaller and walls thicker, individual cell walls to 6 <italic>μm</italic> thick, inner cells lightly pigmented to hyaline thin-walled cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, 5–8 <italic>μm</italic> diam., individual cell wall to 1.5–2 <italic>μm</italic> thick, in places with columns of <italic>textura prismatica</italic>, and larger, paler cells of <italic>textura prismatica</italic> towards the interior and at the base (Fig. <xref rid="Fig59" ref-type="fig">58b</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, filamentous, 1–2(−2.5) <italic>μm</italic> broad, branching, rarely anastomosing, septate pseudoparaphyses. <italic>Asci</italic> 98<bold>–</bold>123 × 6.5–7.5(−9) <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq86"><alternatives><tex-math id="M86">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 109 \times 7.5\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq86.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical to fusoid, with a short, furcate pedicel, to 25 <italic>μm</italic> long, with an ocular chamber (Fig. <xref rid="Fig59" ref-type="fig">58c, d, e, f and g</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 14<bold>–</bold>17.5(−19) × 4.5–6.5 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq87"><alternatives><tex-math id="M87">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 15.8 \times 5.2\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq87.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), obliquely uniseriate and partially overlapping, broadly fusoid to fusoid with broadly rounded ends, straight or slightly curved, smooth, olive-brown, 4-celled, slightly constricted at the septa, the second cell from the top slightly wider than the others, no sheath (Fig. <xref rid="Fig59" ref-type="fig">58h, i, j, k and l</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: <italic>Aposphaeria agminalis</italic> Sacc. or <italic>Phoma agminalis</italic> Sacc. (Sivanesan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR344">1984</xref>).</p><p><italic>Colonies</italic> (of epitype) reaching 4 cm diam. after 20 days growth on PDA at 25°C, depressed to raised, cottony to woolly, with rhizoidal margin, grey, reverse darkened. <italic>Phoma</italic>-like anamorph has been reported by Chesters (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR72">1938</xref>) and Sivanesan (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR344">1984</xref>), but no anamorphic stage was observed in the cultures of IFRDCC 2044, CBS 109.77 and CBS 371.75 after culturing 3 months on PDA.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: on decaying wood (UPS, Scler. suec. n. 120, <bold>holotype</bold>, as <italic>Sphaeria pulvis-pyrius</italic> Pers.); FRANCE, Ariège, Rimont, Saurine, on bark of <italic>Salix caprea</italic>, 10 Apr. 2008, Jacques Fournier (IFRD 2001, <bold>epitype</bold>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec155"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Melanomma</italic>, the familial type of <italic>Melanommataceae</italic>, was formally established by Fuckel (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR123">1870</xref>, p 159) based on its small, carbonaceous ascomata, having: “sporen meist 2–3 mal septirt, selten ohne Scheidewand, braun oder wasscrhell.” (Chesters <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR72">1938</xref>; Fuckel <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR123">1870</xref>). Saccardo (1878, p. 344) emended this genus as “Spores ovate or oblong, multi-septate, coloured.” Subsequently, Saccardo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR304">1883</xref>, p. 98) extended the description of <italic>Melanomma</italic> as “Perithecia gregarious, seldom scattered, somewhat superficial, sphaerical, papillate or blunt, carbonaceous, smooth or somewhat hairy. Asci elongate, for the most part accompanied by paraphyses, 8-spored. Spores oblong or somewhat spindle-shaped, two to many septate, olive or dark brown. Species of <italic>Sphaeria</italic> belong here for the most part.” <italic>Melanomma pulvis-pyrius</italic> was erected as the lectotype species (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">1990a</xref>; Chesters <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR72">1938</xref>). Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">1990a</xref>) gave a detailed circumscription for <italic>Melanomma</italic>, under which <italic>Melanomma</italic> contains about 20 species (Kirk et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR197">2001</xref>).</p><p><italic>Melanomma pulvis-pyrius</italic> is characterized by its gregarious, superficial ascomata with short papillate, cylindrical asci with a short pedicel and fusoid, olive-brown, 3-septate ascospores (Chesters <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR72">1938</xref>; Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR423">2008a</xref>). One of the diagnostic characters of <italic>Melanommataceae</italic> is the trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, although no typical trabeculate pseudoparaphyses could be found in the neotype (Scler. suec. n. 120, UPS) and epitype (IFRD 2001) of <italic>M</italic>. <italic>pulvis-pyrius</italic> (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR423">2008a</xref>).</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>Phylogenetic analysis based on five genes (LSU, SSU, <italic>RPB</italic>1, <italic>RPB</italic>2 and <italic>EF</italic>1) indicates that <italic>Melanomma pulvis-pyrius</italic> forms a robust clade with <italic>Byssosphaeria</italic>, <italic>Herpotrichia</italic> and <italic>Pleomassaria siparia</italic> (<italic>Pleomassariaceae</italic>) and likely represents a separate family (or families comprising <italic>Melanommataceae</italic>) (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR423">2008a</xref>; Mugambi and Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR259">2009b</xref>). A more recent phylogenetic analysis included a group of coelomycete species with stellate conidia, isolated from <italic>Fagales</italic> trees clustered in <italic>Melanommataceae</italic> (Tanaka et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR371">2010</xref>; Plate <xref rid="Fig1" ref-type="fig">1</xref>).</p><sec id="d30e28746"><title>Concluding remarks</title><p>The <italic>Melanomma</italic> concept based on ascospore morphology appears polyphyletic.</p><p><bold><italic>Metameris</italic></bold> Theiss. & Syd., Annls mycol. 13: 342 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR374">1915</xref>). (<italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic>)</p></sec></sec><sec id="Sec156"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, saprobic or parasitic. <italic>Ascostromata</italic> erumpent through the host surface in linear rows parallel to the host fibers. <italic>Ascomata</italic> small, globose to subglobose, black, coriaceous. <italic>Peridium</italic> composed of large lightly pigmented cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of rare, broad pseudoparaphyses, septate, constricted at the septa. <italic>Asci</italic> bitunicate, fissitunicate, broadly cylindrical to slightly obclavate, with a short, thick, knob-like pedicel. <italic>Ascospores</italic> hyaline, 1- (rarely 2-) septate.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: none.</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: von Arx and Müller <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR390">1975</xref>; Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR14">1972</xref>; Clements and Shear <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR76">1931</xref>; Eriksson <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR103">2006</xref>; Lumbsch and Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR236">2007</xref>; Theissen and Sydow <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR374">1915</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec157"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Metameris japonica</italic></bold> (Syd.) Syd., Annls mycol., 13(3–4): 342 (1915). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig60" ref-type="fig">59</xref>)<fig id="Fig60"><label>Fig. 59</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Metameris japonica</italic></bold> (from <bold>S</bold>, F7166, <bold>type</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Ascostroma arrangement on the host surface. <bold>b</bold> Section of two ascomata from one ascostroma. <bold>c</bold> Immature asci within pseudoparaphyses. <bold>d, e</bold> Hyaline ascospores. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 0.5 mm. <bold>b</bold> = 100 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>c–e</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig60_HTML" id="MO60"></graphic></fig></p><p>≡ <italic>Monographus japonicus</italic> Syd. Annls mycol. 10: 408 (1912).</p><p><italic>Ascostromata</italic> erumpent through the host surface in linear rows parallel to the host fibers, 500–750 <italic>μm</italic> long and 140–200 <italic>μm</italic> wide, with three to ten ascomata arranged in a line (Fig. <xref rid="Fig60" ref-type="fig">59a</xref>). <italic>Ascomata</italic> 115–160 <italic>μm</italic> diam., semi-immersed in substrate to erumpent, globose, subglobose, black, coriaceous (Fig. <xref rid="Fig60" ref-type="fig">59b</xref>). <italic>Cells of ascostromata</italic> heavily pigmented and thick-walled, cells of peridium composed of large lightly pigmented cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, cells 5–15 <italic>μm</italic> diam., cell wall <1 <italic>μm</italic> thick, peridium thicker at the base, up to 50 <italic>μm</italic> (Fig. <xref rid="Fig60" ref-type="fig">59b</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of rare, pseudoparaphyses 3–4 <italic>μm</italic> broad, septate, constricted at the septa, anastomosing or branching not observed. <italic>Asci</italic> (65-)80–90 × 12–15 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq88"><alternatives><tex-math id="M88">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 82.8 \times 13.3\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq88.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, broadly cylindrical to slightly obclavate, with a short, thick, knob-like pedicel, lacking an ocular chamber (Fig. <xref rid="Fig60" ref-type="fig">59c</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 25<bold>–</bold>30 × 5–6 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq89"><alternatives><tex-math id="M89">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 27.4 \times 5.6\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq89.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), biseriate, oblong, hyaline, 1-2-septate, the secondary septum exclusively occurring in the upper cells, slightly constricted at the primary septum which is slightly below the centre of the ascospore, the upper cells usually swollen near the main septum (Fig. <xref rid="Fig60" ref-type="fig">59d and e</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: JAPAN, Province Mino. on <italic>Osmunda regalis</italic> L. var. <italic>japonica</italic> Milde., 10 May 1912, R. Hale (<bold>S</bold>, F7166, <bold>type</bold>, as <italic>Monographos japonicus</italic> Syd.).</p></sec><sec id="Sec158"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Metameris</italic> was formally established by Theissen and Sydow (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR374">1915</xref>) to accommodate <italic>Monographus japonicus</italic> Syd., which is characterized by the erumpent ascomata arranged in linear ascostromata, the presence of pseudoparaphyses and hyaline 2-septate ascospores. Clements and Shear (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR76">1931</xref>) assigned it to <italic>Dothideaceae</italic> (subfamily <italic>Dothideae</italic>), and von Arx and Müller (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR390">1975</xref>) assigned it to <italic>Pleosporaceae</italic>. Currently, it is considered as a member of <italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic> (<italic>Pleosporales</italic>) (Eriksson <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR103">2006</xref>; Lumbsch and Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR236">2007</xref>). <italic>Scirrhodothis</italic> and <italic>Scirrhophragma</italic> are considered synonyms of <italic>Metameris</italic> (von Arx and Müller <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR390">1975</xref>), and all three closely related to <italic>Scirrhia</italic> (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR14">1972</xref>; Müller and von Arx <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR265">1962</xref>).</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>None.</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>Its small-sized ascomata, broadly cylindrical to slightly obclavate asci with a short, thick, knob-like pedicel, as well as its monocotyledonous host preference point <italic>Metameris</italic> to the <italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic>. But DNA comparisons are needed for confirmation.</p><p><bold><italic>Mixtura</italic></bold> O.E. Erikss. & J.Z. Yue, Mycotaxon 38: 203 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR111">1990</xref>). (<italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic>)</p></sec><sec id="Sec159"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, parasitic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> small-sized, scattered or clustered on the leaf spots, immersed, erumpent, minutely papillate, ostiolate. <italic>Papilla</italic> slightly raised. <italic>Peridium</italic> thin, comprising one cell type of lightly pigmented thin-walled cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, filliform, septate, cellular pseudoparaphyses, 4–6.3 <italic>μm</italic> broad, embedded in mucilage. <italic>Asci</italic> bitunicate, ovoid, with a very short stumpy pedicel. <italic>Ascospores</italic> fusoid to narrowly fusoid with broadly to narrowly rounded ends, curved, dark brown, multi-septate, distoseptate, with a germ pore at the lower end.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: none.</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Eriksson and Yue <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR111">1990</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec160"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Mixtura saginata</italic></bold> (Syd.) O.E. Erikss. & J.Z. Yue, Mycotaxon 38: 203 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR111">1990</xref>). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig61" ref-type="fig">60</xref>)<fig id="Fig61"><label>Fig. 60</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Mixtura saginata</italic></bold> (from S reg. nr F8934, <bold>type</bold>). <bold>a</bold>, <bold>b</bold> Leaf spots in leaves of <italic>Chusquea serrulatae</italic>. Note the erumpent ascomata surrounded by white material in (<bold>b</bold>). <bold>c</bold> Section of an ascoma. Note the peridium structure which comprises cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>. The arrangement of the asci and pseudoparaphyses can also be seen. <bold>d</bold> Immature asci in pseudoparaphyses. Note the stumpy pedicel and thickened apex with flattened ocular chamber. <bold>e</bold>, <bold>f</bold> Mature ascospores. Note the hyaline ends and distosepta. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 10 mm, <bold>b</bold>, <bold>c</bold> = 100 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>d</bold> = 50 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>e–f</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig61_HTML" id="MO61"></graphic></fig></p><p>≡ <italic>Leptosphaeria saginata</italic> Syd., Annls mycol. 37: 376 (1939).</p><p>Producing elongated yellow spots with brownish margins, leaf spots up to 45 × 3–5 mm, opposite side visible as a brownish spots (Fig. <xref rid="Fig61" ref-type="fig">60a</xref>). <italic>Ascomata</italic> 170–200 <italic>μm</italic> high × 210–280 <italic>μm</italic> diam., scattered on the lower side of the leaf, immersed, erumpent, breaking through the epidermis, minutely papillate. <italic>Papilla</italic> central, slightly raised, ostiolate, ostiole surrounded by a white margin (Fig. <xref rid="Fig61" ref-type="fig">60b</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> 22–34 <italic>μm</italic> wide, thicker at the apex, thinner at the base, comprising one cell type of lightly pigmented thin-walled cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, cells up to 6 × 8 <italic>μm</italic> diam., cell wall 0.5–1.2 <italic>μm</italic> thick, apex cells smaller and walls thicker (Fig. <xref rid="Fig61" ref-type="fig">60c</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, filliform, septate, cellular pseudoparaphyses, 4–6.3 <italic>μm</italic> broad, embedded in mucilage. <italic>Asci</italic> 80<bold>–</bold>128 × 41–53(−69) <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq90"><alternatives><tex-math id="M90">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = {1}00.{9} \times {52}.{8}\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq90.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, n =10), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate dehiscence not observed, sac-like, with a very short stumpy pedicel and a small ocular chamber (Fig. <xref rid="Fig61" ref-type="fig">60d</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 86–94(−106) × 20.5–23.5 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq91"><alternatives><tex-math id="M91">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 92.7 \times 21.7\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq91.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), fasciculate, fusoid to narrowly fusoid, slightly curved, dark brown, 7-septate, distoseptate, with or without constriction at the primary septum, smooth-walled, with a germ pore at the lower end (Fig. <xref rid="Fig61" ref-type="fig">60e and f</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: ECUADOR, Tungurahua, Hacienda San Antonio pr. Baños, Province, on the leaves of <italic>Chusqueae serrulatae</italic> Pilger<italic>.</italic>, 9 Jan. 1938, H. Sydow. (S reg. nr F8934 <bold>type</bold>, F8935 <bold>isolectotype</bold>, as <italic>Leptosphaeria saginata</italic>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec161"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Mixtura</italic> was formally established by Eriksson and Yue (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR111">1990</xref>) as a monotypic genus represented by <italic>M. saginata</italic> based on its immersed and thin-walled ascomata, sparse, broad pseudoparaphyses, sac-like asci with a short pedicel and thick apex. <italic>Mixtura</italic> has a “mixture” of characters found in other pleosporalean genera. The peridium structure is comparable with <italic>Phaeosphaeria</italic>, the ascospores with <italic>Trematosphaeria</italic> and asci with <italic>Wettsteinina</italic> (Eriksson and Yue <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR111">1990</xref>). According to the structure of ascomata and hamathecium, <italic>Mixtura</italic> was provisionally assigned to <italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic> (Eriksson and Yue <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR111">1990</xref>).</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>None.</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>Morphologically, the sparse broad pseudoparaphyses and sac-like asci with a thick apical structure in <italic>Mixtura</italic> seem more comparable with the generic type of <italic>Teratosphaeria</italic> (<italic>T. fibrillose</italic> Syd. & P. Syd., <italic>Teratosphaeriaceae</italic>, <italic>Capnodiales</italic>, <italic>Dothideomycetidae</italic>) than that of <italic>Phaeosphaeria</italic> (<italic>P. oryzae</italic>). The heavily pigmented, multi-septate ascospores and the persistent pseudoparaphyses of <italic>Mixtura</italic> however, differ from those of <italic>Teratosphaeria</italic>. Thus, here we assign <italic>Mixtura</italic> under <italic>Teratosphaeriaceae</italic> as a distinct genus until phylogenetic work is carried out.</p><p><bold><italic>Montagnula</italic></bold> Berl., Icon. fung. (Abellini) 2: 68 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR46">1896</xref>). (<italic>Montagnulaceae</italic>)</p></sec><sec id="Sec162"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, saprobic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> small- to medium-sized, immersed to erumpent, gregarious or grouped, globose to subglobose, black. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, narrowly cellular, septate pseudoparaphyses. <italic>Asci</italic> bitunicate, fissitunicate, usually cylindro-clavate to clavate with a long pedicel. <italic>Ascospores</italic> oblong to narrowly oblong, straight or somewhat curved, reddish brown to dark yellowish brown, muriform or phragmosporous.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: <italic>Aschersonia</italic> (Hyde et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR182">2011</xref>).</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Aptroot <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR6">1995</xref>; Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR38">2001</xref>; Berlese <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR46">1896</xref>; Clements and Shear <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR76">1931</xref>; Crivelli <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR83">1983</xref>; Leuchtmann <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR225">1984</xref>; Ramaley and Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR289">1995</xref>; Schoch et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR313">2006</xref>; Wehmeyer <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR407">1957</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR408">1961</xref>; Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec163"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Montagnula infernalis</italic></bold> (Niessl) Berl., Icon. fung. (Abellini). 2: 68 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR46">1896</xref>). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig62" ref-type="fig">61</xref>)<fig id="Fig62"><label>Fig. 61</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Montagnula infernalis</italic></bold> (from M 1183, <bold>holotype</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Appearance of ascomata immersed in host tissue. <bold>b</bold> Section of an immersed ascoma. Note the hyaline closely adhering cells in the ostiole region. <bold>c</bold> Section of the peridium comprising a few layers of cells. <bold>d</bold> An immature ascus with a long pedicel. <bold>e</bold>, <bold>g</bold> Mature muriform ascospores in asci. <bold>f</bold> Cellular pseudoparaphyses. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 0.5 mm, <bold>b</bold>, <bold>c</bold> = 100 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>d–g</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig62_HTML" id="MO62"></graphic></fig></p><p>≡ <italic>Leptosphaeria infernalis</italic> Niessl, Inst. Coimbra 31: 13 (1883).</p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 220–280 <italic>μm</italic> high × 250–310 <italic>μm</italic> diam., immersed to erumpent, gregarious or clustered, globose to subglobose, sometimes triangular in dried material, short ostiole always filled with hyaline closely adhering cells, black (Fig. <xref rid="Fig62" ref-type="fig">61a and b</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> 40–55 <italic>μm</italic> thick at sides, up to 80 <italic>μm</italic> thick near the apex, 3-layered, outer layer composed of heavily pigmented thick-walled small cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, cells 3–8 <italic>μm</italic> diam., wall 1.5–3 <italic>μm</italic> thick, apex thicker with smaller cells and thicker cell wall, thinner near the base; mid layer less pigmented, cells 4–13 <italic>μm</italic> diam.; innermost layer of narrow compressed rows of cells, merging with pseudoparaphyses (Fig. <xref rid="Fig62" ref-type="fig">61c</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, narrow cellular pseudoparaphyses, 2–4.5 <italic>μm</italic> broad, septate (Fig. <xref rid="Fig62" ref-type="fig">61f</xref>). <italic>Asci</italic> 153–170(−200) × 17.5–21.5 <italic>μm</italic> (including pedicel), bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindro-clavate to clavate, pedicel 28–60(−85) <italic>μm</italic> long, 8-spored, biseriate, with an ocular chamber best seen in immature ascus (to 3 <italic>μm</italic> wide × 3 <italic>μm</italic> high) (Fig. <xref rid="Fig62" ref-type="fig">61d and e</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 24<bold>–</bold>29 × 9–11 <italic>μm</italic>, oblong to narrowly oblong, straight or somewhat curved, reddish brown to dark yellowish brown, verruculose, with five transverse septa and one vertical septum in each middle cells, constricted at the primary and secondary primary septa (Fig. <xref rid="Fig62" ref-type="fig">61g</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: PORTUGAL, Coimbra Lusitania, on leaves of Fourcroya longava pr., Feb., 1881, leg. Moller. (M 1183, <bold>holotype</bold>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec164"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Montagnula</italic> was introduced to accommodate two <italic>Pleospora</italic> species, i.e. <italic>P</italic>. <italic>infernalis</italic> (Niessl) Wehm. and <italic>P</italic>. <italic>gigantea</italic> Mont. by Berlese (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR46">1896</xref>), based on the presence of hyphal stromatic tissues over the ascomata and asci with relatively long pedicels (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR38">2001</xref>). <italic>Montagnula infernalis</italic> was selected as the lectotype species (Clements and Shear <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR76">1931</xref>). Subsequently, Wehmeyer (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR407">1957</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR408">1961</xref>) treated <italic>Montagnula</italic> as a subgenus of <italic>Pleospora</italic>. Crivelli (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR83">1983</xref>) accepted <italic>Montagnula</italic> as a separate genus, and divided it into two subgenera, i.e. <italic>Montagnula</italic> and <italic>Rubiginospora</italic>. <italic>Montagnula</italic> was characterized by having dark brown ascospores and exclusively occurring on <italic>Agavaceae</italic>, while <italic>Rubiginospora</italic> has reddish brown ascospores and occurs on <italic>Poaceae</italic>. This proposal was not accepted by many workers (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR38">2001</xref>). Subsequently, more species with various ascospores (such as phragmosporous species by Leuchtmann (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR225">1984</xref>) and didymosporous species by Aptroot (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR6">1995</xref>) were added in this genus), which has obviously become heterogenic. Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR38">2001</xref>) assigned species of <italic>Montagnula</italic> into different genera, i.e. <italic>Kalmusia</italic> and <italic>Didymosphaerella</italic>, respectively and introduced <italic>Montagnulaceae</italic> to accommodate all of these genera.</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p><italic>Montagnula opulenta</italic> forms a robust phylogenetic clade with species of <italic>Bimuria</italic>, <italic>Curreya</italic>, <italic>Didymocrea</italic>, <italic>Letendraea</italic>, <italic>Paraphaeosphaeria</italic>, <italic>Phaeodothis</italic> and <italic>Karstenula</italic>, which might represent a familial group (Schoch et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR313">2006</xref>; Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>). A more convincing conclusion can only be obtained following sequence data from more verified fungi being added to the phylogenetic tree.</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>One striking character of <italic>Montagnula infernalis</italic> is the very long ascal pedicel once it is released from the ascomata. However, this character appears to have evolved more than once and can be found in <italic>Kirschsteiniothelia elaterascus</italic> Shearer which clusters with <italic>Helicascus</italic> (Shearer et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR321">2009</xref>). The same ascus character is also found in <italic>Xenolophium</italic> and <italic>Ostropella</italic> in the <italic>Platystomaceae</italic> (Mugambi and Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR259">2009b</xref>). <italic>Montagnula opulenta</italic> is a didymosporous species, but phylogenetically closely related to those dictyosporous (<italic>Karstenula rhodostoma</italic>) and phragmosporous (<italic>Paraphaeosphaeria michotii</italic>) members of <italic>Montagnulaceae</italic> (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>). This might indicate that compared to other morphological characters, ascospore type is not a valid character at family level classification.</p><p><bold><italic>Moristroma</italic></bold> A.I. Romero & Samuels, Sydowia 43: 246 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR296">1991</xref>). (<italic>Pleosporales</italic>, genera <italic>incertae sedis</italic>)</p></sec><sec id="Sec165"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, saprobic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> medium-sized, solitary, scattered, or in small groups, superficial, cushion-like, circular in outline, wall black, roughened, containing numerous locules. <italic>Peridium</italic> thin, 1-layered. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long filliform pseudoparaphyses, 2–3 <italic>μm</italic> broad, septate, branching. <italic>Asci</italic> polysporous, with a short, laterally displaced, sometimes papillate knob-shaped pedicel, apex very thick walled, bitunicate, fissitunicate, obclavate, ocular chamber not observed. <italic>Polyspores</italic> oblong to cylindrical, hyaline, non-septate.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: none.</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Eriksson <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR103">2006</xref>; Romero and Samuels <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR296">1991</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec166"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Moristroma polysporum</italic></bold> A.I. Romero & Samuels, Sydowia 43: 246 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR296">1991</xref>). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig63" ref-type="fig">62</xref>)<fig id="Fig63"><label>Fig. 62</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Moristroma polysporum</italic></bold> (from BAFC 32036, <bold>holotype</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Two multiculate ascostroma on the host surface. <bold>b</bold> Section of an ascostroma. Note the multilocula. <bold>c</bold> Section of the peridium. Note the thick walled cells. <bold>d</bold>, <bold>e</bold> Broadly cylindrical to fusoid asci containing numerous part spores. <bold>f</bold> Released part spores. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 0.5 mm, <bold>b</bold> = 200 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>c</bold> = 50 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>d–f</bold> = 10 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig63_HTML" id="MO63"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 100–210 <italic>μm</italic> high × 340–600 <italic>μm</italic> diam., solitary, scattered, or in small groups of 2–3, superficial, with basal wall remaining immersed in host tissue, cushion-like, circular in outline, wall black, roughened, containing numerous locules, each locule 120–240 <italic>μm</italic> diam., ostiolate (Fig. <xref rid="Fig63" ref-type="fig">62a and b</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> 14–30 <italic>μm</italic> thick, 1-layered, composed of small heavily pigmented thick-walled cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, cells 2–4 <italic>μm</italic> diam., cell wall 1.5–3 <italic>μm</italic> thick, peridium between the locules hyaline (Fig. <xref rid="Fig63" ref-type="fig">62b and c</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long filliform pseudoparaphyses, 2–3 <italic>μm</italic> broad, septate, branching. <italic>Asci</italic> 44–60 × 12–14 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq92"><alternatives><tex-math id="M92">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 54.3 \times 13\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq92.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), polysporous, with a short, papillate knob-shaped pedicel, apex very thick-walled, bitunicate, fissitunicate, obclavate, ocular chamber not observed (Fig. <xref rid="Fig63" ref-type="fig">62d and e</xref>). <italic>Polyspores</italic> 3–4(−5) × 0.6–1.2 <italic>μm</italic>, oblong to cylindrical, hyaline, non-septate, smooth (Fig. <xref rid="Fig63" ref-type="fig">62f</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: ARGENTINA, Buenos Aires, Ramallo, on <italic>Eucalyptus viminalis</italic> Labill., May 1982, Romero 27/4-13 (BAFC 32036, <bold>holotype</bold>); Nov. 1982, on decorticated wood, Romero 35/4-13 (BAFC 32037, <bold>paratype</bold>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec167"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Moristroma</italic> was formally established by Romero and Samuels (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR296">1991</xref>) based on its “cushion-shaped ascomata containing lots of locules with numerous asci inside, asci obclavate, polysporous, with a knob-shaped pedicel”. The bitunicate asci and numerous cellular pseudoparaphyses undoubtedly point it to <italic>Pleosporales</italic>, while the familial placement of <italic>Moristroma</italic> is uncertain, and it was temporarily assigned to <italic>Dacampiaceae</italic> by Romero and Samuels (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR296">1991</xref>), but no 3-layered peridium is found. Eriksson (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR103">2006</xref>) assigned it to <italic>Teichosporaceae</italic>.</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>None.</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>The familial status of <italic>Moristroma</italic> cannot be determined yet.</p><p><bold><italic>Morosphaeria</italic></bold> Suetrong, Sakay., E.B.G. Jones & C.L. Schoch, Stud. Mycol. 64: 161 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR357">2009</xref>). (<italic>Morosphaeriaceae</italic>)</p></sec><sec id="Sec168"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat marine, saprobic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> large, solitary or gregarious, immersed to erumpent, subglobose or depressed with a flatted base, ostiolate, papillate, brown to black, coriaceous. <italic>Peridium</italic> thick. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long cellular pseudoparaphyses, septate. <italic>Asci</italic> 8-spored, bitunicate, cylindrical, with short pedicels. <italic>Ascospores</italic> uniseriate to partially overlapping, ellipsoidal, hyaline, 1-3-septate, constricted at the septa, central cells larger, apical cells if present small and elongated, surrounded with mucilaginous sheath.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: none.</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Hyde and Borse <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR173">1986</xref>; Hyde <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR163">1991a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR164">b</xref>; Suetrong et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR357">2009</xref>; Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec169"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Morosphaeria velataspora</italic></bold> (K.D. Hyde & Borse) Suetrong, Sakay., E.B.G. Jones & C.L. Schoch, Stud. Mycol. 64: 161 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR357">2009</xref>). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig64" ref-type="fig">63</xref>)<fig id="Fig64"><label>Fig. 63</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Morosphaeria velataspora</italic></bold> (from IMI 297770, <bold>type</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Section of an ascoma. <bold>b</bold> Cylindrical asci embedded in pseudoparaphyses. <bold>c–e</bold> Hyaline, 1-3-septate, ascospores with mucilaginous sheath. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 100 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>b</bold> = 50 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>c–e</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig64_HTML" id="MO64"></graphic></fig></p><p>≡ <italic>Massarina velataspora</italic> K.D. Hyde & Borse, Mycotaxon 27: 163 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR173">1986</xref>).</p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 0.7–1.2 mm diam., solitary or gregarious, immersed to erumpent, subglobose or depressed, with a flattened base not easily removed from the substrate, ostiolate, epapillate or papillate, brown to black, coriaceous (Fig. <xref rid="Fig64" ref-type="fig">63a</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> thick, the upper part of the peridium composed of brown thick-walled cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, cells are smaller and wall thicker near the apex, at the rim is composed of vertical, parallel, brown, elongate cells, wedge-shape in section (Fig. <xref rid="Fig64" ref-type="fig">63a</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long cellular pseudoparaphyses, 1.1–1.7 <italic>μm</italic> broad, septate. <italic>Asci</italic> 220<bold>–</bold>320 × 23–34 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq93"><alternatives><tex-math id="M93">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 251 \times 28.2\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq93.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), 8-spored, bitunicate, cylindrical, with short pedicels (Fig. <xref rid="Fig64" ref-type="fig">63b</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 45<bold>–</bold>56 × 14–19 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq94"><alternatives><tex-math id="M94">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 49.5 \times 15.9\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq94.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), uniseriate to partially overlapping, ellipsoidal, hyaline, 1-3-septate, constricted at the septa, central cells larger, apical cells if present small and elongated, surrounded with mucilaginous sheath, 5–22 <italic>μm</italic> wide (Fig. <xref rid="Fig64" ref-type="fig">63c, d and e</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: Jan. 1984, Herb. IMI 297770, slides 1–10 (holotype) and dried wood (isotype).</p></sec><sec id="Sec170"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p>Two <italic>Massarina sensu lato</italic> species described from the marine environment, viz. <italic>M</italic>. <italic>ramunculicola</italic> (Sacc.) O.E. Erikss. & J.Z. Yue and <italic>M</italic>. <italic>velataspora</italic> K.D. Hyde & Borse, form a robust clade, and a new genus <italic>Morosphaeria</italic> was established for them (Suetrong et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR357">2009</xref>). Together with two <italic>Helicascus</italic> species, they belong to <italic>Morosphaeriaceae</italic> (another marine family) (Suetrong et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR357">2009</xref>). Morphologically, <italic>Morosphaeria</italic> is characterized by solitary to gregarious, subglobose to lenticular, immersed to superficial ascomata which are ostiolate and papillate, numerous, filliform pseudoparaphyses, 8-spored, clavate to cylindrical, bitunicate, fissitunicate asci, and hyaline, 1-3-septate, fusoid to ellipsoidal ascospores which are surrounded with mucilaginous sheath.</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>Species of <italic>Morosphaeria</italic> form a sister group with <italic>Helicascus</italic> and both of these genera were assigned to a new family, i.e. <italic>Morosphaeriaceae</italic> (Suetrong et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR357">2009</xref>). In this study, a strain of <italic>Asteromassaria pulchra</italic>, occuring on dead twigs of <italic>Prunus spinosa</italic>, is basal to other species of <italic>Morosphaeriaceae</italic>, and gets well support. Thus here we tentatively assign <italic>Asteromassaria</italic> in <italic>Morosphaeriaceae</italic>.</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>The only morphological difference between <italic>M</italic>. <italic>velataspora</italic> and <italic>M</italic>. <italic>ramunculicola</italic> are their morphology of ascomata and size of ascospores (Hyde <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR164">1991b</xref>). But <italic>M. velataspora</italic> was reported staining the woody substrate (or agar in culture) purple (Hyde and Borse <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR173">1986</xref>; Hyde <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR164">1991b</xref>). Although this character could not be verified in the strain used by Suetrong et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR357">2009</xref>), purple staining has been reported to have phylogenetic significance at familial rank in freshwater fungi (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Murispora</italic></bold> Yin. Zhang, C.L. Schoch, J. Fourn., Crous & K.D. Hyde, Stud. Mycol. 64: 95 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR427">2009b</xref>). (<italic>Amniculicolaceae</italic>)</p></sec><sec id="Sec171"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat freshwater, saprobic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> medium-sized, scattered to gregarious, immersed, lenticular, apex slightly protruding, opening through a small rounded pore, substrate stained purple. <italic>Peridium</italic> thin, composed of a few layers cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, thicker at the apex with pseudoparenchymatous cells. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of narrowly cellular pseudoparaphyses, embedded in mucilage. <italic>Asci</italic> 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, biseriate, cylindro-clavate with short pedicels. <italic>Ascospores</italic> curved- fusoid with narrowly rounded ends, golden yellow turning brown when senescent, multi-septate, constricted at the septa, with one, rarely two longitudinal septa in all cells except end cells, smooth or finely verruculose, surrounded by a wide mucilaginous sheath.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: <italic>Phoma</italic> (Webster <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR403">1957</xref>).</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR427">b</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec172"><title><bold>Type species</bold></title><p><bold><italic>Murispora rubicunda</italic></bold> (Niessl) Yin. Zhang, J. Fourn. & K.D. Hyde, Stud. Mycol. 64: 96 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig65" ref-type="fig">64</xref>)<fig id="Fig65"><label>Fig. 64</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Murispora rubicunda</italic></bold> (from <bold>IFRD 2017</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Habitat section of the immersed ascomata. <bold>b</bold> Section of an ascoma. Note the thin peridium and cells of <italic>textura angularis.</italic><bold>c</bold> Mature and immature asci. <bold>d</bold> Muriform ascospores. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold>, <bold>b</bold> = 100 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>c</bold>, <bold>d</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig65_HTML" id="MO65"></graphic></fig></p><p>≡ <italic>Pleospora rubicunda</italic> Niessl, Notiz. Pyr.: 31 (1876).</p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 170–200 <italic>μm</italic> high × 380–410 <italic>μm</italic> diam., scattered to gregarious, immersed, lenticular, apex laterally flattened, black, slightly protruding, opening through a small rounded pore, substrate stained purple (Fig. <xref rid="Fig65" ref-type="fig">64a</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> 15–18 <italic>μm</italic> thick at sides, composed of 3–4 layers cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, up to 28–30 <italic>μm</italic> thick at the apex with very thick-walled cells, pseudoparenchymatous, nearly absent at the base (Fig. <xref rid="Fig65" ref-type="fig">64b</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of narrowly cellular pseudoparaphyses, 1–1.7 <italic>μm</italic> broad, embedded in mucilage. <italic>Asci</italic> 124–142 × 19–21 <italic>μm</italic>, 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, biseriate, cylindro-clavate with a small ocular chamber, with short pedicels (Fig. <xref rid="Fig65" ref-type="fig">64c</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 30–38 × 10–12 <italic>μm</italic>, curved-fusoid with narrowly rounded ends, golden yellow turning brown when senescent, 7–9 transversally septate, constricted at the septa, with one, rarely two longitudinal septa in all cells except end cells which are often slightly paler, all cells filled with a large refractive guttule, smooth to finely verruculose, surrounded by a wide mucilaginous sheath (Fig. <xref rid="Fig65" ref-type="fig">64d</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: <italic>Phoma</italic> sp. (Webster <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR403">1957</xref>).</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: FRANCE, Haute Garonne, Avignonet, Lac de Rosel, 16 Jan. 2007, on submerged dead herbaceous stem (<italic>Dipsacus</italic>?), leg. Michel Delpont, det. Jacques Fournier (IFRD 2017).</p></sec><sec id="Sec173"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Murispora</italic> was introduced based on <italic>Pleospora rubicunda</italic> which is characterized by immersed, erumpent or nearly superficial, globose to subglobose, elongated weakly papillate ascomata which stain the woody substrate purple, trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, oblong to clavate asci, fusoid, pale or reddish brown, muriform ascospores (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>). A phylogenetic study indicated that <italic>Murispora</italic> forms a robust clade with species of <italic>Amniculicola</italic>, and <italic>Amniculicolaceae</italic> was introduced to accommodate them (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>).</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p><italic>Murispora rubicunda</italic> forms a robust clade with species of <italic>Amniculicola</italic> and <italic>Neophaeosphaeria</italic> (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>).</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>As has mentioned by Eriksson (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR100">1981</xref>, P. 135), the purple-staining species of <italic>Pleospora</italic>, treated by Webster (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR403">1957</xref>), should not belong to the <italic>Pleosporaceae</italic>. Both <italic>Pleospora straminis</italic> and <italic>P</italic>. <italic>rubelloides</italic> should be closely related to <italic>Murispora</italic>.</p><p><bold><italic>Neomassariosphaeria</italic></bold> Yin. Zhang, J. Fourn. & K.D. Hyde, Stud. Mycol. 64: 96 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>). (<italic>Amniculicolaceae</italic>)</p></sec><sec id="Sec174"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat freshwater, saprobic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> medium-sized, scattered or in small groups, immersed, with a slightly protruding elongated papilla, ostiolate, lenticular, stain the substrate purple. <italic>Peridium</italic> thin. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long cellular pseudoparaphyses, septate. <italic>Asci</italic> 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindro-clavate, with short furcate pedicels. <italic>Ascospores</italic> 2-3-seriate, narrowly fusoid, somewhat curved, reddish brown, multi-septate, slightly constricted at the primary septum.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: none.</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Leuchtmann <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR225">1984</xref>; Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR427">b</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec175"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Neomassariosphaeria typhicola</italic></bold> (P. Karst.) Yin. Zhang, J. Fourn. & K.D. Hyde, Stud. Mycol. 64: 96 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig66" ref-type="fig">65</xref>)<fig id="Fig66"><label>Fig. 65</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Neomassariosphaeria typhicola</italic></bold> (from IFRD 2018). <bold>a</bold> Immersed ascomata gregarious in the host substrate. <bold>b–d</bold> Cylindro-clavate asci embedded in pseudoparaphyses<italic>.</italic> Note the phragmosporous ascospores. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold>, <bold>b</bold> = 200 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>c</bold>, <bold>d</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig66_HTML" id="MO66"></graphic></fig></p><p>≡ <italic>Leptosphaeria typhicola</italic> P. Karst., Bidr. Känn. Finl. Nat. Folk 23: 100 (1873).</p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 150–280 <italic>μm</italic> high × 200–400 <italic>μm</italic> diam., scattered or in small groups, immersed, lenticular, with a slightly protruding elongated papilla, ostiolate, stain the substrate purple (Fig. <xref rid="Fig66" ref-type="fig">65a</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> 15–30 <italic>μm</italic> thick. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long cellular pseudoparaphyses, 1.5–2.5 <italic>μm</italic> thick, septate. <italic>Asci</italic> 110<bold>–</bold>160 × 13–15 <italic>μm</italic>, 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindro-clavate, with short furcate pedicels (Fig. <xref rid="Fig66" ref-type="fig">65b, c and d</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 30<bold>–</bold>48 × 7–11 <italic>μm</italic>, 2-3-seriate, narrowly fusoid, somewhat curved, reddish brown, 7-septate, slightly constricted at the primary septum, verruculose (Fig. <xref rid="Fig66" ref-type="fig">65c and d</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: DENMARK, Sjaeland, Frederikskilde, Suserup Skove, Tystrup Lake, 25 May 2007, on submerged culm of <italic>Phragmites</italic>, leg. & det. Jacques Fournier (IFRD 2018).</p></sec><sec id="Sec176"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Neomassariosphaeria</italic> is most comparable with <italic>Murispora</italic>, and is distinguished from <italic>Murispora</italic> by its phragmosporous ascospores. Both genera were assigned to <italic>Amniculicolaceae</italic> (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>).</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>Both <italic>Neomassariosphaeria grandispora</italic> and <italic>N</italic>. <italic>typhicola</italic> clustered with species of <italic>Murispora</italic> and <italic>Amniculicola</italic> in <italic>Amniculicolaceae</italic> (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR428">c</xref>).</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>Similar with those purple-staining species of <italic>Pleospora</italic> assigned to <italic>Murispora</italic>, the purple-staining species of <italic>Phaeosphaeria</italic> mentioned by Crivelli (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR83">1983</xref>) and Leuchtmann (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR225">1984</xref>) might be assigned to <italic>Neomassariosphaeria</italic>.</p><p><bold><italic>Neophaeosphaeria</italic></bold> M.P.S. Câmara, M.E. Palm & A.W. Ramaley, Mycol. Res. 107: 519 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR65">2003</xref>). (<italic>Leptosphaeriaceae</italic>)</p></sec><sec id="Sec177"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, parasitic or saprobic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> small, forming in leaf spots, scattered or clustered, immersed, depressed globose, under clypeus, coriaceous. <italic>Peridium</italic> thin. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, cellular pseudoparaphyses, septate, embedded in mucilage. <italic>Asci</italic> 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate dehiscence not observed, broadly cylindrical to oblong, with a short furcate pedicel. <italic>Ascospores</italic> obliquely uniseriate and partially overlapping, oblong, pale brown, 1-3-septate.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: <italic>Coniothyrium</italic>-like (Câmara et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR65">2003</xref>).</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Câmara et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR63">2001</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR65">2003</xref>; Checa et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR69">2002</xref>; Ellis and Everhart <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR95">1892</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec178"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Neophaeosphaeria filamentosa</italic></bold> (Ellis & Everh.) M.P.S. Câmara, M.E. Palm & A.W. Ramaley, Mycol. Res. 107: 519 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR65">2003</xref>). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig67" ref-type="fig">66</xref>)<fig id="Fig67"><label>Fig. 66</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Neophaeosphaeria filamentosa</italic></bold> (from NY, <bold>holotype</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Ascomata as a circular cluster on the host surface. <bold>b</bold> Hamathecium of wide psuedoparaphyses. <bold>c</bold> Section of peridium comprising cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>. <bold>d–f</bold> Cylindrical asci with thickened apex. Note the short furcate pedicel. <bold>g</bold> Pale brown, 3-septate ascospores. Note the verruculose ornamentation. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 200 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>b</bold>, <bold>c</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>d–g</bold> = 10 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig67_HTML" id="MO67"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>≡ Leptosphaeria filamentosa</italic> Ellis & Everh., J. Mycol. 4: 64 (1888).</p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 115–157 <italic>μm</italic> high × 115–186 <italic>μm</italic> diam., forming in leaf spots, scattered or clustered in circular areas, immersed, depressed globose, with a small ostiolar pore slightly penetrating above the surface, under clypeus, coriaceous, papilla not conspicuous (Fig. <xref rid="Fig67" ref-type="fig">66a</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> 18–30 <italic>μm</italic> thick, composed of large pigmented thin-walled cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, cells up to 10 <italic>μm</italic> diam. (Fig. <xref rid="Fig67" ref-type="fig">66c</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, cellular pseudoparaphyses 1.5–2.5 <italic>μm</italic> broad, septate, embedded in mucilage (Fig. <xref rid="Fig67" ref-type="fig">66b</xref>). <italic>Asci</italic> 70<bold>–</bold>105 × 8–10 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq95"><alternatives><tex-math id="M95">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = {85}.{3} \times {9}.{7}\mu {\text{m}} $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq95.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate dehiscence not observed, broadly cylindrical to oblong, with a short, broad, furcate pedicel, 6–13 <italic>μm</italic> long, with a small ocular chamber, best seen in immature asci, up to 1.5 <italic>μm</italic> wide × 1 <italic>μm</italic> high (Fig. <xref rid="Fig67" ref-type="fig">66d, e and f</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 12<bold>–</bold>15 × 4–5 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq96"><alternatives><tex-math id="M96">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 13.8 \times 5\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq96.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), obliquely uniseriate and partially overlapping, oblong, yellowish brown, (1-2-)3-septate, constricted at the primary septum, the upper second cell often broader than others, verruculose, containing four refractive globules (Fig. <xref rid="Fig67" ref-type="fig">66g</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: Ellis and Everhart (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR95">1892</xref>) noted that the “spermogonial stage is a <italic>Coniothyrium</italic> (<italic>C</italic>. <italic>concentricum</italic>) with small (4 <italic>μm</italic>), globose, brown sporidia.”</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: USA, New Jersey, Newfield, on dead parts in living leaves of <italic>Yucca filamentosa</italic> L., Jul. 1888, Ellis & Everhart (NY, <bold>holotype</bold>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec179"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Neophaeosphaeria</italic> was formally established by Câmara et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR65">2003</xref>) by segregating <italic>Paraphaeosphaeria</italic> species with 3-4-septate ascospores and anamorphs of ovoid to ellipsoid, non-septate, brown, verrucose to punctuate conidia forming from percurrently proliferating conidiogenous cells. <italic>Neophaeosphaeria filamentosa</italic> was selected as the generic type. Currently, four species are included under <italic>Neophaeosphaeria</italic>, i.e. <italic>N</italic>. <italic>barrii</italic>, <italic>N</italic>. <italic>conglomerate</italic> (M.E. Barr) M.P.S. Câmara, M.E. Palm & A.W. Ramaley, <italic>N</italic>. <italic>filamentosa</italic> and <italic>N</italic>. <italic>quadriseptata</italic> (M.E. Barr) M.P.S. Câmara, M.E. Palm & A.W. Ramaley (Câmara et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR65">2003</xref>). At present all species in <italic>Neophaeosphaeria</italic> occur on <italic>Yucca</italic> (<italic>Agavaceae</italic>).</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>The four <italic>Neophaeosphaeria</italic> species form a monophyletic clade based on both ITS and SSU rDNA sequences (Câmara et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR63">2001</xref>; Checa et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR69">2002</xref>), and they fall in the group comprising members of <italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic> and <italic>Leptosphaeriaceae</italic> (Câmara et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR65">2003</xref>). <italic>Neophaeosphaeria filamentosa</italic>, the generic type of <italic>Neophaeosphaeria</italic>, nested in <italic>Leptosphaeriaceae</italic> with low to moderate bootstrap values (Schoch et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR314">2009</xref>; Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>).</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>The familial status of <italic>Neophaeosphaeria</italic> under <italic>Leptosphaeriaceae</italic> is confirmed, although this family remains poorly supported in phylogenetic studies.</p><p><bold><italic>Nodulosphaeria</italic></bold> Rabenh., Klotzschii Herb. Viv. Mycol., Edn 2: no. 725 (in sched.) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR285">1858</xref>). (<italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic>)</p></sec><sec id="Sec180"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, saprobic or hemibiotrophic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> small, immersed to erumpent, globose or subglobose, black, papillate, ostiolate. <italic>Papilla</italic> with numerous setae in the pore-like ostiole. <italic>Peridium</italic> thin, composed of thick- or thin-walled large cells. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of cellular pseudoparaphyses, septate and branching. <italic>Asci</italic> 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, clavate to cylindro-clavate, with a very short, furcate pedicel and a small ocular chamber. <italic>Ascospores</italic> filamentous, hyaline or pale brown, multi-septate, one of the upper cells swollen.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: none.</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR33">1992a</xref>; Holm <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR150">1957</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR151">1961</xref>; Shoemaker <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR325">1984b</xref>; Shoemaker and Babcock <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR327">1987</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec181"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Nodulosphaeria hirta</italic></bold> Rabenh., Klotzschii Herb. Viv. Mycol., Edn 2: no. 725 (in sched.) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR285">1858</xref>). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig68" ref-type="fig">67</xref>)<fig id="Fig68"><label>Fig. 67</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Nodulosphaeria hirta</italic></bold> (from BR 101945–95, <bold>holotype</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Appearance of ascomata on the host surface. <bold>b</bold> Vertical section of an ascoma. Note the setae at the apex and in the ostiole. <bold>c</bold> Section of a partial peridium. Note the outer layer cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic> and inner layer compressed cells. <bold>d</bold> Squash mount showing asci in pseudoparaphyses. <bold>e</bold>, <bold>f</bold>. The light brown filiform ascospores. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 0.5 mm, <bold>b</bold> = 100 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>c</bold> = 50 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>d</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>e, f</bold> = 10 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig68_HTML" id="MO68"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 260–330 <italic>μm</italic> high × 260–330 <italic>μm</italic> diam., scattered, or in small groups, immersed to erumpent, globose or subglobose, black, papillate, ostiolate. <italic>Papilla</italic> 50–80 <italic>μm</italic> high, numerous setae occur in the pore-like ostiole (Fig. <xref rid="Fig68" ref-type="fig">67a and b</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> 15–30 <italic>μm</italic> wide at the sides, thinner at the base, coriaceous, comprising two types of cells, outer cells of 1–2 layers of heavily pigmented cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, cells 6–8 <italic>μm</italic> diam., cell wall 1.5–3 <italic>μm</italic> thick, inner of compressed cells, 5 × 13–3 × 8 <italic>μm</italic> diam., wall 2–3 <italic>μm</italic> thick (Fig. <xref rid="Fig68" ref-type="fig">67c</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of long cellular pseudoparaphyses 2–3 <italic>μm</italic> broad, septate and branching, mucilage not observed. <italic>Asci</italic> 100<bold>–</bold>123 × 12.5–15(−17.5) <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq97"><alternatives><tex-math id="M97">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 110.8 \times 14.3\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq97.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, clavate to cylindro-clavate, with a very short, furcate pedicel, with a small ocular chamber (to 2 <italic>μm</italic> wide × 1 <italic>μm</italic> high) (Fig. <xref rid="Fig68" ref-type="fig">67d</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 48<bold>–</bold>63 × 5–6.5 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq98"><alternatives><tex-math id="M98">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 55.3 \times 5.6\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq98.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), 4-seriate, filamentous, pale brown, 8-septate, the 4th upper cell broader than the others, smooth-walled, without sheath (Fig. <xref rid="Fig68" ref-type="fig">67e and f</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: GERMANY, Dresdae, in herbarum caulibus emortuis perrara, exeunte majo, 1858 (BR 101945–95, <bold>holotype</bold>, as <italic>Nodulosphaeria hirta</italic>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec182"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p>The name <italic>Nodulosphaeria</italic> was first used by Rabenhorst (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR285">1858</xref>) but was considered as a synonym of <italic>Leptosphaeria</italic> for many years (Clements and Shear <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR76">1931</xref>). The name was reinstated by Holm (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR150">1957</xref>) and was represented by <italic>N</italic>. <italic>hirta</italic>, which was concurrently treated as a synonym of <italic>N</italic>. <italic>derasa</italic> (Berk. & Broome) L. Holm. The most outstanding morphological characters of <italic>Nodulosphaeria</italic> were considered to be apex of ascomata often covered with setae, ascospore with three or more transverse septa with a supramedian enlarged cell or elongated to a scolecospore, mostly with terminal appendages (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR33">1992a</xref>; Holm <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR151">1961</xref>; Shoemaker <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR325">1984b</xref>). The ascomata are usually immersed and the peridium comprises a few layers of brown, relatively thin-walled cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic> and <italic>textura prismatica</italic> similar to those of <italic>Phaeosphaeria</italic>. Thus, <italic>Nodulosphaeria</italic> is likely to be a member of <italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic>. However, this needs to be confirmed by molecular analysis. The boundary between <italic>Nodulosphaeria</italic> and <italic>Ophiobolus</italic> is not clear-cut, and the circumscriptions of them usually depend on the viewpoint of different mycologists. For instance, Shoemaker (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR323">1976</xref>) has assigned some <italic>Nodulosphaeria</italic> species such as <italic>N. erythrospora</italic>, <italic>N. fruticum</italic>, <italic>N. mathieui</italic> and <italic>N</italic>. <italic>megalosporus</italic> to <italic>Ophiobolus</italic>. Subsequently, more species were added to <italic>Nodulosphaeria</italic> (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR33">1992a</xref>; Shoemaker <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR325">1984b</xref>; Shoemaker and Babcock <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR327">1987</xref>). Currently, more than 60 names are included in <italic>Nodulosphaeria</italic> (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.mycobank.org/">http://www.mycobank.org/</ext-link>, 06/2010).</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>None.</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>All species included in <italic>Nodulosphaeria</italic> have an inflated ascospore cell as mentioned above. However, it is likely that this character would have evolved more than once as it is probably an adaption for ascospore ejection from the ascus (Shoemaker <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR323">1976</xref>). It occurs in <italic>Ophiobolus</italic> species and the ascomata of these species are quite dissimilar to <italic>Nodulosphaeria</italic> species and their exclusion from <italic>Nodulosphaeria</italic> seems warranted. When considering whether a species belongs in <italic>Nodulosphaeria</italic>, one must also consider the ascomata and peridium structure until DNA sequences are available.</p><p><bold><italic>Ohleria</italic></bold> Fuckel, Fungi rhenani exsic.: no. 2173 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR122">1868</xref>). (<italic>Melanommataceae</italic>)</p></sec><sec id="Sec183"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, saprobic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> small to medium size, solitary, scattered, or in small groups, erumpent to nearly superficial, papillate, ostiolate. <italic>Peridium</italic> thin, thicker at the apex, 1-layered. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long trabeculate pseudoparaphyses. <italic>Asci</italic> 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical, with a short pedicel. <italic>Ascospore</italic> brown to reddish brown, broadly to narrowly fusoid, 3-septate, easily separating into two parts at the primary septum.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: <italic>Monodictys</italic> (Samuels <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR307">1980</xref>).</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR32">1990b</xref>; Clements and Shear <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR76">1931</xref>; Patel et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR273">1997</xref>; Samuels <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR307">1980</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec184"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Ohleria modesta</italic></bold> Fuckel, Fungi rhenani exsic. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR122">1868</xref>) (Fig. <xref rid="Fig69" ref-type="fig">68</xref>)<fig id="Fig69"><label>Fig. 68</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Ohleria modesta</italic></bold> (from <bold>g</bold>: <bold>f</bold>. rh. 2173, <bold>isotype</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Ascomata scattering on host surface. <bold>b</bold> Section of a partial peridium. <bold>c</bold> Asci embedded in pseudoparaphyses. <bold>d</bold>, <bold>e</bold> Cylindrical asci with short pedicels. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 1 mm, <bold>b</bold>, <bold>c</bold> = 50 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>d</bold>, <bold>e</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig69_HTML" id="MO69"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 214–357 <italic>μm</italic> high × 285–400 <italic>μm</italic> diam., solitary, scattered, or in small groups of 2–3, erumpent to nearly superficial, coriaceous, with basal wall remaining immersed in host tissue, broadly or narrowly conical, with a flattened base not easily removed from the substrate, black; apex with a conical protruding papilla and an often pore-like ostiole (Fig. <xref rid="Fig69" ref-type="fig">68a</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> 22–53 <italic>μm</italic> thick laterally, thicker at the apex, 1-layered, composed of heavily pigmented thick-walled cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, cells to 7 <italic>μm</italic> diam., cell wall 1.5–3 <italic>μm</italic> thick, apex cells smaller and walls thicker, base cells walls thinner (Fig. <xref rid="Fig69" ref-type="fig">68b</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long trabeculate pseudoparaphyses 1–2 <italic>μm</italic> broad, septate, branching and anastomosing (Fig. <xref rid="Fig69" ref-type="fig">68c</xref>). <italic>Asci</italic> 90<bold>–</bold>130 × (5.5-)7–10 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq99"><alternatives><tex-math id="M99">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 20 \times 4.4\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq100.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), biseriate near the top and uniseriate at the base, broadly fusoid to fusoid with broadly to narrowly rounded ends, brown to reddish brown, 3-septum, deeply constricted at the median septum and breaking into two conical partspores, no constriction at the secondary septum, smooth (Fig. <xref rid="Fig69" ref-type="fig">68d and e</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: GERMANY, on decorticated, decaying roots of <italic>Fagus sylvatica</italic>, very rare, collected in autumn (G: F. rh. 2173, <bold>isotype</bold>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec185"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Ohleria</italic> is characterized by its subglobose to conic ascomata, produced on decorticated woody substrates, as well as its brown and phragmosporous ascospores which break into two parts at the median septum (Samuels <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR307">1980</xref>). Some species of <italic>Ohleria</italic> are widespread. For instance, <italic>O. brasiliensis</italic> is reported from New Zealand, Brazil as well as United States (Samuels <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR307">1980</xref>). <italic>Ohleria</italic> has been considered closely related to <italic>Sporormia</italic> and <italic>Preussia</italic> based on the ascosporic characters, and several species of <italic>Ohleria</italic>, such as <italic>O. aemulans</italic> Rehm, <italic>O. haloxyli</italic> Kravtzev, <italic>O. silicata</italic> Kravtzev and <italic>O. kravtzevii</italic> Schwarzman, have been transferred to these genera. Clements and Shear (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR76">1931</xref>) treated <italic>Ohleria</italic> as a synonym of <italic>Ohleriella</italic>, despite the fact that <italic>Ohleriella</italic> is a coprophilous fungus. When the ascomata and habitats are considered, <italic>Ohleria</italic> seems closely related to <italic>Melanomma</italic> and <italic>Trematosphaeria</italic> (Samuels <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR307">1980</xref>).</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>None.</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>To some degree, habitats show phylogenetic significance (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>). Thus, <italic>Ohleria</italic> seems less likely related to <italic>Sporormia</italic> and <italic>Preussia</italic>. But its relationship with <italic>Melanomma</italic> is uncertain, because of their differences in hamathecium and ascospores.</p><p><bold><italic>Ohleriella</italic></bold> Earle, Bull N Y Bot Gard 2: 349 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR94">1902</xref>). (<italic>Delitschiaceae</italic>)</p><p><bold>Generic description</bold></p><p>Habitat terrestrial, saprobic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> medium to large, immersed, erumpent to nearly superficial, scattered or in small groups, usually with a wide papilla, ostiolate, coriaceous. <italic>Peridium</italic> composed of small pigmented cells of <italic>textura angularis. Asci</italic> 8-spored or fewer, cylindro-clavate, with a furcate pedicel. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of trabeculate pseudoparaphyses. <italic>Ascospores</italic> brown to dark brown, cylindrical to nearly clavate with broadly to narrowly round ends, multi-septate, easily broken into partspores, smooth, with elongated germ slit in each cell.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: none.</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Ahmed and Cain <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR4">1972</xref>; von Arx and Müller <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR390">1975</xref>; Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">1990a</xref>; Clements and Shear <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR76">1931</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec186"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Ohleriella neomexicana</italic></bold> Earle, Bull N Y Bot Gard 2: 349 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR94">1902</xref>). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig70" ref-type="fig">69</xref>)<fig id="Fig70"><label>Fig. 69</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Ohleriella neomexicana</italic></bold> (NY, <bold>holotype</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Ascoma scattering on the host surface. <bold>b</bold> Section of a partial peridium. Note the small cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>. <bold>c</bold>Ascospore in ascus. <bold>d</bold> Ascospore breaking into part spores. Note the sigmoid germ slit. <bold>e</bold> Dehiscent ascus. <bold>f</bold>, <bold>g</bold> Asci with short pedicels. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 100 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>b</bold> = 50 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>c–g</bold> = 10 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig70_HTML" id="MO70"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 330–420 <italic>μm</italic> high × 400–575 <italic>μm</italic> diam., solitary, scattered, or in small groups, immersed to erumpent, to nearly superficial, with basal wall remaining immersed in host tissue, coriaceous, globose or subglobose, usually a somewhat thick, short papilla, up to 100 <italic>μm</italic> high, with a pore-like ostiole (Fig. <xref rid="Fig70" ref-type="fig">69a</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> 27–35 <italic>μm</italic> thick laterally, up to 55 <italic>μm</italic> thick at the apex, 1-layered, composed of small pigmented cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, cells up to 5 × 8 <italic>μm</italic> diam., cell wall 1.5–2 <italic>μm</italic> thick, apex cells smaller and walls thicker (Fig. <xref rid="Fig70" ref-type="fig">69b</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, 1–1.5 <italic>μm</italic> broad, anastomosing and branching between and above the asci. <italic>Asci</italic> 150<bold>–</bold>208 × 17.5–25 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq101"><alternatives><tex-math id="M101">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 182.5 \times 22\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq101.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical to cylindro-clavate, with a narrowed, furcate, thin pedicel, 15–55 <italic>μm</italic> long, 2–3.5 <italic>μm</italic> broad, with a large truncate ocular chamber best seen in immature asci (to 4 <italic>μm</italic> wide × 3 <italic>μm</italic> high) (Fig. <xref rid="Fig70" ref-type="fig">69e, f and g</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 55<bold>–</bold>72.5 × 10–12 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq102"><alternatives><tex-math id="M102">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = {63} \times {1}0.{4}\mu {\text{m}} $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq102.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), 3–4 seriate to uniseriate near the base, cylindrical to clavate, with broadly to narrowly rounded ends, brown, 6–7 transverse septa, easily separating into partspores, with germ slits, central partspores of the ascospores shorter than broad, rectangular in vertical section, round in transverse section, 7–8 × 6–10 <italic>μm</italic> diam., apical cells usually longer than broad, 11–17.5 × 6–7 <italic>μm</italic> diam. (Fig. <xref rid="Fig70" ref-type="fig">69c and d</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: USA, Albuquerque, Bernalillo Co., New Mexico, dry gravelly hill, on wood, 29 Nov. 1901, T.S.A. Cockerell (NY, <bold>holotype</bold>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec187"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Ohleriella</italic> was formally established by Earle (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR94">1902</xref>) based on its “medium to large ascomata with a wide papilla, relatively wide peridium, cylindro-clavate asci, brown to deep brown multi-septate ascospore, with elongated germ slit on each cell”, and was monotypified by <italic>O</italic>. <italic>neomexicana</italic> (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">1990a</xref>). <italic>Ohleriella</italic> subsequently has been treated as a synonym of <italic>Ohleria</italic>, <italic>Sporormiella</italic> or <italic>Preussia</italic> (Ahmed and Cain <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR4">1972</xref>; von Arx and Müller <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR390">1975</xref>; Clements and Shear <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR76">1931</xref>). <italic>Spororminula tenerifae</italic>, the generic type of <italic>Spororminula</italic>, was assigned to <italic>Ohleriella</italic>, thus <italic>Spororminula</italic> was treated as a synonym of <italic>Ohleriella</italic> (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">1990a</xref>). Two new species were introduced by Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">1990a</xref>) from North America. Currently, three species are included in this genus, i.e. <italic>O</italic>. <italic>herculean</italic> (Ellis & Everh.) M.E. Barr, <italic>O</italic>. <italic>neomexicana</italic> and <italic>O</italic>. <italic>nudilignae</italic> M.E. Barr & Malloch (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.indexfungorum.org">http://www.indexfungorum.org</ext-link>; <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.mycobank.org">http://www.mycobank.org</ext-link>, 01/03/2009).</p><p>The generic type, <italic>O</italic>. <italic>neomexicana</italic>, is morphologically similar to the coprophilous genus <italic>Sporormiella</italic>, but is saprobic on grass stems.</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>None.</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>Although we maintain <italic>Ohleriella</italic> as a separate genus here, its saprobic habitat on grasses and similarity to the coprophilous <italic>Sporormiella</italic> may indicate a close evolutionary relationship, with the grass saprobic possibly being an early relative of the coprophilous <italic>Sporormiella</italic>. Alternatively, the species/genera may simply occupy different ecological niches (i.e. dead grass vs dead grass in dung). Molecular studies are needed to resolve this issue.</p><p><bold><italic>Ophiobolus</italic></bold> Reiss, Hedwigia 1:27 (1854). (<italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic>)</p></sec><sec id="Sec188"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, saprobic or hemibiotrophic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> medium-sized, solitary, scattered, or in groups, globose or pyriform, coriaceous, black, papillate, ostiolate, periphysate. <italic>Peridium</italic> thin, thicker near the apex, thinner at the base. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of long cellular pseudoparaphyses, septate, anastomosing or branching not observed. <italic>Asci</italic> 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate dehiscence not observed, cylindrical, with a short, furcate pedicel. <italic>Ascospores</italic> filamentous, narrower toward the lower end, pale brown, multi-septate, separating into two partspores from the middle septum, from the breaking point, the second cell of each partspore enlarged.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: <italic>Coniothyrium</italic>-like, <italic>Rhabdospora</italic>, <italic>Phoma</italic>-like and <italic>Scolecosporiella</italic> (Hyde et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR182">2011</xref>; Shoemaker <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR323">1976</xref>; Sivanesan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR344">1984</xref>).</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Holm <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR149">1948</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR150">1957</xref>; Müller <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR262">1952</xref>; Reiss <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR294">1854</xref>; Shoemaker <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR323">1976</xref>; Sivanesan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR344">1984</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec189"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Ophiobolus disseminans</italic></bold> Reiss, Hedwigia 1:27 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR294">1854</xref>) (Fig. <xref rid="Fig71" ref-type="fig">70</xref>).<fig id="Fig71"><label>Fig. 70</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Ophiobolus disseminans</italic></bold> (from BPI-629021, <bold>type</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Immersed ascomata scattered on the host surface. Note the erumpent papilla. <bold>b</bold> Section of an ascoma. <bold>c</bold>. Section of a partial peridium. Note the thick-walled outer layer and thin-walled inner layer (<italic>orange</italic> colour due to DIC). <bold>d</bold> Ascus with a short furcate pedicel. <bold>e</bold> Squash mount showing asci in pseudoparaphyses. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 0.5 mm, <bold>b</bold> = 100 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>c</bold> = 50 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>d</bold>, <bold>e</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig71_HTML" id="MO71"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 220–380 <italic>μm</italic> high × 290–430 <italic>μm</italic> diam., solitary, scattered, or in groups often arranged in a row, immersed with a protruding papilla, globose, pyriform, coriaceous, black, periphysate. <italic>Papilla</italic> 40–90 <italic>μm</italic> high, with a pore-like ostiole (Fig. <xref rid="Fig71" ref-type="fig">70a and b</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> 40–55 <italic>μm</italic> wide at the sides, up to 70 <italic>μm</italic> thick at the apex, thinner at the base, comprising two cell types, outer layer composed of small heavily pigmented thick-walled cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, cells 2–5 <italic>μm</italic> diam., cell wall 2–3 <italic>μm</italic> thick, apex cells smaller and walls thicker, inner layer composed of lightly pigmented or hyaline thin-walled cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, 5–7 <italic>μm</italic> diam., wall 1.5–2 <italic>μm</italic> thick, merging with pseudoparaphyses (Fig. <xref rid="Fig71" ref-type="fig">70c</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of long cellular pseudoparaphyses, 2–3 <italic>μm</italic> broad, septate, anastomosing or branching not observed (Fig. <xref rid="Fig71" ref-type="fig">70e</xref>). <italic>Asci</italic> 150<bold>–</bold>195 × 8–12.5 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq103"><alternatives><tex-math id="M103">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 169.5 \times 10.7\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq103.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate dehiscence not observed, cylindrical but narrowing towards the base, with a short, furcate pedicel which is 10–25 <italic>μm</italic> long, ocular chamber not observed (Fig. <xref rid="Fig71" ref-type="fig">70d and e</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 110<bold>–</bold>160 × 2.5–4 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq104"><alternatives><tex-math id="M104">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 135.3 \times 3\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq104.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), filamentous, narrower toward the lower end, pale brown, 22–30-septate, separating into two partspores from the middle septum, from the breaking point the second cell of each partspore enlarged.</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: GERMANY, near Kassel, on dead stem of <italic>Cirsium arvense</italic> (L.) Scop., Spring 1853 (BPI-629021, <bold>type</bold>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec190"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Ophiobolus</italic> was established by Reiss (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR294">1854</xref>) as a monotypic genus represented by <italic>O</italic>. <italic>disseminans</italic> based on its “Perithecia discreta, ostiolis prominentibus: sporae ascis inclusae, binatae, filliformes, multiseptatae”.</p><p>A broad generic concept was adopted for the genus by Holm (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR149">1948</xref>) and Müller (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR262">1952</xref>). Shoemaker (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR323">1976</xref>) surveyed Canadian species of <italic>Ophiobolus</italic> using the broad concept of Holm (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR149">1948</xref>) and Müller (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR262">1952</xref>). A narrower generic concept was used by Holm (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR150">1957</xref>), which only included species with ascospores separating into two halves. Holm (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR150">1957</xref>) assigned species with enlarged ascospore cells to <italic>Nodulosphaeria</italic>, and those with long spirally coiled ascospores to <italic>Leptospora</italic> (Shoemaker <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR323">1976</xref>). This left only three species accepted under <italic>Ophiobolus</italic> (Holm <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR150">1957</xref>), although this concept has rarely been followed with new species recently being described (Raja and Shearer <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR288">2008</xref>).</p><p>Walker (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR398">1980</xref>) provided a detailed description from the type material and dealt with many species of scolecospored fungi that had been placed in <italic>Ophiobolus</italic> by Saccardo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR304">1883</xref>). Thus, currently several <italic>Ophiobolus sensu lato</italic> species are separated into <italic>Acanthophiobolus</italic>, <italic>Entodesmium</italic>, <italic>Leptosphaeria</italic> and <italic>Leptospora</italic>. <italic>Ophiobolus sensu lato</italic> contains about 300 species names (Sivanesan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR344">1984</xref>; <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.mycobank.org/">http://www.mycobank.org/</ext-link>, 04/02/2009).</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p><italic>Ophiobolus fulgidus</italic> (Cooke & Peck) Sacc. (as <italic>Leptosphaeria fulgida</italic> (Cooke & Peck) M. E. Barr in Dong et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR93">1998</xref>) lacks support in the clade of <italic>Leptosphaeriaceae</italic> (Dong et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR93">1998</xref>). We expect it may closely related to <italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic>.</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>We agree from morphological data that <italic>Ophiobolus</italic> should comprise species that have filamentous spores that break easily into two halves at the central septum, with the second cell on either side being swollen (Walker <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR398">1980</xref>) and that the genus presently comprises three species (i.e. <italic>O</italic>. <italic>anthrisci</italic> (L. Holm) L. Holm, <italic>O</italic>. <italic>ophioboloides</italic> (Sacc.) L. Holm and <italic>O</italic>. <italic>acuminatus</italic>). All other <italic>Ophiobolus</italic> species need to be re-examined and should be placed in other genera such as <italic>Nodulosphaeria</italic> and <italic>Leptospora</italic>. The genus is in need of revision and molecular phylogenetic study.</p><p><bold><italic>Ophiosphaerella</italic></bold> Speg., Anal. Mus. nac. Hist. nat. B. Aires 19: 401–402 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR350">1909</xref>). (<italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic>)</p></sec><sec id="Sec191"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, saprobic or hemibiotrophic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> small- to medium-sized, solitary or scattered, immersed, globose or subglobose, papillate, ostiolate. <italic>Peridium</italic> thin. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, filliform, septate pseudoparaphyses. <italic>Asci</italic> bitunicate, fissitunicate dehiscence not observed, cylindrical often narrower near the base, with a short furcate pedicel. <italic>Ascospores</italic> filamentous, pale brown, multi-septate.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: <italic>Scolecosporiella</italic> (Farr et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR115">1989</xref>).</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: von Arx and Müller <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR390">1975</xref>; Schoch et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR313">2006</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR314">2009</xref>; Spegazzini <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR350">1909</xref>; Walker <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR398">1980</xref>; Wetzel et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR411">1999</xref>; Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec192"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Ophiosphaerella graminicola</italic></bold> Speg., Anal. Mus. nac. Hist. nat. B. Aires 19: 401 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR350">1909</xref>). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig72" ref-type="fig">71</xref>)<fig id="Fig72"><label>Fig. 71</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Ophiosphaerella graminicola</italic></bold> (from LPS 858, <bold>holotype</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Ascomata on the host surface. Note the protruding disk-like papilla. <bold>b</bold> Section of an ascoma. <bold>c</bold> Asci in pseudoparaphyses with short pedicels. <bold>d–f</bold> Cylindrical asci with short pedicels. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 0.5 mm, <bold>b</bold> = 100 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>c–f</bold> =10 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig72_HTML" id="MO72"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 280–325 <italic>μm</italic> high × 250–300 <italic>μm</italic> diam., solitary or scattered, immersed with a short papilla protruding out of the substrate, globose or subglobose, often laterally flattened, dark brown to black, papillate, papilla <italic>ca</italic>. 100 <italic>μm</italic> high, 140–180 <italic>μm</italic> broad, disk-like in appearance from above, periphysate (Fig. <xref rid="Fig72" ref-type="fig">71a and b</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> 11–25 <italic>μm</italic> wide, thicker near the apex, comprising two cell types of small cells, outer wall composed 6–10 layers of lightly brown flattened cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, inner layer composed of paler and thin-walled cells, both layers thicker near the apex (Fig. <xref rid="Fig72" ref-type="fig">71b</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long pseudoparaphyses 0.8–1.5 <italic>μm</italic> broad near the apex, septate, 2–3 <italic>μm</italic> broad between the asci. <italic>Asci</italic> 105<bold>–</bold>135 × 5.5–10 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq105"><alternatives><tex-math id="M105">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 118.5 \times 7\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq105.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), 8-spored, bitunicate, cylindrical and narrower near the base, with a short, furcate pedicel, up to 30 <italic>μm</italic> long, small inconspicuous ocular chamber (to 1.5 <italic>μm</italic> wide × 1 <italic>μm</italic> high) (Fig. <xref rid="Fig72" ref-type="fig">71c, d, e and f</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 100<bold>–</bold>125 × 1.8–2.2 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq106"><alternatives><tex-math id="M106">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 118 \times 2\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq106.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), filamentous, pale brown, 12–20 septa, smooth-walled.</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: ARGENTINA, Tucumán, on leaf sheath of <italic>Leptochloa virgata</italic> (L.) P. Beauv., 14 Apr. 1906, C. Spegazzini (LPS 858, <bold>holotype</bold>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec193"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Ophiosphaerella</italic> was introduced by Spegazzini (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR350">1909</xref>) who described and illustrated a single new species, <italic>O. graminicola</italic>, and thus the genus was validly published (Walker <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR398">1980</xref>, p. 70). After checking the type specimen, Petrak and Sydow (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR279">1936</xref>) transferred the generic type to <italic>Ophiobolus graminicolus</italic> (Speg.) Petrak & Syd, and assigned <italic>Ophiosphaerella</italic> as a synonym of <italic>Ophiobolus</italic>. This was followed by von Arx and Müller (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR390">1975</xref>). <italic>Ophiosphaerella</italic> differs from <italic>Phaeosphaeria</italic> by its scolecospores without swollen cells or appendages, and from <italic>Ophiobolus</italic> by its ascospores without swollen cells or separating into partspores, thus was kept as a separating genus (Eriksson <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR98">1967a</xref>; Walker <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR398">1980</xref>).</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p><italic>Ophiosphaerella</italic> forms a monophyletic group as a sister group of <italic>Phaeosphaeria</italic> located in <italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic> (Schoch et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR313">2006</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR314">2009</xref>; Wetzel et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR411">1999</xref>; Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>).</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>Numerous <italic>Ophiobolus</italic> species are likely to belong in <italic>Ophiosphaerella</italic>. The two genera are distinguished as <italic>Ophiobolus sensu</italic> Shoemaker (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR323">1976</xref>) has swollen central cells or breaking into partspores or with long spirally coiled ascospores, and <italic>Ophiosphaerella</italic> (<italic>sensu</italic> Walker <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR398">1980</xref>) has scolecospores without swollen central cells or breaking into partspores.The recent introduction of <italic>Ophiobolus shoemakeri</italic> Raja & Shearer (Raja and Shearer <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR288">2008</xref>) is probably incorrect since the ascospores do not split up into partspores and there is no swelling above septum either. In particular, its freshwater habitat also distinguishes it from other species of <italic>Ophiobolus.</italic> Like <italic>Ophiobolus</italic>, <italic>Ophiosphaerella</italic> is in need of phylogenetic analysis but appears to be closely related to <italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic> (Schoch et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR313">2006</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Ostropella</italic></bold> (Sacc.) Höhn., Annls mycol. 16: 144 (1918). (<italic>Pleosporales</italic>, genera <italic>incertae sedis</italic>)</p><p><italic>≡ Ostropa</italic> subgen. <italic>Ostropella</italic> Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 2: 805 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR304">1883</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec194"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, saprobic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> large, erumpent to superficial, solitary or gregarious, globose to subglobose, with broad and compressed papilla and slit-like ostiole. <italic>Peridium</italic> carbonaceous. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, anastomosing and branching, rarely septate, embedded in mucilage. <italic>Asci</italic> clavate with very long and thin and furcate pedicels. <italic>Ascospores</italic> pale brown, ellipsoid to fusoid, 1-septate, constricted.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: none.</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">1990a</xref>; Chesters and Bell <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR73">1970</xref>; Holm and Yue <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR157">1987</xref>; Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR160">1993</xref>; Müller and von Arx <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR265">1962</xref>; Müller and Dennis <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR264">1965</xref>; Saccardo <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR304">1883</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec195"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Ostropella albocincta</italic></bold> (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Höhn., Annls mycol. 16: 144 (1918). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig73" ref-type="fig">72</xref>)<fig id="Fig73"><label>Fig. 72</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Ostropella albocincta</italic></bold> (K(M): 143941, <bold>syntype</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Ascomata gregarious on host surface. <bold>b</bold> Section of the partial peridium. Note the peridium comprising two cell types and the whitening tissue (<italic>arrowed</italic>). <bold>c</bold> Pseudoparaphyses. <bold>d</bold>, <bold>e</bold> Asci with long pedicel. <bold>f–h</bold> Ascospores, which are strongly constricted at the central septum. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 1 mm, <bold>b</bold> = 100 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>d</bold>, <bold>e</bold>, <bold>h</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>c</bold>, <bold>f</bold>, <bold>g</bold> = 10 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig73_HTML" id="MO73"></graphic></fig></p><p>≡ <italic>Ostropa albocincta</italic> Berk & M.A. Curtis, in Berkeley, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 10: 372 (1868).</p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 1000–1730 <italic>μm</italic> high × 1050–1450 <italic>μm</italic> diam., scattered to gregarious, erumpent to superficial, globose to subglobose, roughened, often covered with white crustose covering, with subiculum, with a broad compressed papilla and long and slit-like ostiole (Fig. <xref rid="Fig73" ref-type="fig">72a</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> 100–250 <italic>μm</italic> thick, not of uniform thickness throughout entire wall area, composed of two cell types, one is of lightly pigmented thin-walled cells of <italic>textura prismatica</italic>, cells up to 17 × 3 <italic>μm</italic> diam., cell wall <1 <italic>μm</italic> thick, intermingled with small heavily pigmented thick-walled cells of <italic>textura globosa</italic>, cells up to 5 <italic>μm</italic> diam., cell wall 2–3 <italic>μm</italic> thick (Fig. <xref rid="Fig73" ref-type="fig">72b</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, 1.2–1.8 <italic>μm</italic> broad, anastomosing and branching, rarely septate, embedded in mucilage (Fig. <xref rid="Fig73" ref-type="fig">72c</xref>). <italic>Asci</italic> 90–150(−180) × 8–13(−17) <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq107"><alternatives><tex-math id="M107">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 120.5 \times 11.5\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq107.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate dehiscence not observed, cylindro-clavate, with a long, narrowed, furcate pedicel which is up to 75 <italic>μm</italic> long, and with a small ocular chamber best seen in immature asci (up to 2 <italic>μm</italic> wide × 1 <italic>μm</italic> high) (Fig. <xref rid="Fig73" ref-type="fig">72d and e</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 18<bold>–</bold>26 × 5–6 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq108"><alternatives><tex-math id="M108">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 22.4 \times 5.6\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq108.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10) biseriate in upper part and uniseriate in lower part, fusoid, pale brown, 1-septate, deeply constricted at the septum, smooth or rarely verrucose (Fig. <xref rid="Fig73" ref-type="fig">72f, g and h</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: Wright s.n., Herb. G.E. Massee, (<bold>NY</bold> 921990, possible <bold>isotype</bold>); CUBA, as <italic>Ostropa albocincta</italic>, C. Wright 345, 1879 (K(M): 143941, <bold>syntype</bold>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec196"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Ostropella</italic> was established by Saccardo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR304">1883</xref>) as a subgenus of <italic>Ostropa</italic> and was monotypic being represented by <italic>O</italic>. <italic>albocincta</italic>. The genus was formally established (as <italic>Ostropella</italic>) and redescribed by von Höhnel (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR395">1918b</xref>) and later the description was modified by several workers (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">1990a</xref>; Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR160">1993</xref>; Müller and von Arx <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR265">1962</xref>; Müller and Dennis <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR264">1965</xref>). <italic>Ostropella</italic> is characterized by having large ascomata, a conspicuous ridged compressed papilla with an elongated slit-like ostiole, and 1-septate lightly pigmented ascospores.</p><p>The affinity of <italic>Ostropella</italic> to <italic>Schizostoma sensu</italic> Sacc. was first recognized by von Höhnel (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR395">1918b</xref>) and this was accepted by Müller and von Arx (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR265">1962</xref>) and they transferred <italic>Schizostoma pachythele</italic> (Berk. & Broome) Sacc. and <italic>Ostreionella fusispora</italic> Seaver to <italic>Ostropella</italic>. Holm and Yue (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR157">1987</xref>), however, disagreed with this transfer because of the differences in ascomatal vestiture and the rather thick wall comprising two cell types of <italic>Ostropella albocincta</italic> differ from those of <italic>Schizostoma pachythele</italic>. Chesters and Bell (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR73">1970</xref>) suggested that <italic>S</italic>. <italic>pachythele</italic>, <italic>Xenolophium leve</italic> and <italic>X</italic>. <italic>verrucosum</italic> Syd. are three varieties under <italic>Lophiostoma pachythele</italic> (Berk. & Broome) Chesters & A.E. Bell. The conspecific status of the three taxa was supported by Holm and Yue (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR157">1987</xref>). Although no combination was made, Holm and Yue (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR157">1987</xref>) assigned these taxa to <italic>Xenolophium</italic> instead of <italic>Lophiostoma</italic>. Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">1990a</xref>) suggested that either <italic>Ostropella</italic> or <italic>Xenolophium</italic> could accommodate these closely related taxa, i.e. <italic>O</italic>. <italic>fusispora</italic> (Seaver) E. Müll., <italic>S</italic>. <italic>pachythele</italic>, <italic>X</italic>. <italic>leve</italic>, and <italic>X</italic>. <italic>verrucosum</italic>. Huhndorf (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR160">1993</xref>) formally transferred <italic>S</italic>. <italic>applanata</italic> Petch and <italic>S</italic>. <italic>pachythele</italic> to <italic>Xenolophium</italic>.</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>Phylogenetic analysis based on LSU sequences indicated that <italic>Ostropella albocincta</italic> clusters together with <italic>Xenolophium applanatum</italic> as well as species of <italic>Platystomum</italic>, but they receive poor support (Mugambi and Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR259">2009b</xref>). They all were temporarily assigned under <italic>Platystomaceae</italic> (Mugambi and Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR259">2009b</xref>).</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>Although the placement of <italic>Ostropella albocincta</italic> under <italic>Platystomaceae</italic> lacks support, <italic>Ostropella</italic> should be excluded from <italic>Melanommataceae</italic> despite its trabeculate pseudoparaphyses.</p><p><bold><italic>Paraliomyces</italic></bold> Kohlm., Nova Hedwigia 1: 81 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR204">1959</xref>). (<italic>Pleosporales</italic>, genera <italic>incertae sedis</italic>)</p></sec><sec id="Sec197"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat marine, saprobic. <italic>Ascostromata</italic> immersed, penetrating into the substrate with dark brown hyphae. <italic>Ascomata</italic> medium-sized, solitary, immersed or erumpent, subglobose to pyriform, subiculate or nonsubiculate, papillate or epapillate, ostiolate, periphysate, carbonaceous. <italic>Peridium</italic> thick. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of long trabeculate pseudoparaphyses. Asci 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical, with a short furcate pedicel, without apical apparatus, uniseriate. <italic>Ascospores</italic> ellipsoid to broadly fusoid with broadly rounded ends, 1-septate, constricted at the septum, hyaline, smooth-walled, surrounded by a gelatinous sheath.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: none.</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Kohlmeyer <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR204">1959</xref>; Tam et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR361">2003</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec198"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Paraliomyces lentifer</italic></bold> Kohlm. [as ‘<italic>lentiferus</italic>’], Nova Hedwigia 1: 81 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR204">1959</xref>). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig74" ref-type="fig">73</xref>)<fig id="Fig74"><label>Fig. 73</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Paraliomyces lentifer</italic></bold> (from Herb. J. Kohlmeyer No. 1720). <bold>a</bold> Section of an immersed ascoma. <bold>b</bold> Eight-spored cylindrical asci embedded in pseudoparaphyses. <bold>c</bold>, <bold>d</bold> Cylindrical asci with short pedicels. <bold>e–h</bold> One-septate hyaline ascospores. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 100 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>b–d</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>e–h</bold> = 10 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig74_HTML" id="MO74"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Ascostromata</italic> black, immersed, penetrating into the substrate with dark brown hyphae. <italic>Ascomata</italic> up to 680 <italic>μm</italic> high × 540 <italic>μm</italic> diam., solitary, immersed or erumpent, subglobose to pyriform, subiculate or nonsubiculate, papillate or epapillate, ostiolate, periphysate, carbonaceous (Fig. <xref rid="Fig74" ref-type="fig">73a</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> thick. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of long trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, 1–1.5 <italic>μm</italic> broad. <italic>Asci</italic> 90–130 × 12–17 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq109"><alternatives><tex-math id="M109">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 116 \times 15\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq109.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical, 8-spored, uniseriate, with a short furcate pedicel, without apical apparatus (Fig. <xref rid="Fig74" ref-type="fig">73b, c and d</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 17.5–25 × 10–12.5 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq110"><alternatives><tex-math id="M110">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 21 \times 11\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq110.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), ellipsoid to broadly fusoid with broadly rounded ends, 1-septate, constricted at the septum, hyaline, smooth-walled, surrounded by a gelatinous sheath that contracts to form a lateral, lentiform, viscous appendage over the septum, 7.5–12.5 <italic>μm</italic> diam., 1–3 <italic>μm</italic> thick (Fig. <xref rid="Fig74" ref-type="fig">73e, f, g and h</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: USA, Florida, Charlotte Harbor in Punta Garda, 10 Jan. 1964, leg., det. J. J. Kohlmeyer (Herb. J. Kohlmeyer No. 1720).</p></sec><sec id="Sec199"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Paraliomyces</italic> was introduced to accommodate the marine fungus <italic>P</italic>. <italic>lentifer</italic>, which is characterized by immersed ascomata produced within the ascostroma, trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, cylindrical, 8-spored asci, ellipsoidal, hyaline, 1-septate ascospores surrounded by a gelatinous sheath, which forms a lentiform, viscous appendage over the septum (Kohlmeyer <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR204">1959</xref>).</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>Based on analysis of SSU sequences, <italic>Paraliomyces lentifer</italic> nested within <italic>Pleosporales</italic>, but its familial status was left undetermined (Tam et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR361">2003</xref>).</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>None.</p><p><bold><italic>Phaeosphaeria</italic></bold> I. Miyake, Bot. Mag., Tokyo 23: 93 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR252">1909</xref>). (<italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic>)</p></sec><sec id="Sec200"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, saprobic or hemibiotrophic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> small, solitary, scattered, or in small groups, immersed, globose, subglobose, wall black. <italic>Apex</italic> with a pore-like ostiole. <italic>Peridium</italic> thin. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, filliform, septate pseudoparaphyses. <italic>Asci</italic> 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, broadly cylindrical to narrowly fusoid, with a short pedicel. <italic>Ascospores</italic> fusoid to narrowly fusoid, pale brown to brown, 3-septate.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: <italic>Amarenographium</italic>, <italic>Hendersonia</italic>-like, <italic>Phaeoseptoria</italic>, <italic>Scolecosporiella</italic> and <italic>Stagonospora</italic> (Hyde et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR182">2011</xref>; Leuchtmann <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR225">1984</xref>; Shoemaker and Babcock <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR329">1989b</xref>).</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: von Arx and Müller <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR390">1975</xref>; Câmara et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR64">2002</xref>; Eriksson <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR98">1967a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR100">1981</xref>; Holm <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR150">1957</xref>; Khashnobish and Shearer <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR196">1996</xref>; Leuchtmann <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR225">1984</xref>; Miyake <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR252">1909</xref>; Shoemaker and Babcock <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR329">1989b</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec201"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Phaeosphaeria oryzae</italic></bold> I. Miyake, Bot. Mag., Tokyo 23: 136 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR252">1909</xref>). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig75" ref-type="fig">74</xref>)<fig id="Fig75"><label>Fig. 74</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Phaeosphaeria oryzae</italic></bold> (from S nr F9572, F9573, <bold>lectotype</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Appearance of ascomata on the host surface. <bold>b</bold> Section of an ascoma. <bold>c</bold> Squash mount showing asci in pseudoparaphyses. Note that asci with short pedicels. <bold>d</bold>, <bold>e</bold> Asci with short pedicels. <bold>F</bold>, <bold>G</bold>. Light brown 3-septate ascospores. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 100 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>b–g</bold> = 10 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig75_HTML" id="MO75"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 120–140 <italic>μm</italic> high × 100–140 <italic>μm</italic> diam., solitary, scattered, or in small groups, immersed, globose, subglobose, wall black, forming black spots on the leaves of hosts (Fig. <xref rid="Fig75" ref-type="fig">74a</xref>). <italic>Apex</italic> with a pore-like ostiole. <italic>Peridium</italic> 4–8 <italic>μm</italic> wide at the sides, composed of heavily pigmented thin-walled cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, cells 2–2.5 × 3–5 <italic>μm</italic> diam., cell wall less than 1 <italic>μm</italic> thick (Fig. <xref rid="Fig75" ref-type="fig">74b</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long cellular pseudoparaphyses 2–2.5 <italic>μm</italic> broad, embedded in mucilage, rarely branched, septate. <italic>Asci</italic> 53–80(−90) × 7–10 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq111"><alternatives><tex-math id="M111">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 65.3 \times 8.3\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq111.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, broadly cylindrical to narrowly fusoid, with a short pedicel which is <italic>ca</italic>. 8 <italic>μm</italic> long, with a small ocular chamber and an inconspicuous apical apparatus (to 2 <italic>μm</italic> wide × 1 <italic>μm</italic> high) (Fig. <xref rid="Fig75" ref-type="fig">74c, d and e</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 17–22(−28) × 4–5 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq112"><alternatives><tex-math id="M112">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 20.5 \times 4.6\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq112.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), obliquely uniseriate, partially overlapping or biseriate, narrowly fusoid with rounded ends, pale brown, 3-septate, slightly constricted at primary septum, granulate (Fig. <xref rid="Fig75" ref-type="fig">74f and g</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: JAPAN, Suruya, Shizuoka, on the leaves of <italic>Oryza sativa</italic>, Sept. 1907 (<bold>S</bold> nr F9572, F9573, <bold>lectotype</bold>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec202"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Phaeosphaeria</italic> was introduced by Miyake (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR252">1909</xref>), but was regarded as a synonym of <italic>Leptosphaeria</italic> for a long time. Holm (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR150">1957</xref>), however, reinstated <italic>Phaeosphaeria</italic>, assigning some <italic>Leptosphaeria sensu lato</italic> species with relatively small ascomata and which occurred on monocotyledons to <italic>Phaeosphaeria</italic>. Although this division based on host range is considered unnatural by some workers (Dennis <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR90">1978</xref>; Sivanesan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR344">1984</xref>), it has been widely accepted (von Arx and Müller <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR390">1975</xref>; Eriksson <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR98">1967a</xref>; Hedjaroude <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR144">1969</xref>; Shoemaker and Babcock <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR329">1989b</xref>). Eriksson (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR100">1981</xref>) further revised the generic concept of <italic>Phaeosphaeria</italic> by including dictyosporous taxa as well as some perisporium taxa. <italic>Phaeosphaeria</italic> was further divided into six subgenera, i.e. <italic>Ovispora</italic>, <italic>Fusispora</italic>, <italic>Phaeosphaeria</italic>, <italic>Spathispora</italic>, <italic>Vagispora</italic> and <italic>Sicispora</italic>, based on differences in ascospore shape and the number of septa (Shoemaker and Babcock <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR329">1989b</xref>). <italic>Phaeosphaeria</italic> species are usually associated or parasitic on annual monocots, such as <italic>Cyperaceae</italic>, <italic>Juncaceae</italic> or <italic>Poaceae</italic> but have also been recorded as saprobes and on dicotyledons (e.g. <italic>P. viridella</italic> and <italic>P</italic>. <italic>vagans</italic>)<italic>.</italic></p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>The separation of <italic>Phaeosphaeria</italic> from <italic>Leptosphaeria sensu stricto</italic> was supported by phylogenetic studies based on ITS sequences. The peridium structure, pseudoparenchymatous cells in <italic>Phaeosphaeria</italic> versus scleroplectenchymatous cells in <italic>Leptosphaeria</italic> had phylogenetic significance in the distinction between these two genera, while the subgenus division was not supported by the phylogenetic results (Câmara et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR64">2002</xref>; Morales et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR255">1995</xref>). The familial status of both <italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic> and <italic>Leptosphaeriaceae</italic> was verified by multigene phylogenetic analysis (Schoch et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR314">2009</xref>; Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>).</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p><italic>Phaeosphaeria</italic> was originally thought to be a synonym of <italic>Leptosphaeria</italic> (Müller <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR260">1950</xref>; Munk <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR268">1957</xref>), however, molecular analysis has shown these two genera differ with <italic>Phaeosphaeria</italic> having pseudoparenchymatous peridium, <italic>Stagonospora</italic>-like anamorph and mostly monocotyledonous hosts and <italic>Leptosphaeria</italic> having scleroplectenchymatous peridium, <italic>Phoma</italic>-like anamorph and mostly dicotyledonous hosts (Câmara et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR64">2002</xref>; Schoch et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR314">2009</xref>; Shoemaker and Babcock <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR329">1989b</xref>; Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>). It is now recognized that <italic>Phaeosphaeria</italic> is the type genus of <italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic> and related genera include <italic>Entodesmium</italic> and <italic>Setomelanomma</italic> and probably <italic>Ophiosphaerella</italic> (Schoch et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR314">2009</xref>; Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>). <italic>Paraphaeosphaeria</italic> was introduced as an off-shoot of <italic>Phaeosphaeria</italic> and differs in ascospore shape and septation as well as anamorphic stages (Eriksson <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR98">1967a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR99">b</xref>). Similarly, <italic>Nodulosphaeria</italic> was recently reinstated and differs from <italic>Phaeosphaeria</italic> because of setae over the apex as well as its ascospores with swelling supramedian cells and terminal appendages (Holm <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR150">1957</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR151">1961</xref>). While the newly reinstated <italic>Phaeosphaeria</italic> was confined to monocotyledons and particularly grasses, there are now many species that have been described from dicotyledons (Farr et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR115">1989</xref>). Whether these taxa form a monophyletic group needs to be investigated with fresh collections and molecular data.</p><p><bold><italic>Phaeosphaeriopsis</italic></bold> M.P.S. Câmara, M.E. Palm & A.W. Ramaley, Mycol. Res. 107: 519 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR65">2003</xref>). (<italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic>)</p></sec><sec id="Sec203"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, saprobic or hemibiotrophic? <italic>Ascomata</italic> small, scattered or in small groups, immersed, globose, subglobose. <italic>Peridium</italic> thin, comprising one cell type of <italic>textura angularis</italic>. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, wide cellular pseudoparaphyses. <italic>Asci</italic> 8-spored, bitunicate, cylindrical to broadly fusoid, with a short pedicel and a small ocular chamber. <italic>Ascospores</italic> obliquely uniseriate and partially overlapping to biseriate even triseriate, cylindrical, pale brown, multi-septate, primary septum submedian, with or without constriction, verrucose or baculate.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: <italic>Coniothyrium</italic>-like, <italic>Phaeostagonospora</italic> (Câmara et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR65">2003</xref>).</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Câmara et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR65">2003</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec204"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Phaeosphaeriopsis glaucopunctata</italic></bold> (Grev.) M.P.S. Câmara, M.E. Palm & A.W. Ramaley, Mycol. Res. 107: 519 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR65">2003</xref>). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig76" ref-type="fig">75</xref>)<fig id="Fig76"><label>Fig. 75</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Phaeosphaeriopsis glauco-punctata</italic></bold> (from Cooke M.C. 166). <bold>a</bold> Ascomata immersed in the substrate. <bold>b</bold> Eight-spored cylindrical asci. <bold>c–f</bold>. Pale brown baculate ascospores which are released from asci. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 200 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>b</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>c</bold>, <bold>d–f</bold> = 10 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig76_HTML" id="MO76"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>≡ Cryptosphaeria glaucopunctata</italic> Grev. Fl. Edin.: 362 (1824).</p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 120–150 <italic>μm</italic> high × 140–200 <italic>μm</italic> diam., scattered, or in small groups, immersed, globose, subglobose (Fig. <xref rid="Fig76" ref-type="fig">75a</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> 10–25 <italic>μm</italic> wide, comprising one type of cells, composed of thick-walled cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, cells 4–9 <italic>μm</italic> diam., cell wall 2–3 <italic>μm</italic> thick, almost equal in thickness. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, wide cellular pseudoparaphyses, 3–5 <italic>μm</italic> broad. <italic>Asci</italic> (50-)60–110 × 10–15 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq113"><alternatives><tex-math id="M113">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 82.3 \times 12\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq113.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate dehiscence not observe, cylindrical to broadly fusoid, with a short pedicel, with a small ocular chamber (to 0.8 <italic>μm</italic> wide × 1 <italic>μm</italic> high) (Fig. <xref rid="Fig76" ref-type="fig">75b</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 18<bold>–</bold>28 × 5–7.5 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq114"><alternatives><tex-math id="M114">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 23.5 \times 6.2\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq114.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), obliquely uniseriate and partially overlapping to biseriate even triseriate, cylindrical, pale brown, 4(−5)-septate, without constriction or slightly constricted at the basal septum, the forth cell from the apex usually slightly inflated, the basal cell often longer, baculate (Fig. <xref rid="Fig76" ref-type="fig">75c, d, e and f</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: UK, Epping, Sept. 1863 (E, M.C. Cooke 166, barcode: E00074286).</p></sec><sec id="Sec205"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Phaeosphaeriopsis</italic> was introduced to accommodate some species of <italic>Paraphaeosphaeria</italic> based on both morphological characters and results of SSU rDNA sequence analyses (Câmara et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR65">2003</xref>). Most of the <italic>Phaeosphaeriopsis</italic> species occur on the <italic>Agavaceae</italic>, although <italic>P</italic>. <italic>glaucopunctata</italic> occurs on <italic>Liliaceae</italic> (<italic>Ruscus</italic>). <italic>Phaeosphaeriopsis</italic> is characterized by having uni- or multioculate stromata and 4- or 5-septate ascospores. Although the morphological characters of <italic>Phaeosphaeriopsis</italic> species is more diverse than those of <italic>Paraphaeosphaeria sensu stricto</italic> or <italic>Neophaeosphaeria</italic>, the ITS sequences are more similar to each other than those of the other two genera (Câmara et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR65">2003</xref>). Currently, <italic>Phaeosphaeriopsis</italic> comprises seven species, namely <italic>P</italic>. <italic>agavensis</italic> (A.W. Ramaley, M.E. Palm & M.E. Barr) M.P.S. Câmara, M.E. Palm & A.W. Ramaley, <italic>P</italic>. <italic>amblyospora</italic> A.W. Ramaley, <italic>P</italic>. <italic>glaucopunctata</italic>, <italic>P</italic>. <italic>musae</italic> Arzanlou & Crous, <italic>P</italic>. <italic>nolinae</italic> (A.W. Ramaley) M.P.S. Câmara, M.E. Palm & A.W. Ramaley, <italic>P</italic>. <italic>obtusispora</italic> (Speg.) M.P.S. Câmara, M.E. Palm & A.W. Ramaley and <italic>P</italic>. <italic>phacidiomorpha</italic> (Ces.) D.F. Farr & M.E. Palm (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.mycobank.org/">http://www.mycobank.org/</ext-link>, 06/2010).</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>The generic type of <italic>Phaeosphaeriopsis</italic>, <italic>P</italic>. <italic>glaucopunctata</italic>, located in <italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic> based on SSU rDNA sequences (Câmara et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR65">2003</xref>). <italic>Phaeosphaeriopsis musae</italic> is also shown to belong to <italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic> in recent phylogenetic studies (Schoch et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR314">2009</xref>; Plate <xref rid="Fig1" ref-type="fig">1</xref>).</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>None.</p><p><bold><italic>Platysporoides</italic></bold> (Wehm.) Shoemaker & C.E. Babc., Can. J. Bot. 70: 1648 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR331">1992</xref>). (<italic>Pleosporaceae</italic>)</p><p><bold>≡</bold><italic>Pleospora</italic> subgenus <italic>Platysporoides</italic> Wehmeyer, A World Monograph of the genus <italic>Pleospora</italic> and its Segregates, p. 236. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR408">1961</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec206"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, saprobic? <italic>Ascomata</italic> small, scattered, immersed, semi-immersed to nearly superficial, globose, subglobose, black, smooth; apex with a protruding papilla and pore-like ostiole, without periphyses. <italic>Peridium</italic> thin, composed of a few layers of <italic>textura angularis</italic>. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of numerous, cellular pseudoparaphyses, anastomosing, septate. <italic>Asci</italic> bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical to cylindro-clavate, with a short, furcate pedicel. <italic>Ascospores</italic> broadly ellipsoid, reddish brown, muriform.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: none.</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Shoemaker and Babcock <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR331">1992</xref>; Wehmeyer <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR408">1961</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec207"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Platysporoides chartarum</italic></bold> (Fuckel) Shoemaker & C.E. Babc., Can. J. Bot. 70: 1650 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR331">1992</xref>) (Fig. <xref rid="Fig77" ref-type="fig">76</xref>)<fig id="Fig77"><label>Fig. 76</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Platysporoides chartarum</italic></bold> (from G NASSAU: 210558, <bold>type</bold>). <bold>a</bold>, <bold>b</bold> Ascomata scattered among fibers. Note the central ostioles. <bold>c</bold> Asci in numerous cellular pseudoparaphyses. <bold>d</bold>, <bold>e</bold> Cylindro-clavate asci with short pedicels. <bold>f–h</bold>. Muriform ascospores. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold>, <bold>b</bold> = 200 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>c–e</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>f–h</bold> = 10 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig77_HTML" id="MO77"></graphic></fig></p><p>≡ <italic>Pleospora chartarum</italic> Fuckel, Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 23–24: 133–134 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR123">1870</xref>).</p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 150–230 <italic>μm</italic> high × 180–260 <italic>μm</italic> diam., scattered, immersed, semi-immersed to rarely superficial, globose, subglobose, black, smooth; apex with a protruding papilla, 50–85 <italic>μm</italic> long, 60–85 <italic>μm</italic> broad, ostiolate (Fig. <xref rid="Fig77" ref-type="fig">76a and b</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> 8–22 <italic>μm</italic> wide, composed of 2–4 layers of brown cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, cells 5–9 <italic>μm</italic> diam., cell wall 1–2.5 <italic>μm</italic> thick, without periphyses. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long cellular pseudoparaphyses, 2–3 <italic>μm</italic> broad, anastomosing, septate (Fig. <xref rid="Fig77" ref-type="fig">76c</xref>). <italic>Asci</italic> 110<bold>–</bold>140 × 12.5–16.5 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq115"><alternatives><tex-math id="M115">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 121.5 \times 14.7\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq115.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), (6-)8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical to cylindro-clavate, with a short, furcate pedicel, 8–17 <italic>μm</italic> long, ocular chamber not observed (Fig. <xref rid="Fig77" ref-type="fig">76c, d and e</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 20<bold>–</bold>26 × 8–11 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq116"><alternatives><tex-math id="M116">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 23.7 \times 9\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq116.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), obliquely uniseriate and partially overlapping, flattened, broadly ellipsoid in front view, reddish brown, 3 transverse septa, 1 longitudinal septum in each central cell, 1 oblique septum in each end cell, constricted at all septa, granulate, with a sheath 2–3 <italic>μm</italic> wide (as reported in Shoemaker and Babcock <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR331">1992</xref>) (Fig. <xref rid="Fig77" ref-type="fig">76f, g and h</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: GERMANY, Budenheim, Leopold Fuckel, Nassau’s Flora, on old paper (G NASSAU: 210558 (a), as <italic>Sphaeria chartarum</italic> Wallr., <bold>type</bold>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec208"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Platysporoides</italic> was introduced as a subgenus of <italic>Pleospora</italic> by Wehmeyer (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR408">1961</xref>) and was typified by <italic>Pleospora chartarum</italic>. Shoemaker and Babcock (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR331">1992</xref>) raised <italic>Platysporoides</italic> to generic rank and placed it in the <italic>Pleosporaceae</italic> based on its “applanodictyospore” and “terete pored beak of the ascomata”. Currently, eleven species are included in this genus (Shoemaker and Babcock <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR331">1992</xref>). Another comparable pleosporalean family is <italic>Diademaceae</italic>, which is distinguished from <italic>Platysporoides</italic> by its ascoma opening as “an intraepidermal discoid lid” (Shoemaker and Babcock <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR331">1992</xref>).</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>None.</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p><italic>Aigialus grandis</italic> is another pleosporalean fungus with flattened and muriform ascospores as well as papilla and ostioles, which belongs to <italic>Aigialaceae</italic>, a phylogenetically well supported marine family (Suetrong et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR357">2009</xref>). Thus, it is highly likely that flattened and muriform ascospores are of little phylogenetic significance.</p><p><bold><italic>Pleomassaria</italic></bold> Speg., Anal. Soc. cient. argent. 9: 192 (1880). (<italic>Pleomassariaceae</italic>)</p></sec><sec id="Sec209"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, saprobic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> medium to large, solitary, scattered, or in small groups, immersed, erumpent by a minute slit or a small conical swelling in the bark, flattened, papillate, ostiolate. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, cellular pseudoparaphyses, embedded in mucilage. <italic>Asci</italic> bitunicate, fissitunicate, broadly cylindrical to broadly cylindro-clavate, with a short, thick pedicel. <italic>Ascospores</italic> muriform, brown, constricted at the septa.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: <italic>Prosthemium</italic> and <italic>Shearia</italic> (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR22">1982b</xref>; Sivanesan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR344">1984</xref>).</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR22">1982b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR32">1990b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR35">1993a</xref>; Clements and Shear <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR76">1931</xref>; Eriksson <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR103">2006</xref>; Lumbsch and Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR236">2007</xref>; Shoemaker and LeClair <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR333">1975</xref>; Sivanesan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR344">1984</xref>; Tanaka et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR369">2005</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec210"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Pleomassaria siparia</italic></bold> (Berk. & Broome) Sacc., Syll. fung. 2: 239 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR304">1883</xref>) (Fig. <xref rid="Fig78" ref-type="fig">77</xref>)<fig id="Fig78"><label>Fig. 77</label><caption><p><bold>1</bold><bold><italic>Pleomassaria siparia</italic></bold> (from BR, <bold>type</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Ascomata on the host surface. <bold>b</bold> Section of a partial peridium. <bold>c</bold>, <bold>d</bold> Asci with short pedicels. <bold>e–g</bold> Ascospores with thin sheath. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 0.5 mm, <bold>b–d</bold> = 50 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>e–g</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic>. <bold>2</bold><bold><italic>Prosthemium betulinum</italic></bold> (from BR, <bold>type</bold>). <bold>h–i</bold> Conidia with arms. Scale bars: <bold>h–j</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig78a_HTML" id="d30e35132"></graphic><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig78b_HTML" id="d30e35133"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>≡ Sphaeria siparia</italic> Berk. & Broome, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., Ser. 2 9: 321 (1852).</p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 150–410 <italic>μm</italic> high × 440–740 <italic>μm</italic> diam., solitary, scattered, or in small groups, immersed, erumpent by a minute slit or a small conical swelling in the bark, depressed globose, papillalte, ostiolate (Fig. <xref rid="Fig78" ref-type="fig">77a</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> 45–60 <italic>μm</italic> wide, thicker at the apex, thinner at the base, 1-layered, composed of small pigmented thick-walled compressed cells, cells <italic>ca</italic>. 15 × 3 <italic>μm</italic> diam., cell wall 2–3.5 <italic>μm</italic> thick, apex cells larger, base composed of small pigmented thick-walled cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, <italic>ca</italic>. 5 <italic>μm</italic> diam. (Fig. <xref rid="Fig78" ref-type="fig">77b</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, cellular pseudoparaphyses, 1–2 <italic>μm</italic> broad, embedded in mucilage, anastomosing or branching not observed. <italic>Asci</italic> 180<bold>–</bold>250 × 28–42 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq117"><alternatives><tex-math id="M117">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 206.3 \times 36.8\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq117.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, broadly cylindrical to broadly cylindro-clavate, with a short, thick pedicel, 15–45 <italic>μm</italic> long, with inconspicuous ocular chamber (Fig. <xref rid="Fig78" ref-type="fig">77c and d</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 45<bold>–</bold>58 × 12.5–17.5 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq118"><alternatives><tex-math id="M118">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 50.5 \times 14.8\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq118.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), biseriate, narrowly oblong with broadly to narrowly rounded ends, brown, muriform with 5–8 transverse septa and 1–2 vertical septa in some cells, smooth to verrucose, constricted at the septa, surrounded by a mucilaginous sheath (Fig. <xref rid="Fig78" ref-type="fig">77e, f and g</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: <italic>Prosthemium betulinum</italic> Kunze (Sivanesan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR344">1984</xref>).</p><p><italic>Conidia</italic> to 120 <italic>μm</italic> diam., with 3–5 arms, each arm 3–5-septate, 40–55 × 13–16 <italic>μm</italic>, connected to a central cell (Fig. <xref rid="Fig78" ref-type="fig">77h, i and j</xref>).</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: UK, Wiltshire, Spye Park, on branch of <italic>Betulina</italic> with <italic>Hendersonia polycystis</italic> Berk., et Br. leg. C.E. Broome, 1850? (BR, <bold>type</bold>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec211"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Pleomassaria</italic> as characterized by Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR22">1982b</xref>) has medium- to large-sized, immersed ascomata, cellular pseudoparaphyses, clavate to oblong asci and large, muriform ascospores (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR22">1982b</xref>; Sivanesan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR344">1984</xref>). The muriform and somewhat asymmetrical ascospores with a submedian primary septum distinguish <italic>Pleomassaria</italic> from <italic>Asteromassaria</italic> in the family <italic>Pleomassariaceae</italic>, while in <italic>Splanchnonema</italic> ascospores have distinct bipolar asymmetry. Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR22">1982b</xref>) included five North American species in the genus, while Kirk et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR198">2008</xref>) listed four species. Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR35">1993a</xref>) treated <italic>Pleomassaria</italic> as a synonym of <italic>Splanchnonema</italic> based on a morphological cladistic analysis, but this proposal was not followed by later workers (Eriksson <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR103">2006</xref>; Lumbsch and Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR236">2007</xref>; Tanaka et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR369">2005</xref>).</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p><italic>Pleomassaria siparia</italic> forms a robust phylogenetic clade with <italic>Melanomma pulvis-pyrius</italic> (generic type) (Schoch et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR314">2009</xref>; Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>), which might represent a phylogenetic family (or suborder?).</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>The genera <italic>Asteromassaria</italic>, <italic>Pleomassaria</italic> and <italic>Splanchnonema</italic> of <italic>Pleomassariaceae</italic> are considered to be closely related and difficult to separate (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR22">1982b</xref>; Crivelli <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR83">1983</xref>). They all have ascomata which are immersed in bark and are visible as slightly raised pustules with small ostioles, but may eventually become erumpent (e.g. <italic>Asteromassaria macrospora</italic>). Pseudoparaphyses are cellular, asci are bitunicate, while ascospores vary from 1-septate and pale brown (e.g. <italic>Asteromassaria macrospora</italic>) to muriform (e.g. <italic>Pleomassaria siparia</italic>) and may be symmetrical (e.g. <italic>Asteromassaria macrospora</italic>) or highly asymmetrical (e.g. <italic>Splanchnonema pustulatum</italic>). The peridium ranges from thick-walled <italic>textura angularis</italic> (e.g. <italic>Asteromassaria macrospora</italic>) to thin-walled compressed cells (e.g. <italic>Splanchnonema pustulatum</italic>) and medium <italic>textura prismatica</italic> (e.g. <italic>Pleomassaria siparia</italic>). Anamorphs also vary distinctly, <italic>Prosthemium</italic> in <italic>Pleomassaria siparia</italic>, <italic>Scolicosporium</italic> in <italic>Asteromassaria macrospora</italic> but no anamorphic stage reported for <italic>Splanchnonema pustulatum</italic>. Furthermore, <italic>Asteromassaria pulchra</italic> clusters in <italic>Morosphaeriaceae</italic> in this study, thus here we tentatively assign <italic>Asteromassaria</italic> in <italic>Morosphaeriaceae</italic> (Plate <xref rid="Fig1" ref-type="fig">1</xref>). There seems to be considerable confusion in this family, especially when <italic>Pleomassaria siparia</italic> forms a robust phylogenetic clade with <italic>Melanomma pulvis-pyrius</italic> (<italic>Melannomataceae</italic>). Thus in this study, <italic>Pleomassariaceae</italic> is restated as a separate family from <italic>Melannomataceae</italic>. Therefore, fresh collections of the types of these genera are needed for molecular analysis and to establish which characters are important for classification.</p><p><bold><italic>Pleophragmia</italic></bold> Fuckel, Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 23–24: 243 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR123">1870</xref>). (<italic>Sporormiaceae</italic>)</p></sec><sec id="Sec212"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, saprobic (coprophilous). <italic>Ascomata</italic> small- to medium-sized, gregarious, immersed to erumpent, globose to subglobose, black, coriaceous; apex with a short papilla, or sometimes forming an ostiolar pore. <italic>Peridium</italic> thin, composed of several layers of thin-walled cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, delicate pseudoparaphyses. <italic>Asci</italic> 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, clavate to cylindro-clavate, with a relatively long pedicel and an ocular chamber. <italic>Ascospores</italic> muriform, narrow oblong to cylindrical with rounded ends, dark brown, constricted at each septum.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: none.</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: von Arx and Müller <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR390">1975</xref>; Cain <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR58">1934</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec213"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Pleophragmia leporum</italic></bold> Fuckel, Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 23–24 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR123">1870</xref>) [1869–70]. (Fig. <xref rid="Fig79" ref-type="fig">78</xref>)<fig id="Fig79"><label>Fig. 78</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Pleophragmia leporum</italic></bold> (from G. Fungi rhenani n2272, <bold>type</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Appearance of ascomata on the substrate surface. Note the ostiolar pore. <bold>b</bold> Section of a partial peridium. <bold>c</bold>, <bold>h</bold> Apical part of an ascus. Note the apical apparatus in (<bold>c</bold>). <bold>d</bold> Released ascospores. <bold>e</bold>, <bold>f</bold> Clavate Asci with pedicels. <bold>g</bold> Part of a broken ascospore. Note the crossing septa. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 0.5 mm, <bold>B</bold> = 50 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>c–f</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>g</bold>, <bold>h</bold> = 10 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig79_HTML" id="MO79"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 330–480 <italic>μm</italic> high × 320–430 <italic>μm</italic> diam., gregarious, immersed to slightly erumpent, globose to subglobose, black; apex with a short papilla, sometimes forming a ostiolar pore (Fig. <xref rid="Fig79" ref-type="fig">78a</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> 25–35 <italic>μm</italic> thick at the sides, composed of one cell type of lightly pigmented thin-walled cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, cells 6–10 <italic>μm</italic> diam., cell wall 1.5–2 <italic>μm</italic> thick (Fig. <xref rid="Fig79" ref-type="fig">78b</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of numerous, long pseudoparaphyses, 1–2 <italic>μm</italic> broad, anastomosing not observed. <italic>Asci</italic> 160<bold>–</bold>250 × 22.5–27.5 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq119"><alternatives><tex-math id="M119">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 203.6 \times 25\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq119.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, clavate to cylindro-clavate, with a 20–50 <italic>μm</italic> long pedicel and an ocular chamber (to 5 <italic>μm</italic> wide × 2 <italic>μm</italic> high) (Fig. <xref rid="Fig79" ref-type="fig">78e and f</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 42<bold>–</bold>50 × 8–10 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq120"><alternatives><tex-math id="M120">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 46 \times 10\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq120.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), biseriate to uniseriate and partially overlapping, narrowly oblong to cylindrical with rounded ends, dark brown, often slightly curved, with 9 transverse septa with two crossing longitudinal septa in the centre, constricted at each septum, smooth-walled (Fig. <xref rid="Fig79" ref-type="fig">78c, d, g and h</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: GERMANY, between Königstein and Glashütten, on the same dung with <italic>Delitschia minuta</italic>. s.d. (G, Fungi rhenani n2272, <bold>type</bold>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec214"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Pleophragmia</italic> was formally established by Fuckel (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR123">1870</xref>) and monotypified by <italic>Pleophragmia leporum</italic>. The most comparable genus to <italic>Pleophragmia</italic> is <italic>Sporormia</italic>, as ascospores of both have no germ slits and the inner layer of wall is considerably thinner than the outer layer (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">1990a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR32">b</xref>). But the muriform ascospores of <italic>Pleophragmia</italic> can be readily distinguished from the phragmosporous ascospores of <italic>Sporormia</italic>. Currently, only four species are accommodated under this genus (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.mycobank.org">http://www.mycobank.org</ext-link>, 28-02-2009).</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>None.</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>The presence of both transverse and crossing longitudinal septa is the most striking character of <italic>Pleophragmia</italic>, although the phylogenetic significance of this character is unclear.</p><p><bold><italic>Pleoseptum</italic></bold> A.W. Ramaley & M.E. Barr, Mycotaxon 54: 76 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR289">1995</xref>). (<italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic>)</p></sec><sec id="Sec215"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, saprobic? <italic>Ascomata</italic> medium-sized, scattered, or in small groups, immersed, globose to conoid, black, papillate, ostiolate. <italic>Peridium</italic> 1-layered. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long cellular pseudoparaphyses, septate, branching. <italic>Asci</italic> 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical to cylindro-clavate, with furcate pedicel. <italic>Ascospores</italic> obliquely uniseriate and partially overlapping, muriform, ellipsoid, ovoid to fusoid, yellowish to dark brown.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: <italic>Camarosporium</italic> (Ramaley and Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR289">1995</xref>).</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Ramaley and Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR289">1995</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec216"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Pleoseptum yuccaesedum</italic></bold> A.W. Ramaley & M.E. Barr, Mycotaxon 54: 76 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR289">1995</xref>). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig80" ref-type="fig">79</xref>)<fig id="Fig80"><label>Fig. 79</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Pleoseptum yuccaesedum</italic></bold> (from BPI 802381, <bold>holotype</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Appearance of ascomata scattered on the host surface. Only the upper region is visible. <bold>b</bold> Squash mount of asci in pseudoparaphyses. <bold>c</bold> Section of an ascoma. Note the peridium comprising cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>. <bold>d</bold>, <bold>e</bold> Asci with short furcate pedicels. <bold>f</bold>, <bold>g</bold> Muriform dark-brown ascospores. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 0.5 mm, <bold>b</bold> = 40 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>c</bold> = 100 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>d</bold>, <bold>e</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>f</bold>, <bold>g</bold> = 10 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig80_HTML" id="MO80"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 300–500 <italic>μm</italic> diam., scattered, or in small groups of 2–3, immersed with a flattened top, globose to conoid, black, papillate, ostiolate (Fig. <xref rid="Fig80" ref-type="fig">79a</xref>). <italic>Papilla</italic> small, slightly protruding from the host surface. <italic>Peridium</italic> 30–50 <italic>μm</italic> thick at sides, up to 100 <italic>μm</italic> thick at the apex, 1-layered, composed of 5–8 layers of heavily pigmented purplish-brown cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, cells 5–12 <italic>μm</italic> diam., cell wall 1–2 <italic>μm</italic> thick, apex cells smaller and walls thicker (Fig. <xref rid="Fig80" ref-type="fig">79c</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long cellular pseudoparaphyses 1–2 <italic>μm</italic> broad, septate, branching (Fig. <xref rid="Fig80" ref-type="fig">79b</xref>). <italic>Asci</italic> 125–170(−195) × 15–22 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq121"><alternatives><tex-math id="M121">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 153.8 \times 19.3\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq121.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical to cylindro-clavate, with a short, narrowed, furcate pedicel which is 10–20 <italic>μm</italic> long, with an ocular chamber best seen in immature asci (to 5 <italic>μm</italic> broad × 3 <italic>μm</italic> high) (Fig. <xref rid="Fig80" ref-type="fig">79d and e</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 22<bold>–</bold>30 × 11–14 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq122"><alternatives><tex-math id="M122">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = 27.1 \times 12.6\mu m $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq122.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10) obliquely uniseriate and partially overlapping, ellipsoid, ovoid to fusoid, yellowish to yellowish brown, becoming reddish brown to dark brown, muriform, with 3-(4) transverse septa, constricted at the primary septum, part above central septum wider, vertical septa exist in each cell, ornamentation of foveolae in linear rows (Fig. <xref rid="Fig80" ref-type="fig">79f and g</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: <italic>Camarosporium yuccaesedum</italic> Fairm. (Ramaley and Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR289">1995</xref>).</p><p><italic>Conidiomata</italic> 200–450 <italic>μm</italic> diam., pycnidial, immersed, scattered, subglobose to conoid, ostiolate. <italic>Macroconidiogenous cells</italic> determinate or indeterminate, enteroblastic, hyaline, smooth. <italic>Macroconidia</italic> holoblastic, 20–36 × 10–15 <italic>μm</italic> diam., ellipsoid to narrowly ovoid, muriform, yellowish brown, 3–7 transverse septa, constricted at the septa. <italic>Microconidiogenous cells</italic> produced near or in the ostiole, hyaline, smooth. <italic>Microconidia</italic> 5–10 × 5–7 <italic>μm</italic> diam., globose to ovoid, aseptate, hyaline, smooth.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: USA, Colorado, Montezuma County, hillside near entrance to Mesa Verde National Park, on dead leaves of <italic>Yucca baccata</italic>, 11 Oct. 1992, Ramaley Annette (9237A) (BPI 802381, <bold>holotype</bold>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec217"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Pleoseptum</italic> is a monotypic genus established by Ramaley and Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR289">1995</xref>) and represented by <italic>P. yuccaesedum</italic> based on its “immersed ascomata, thick peridium, muriform ascospores, anamorphic stage and the linoeate ornamentation of the ascospores and conidia”. The shape of ascomata of <italic>Pleoseptum</italic> is comparable with that of <italic>Chaetoplea</italic>, but the peridium structure easily distinguishes them. Some species of <italic>Curreya</italic>, <italic>Leptosphaeria</italic> and <italic>Heptameria</italic> are comparable with <italic>Pleoseptum</italic>, but their anamorphic stages differ.</p><p><italic>Pleoseptum yuccaesedum</italic> and its <italic>Camarosporium yuccaesedum</italic> anamorph both formed in the leaves of <italic>Yucca baccata</italic> and the ascomata and conidiomata were indistinguishable. <italic>Camarosporium</italic> is the anamorph of diverse teleomorph genera included in <italic>Botryosphaeriales</italic> and <italic>Cucurbitariaceae</italic> (Kirk et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR198">2008</xref>). The genus is in need of revision (Sutton <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR359">1980</xref>) and is no doubt polyphyletic.</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>None.</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>The placement of <italic>Pleoseptum</italic> under <italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic> is still tentative.</p><p><bold><italic>Pleospora</italic></bold> Rabenh. ex Ces. & De Not., Comm. Soc. crittog. Ital. 1: 217 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR68">1863</xref>). (<italic>Pleosporaceae</italic>)</p></sec><sec id="Sec218"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, saprobic or parasitic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> small- to medium-sized, immersed, erumpent to superficial, papillate, ostiolate. <italic>Peridium</italic> thin. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, cellular pseudoparaphyses. <italic>Asci</italic> 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical to clavate, with furcate pedicel and small inconspicuous ocular chamber. <italic>Ascospores</italic> muriform, brown or pale brown, with or without sheath.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: <italic>Stemphylium</italic> (Simmons <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR337">1985</xref>).</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR20">1981</xref>; Frisullo and Braun <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR119">1996</xref>; Kodsueb et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR202">2006a</xref>; Luttrell <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR239">1951</xref>; Wehmeyer <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR406">1946</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR408">1961</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR409">1975</xref>; Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec219"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Pleospora herbarum</italic></bold> (Pers.) Rabenh., Klotzschii Herb. Viv. Mycol. 2: no. 547 (1854). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig81" ref-type="fig">80</xref>)<fig id="Fig81"><label>Fig. 80</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Pleospora herbarium</italic></bold> (from E, Krieger 683). <bold>a</bold> Immersed ascomata scattering on host surface. <bold>b</bold> Ascomata in small groups. Note: the surface layer of the host is removed. <bold>c</bold> Section of an ascoma. Note the peridium cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>. <bold>D</bold>, <bold>E</bold>. Asci with short pedicels. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold>, <bold>b</bold> = 0.5 mm, <bold>c</bold> = 100 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>d</bold>, <bold>e</bold> = 30 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>f–k</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig81_HTML" id="MO81"></graphic></fig></p><p>≡ <italic>Sphaeria herbarum</italic> Pers., Syn. meth. fung. (Göttingen) 1: 78 (1801).</p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 130–220 <italic>μm</italic> high × 250–420 <italic>μm</italic> diam., scattered, or in small groups of 2–3, immersed, semi-immersed to erumpent, broadly to narrowly oblong and flattened, with flattened base not easily removed from the substrate, wall black, papillate, ostiolate (Fig. <xref rid="Fig81" ref-type="fig">80a and b</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> 30–50 <italic>μm</italic> thick on sides, thinner at the base, coriaceous, 2-layered, outer layer composed of one or two layers of heavily pigmented thick-walled cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, cells 5–10 <italic>μm</italic> diam., cell wall 2–4 <italic>μm</italic> thick, apex cells smaller and walls thicker, inner layer composed of hyaline thin-walled cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, 8–12 <italic>μm</italic> diam., wall hyaline, 0.5–1.5 <italic>μm</italic> thick (Fig. <xref rid="Fig81" ref-type="fig">80c</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, cellular pseudoparaphyses, 2–3 <italic>μm</italic> broad, filling the gaps between the asci. <italic>Asci</italic> 100<bold>–</bold>210 × 27.5–30 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq123"><alternatives><tex-math id="M123">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = {142}.{2} \times {28}.{3} \mu {\text{m}} $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq123.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, broadly cylindrical to clavate, with a short, thick, furcate pedicel, 8-12(−20) <italic>μm</italic> long, with small inconspicuous ocular chamber (<italic>ca</italic>. 3 <italic>μm</italic> wide × 1 <italic>μm</italic> high) (Fig. <xref rid="Fig81" ref-type="fig">80d and e</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 28<bold>–</bold>38 × 12.5–15 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq124"><alternatives><tex-math id="M124">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = {33} \times {14}.{5} \mu {\text{m}} $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq124.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), ellipsoidal, straight or sometimes curved, with broadly rounded ends and upper hemispore slightly shorter and broader; spores usually divided by 3 A-transsepta, all 4 segments by longisepta and then by one stratum of B-transsepta (mature spores as a rule with 7 transsepta, 3A + 4B), yellowish brown, smooth; each hemispore with thick gelatinous sheath, the lower one with umbilicus (sheaths fused in mature spores) (Fig. <xref rid="Fig81" ref-type="fig">80f, g, h, i, j and k</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: <italic>Stemphyllium herbarum</italic> E. Simmons (Simmons <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR337">1985</xref>).</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: GERMANY, on stalks of <italic>Melilotusalla</italic>? at the bank of the Elbe in Konigstein, 1882 (E, Krieger 683); as <italic>Sphaeria herbarum</italic> Persoon Syn. fung. p. 78 (E, 81); as <italic>Sphaeria herbarum</italic> Fries, Scleromyceti Sueciae 38 (E, <bold>lectotype</bold>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec220"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Pleospora</italic> was originally assigned within <italic>Sphaeriales</italic>. Subsequently, it was assigned within <italic>Pseudosphaeriales</italic> and <italic>Pleosporales</italic> (Wehmeyer <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR408">1961</xref>). <italic>Pleospora</italic> is a large group, which is widely distributed and associated with a wide range of species of monocotyledons as well as dicotyledons (Wehmeyer <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR409">1975</xref>). All species of <italic>Pleospora</italic> have muriform ascospores (Wehmeyer <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR408">1961</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR409">1975</xref>). <italic>Pleospora</italic> has downward growing pseudoparaphyses within the ascomata of “<italic>Pleospora</italic>-type” development (Luttrell Univ. Mo. Stud. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR239">1951</xref>), which subsequently served as a diagnostic character. However, only a limited number of species had detailed studies on this character (Wehmeyer <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR408">1961</xref>). The heterogeneous nature of <italic>Pleospora</italic> has been noted, and several subgenera have been erected, such as <italic>Scleroplea</italic> to include all “sclerotioid” species of <italic>Pleospora</italic>, <italic>Teichosporoides</italic> to accommodate species of <italic>Pleospora</italic> with immersed ascomata, <italic>Pleosphaeria</italic> for those having superficial and setose ascomata (Wehmeyer <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR408">1961</xref>). Similarly, <italic>Cucurbitaria</italic>, <italic>Fenestella</italic> and <italic>Montagnula</italic> are also separated as a section from <italic>Pleospora</italic>. Most of these subgenera are currently at genus rank.</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>The polyphyletic nature of <italic>Pleospora</italic> is clear (Kodsueb et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR202">2006a</xref>), and those that stain the woody substrate purple should be assigned to <italic>Amniculicolaceae</italic> (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>).</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>As some <italic>Pleospora</italic> species have a wide range of host spectrum, especially on both monocotyledons and dicotyledons, it is highly possible they are cryptic species.</p><p><bold><italic>Preussia</italic></bold> Fuckel, Hedwigia 6: 175 (1867) [1869–70]. (<italic>Sporormiaceae</italic>)</p></sec><sec id="Sec221"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, saprobic (on decaying fibers or coprophilous). <italic>Ascomata</italic> small- to medium-sized, cleistothecial or perithecial, solitary or scattered on substrate surface, globose, membraneous, black. <italic>Peridium</italic> thin, composed of thick-walled, poly-angular cells from the surface view. <italic>Pseudoparaphyses</italic> not observed. <italic>Asci</italic> (4-) 8-spored, bitunicate, clavate to broadly clavate, with a long and thin and furcate pedicel. <italic>Ascospores</italic> 3<bold>–</bold>6 seriate to uniseriate near the base, cylindrical with rounded ends, brown, septate, easily breaking into partspores, with germ slits in each cell.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: <italic>Phoma</italic> (von Arx <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR384">1973</xref>; Cain <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR60">1961</xref>; Malloch and Cain <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR245">1972</xref>).</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Ahmed and Cain <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR4">1972</xref>; Arenal et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR8">2005</xref>; von Arx <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR384">1973</xref>; von Arx and van der Aa <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR392">1987</xref>; Auerswald <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR10">1866</xref>; Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR27">1987b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">1990a</xref>; Boylan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR56">1970</xref>; Cain <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR60">1961</xref>; Eriksson <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR101">1992</xref>; Fuckel <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR121">1866</xref>; Guarro et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR129">1981</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR130">1997a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR131">b</xref>; Khan and Cain <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR193">1979a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR194">b</xref>; Kruys and Wedin <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR220">2009</xref>; Lodha <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR233">1971</xref>; Lorenzo <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR234">1994</xref>; Luck-Allen and Cain <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR235">1975</xref>; Maciejowska and Williams <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR243">1963</xref>; Malloch and Cain <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR245">1972</xref>; Munk <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR268">1957</xref>; Narendra and Rao <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR270">1976</xref>; Rai and Tewari <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR287">1963</xref>; Sultana and Malik <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR358">1980</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec222"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Preussia funiculata</italic></bold> (Preuss) Fuckel, Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 23–24: 91 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR123">1870</xref>) [1869–70]. (Fig. <xref rid="Fig82" ref-type="fig">81</xref>)<fig id="Fig82"><label>Fig. 81</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Preussia funiculata</italic></bold> (from TRTC 46985). <bold>a</bold> Superficial cleistothecoid ascomata. <bold>b</bold> Part of peridium from front view. <bold>c</bold> Squash mounts showing a large number of asci. <bold>d</bold> A clavate ascus with a long and thin pedicel. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 0.5 mm, <bold>b</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>c</bold>, <bold>d</bold> = 100 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig82_HTML" id="MO82"></graphic></fig></p><p>≡ <italic>Perisporium funiculatum</italic> Preuss, Fung. Hoyersw.: no. 145 (1851).</p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 240–500 <italic>μm</italic> diam., cleistothecial, solitary, scattered on substrate, superficial, globose, membraneous, black (Fig. <xref rid="Fig82" ref-type="fig">81a</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> thin, composed of thick-walled, poly-angular cells in front view (Fig. <xref rid="Fig82" ref-type="fig">81b</xref>). <italic>Pseudoparaphyses</italic> not observed. <italic>Asci</italic> 42<bold>–</bold>65 × 20–25 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq125"><alternatives><tex-math id="M125">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = {55}.{8} \times {21}.{8} \mu {\text{m}} $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq125.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), (4-)8-spored, bitunicate, broadly clavate, with a long and thin and furcate pedicel, up to 115 <italic>μm</italic> long, ocular chamber not observed (Fig. <xref rid="Fig82" ref-type="fig">81c and d</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 30<bold>–</bold>40 × 6.3–7.5 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq126"><alternatives><tex-math id="M126">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = {35}.{6} \times {6}.{9} \mu {\text{m}} $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq126.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), 3–6 seriate to uniseriate near the base, cylindrical with rounded ends, brown, with 3 transverse septa, easily breaking into partspores, central cells round in transverse section but rectangular in vertical section, with a germ slit in each cell, 6.5–8.5 × 4–7.5 <italic>μm</italic> broad, apical cells 8.8–10 × 5–7 <italic>μm</italic> broad, sheath not observed.</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: USA, Ontario, York Co., Nashville, on old jute sack on ground, 1 Jul. 1960, leg. & det. R.F. Cain (in part <italic>Preussia typharum</italic>) (TRTC 46985).</p></sec><sec id="Sec223"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Preussia</italic> was introduced by Fuckel (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR121">1866</xref>) to accommodate species having cleistothecioid ascomata, bitunicate asci, multi-septate ascospores with a germ slit in each cell and with a gelatinous sheath, and occurring in soil or plant debris. <italic>Preussia</italic>, <italic>Sporormia</italic> and <italic>Sporormiella</italic> are regarded as closely related genera, which share numerous morphological characters. <italic>Sporormia</italic> can be distinguished from <italic>Preussia</italic> by its perithecioid ascomata and cylindrical asci. The only distinguishing morphological character for <italic>Preussia</italic> from <italic>Sporormiella</italic> are the cleistothecioid ascomata in <italic>Preussia</italic> (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR37">2000</xref>; Cain <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR60">1961</xref>), but this has been shown to have little phylogenetic significance (von Arx <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR384">1973</xref>; Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>). Substrate preference has been used to distinguish species of <italic>Sporormiella</italic> and <italic>Preussia</italic>, with <italic>Sporormiella</italic> being restricted to a coprophilous habitat, while <italic>Preussia</italic> grows in plant debris, wood or soil (von Arx and van der Aa <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR392">1987</xref>). This proposal was rejected, as <italic>P. intermedia</italic> (Clum) Cain can be isolated from either soil or dung (Guarro et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR131">1997b</xref>). In a review of <italic>Preussia</italic>, Cain (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR60">1961</xref>) accepted 12 species, and some of them are coprophilous. Subsequently, numerous additional new species have been published (Arenal et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR8">2005</xref>; Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR27">1987b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">1990a</xref>; Boylan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR56">1970</xref>; Eriksson <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR101">1992</xref>; Guarro et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR129">1981</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR130">1997a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR131">b</xref>; Khan and Cain <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR193">1979a</xref>; Lodha <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR233">1971</xref>; Lorenzo <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR234">1994</xref>; Luck-Allen and Cain <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR235">1975</xref>; Maciejowska and Williams <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR243">1963</xref>; Malloch and Cain <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR245">1972</xref>; Narendra and Rao <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR270">1976</xref>; Rai and Tewari <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR287">1963</xref>; Sultana and Malik <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR358">1980</xref>). Currently, 84 species are listed under <italic>Preussia</italic> (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.mycobank.org/mycotaxo.aspx">http://www.mycobank.org/mycotaxo.aspx</ext-link>, 10/2010) and Kirk et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR198">2008</xref>) estimates there are 51 species.</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>In phylogenetic analysis based on ITS, nLSU, mtSSU and β-tubulin gene fragments, <italic>Preussia</italic>, <italic>Sporormiella</italic> and <italic>Spororminula</italic> clustered together. Thus, <italic>Sporormiella</italic> together with <italic>Spororminula</italic> are treated as synonyms of <italic>Preussia</italic> (Kruys and Wedin <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR220">2009</xref>).</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p><italic>Preussia sensu lato</italic> (including <italic>Sporormiella</italic> and <italic>Spororminula</italic>) based on both morphology and molecular data should be accepted pending further research.</p><p><bold><italic>Quintaria</italic></bold> Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Bot. Mar. 34: 34 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR215">1991</xref>). (<italic>Pleosporales</italic>, genera <italic>incertae sedis</italic>)</p><p>Habitat marine, saprobic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> medium-sized, scattered or loosely gregarious, immersed, mostly subglobose, rarely globose, with a protruding papilla, ostiolate. <italic>Peridium</italic> thin, 2-layered, coriaceous, thicker near the apex. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, filamentous, trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, branching and anastomosing between and above asci. <italic>Asci</italic> 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindro-clavate, with a short furcate pedicel. <italic>Ascospores</italic> biseriate, broadly fusoid to fusoid, hyaline, mostly 5-septate, rarely up to 7-septate.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: none.</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Hyde and Goh <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR175">1999</xref>; Kohlmeyer and Volkmann-Kohlmeyer <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR215">1991</xref>; Suetrong et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR357">2009</xref>; Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR424">2008b</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec224"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Quintaria lignatilis</italic></bold> (Kohlm.) Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Bot. Mar. 34: 35 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR215">1991</xref>). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig83" ref-type="fig">82</xref>)<fig id="Fig83"><label>Fig. 82</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Quintaria lignitalis</italic></bold> (from J. Kohlmeyer No. 4365a, <bold>holotype</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Ascomata immersed in substrate. <bold>b</bold> Section of an ascoma. Note the thin peridium and elongated papilla. <bold>c</bold>, <bold>e</bold> Asci embedded in pseudoparaphyses. <bold>d</bold> Five septate fusoid hyaline ascospores. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 0.5 mm, <bold>b</bold> = 200 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>c</bold>, <bold>e</bold> = 50 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>d</bold> =20 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig83_HTML" id="MO83"></graphic></fig></p><p><bold>≡</bold><italic>Trematosphaeria lignatilis</italic> Kohlm., Marine Ecology, [Pubblicazioni della Stazione Zoologica Napoli I] 5(4): 365 (1984).</p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 240–500 <italic>μm</italic> diam., scattered or loosely gregarious, immersed, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, ostiolate, ostiole is encrusted with thick-walled black cells, papilla up to 400 <italic>μm</italic> long (Fig. <xref rid="Fig83" ref-type="fig">82a</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> thin, 20–30 <italic>μm</italic> wide, thinner at the base, thicker near the apex, up to 300 <italic>μm</italic>, 2-layered, outer layer composed of hyphoid cells, inner layer composed of compressed cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic> (Fig. <xref rid="Fig83" ref-type="fig">82b</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, filamentous, trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, 0.8–1.5 <italic>μm</italic> broad, branching and anastomosing between and above asci (Fig. <xref rid="Fig83" ref-type="fig">82e</xref>). <italic>Asci</italic> 175<bold>–</bold>250 × 25–35 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq127"><alternatives><tex-math id="M127">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = {63}.{3} \times {13}.{1} \mu {\text{m}} $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq128.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), biseriate, broadly fusoid to fusoid, usually slightly curved, smooth, hyaline, mostly 5-septate, rarely up to 7-septate, smooth-walled, lacking a sheath.</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: BELIZE, Twin Cays, on attached dead tip of prop root of <italic>Rhizophora mangle</italic>, with shipworms, 3 Apr. 1983, leg. & det. J.K. Kohlmeyer (J. Kohlmeyer No. 4365a, <bold>holotype</bold>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec225"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Quintaria</italic> was introduced to accommodate the marine fungus, <italic>Trematosphaeria lignatilis</italic>, based on its immersed ascomata with rounded bases, black incrustations surrounding the sides of the ostiolar canal as well as its hyaline ascospores (Kohlmeyer and Volkmann-Kohlmeyer <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR215">1991</xref>). Subsequently, three more species were introduced to this genus, viz. <italic>Q</italic>. <italic>aquatica</italic> K.D. Hyde & Goh, <italic>Q</italic>. <italic>microsporum</italic> Yin. Zhang, K.D. Hyde & J. Fourn. and <italic>Q</italic>. <italic>submerse</italic> K.D. Hyde & Goh, which are all from freshwater (Hyde and Goh <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR175">1999</xref>; Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR424">2008b</xref>).</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>Multigene phylogenetic study indicated that <italic>Quintaria lignatilis</italic> forms a separate sister clade to other families of <italic>Pleosporales</italic>, which may represent a new familial linage (Suetrong et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR357">2009</xref>). This was supported by phylogenetic studies which place the freshwater <italic>Q</italic>. <italic>submersa</italic> separate from <italic>Q</italic>. <italic>lignatilis</italic> (Schoch et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR314">2009</xref>; Suetrong et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR357">2009</xref>; Plate <xref rid="Fig1" ref-type="fig">1</xref>).</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>The freshwater members of <italic>Quintaria</italic> should likely be excluded from this genus, and only the generic type, <italic>Q. lignatilis</italic> retained, but this needs confirmation.</p><p><bold><italic>Roussoëlla</italic></bold> Sacc., in Saccardo & Paoletti, Atti Inst. Veneto Sci. lett., ed Arti, Sér. 3 6: 410 (1888). (<italic>Arthopyreniaceae</italic> (or <italic>Massariaceae</italic>))</p></sec><sec id="Sec226"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, saprobic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> medium-sized, clustered, immersed in host tissue, forming under darkened, slightly raised, somewhat liner or dome-shaped stroma on the host, with a flush intra-epidermal papilla; immersed under clypeus, papillate, ostiolate. <italic>Peridium</italic> thin, comprising several layers of compressed cells. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, embedded in mucilage, hyaline, anastomosing and septate. <italic>Asci</italic> 8-spored, bitunicate, cylindrical, with furcate pedicel, and a conspicuous ocular chamber. <italic>Ascospores</italic> uniseriate to partially overlapping, fusoid or ellipsoidal, brown, 1-septate, constricted at the septum.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: <italic>Cytoplea</italic> (Hyde et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR178">1996a</xref>).</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Hyde et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR178">1996a</xref>; Hyde <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR171">1997</xref>; Ju et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR189">1996</xref>; Tanaka et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR370">2009</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec227"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Roussoëlla nitidula</italic></bold> Sacc. & Paol., Atti Ist. Veneto Sci., Ser. 6, 6:410. (1888). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig84" ref-type="fig">83</xref>)<fig id="Fig84"><label>Fig. 83</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Roussoëlla nitidula</italic></bold> (from PAD Paol. 2484, <bold>holotype</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Appearance of the stroma on host surface. <bold>b</bold> Asci and pseudoparaphyses. <bold>c</bold>, <bold>d</bold> Long cylindrical furcate asci. <bold>E-H</bold>. Ascospores. Note the striate ornamentation. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 0.5 mm, <bold>b–d</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>e–h</bold> = 10 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig84_HTML" id="MO84"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 160–200 <italic>μm</italic> high × 400–500 <italic>μm</italic> diam., clustered, immersed in host tissue, forming under darkened, slightly raised, somewhat liner or dome-shaped stroma on the host, with a flush intra-epidermal papilla; in vertical section subglobose with a flattened base, immersed under clypeus, subglobose with a flattened base, papillate, ostiolate (Fig. <xref rid="Fig84" ref-type="fig">83a</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> up to 20 <italic>μm</italic> thick, comprising several layers of compressed cells. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, 1–1.5 <italic>μm</italic> broad, embedded in mucilage, anastomosing and septate. <italic>Asci</italic> 123<bold>–</bold>220 × 7–11 <italic>μm</italic>, 8-spored, bitunicate, cylindrical, with furcate pedicels, and a conspicuous ocular chamber (Fig. <xref rid="Fig84" ref-type="fig">83b, c and d</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 17.5–22 × 5.5–8 <italic>μm</italic>, uniseriate to partially overlapping, fusoid or ellipsoidal, brown, 1-septate, constricted at the septum, ornamented with longitudinal wall striations and surrounded by a wide mucilaginous sheath (Fig. <xref rid="Fig84" ref-type="fig">83e, f, g and h</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: <italic>Cytoplea hysterioides</italic> K.D. Hyde (Hyde et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR178">1996a</xref>).</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: MALAYSIA, Malacca, on culms of <italic>Bambusa</italic> Bar & Grill, 1885, B. Scortechini 15 (PAD, <italic>Roussoëlla nitidula</italic> Sacc. Paol. 2484, <bold>holotype</bold>, on a loose label <italic>Roussoëlla nitidula</italic> S. & P. Est <italic>Phyllachora phaeodidym</italic>./15 prob. original material from Malacca Peninsula).</p></sec><sec id="Sec228"><title>Notes</title><sec id="d30e37423"><title>Morphology</title><p><italic>Roussoëlla</italic> was introduced by Saccardo for the single species <italic>R. nitidula</italic> Sacc. & Paol. (Saccardo and Paoletti 1888). It was redescribed by Hyde et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR178">1996a</xref>) and the anamorph of <italic>Roussoëlla hysterioides</italic> (Ces.) Höhn.<italic>, Cytoplea hysterioides</italic> K.D. Hyde was determined and described. <italic>Roussoëlla</italic> was then reviewed by Hyde (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR171">1997</xref>) and a modified key for <italic>Roussoëlla</italic> species was provided based on the one proposed by Ju et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR189">1996</xref>). <italic>Roussoëlla</italic> is characterized as having immersed ascomata containing long cylindrical asci and brown 1-septate ornamented ascospores. In this study, we have checked the type species and it matches Hyde et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR178">1996a</xref>). The asci are bitunicate, but we could not observe the fissitunicate dehiscence.</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>Species of <italic>Roussoëlla</italic>, <italic>Roussoellopsis</italic> as well as <italic>Arthopyrenia salicis</italic> form a robust phylogenetic clade, which form a sister group with pleosporalean families, but the generic type of <italic>Roussoëlla</italic> (<italic>R</italic>. <italic>nitidula</italic>) was not included in the phylogenetic study (Tanaka et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR370">2009</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="d30e37488"><title>Concluding remarks</title><p>The bambusicolous habitat of <italic>Roussoëlla</italic> is a striking character at generic rank classification but its relationship to the lichenized <italic>Arthopyrenia</italic> is unexpected and will require more analysis.</p><p><bold><italic>Saccharicola</italic></bold> D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss., in Eriksson & Hawksworth, Mycologia 95: 431 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR109">2003</xref>). (<italic>Massarinaceae</italic>)</p></sec></sec><sec id="Sec229"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, parasitic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> medium-sized, solitary, scattered, immersed, globose to subglobose, carbonaceous, papillate, ostiolate. <italic>Peridium</italic> relatively thin, composed of one cell type of pale brown to hyaline pseudoparenchymatous cells. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of trabeculate pseudoparaphyses. <italic>Asci</italic> bitunicate, 8-spored, cylindro-clavate to clavate. <italic>Ascospores</italic> biseriate and sometimes laterally uniseriate, fusoid with narrowly rounded ends, septate, constricted at the septa, the upper second cell becoming pigmented when mature, smooth or verruculose.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: <italic>Stagonospora</italic> (Eriksson and Hawksworth <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR109">2003</xref>; Kaiser et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR190">1979</xref>; Leuchtmann <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR225">1984</xref>).</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Eriksson and Hawksworth <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR109">2003</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec230"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Saccharicola bicolor</italic></bold> (D. Hawksw., W.J. Kaiser & Ndimande) D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss., Mycologia 95: 431 (2003). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig85" ref-type="fig">84</xref>)<fig id="Fig85"><label>Fig. 84</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Saccharicola bicolor</italic></bold> (from IMI 215888, <bold>holotype</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Section of an ascomata immersed in the host tissue. <bold>b</bold> Section of a partial pycnidia. Note the phragmosporous conidia. <bold>c</bold> Clavate ascus with ocular chamber and short pedicel. <bold>d</bold> Ascospores. Note the pigmented central cell(s). Scale bars: <bold>a</bold>, <bold>b</bold> = 50 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>c</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>d</bold> = 10 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig85_HTML" id="MO85"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>≡ Leptosphaeria bicolor</italic> D. Hawksw., W.J. Kaiser & Ndimande, Mycologia 71: 483 (1979).</p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 125–175 <italic>μm</italic> high × 175–220 <italic>μm</italic> diam., solitary, scattered, immersed, globose to subglobose, wall black, carbonaceous, with a protruding papilla, with a central ostiole (Fig. <xref rid="Fig85" ref-type="fig">84a</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> 15–20 <italic>μm</italic> thick composed of one cell type of pale brown to hyaline pseudoparenchymatous cells, becoming thicker near the apex (Fig. <xref rid="Fig85" ref-type="fig">84a</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of 1–2 <italic>μm</italic> broad, filliform, hyaline, septate pseudoparaphyses, branching and anastomosing in mucilage. <italic>Asci</italic><bold>(</bold>90-)125–150 × (20-)25–30 <italic>μm</italic>, 8-spored, with a short pedicel, bitunicate, cylindro-clavate to clavate, with a small ocular chamber at the apex (Fig. <xref rid="Fig85" ref-type="fig">84c</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 29<bold>–</bold>42 × 8–11 <italic>μm</italic>, biseriate and sometimes laterally uniseriate, fusoid with narrowly rounded ends, (2-)3-septate, deeply constricted at the septa, the upper second cell subhyaline to pale brown when young and becoming dark brown to almost black at maturity, smooth or verruculose (Fig. <xref rid="Fig85" ref-type="fig">84d</xref>). (data from the original description by Kaiser et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR190">1979</xref>) because of the bad condition of the type material).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: <italic>Pycnidia</italic> typical of <italic>Stagonospora</italic> (<italic>Sphaeropsidales</italic>), “scattered, arising singly both on the host and in pure culture, in culture generally surrounded by an envelope of mycelial hyphae, numerous, immersed on the host, but nearly superficial in culture, subglobose to slightly applanate, black, 150–250 <italic>μm</italic> diam., with a central slightly papillate ostiole, lacking a distinct neck; walls mainly 15–20 <italic>μm</italic> thick, composed of three to six layers of pseudoparenchymatous cells, the outermost layers dark brown and inner pale brown to hyaline cells somewhat compressed radially, very variable in size, cells of the outer layers mainly 7–12 <italic>μm</italic> long × 4–6 <italic>μm</italic> wide in vertically section and 10–12 <italic>μm</italic> diam. in surface view, wall not or only slightly thicked near the ostiole. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> lining the inner surface of the pycnidial cavity, holoblastic, minute and difficult to distinguish from the pseudoparenchymatous cells with which they are mixed, mammiform with a flattened apex, hyaline, smooth walled, about 4–6 <italic>μm</italic> tall and 4–6 <italic>μm</italic> wide. <italic>Conidia</italic> copiously produced, ellipsoid, with somewhat truncated ends, hyaline, smooth walled, (2-)3 septate, not or slightly constricted at the septa, often guttulate, rather thin walled, (21-)24–28(−34) <italic>μm</italic> × 7–8.5(−11.5) <italic>μm</italic>” (from Kaiser et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR190">1979</xref>).</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: KENYA, near Nairobi, on leaves of <italic>Saccharum officinarum</italic> L.; 24 Aug. 1977; leg. W.J. Kaiser (IMI 215888, <bold>holotype</bold>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec231"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Saccharicola</italic> was separated from <italic>Leptosphaeria</italic> as a new genus based on its <italic>Stagonospora</italic> anamorph and its biotrophic habitat in leaves of sugar cane, and two species were included, i.e. <italic>Saccharicola bicolor</italic> and <italic>S</italic>. <italic>taiwanensis</italic> (J.M. Yen & C.C. Chi) O.E. Erikss. & D. Hawksw. (Eriksson and Hawksworth <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR109">2003</xref>). <italic>Saccharicola</italic> is characterized by its parasitic habitat on monocots, small ascomata, bitunicate asci, presence of pseudoparaphyses as well as its 3-septate ascospores (Eriksson and Hawksworth <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR109">2003</xref>).</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>Based on the limited phylogenetic analysis of SSU sequences, <italic>Saccharicola</italic> is considered to be closely related to <italic>Massarina eburnea</italic>, the generic type of <italic>Massarina</italic> (Eriksson and Hawksworth <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR109">2003</xref>). Thus, <italic>Saccharicola</italic> was assigned to <italic>Massarinaceae</italic>, which includes <italic>Keissleriella</italic>, <italic>Massarina</italic> and <italic>Saccharicola</italic> (Eriksson and Hawksworth <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR109">2003</xref>).</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>Based on the parasitic habitat on monocots and its small ascomata and <italic>Stagonospora</italic> (or <italic>Cercospora</italic>? for <italic>S</italic>. <italic>taiwanensis</italic>, see Eriksson and Hawksworth <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR109">2003</xref>; Shoemaker and Babcock <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR329">1989b</xref>) anamorph, <italic>Saccharicola</italic> seems more similar to <italic>Pleosporineae</italic>. Further molecular study is needed for confirmation.</p><p><bold><italic>Salsuginea</italic></bold> K.D. Hyde, Bot. Mar. 34: 315 (1991). (<italic>Pleosporales</italic>, genera <italic>incertae sedis</italic>)</p></sec><sec id="Sec232"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat marine, saprobic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> large, solitary, fusoid, conical or subglobose, with or without a flattened base, immersed under a darkened clypeus, papillate, ostiolate. <italic>Peridium</italic> thin, composed of round cells (in cross section) at sides, fusing at the top with the clypeus, thin at the base. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, anastomosing, embedded in mucilage. <italic>Asci</italic> 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, clavate to cylindro-clavate, pedunculate, with a large ocular chamber and conspicuous apical ring. <italic>Ascospores</italic> uniseriate, obovoid, brown to black, with hyaline apical germ pores, 1-septate, constricted at the septum, dark brown with paler apical cells, lacking sheath, smooth.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: none.</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Hyde <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR163">1991a</xref>; Suetrong et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR357">2009</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec233"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Salsuginea ramicola</italic></bold> K.D. Hyde, Bot. Mar. 34: 316 (1991). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig86" ref-type="fig">85</xref>)<fig id="Fig86"><label>Fig. 85</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Salsuginea ramicola</italic></bold> (from BRIP 17102, <bold>holotype</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Habitat section of an ascoma. <bold>b</bold> Section of the partial peridium. <bold>c</bold> Clavate mature and immature asci. <bold>d</bold> Ascospores within ascus. <bold>e</bold> Apical part of immature asci. <bold>f</bold> Ascospores with an apical chamber at each end. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 0.5 mm, <bold>b–e</bold> = 50 <italic>μm</italic>, f = 10 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig86_HTML" id="MO86"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 1040–2600 <italic>μm</italic> high × 455–1430 <italic>μm</italic> diam., solitary, fusoid, conical or subglobose, with or without a flattened base, immersed under a darkened clypeus, papillate, ostiolate, ostiole rounded (Fig. <xref rid="Fig86" ref-type="fig">85a</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> up to 39 <italic>μm</italic> thick, composed of round cells (in cross section) at sides, fusing at the top with the clypeus, thin at the base (Fig. <xref rid="Fig86" ref-type="fig">85b</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, 1–2 <italic>μm</italic> broad, anastomosing, embedded in mucilage. <italic>Asci</italic> 440<bold>–</bold>512 × 29–34 <italic>μm</italic>, 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, clavate to cylindro-clavate, pedunculate, with a large ocular chamber and conspicuous apical ring (Fig. <xref rid="Fig86" ref-type="fig">85c and e</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 59<bold>–</bold>72 × 24–30 <italic>μm</italic>, uniseriate, obovoid, brown to black, with hyaline apical germ pores, 1-septate, constricted at the septum, dark brown with paler apical cells, lacking sheath, smooth (Fig. <xref rid="Fig86" ref-type="fig">85d and f</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: THAILAND, Ranong mangrove, <italic>Aegiceras corniculatum</italic> (L.) Blanco., Oct. 1988, leg. & det. K.D. Hyde (BRIP 17102, <bold>holotype</bold>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec234"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Salsuginea</italic> was introduced to accommodate the mangrove fungus, <italic>S</italic>. <italic>ramicola</italic>, which is characterized by large, immersed, ostiolate and papillate ascomata under a clypeus, dense, trabeculate pseudoparaphyses embedded in gel matrix, fissitunicate, 8-spored, cylindrical asci with short pedicel and conspicuous apical apparatus, 1-septate, dark brown ascospores with paler apical cells (Hyde <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR163">1991a</xref>). <italic>Salsuginea</italic> is considered closely related to <italic>Helicascus</italic> and <italic>Caryospora</italic>, and they are all proposed to <italic>Melanommataceae</italic> (Hyde <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR163">1991a</xref>).</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>Based on a multigene phylogenetic analysis, <italic>Salsuginea ramicola</italic> nested in a paraphyletic clade within <italic>Pleosporales</italic>; its familial status is undetermined (Suetrong et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR357">2009</xref>).</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>It has been shown that trabeculate pseudoparaphyses has no phylogenetic significance at familial rank, so a well resolved phylogeny based on DNA comparisons will be necessary to categorize this genus.</p><p><bold><italic>Semidelitschia</italic></bold> Cain & Luck-Allen, Mycologia 61: 581 (1969). (<italic>Delitschiaceae</italic>)</p></sec><sec id="Sec235"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, saprobic (coprophilous). <italic>Ascomata</italic> immersed to slightly erumpent, scattered, coriaceous, papillate, ostiolate. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of non-typical trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, thin, septate, rarely branching. <italic>Asci</italic> cylindrical, pedicellate, each with a conspicuous large apical ring. <italic>Ascospores</italic> non-septate, dark brown to nearly black, each with an elongated germ slit.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: none.</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR37">2000</xref>; Cain and Luck-Allen <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR61">1969</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec236"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Semidelitschia agasmatica</italic></bold> Cain & Luck-Allen, Mycologia 61: 581 (1969). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig87" ref-type="fig">86</xref>)<fig id="Fig87"><label>Fig. 86</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Semidelitschia agasmatica</italic></bold> (from TRTC 40697, <bold>holotype</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Immersed ascomata scattered on the surface of the substrate. <bold>b</bold> Squash of ascoma. Note the numerous released asci. <bold>c</bold> Apical ring of cylindrical asci. <bold>d</bold> One-celled ascospores. Note the germ slits (see <italic>arrow</italic>). <bold>e</bold> Cylindrical ascus. Note the tapering pedicel. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 0.5 mm, <bold>b–e</bold> = 100 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig87_HTML" id="MO87"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 550–900 <italic>μm</italic> diam., solitary, immersed to erumpent, globose to subglobose, black, semicoriaceous, smooth-walled, with a protruding papilla and a conspicuous ostiole (Fig. <xref rid="Fig87" ref-type="fig">86a</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> thin, comprising multi-angular cells from front view. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of non-typical trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, 1–2 <italic>μm</italic> broad, septate, rarely branching, anastomosing not observed. <italic>Asci</italic> 410<bold>–</bold>505 × (38-)43–50 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq129"><alternatives><tex-math id="M129">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = {47}0.{6} \times {46}.{4} \mu {\text{m}} $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq129.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate dehiscence not observed, cylindrical, with a thick pedicel which is up to 90 <italic>μm</italic> long, and with a large and conspicuous dome-shaped ocular chamber surrounded by apical ring (to 18 <italic>μm</italic> wide × 4 <italic>μm</italic> high) (Fig. <xref rid="Fig87" ref-type="fig">86b and e</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 53<bold>–</bold>65 × 30–38 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq130"><alternatives><tex-math id="M130">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = {61}.{3} \times {34}.{1} \mu {\text{m}} $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq130.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), uniseriate to obliquely uniseriate and partially overlapping, broad fusoid to subglobose, hyaline when young, then becoming yellowish brown, reddish brown and nearly black and opaque when mature, non-septate, smooth-walled, with a full length germ slit, surrounded by a broad gelatinous sheath (Fig. <xref rid="Fig87" ref-type="fig">86c and d</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: CANADA, Alberta, North of Beaver Mines, on sheep dung, 28 Jul. 1962, E.R. Luck-Allen, (TRTC 41607, <bold>paratype</bold>); USA, Montana: Gallatin County, 60 min S of Bozeman, on sheep dung, 2 Sept. 1957, Cain (TRTC 42032, <bold>paratype</bold>); Stillwater County Columbus, on cow dung, 3 Sept. 1957, Cain (TRTC 42031, <bold>paratype</bold>); South Dakota, Meade Co.: South of Wall, on cow dung, 3 Sept. 1962, Cain (TRTC 40697, <bold>holotype</bold>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec237"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Semidelitschia</italic> was formally established by Cain and Luck-Allen (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR61">1969</xref>) and was assigned to <italic>Sporormiaceae</italic>. Although it is similar to <italic>Delitschia</italic>, it differs as the ascospores are 1-celled, as opposed to 2-celled. Subsequently, <italic>Semidelitschia</italic> was transferred to <italic>Delitschiaceae</italic> together with <italic>Delitschia</italic> (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR37">2000</xref>). Currently, three species are listed under this genus, i.e. <italic>S</italic>. <italic>agasmatica</italic> Cain & Luck-Allen, <italic>S</italic>. <italic>nanostellata</italic> A.E. Bell & Mahoney and <italic>S</italic>. <italic>tetraspora</italic> J.H. Mirza & S.M. Khan (Index Fungorum) although the number of species in the genus are given as only two in Kirk et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR198">2008</xref>).</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>None.</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>This is a clearly defined genus that differs from <italic>Delitschia</italic> in having 1-celled ascospores. Cultures of <italic>S</italic>. <italic>agasmatica</italic> are needed for sequencing and for establishing the placement and uniqueness of the genus.</p><p><bold><italic>Setomelanomma</italic></bold> M. Morelet, Bull. Soc. Sci. nat. Arch. Toulon et du Var 227:15 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR257">1980</xref>). (<italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic>)</p></sec><sec id="Sec238"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, hemibiotrophic or biotrophic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> small, solitary, scattered, immersed, erumpent to superficial, globose to subglobose, black; with or without a small papilla, apex covered with setae and a periphysate ostiole. <italic>Peridium</italic> thin, 1-layered, composed of several layers of cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, 1–2 <italic>μm</italic> broad pseudoparaphyses, septate, anastomosing. <italic>Asci</italic> 8-spored, bitunicate, broadly cylindrical. <italic>Ascospores</italic> fusoid to broadly clavate, pale brown to brown, 3-septate.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: none.</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Leonard and Suggs <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR224">1974</xref>; Morelet <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR257">1980</xref>; Rossman et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR298">2002</xref>; Schoch et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR314">2009</xref>; Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec239"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Setomelanomma holmii</italic></bold> M. Morelet, Bulletin de la Société des Sciences naturelles et d’Archéologie de Toulon et du Var 36 (no. 227): 15 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR257">1980</xref>). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig88" ref-type="fig">87</xref>)<fig id="Fig88"><label>Fig. 87</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Setomelanomma holmii</italic></bold> (from UPS F-117969 (slide), <bold>isotype</bold>). <bold>a</bold>, <bold>b</bold> Asci with short pedicels in pseudoparaphyses. <bold>c</bold> Partial view of ascus. <bold>d</bold> Branching and septate pseudoparaphyses. <bold>a</bold> Three-septate lightly pigmented ascospores in ascus. Scale bars: <bold>a–e</bold> = 10 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig88_HTML" id="MO88"></graphic></fig></p><p>(Some information in the following description is from Rossman et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR298">2002</xref>))</p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 80–250 <italic>μm</italic> diam., solitary, scattered, immersed, erumpent to superficial, globose to subglobose, black, with setae; with or without a small papilla, apex covered with setae and a periphysate ostiole. <italic>Peridium</italic> 15–25 <italic>μm</italic> thick, 1-layered, composed of several layers of cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, cell wall thinner and more lightly pigmented towards centrum, cell wall thicker near the apex. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, 1–2 <italic>μm</italic> broad pseudoparaphyses, thicker near the base, septate, anastomosing (Fig. <xref rid="Fig88" ref-type="fig">87a and d</xref>). <italic>Asci</italic> 70<bold>–</bold>100 × 11–14 <italic>μm</italic>, 8-spored, bitunicate, broadly cylindrical with a short, thick, furcate pedicel, with a small ocular chamber (Fig. <xref rid="Fig88" ref-type="fig">87a, b and c</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 16<bold>–</bold>21 × 5–6.5 <italic>μm</italic>, obliquely uniseriate and partially overlapping to biseriate, fusoid to broadly clavate with broadly to narrowly rounded ends, pale brown to brown, 3-septate, slightly constricted at the median septum, smooth (Fig. <xref rid="Fig88" ref-type="fig">87e</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: FRANCE, Leuglay, on dying twigs of <italic>Picea pungens</italic>. 8 May 1987, leg. M. Morelet (UPS F-117969 (slide), <bold>isotype</bold>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec240"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Setomelanomma</italic> was formally established by Morelet (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR257">1980</xref>) as a monotypic genus represented by <italic>S</italic>. <italic>holmii</italic>, which was collected in France. The description, however, is not detailed and lacks illustrations. Rossman et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR298">2002</xref>) collected this species in North America and detailed studies were conducted including both morphology and phylogeny. The bitunicate, broadly cylindrical asci, cellular pseudoparaphyses as well as the pale brown, septate ascospores with a median primary septum point <italic>Setomelanomma</italic> to <italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic> as defined by Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR33">1992a</xref>) and Eriksson et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR112">2002</xref>) (Rossman et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR298">2002</xref>). However, its setose ascomata, brown and 3-septate ascospores together with its residence in conifers distinguish it from all other genera under <italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic> (Rossman et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR298">2002</xref>). <italic>Setomelanomma</italic> is mostly comparable with <italic>Kalmusia</italic> and <italic>Phaeosphaeria</italic>. <italic>Setomelanomma</italic> can be distinguished from <italic>Kalmusia</italic> by its erumpent to superficial ascomata with almost no papilla, and <italic>Phaeosphaeria</italic> differs from <italic>Setomelanomma</italic> by its host spectrum and reported anamorphic stages (Rossman et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR298">2002</xref>). Currently, five species are included in <italic>Setomelanomma</italic>, namely <italic>S</italic>. <italic>holmii</italic>, <italic>S</italic>. <italic>monoceras</italic>, <italic>S</italic>. <italic>prolata</italic> K.J. Leonard & Suggs, <italic>S</italic>. <italic>rostrata</italic> (K.J. Leonard) K.J. Leonard & Suggs and <italic>S</italic>. <italic>turcica</italic> (Luttr.) K.J. Leonard & Suggs (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.mycobank.org/">http://www.mycobank.org/</ext-link>, 06/2010).</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p><italic>Setomelanomma</italic> forms a well supported phylogenetic clade with other members of <italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic> (Schoch et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR314">2009</xref>; Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>).</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>None.</p><p><bold><italic>Shiraia</italic></bold> Henn., Bot. Jb. 28: 274 (1900). (<italic>Pleosporales</italic>, genera <italic>incertae sedis</italic>)</p></sec><sec id="Sec241"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, parasitic. <italic>Ascostroma</italic> warty-like or tuber-like. <italic>Ascomata</italic> medium to large, subglobose, gregarious on the surface layer of ascostroma, immersed, ostiolate, with a small black opening seen on the surface of the ascostroma, ostiole rounded. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, anastomosing and branching between the asci. <italic>Asci</italic> bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical to cylindro-clavate, with a short furcate pedicel, with a big and truncate ocular chamber. <italic>Ascospores</italic> obliquely uniseriate and partially overlapping, narrowly fusoid to fusoid or broadly fusoid with tapering or narrowly rounded ends, hyaline to pale brown or brown, muriform.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: coelomycetous with muriform conidia (see Liu <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR231">2009</xref>).</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Cheng et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR71">2004</xref>; Hino <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR145">1961</xref>; Kishi et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR201">1991</xref>; Liu <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR231">2009</xref>; Morakotkarn et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR254">2008</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec242"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Shiraia bambusicola</italic></bold> Henn., Bot. Jb. 28: 274 (1900). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig89" ref-type="fig">88</xref>)<fig id="Fig89"><label>Fig. 88</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Shiraia bambusium</italic></bold> (from IFRD 2040). <bold>a</bold> Ascostroma form a nubby structures on the twigs of host. <bold>b</bold> Vertical section of an ascostroma. Note the reddish staining of the inner tissue. <bold>c</bold>, <bold>d</bold> Cylindrical asci with a short pedicel. <bold>e–g</bold> Muriform fusoid hyaline ascospores. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 1 cm, <bold>b</bold> = 1 mm, <bold>c</bold>, <bold>d</bold> = 50 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>e–g</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig89_HTML" id="MO89"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Ascostroma</italic> 1–1.5 cm high × 1–2.5 cm diam., subglobose, oblong to irregular, slightly pink with cracking surface. <italic>Ascomata</italic> 350–800 <italic>μm</italic> high × 300–700 <italic>μm</italic> diam., subglobose, gregarious on the surface layer of ascostroma, immersed, ostiolate, with a small black opening seen on the surface of the ascostroma, ostiole rounded, the inner tissue of ascostroma carnation red (Fig. <xref rid="Fig89" ref-type="fig">88a and b</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, 0.8–1.5 <italic>μm</italic> broad, anastomosing and branching between the asci. <italic>Asci</italic> 300<bold>–</bold>425 × 20–35 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq131"><alternatives><tex-math id="M131">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = {36}0.{5} \times {28} \mu {\text{m}} $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq131.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), 6-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical to cylindro-clavate, with a short furcate pedicel, up to 50 <italic>μm</italic> long, with a big and truncate ocular chamber (Fig. <xref rid="Fig89" ref-type="fig">88c and d</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 62.5–80 × 17.5–22.5 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq132"><alternatives><tex-math id="M132">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = {72}.{3} \times {19}.{3} \mu {\text{m}} $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq132.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), obliquely uniseriate and partially overlapping, narrowly fusoid to fusoid with tapering or narrowly rounded ends, hyaline turning pale brown when mature, muriform, with 9–13 transversal septa, 1–3 longitudinal septa in central cells, slightly constricted at the septa, usually with a gelatinous cap at each end (Fig. <xref rid="Fig89" ref-type="fig">88e, f and g</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: coelomycetous with muriform conidia (see Liu <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR231">2009</xref>).</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: CHINA, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, Panan, on bamboom, 15 Jun. 2009, leg. Liu Yongxiang (IFRD 2040).</p></sec><sec id="Sec243"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Shiraia</italic> is reported as a parasite on branches of several genera of bamboo distributed mainly in southern regions of China and Japan (Hino <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR145">1961</xref>; Kishi et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR201">1991</xref>; Liu <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR231">2009</xref>). <italic>Shiraia</italic> is characterized by its bambusicolous habitat, large ascostroma and muriform ascospores. Asci comprise 6 ascospores in this study and some previous studies (Hino <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR145">1961</xref>; Liu <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR231">2009</xref>). <italic>Shiraia bambusicola</italic> is well studied because of its medical effect in anticancer treatment (Kishi et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR201">1991</xref>).</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>Based on the SSU and ITS rDNA sequences analysis, its pleosporalean status was verified, and <italic>Shiraia</italic> was suggested to be closely related to <italic>Leptosphaeriaceae</italic> and/or <italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic> (<italic>Pleosporineae</italic>) (Cheng et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR71">2004</xref>). Based on the molecular phylogenetic analysis, another <italic>Shiraia</italic>-like fungus was reported which produced distinctive prawn-shaped conidioma-like structures (Morakotkarn et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR254">2008</xref>), and differed from conidiomata in the anamorph of <italic>S</italic>. <italic>bambusicola</italic> described by Liu (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR231">2009</xref>).</p><sec id="d30e38880"><title><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></title><p>A relatively broad species concept of <italic>Shiraia bambusicola</italic> is currently used, which could comprise several species.</p><p><bold><italic>Sinodidymella</italic></bold> J.Z. Yue & O.E. Erikss., Mycotaxon 24: 295 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR420">1985</xref>). (<italic>Teichosporaceae</italic>)</p></sec></sec><sec id="Sec244"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, saprobic? <italic>Ascomata</italic> medium to large, scattered, or in small groups, immersed, erumpent, to superficial, globose, subglobose, coriaceous, apex flattened, with radial ridges arranged around the central region. <italic>Peridium</italic> thick, 2-layered. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, broadly trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, anastomosing and branching between the asci. <italic>Asci</italic> 8-spored, with a short, furcate pedicel, bitunicate, cylindrical. <italic>Ascospores</italic> broadly ellipsoid, hyaline, becoming pale brown when mature, 1-septate, constricted at the median septum.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: none.</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Yue and Eriksson <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR420">1985</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec245"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Sinodidymella verrucosa</italic></bold> (Petr.) J.Z. Yue & O.E. Erikss., Mycotaxon 24: 295 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR420">1985</xref>). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig90" ref-type="fig">89</xref>)<fig id="Fig90"><label>Fig. 89</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Sinodidymella verrucosa</italic></bold> (from W 16366, <bold>type</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Ascomata on the host surface. Note the radial ridges around the pseudostiolar region. <bold>b</bold> Section of an ascoma. <bold>c</bold> Section of peridium. Note the hyaline small cells and interwoven hyphae. <bold>d</bold> Cylindrical asci in pseudoparaphyses. <bold>e</bold> Eight-spored ascus with short pedicel. <bold>f</bold> Hyaline, 1-septate ascospores which turn pale brown when mature. Scale bars: <bold>A</bold> = 1 mm, <bold>B</bold> = 100 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>c</bold> = 50 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>d–f</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig90_HTML" id="MO90"></graphic></fig></p><p>≡ <italic>Amphididymella verrucosa</italic> Petr., Meddn Göteb. Bot. 17: 129 (1947).</p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 620–930 <italic>μm</italic> high × 800–1250 <italic>μm</italic> diam., scattered, or in small groups, immersed, becoming erumpent, to nearly superficial, globose, subglobose, coriaceous, apex flattened, with 3–6 radial ridges arranged around the central region, with a flattened base not easily removed from the substrate, wall black, roughened (Fig. <xref rid="Fig90" ref-type="fig">89a and b</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> 100–150 <italic>μm</italic> thick, thinner at the base, 2-layered, outer layer thin, up to 40 <italic>μm</italic> thick, composed of small heavily pigmented thick-walled cells of <italic>textura globulosa</italic>, cells up to 5 <italic>μm</italic> diam., cell wall 3–6 <italic>μm</italic> thick, inner layer thick, composed of hyaline small cells of <italic>textura epidermoidea</italic>, 2–4 <italic>μm</italic> diam., cell wall 1–3 <italic>μm</italic> thick, interspersed with interwoven mycelium in places (Fig. <xref rid="Fig90" ref-type="fig">89b and c</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, broadly trabeculate pseudoparaphyses 1–2 <italic>μm</italic> broad, anastomosing between and above the asci (Fig. <xref rid="Fig90" ref-type="fig">89d</xref>). <italic>Asci</italic> 140–190(−205) × 12.5–15(−17.5) <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq133"><alternatives><tex-math id="M133">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = {164} \times {14}.{3} \mu {\text{m}} $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq133.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), 8-spored, bitunicate, cylindrical, with a short, furcate pedicel, 20–45 <italic>μm</italic> long, and an inconspicuous ocular chamber (to 2 <italic>μm</italic> wide × 1 <italic>μm</italic> high) (Fig. <xref rid="Fig90" ref-type="fig">89d and e</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 20<bold>–</bold>25 × 10–12 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq134"><alternatives><tex-math id="M134">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = {22}.{1} \times {1}0.{3} \mu {\text{m}} $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq134.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), obliquely uniseriate and partially overlapping, broadly ellipsoid with rounded ends, hyaline, becoming pale brown when mature, 1-septate, constricted at the median septum, smooth (Fig. <xref rid="Fig90" ref-type="fig">89f</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: CHINA, Kansu Prov., between Scharakuto and Kweite, on rotten stems of <italic>Salsola gemmascens</italic> Pall., 25 Jul. 1935, G. Fenzel 2400 (W 16366, <bold>type</bold>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec246"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Sinodidymella</italic> was formally established by Yue and Eriksson (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR420">1985</xref>) as they noticed that <italic>Amphididymella verrucosa</italic> Petr. was not congeneric with the generic type, <italic>A</italic>. <italic>adeana</italic> Petr., which is a pyrenolichen. Thus a new monotypic genus, <italic>Sinodidymella</italic> was introduced to accommodate it. The most outstanding morphological character of <italic>Sinodidymella</italic> is its radial ridges, which are somewhat comparable with that of <italic>Lophiostoma rugulosum</italic> Yin. Zhang, J. Fourn. & K.D. Hyde, although their pseudoparaphyses are dissimilar. <italic>Lophiostoma rugulosum</italic> has “tightly aggregated cellular pseudoparaphyses” and “apically ending into bunches of clavate cells” (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR427">2009b</xref>).</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>None.</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>The radial ridges have little phylogenetic significance in genus level classification (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR427">2009b</xref>), but the broadly trabeculate pseudoparaphyses of <italic>Sinodidymella</italic> may fit <italic>Melanommataceae</italic>.</p><p><bold><italic>Splanchnonema</italic></bold> Corda, in Sturm, Deutschl. Fl., 3 Abt. (Pilze Deutschl.) 2(9), Tome 3: 115 (1829). (?<italic>Pleomassariaceae</italic>)</p></sec><sec id="Sec247"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, saprobic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> medium to large, solitary or scattered, immersed in cortex with a pseudostromal covering, with a small ostiole appearing on the host surface, flattened subglobose. <italic>Peridium</italic> thin. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, cellular pseudoparaphyses, embedded in mucilage, anastomosing and branching. <italic>Asci</italic> bitunicate, fissitunicate, clavate to broadly cylindrical, with a short, narrowed, furcate pedicel. <italic>Ascospores</italic> clavate with a rounded apex and acute base, reddish brown, constricted at the septa.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: <italic>Myxocyclus</italic>, <italic>Steganosporium</italic> (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR22">1982b</xref>).</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR22">1982b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR35">1993a</xref>; Boise <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR52">1985</xref>; Corda <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR81">1829</xref>; Eriksson <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR100">1981</xref>; Ramaley and Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR289">1995</xref>; Shoemaker and LeClair <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR333">1975</xref>; Sivanesan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR344">1984</xref>; Tanaka et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR369">2005</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec248"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Splanchnonema pustulatum</italic></bold> Corda, in Sturm, Deutschl. Fl., 3 Abt. (Pilze Deutschl.) 2(9), Tome 3: 115 (1829). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig91" ref-type="fig">90</xref>)<fig id="Fig91"><label>Fig. 90</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Splanchnonema pustulatum</italic></bold> (from L, No. 910.251–352, No. 910.251–371). <bold>a</bold> Appearnce of ascomata on the host surface beneath a slightly raised area with minute ostiolar opening. <bold>b</bold> Section of the partial peridium. Note the compressed cells. <bold>c</bold> Dehiscent ascus. <bold>d</bold> Cluster of three asci joined in hymenium and pseudoparaphyses. <bold>e</bold>, <bold>f</bold> Asymmetric ascospores. Note the conspicuous sheath. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 1 mm, <bold>b–d</bold> = 50 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>e</bold>, <bold>f</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig91_HTML" id="MO91"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 400–600 <italic>μm</italic> high × 550–1000 <italic>μm</italic> diam., solitary or scattered, immersed in cortex with a pseudostromal covering, with a small ostiole appearing on the host surface, flattened subglobose (Fig. <xref rid="Fig91" ref-type="fig">90a</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> 15–25 <italic>μm</italic> thick, composed of small lightly pigmented thin-walled compressed cells (Fig. <xref rid="Fig91" ref-type="fig">90b</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long cellular pseudoparaphyses 2–3 <italic>μm</italic> broad, embedded in mucilage, anastomosing and branching. <italic>Asci</italic> 200<bold>–</bold>250 × 30–45 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq135"><alternatives><tex-math id="M135">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = {219}.{6} \times {38}.{2} \mu {\text{m}} $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq135.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, clavate to broadly cylindrical, with a short, narrowed, furcate pedicel up to 35 <italic>μm</italic> long, without conspicuous ocular chamber (Fig. <xref rid="Fig91" ref-type="fig">90c and d</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 45<bold>–</bold>53 × 20–24 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq136"><alternatives><tex-math id="M136">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = {48}.{5} \times {22}.{3} \mu {\text{m}} $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq136.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), obliquely uniseriate and partially overlapping to biseriate, clavate with a rounded apex and acute base, reddish brown, 2-septate, apical cell largest, broader than the lower cells, basal cell smallest, constricted at the septa, smooth-walled, surrounded by a regular hyaline gelatinous sheath, 3–6 <italic>μm</italic> thick (Fig. <xref rid="Fig91" ref-type="fig">90e and f</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: UK, Avon, nr Bath, Batheaston, on branch of <italic>Ulmus</italic>, C.E. Broome (L, No. 910.251-352, No. 910.251-371).</p></sec><sec id="Sec249"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p>A confusing outline of the history of <italic>Splanchnonema</italic> was provided by Shoemaker and LeClair (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR333">1975</xref>), which at the time was a valid, but little used name. Eriksson (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR100">1981</xref>) and Sivanesan (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR344">1984</xref>) stated (without comment) that the lectotype of <italic>Splanchnonema</italic> is <italic>S</italic>. <italic>pupula</italic> (Fr.) O. Kuntze. However, <italic>S</italic>. <italic>pustulatum</italic> is listed as the generic type in the online databases MycoBank and Index Fungorum. We assume Eriksson (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR100">1981</xref>) gained his data from Shoemaker and LeClair (1973), who considered <italic>S</italic>. <italic>pustulatum</italic> to be a synonym of <italic>S</italic>. <italic>pupula</italic>. Since we were unable to locate material of Corda or Fries we used a later collection of C.E. Broome.</p><p><italic>Splanchnonema</italic> can be distinguished from the morphologically comparable genera, i.e. <italic>Pleomassaria</italic> or <italic>Splanchospora</italic> by its depressed ascomata, and obovoid and asymmetrical ascospores (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR22">1982b</xref>). Currently, about 40 species are included in this genus. Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR35">1993a</xref>) provided a key to 27 North American species, however, the inclusion of species with a range of ascospore types and immersed to superficial ascomata suggests the genus to be polyphyletic. Tanaka et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR369">2005</xref>) suspected that the genus might include species of <italic>Pleomassaria</italic>, thus this genus needs further study.</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p><italic>Splanchnonema platani</italic> (= <italic>Massaria platani)</italic> is poorly supported to be related to <italic>Lentitheciaceae</italic> (Schoch et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR314">2009</xref>).</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p><italic>Splanchnonema pustulatum</italic> has unique ascospores formed in immersed ascomata with thin walls, indicating that <italic>Splanchnonema sensu stricto</italic> should be confined to a few similar species. The type needs recollecting, sequencing and epitypifying in order to establish the phylogenetic relationships of this genus and to study what may be important defining characters. Also see entry under <italic>Pleomassaria</italic>.</p><p><bold><italic>Sporormia</italic></bold> De Not., Micromyc. Ital. Novi 5: 10 (1845). (<italic>Sporormiaceae</italic>)</p></sec><sec id="Sec250"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, saprobic (coprophilous). <italic>Ascomata</italic> small, solitary, scattered, immersed to erumpent, globose, subglobose, wall black; apex without obvious papilla, ostiolate. <italic>Peridium</italic> thin. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of rare, broad, septate pseudoparaphyses. <italic>Asci</italic> 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate dehiscence not observed, short cylindrical, with a short, narrowed, furcate pedicel. <italic>Ascospores</italic> fasciculate, broadly filliform, reddish brown, multi-septate, easily separating into partspores, without visible germ-slits or pores.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: none.</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Ahmed and Asad <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR3">1968</xref>; Ahmed and Cain <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR4">1972</xref>; Kirschstein <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR200">1944</xref>; de Notaris <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR87">1849</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec251"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Sporormia fimetaria</italic></bold> De Not., Micromyc. Ital. Novi 5: 10 (1845). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig92" ref-type="fig">91</xref>)<fig id="Fig92"><label>Fig. 91</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Sporormia fimetaria</italic></bold> (from RO, <bold>type</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Appearance of ascomata on the host surface. Note the scattered distribution. <bold>b–d</bold> Broad cylindrical asci with a short and thick pedicel. <bold>e</bold> Released filiform ascospores which may break up into part spores. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 0.5 mm, <bold>b–d</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>e</bold> = 10 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig92_HTML" id="MO92"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 100–150 <italic>μm</italic> diam., solitary, scattered, immersed to erumpent, globose, subglobose, wall black; apex without obvious papilla, ostiolate (Fig. <xref rid="Fig92" ref-type="fig">91a</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> thin (other characters unknown). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of rare, 2–3 <italic>μm</italic> wide, septate pseudoparaphyses. <italic>Asci</italic> 70<bold>–</bold>100 × 13–18 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq137"><alternatives><tex-math id="M137">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = {86}.{4} \times {14}.{9} \mu {\text{m}} $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq137.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate dehiscence not observed, shortly cylindrical, with a short, narrowed, furcate pedicel up to 20 <italic>μm</italic> long, no apical apparatus could be observed (Fig. <xref rid="Fig92" ref-type="fig">91b, c and d</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 50<bold>–</bold>58 × 4–5 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq138"><alternatives><tex-math id="M138">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = {54}.{7} \times {4}.{8} \mu {\text{m}} $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq138.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), fasciculate, broadly filliform, reddish brown, with 16 cells, easily separating into partspores, central cells of the ascospores shorter than broad, rectangular in vertical section, round in transverse section, 4–5 × 2.5–3.5 <italic>μm</italic>, without visible germ-slits or pores, apical cells usually longer than broad, 5–6.5 <italic>μm</italic> long, also without apertures (sheath is reported (Ahmed and Cain <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR4">1972</xref>), but not observed in this study) (Fig. <xref rid="Fig92" ref-type="fig">91e</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: 1832, (RO, <bold>type,</bold> as <italic>Hormospora fimetaria</italic> De Not.).</p></sec><sec id="Sec252"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Sporormia</italic> was formally established by de Notaris (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR87">1849</xref>), and only one species was described, i.e. <italic>S</italic>. <italic>fimetaria</italic>, which subsequently was selected as the generic type. <italic>Sporormia sensu stricto</italic> was accepted by several workers, and only includes members with a fasciculate ascospore arrangement, parallel to the ascus, and the part cells of the ascospores lacking germ-slits (Ahmed and Asad <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR3">1968</xref>; Ahmed and Cain <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR4">1972</xref>; Kirschstein <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR200">1944</xref>). Species whose ascospores are not fasciculate and have partspores with germ-slits were assigned to <italic>Sporormiopsis</italic> by Kirschstein (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR200">1944</xref>) and to <italic>Sporormiella</italic> by Ahmed and Cain (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR4">1972</xref>).</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>The generic status of <italic>Sporormia</italic> in <italic>Pleosporales</italic> was verified based on a phylogenetic analysis of ITS-nLSU rDNA, mtSSU rDNA and ß-tubulin sequences (Kruys and Wedin <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR220">2009</xref>). <italic>Sporormia</italic> clustered together with species of <italic>Westerdykella</italic> (including <italic>Eremodothis</italic> and <italic>Pycnidiophora</italic>), but lacks clear statistical support. Thus, the relationship of <italic>Sporormia</italic> with other genera of <italic>Sporormiaceae</italic> is unclear and not resolved yet.</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>Several coprophilous taxa (e.g. <italic>Chaetopreussia</italic> and <italic>Pleophragmia</italic> as well as <italic>Sporormiella nigropurpurea</italic>) in the <italic>Pleosporales</italic> were not included in the study by Kruys and Wedin (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR220">2009</xref>). Strains of these genera need to be collected and analyzed and their relationship with <italic>Sporormia</italic> established.</p><p><bold><italic>Trematosphaeria</italic></bold> Fuckel, Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 23–24: 161 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR123">1870</xref>). (<italic>Trematosphaeriaceae</italic>)</p></sec><sec id="Sec253"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial or freshwater, saprobic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> subglobose, unilocular, erumpent to superficial, with papillate ostiole. <italic>Peridium</italic> thin, comprising several cell types. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, delicate, filliform, septate pseudoparaphyses. <italic>Asci</italic> bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindro-clavate, normally 8-spored. <italic>Ascospores</italic> ellipsoid-fusoid to biconic, septate, smooth to finely verruculose, brown.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: hyphopodia-like (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR423">2008a</xref>).</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: von Arx and Müller <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR390">1975</xref>; Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR17">1979a</xref>; Boise <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR52">1985</xref>; Clements and Shear <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR76">1931</xref>; Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR423">2008a</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec254"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Trematosphaeria pertusa</italic></bold> (Pers.) Fuckel, Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 23–24: 161 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR123">1870</xref>). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig93" ref-type="fig">92</xref>)<fig id="Fig93"><label>Fig. 92</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Trematosphaeria pertusa</italic></bold> (<bold>a</bold>, <bold>d</bold>, <bold>f–i</bold> from <bold>epitype</bold>, <bold>b</bold>, <bold>c</bold>, <bold>e</bold>, <bold>j</bold> from <bold>neotype</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Ascomata on the host surface. <bold>b</bold> Section of an ascoma. <bold>c</bold>, <bold>h</bold> Section of the peridium. <bold>c</bold> shows the peridium structure at sides, and <bold>h</bold> indicates the basal peridium structure. Note the hyaline and thin-walled cells in (<bold>h</bold>). <bold>d</bold> Asci amongst pseudoparaphyses. <bold>e</bold> Ascus with pedicle. <bold>f</bold>, <bold>g</bold> Dehiscent ascus. <bold>i</bold> Upper part of the ascus, showing the ocular chamber and the mucilage covering the apex. <bold>j</bold>, <bold>k</bold> Ascospores. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 0.5 mm, <bold>b</bold>, <bold>c</bold> = 100 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>d</bold>–<bold>h</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>i–k</bold> = 10 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig93_HTML" id="MO93"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>≡ Sphaeria pertusa</italic> Pers., Syn. meth. fung. (Göttingen) 1: 83 (1801).</p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 350–550 <italic>μm</italic> high × 320–480 <italic>μm</italic> diam., solitary, scattered, or in groups, initially immersed, becoming erumpent, to semi-immersed, subglobose, black; apex with a short ostiole usually slightly conical and widely porate, to 100 <italic>μm</italic> high (Fig. <xref rid="Fig93" ref-type="fig">92a and b</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> 48–55 <italic>μm</italic> wide laterally, to 80 <italic>μm</italic> at the apex, thinner at the base, 30–40 <italic>μm</italic> thick, coriaceous, 3-layered, comprising several cell types, one is of small heavily pigmented thick-walled cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, cells 4–8 <italic>μm</italic> diam., cell wall 1.5–3 <italic>μm</italic> thick in places with columns of <italic>textura prismatica</italic> orientated perpendicular to the ascomatal surface, apex cells smaller and walls thicker, forming thick-walled cells of <italic>textura pseudoparenchymata</italic>, and larger, paler cells of mixture of <italic>textura epidermoidea</italic> and <italic>textura angularis</italic> at the base (Fig. <xref rid="Fig93" ref-type="fig">92b, c and h</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, filamentous, 1.5–2.5 <italic>μm</italic> broad, septate pseudoparaphyses, embedded in mucilage, branching and anastomosing between and above the asci (Fig. <xref rid="Fig93" ref-type="fig">92d, e and f</xref>). <italic>Asci</italic> 100–145 × 15–17 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq139"><alternatives><tex-math id="M139">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = {29}.{5} \times {8} \mu {\text{m}} $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq140.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), biseriate to uniseriate near the base, fusoid with broadly to narrowly rounded ends, dark brown, 1–3-septate, secondary septum forming late or often absent, constricted at the median septum, the upper cell often shorter and broader than the lower one, smooth to finely verruculose, containing refractive globules (Fig. <xref rid="Fig93" ref-type="fig">92j and k</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: Only hyphopodia-like structures (or conidia?) observed (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR423">2008a</xref>).</p><p>Colonies (of epitype) reaching 5 cm diam. after 20 days growth on MEA at 25°C, raised, woolly, deep grey, with irregular to rhizoidal margin, reverse darkened. Hyphopodia-like structures (or conidia?) produced after 6 months, hyaline to pale brown, lobed, 4–4.5(−5) <italic>μm</italic> long and 3–3.5 <italic>μm</italic> diam.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: EUROPE, Upsala, on decaying wood, designated by Boise (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR52">1985</xref>), (L-Pers 910269–172, as <italic>Sphaeria pertusa</italic> Pers., <bold>neotype</bold>); FRANCE, Deux Sèvres, Sansais, Le Vanneau, Les Grandes Mottines, swamp, on bark of a dead stump of <italic>Fraxinus excelsior</italic>, 25 Apr. 2004, J. Fournier (IFRD 2002, <bold>epitype</bold>); Haute Garonne, Avignonet, Canal du Midi, on submerged wood of <italic>Platanus</italic> in a canal, 23 Nov. 2006, Michel Delpont, det. J. Fournier (IFRD2003).</p></sec><sec id="Sec255"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Trematosphaeria</italic> was formally established in ‘Rhenish fungi’ by Fuckel (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR123">1870</xref>) based on the broadly pertuse ascomata, and Fries (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR118">1823</xref>) assigned it under <italic>Ascomycetes</italic>, <italic>Pyrenomycetes</italic>, <italic>Lophiostomataceae</italic>. Subsequently, Winter (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR413">1885</xref>) placed <italic>Trematosphaeria</italic> in <italic>Amphisphaeriaceae</italic>. Berlese (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR45">1890</xref>), however, treated <italic>Trematosphaeria</italic> as a synonym of <italic>Melanomma</italic> (<italic>Melanommataceae</italic>). After establishment of <italic>Loculoascomycetes</italic> (Luttrell <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR240">1955</xref>), <italic>Trematosphaeria</italic> was assigned to <italic>Pleosporaceae</italic> (<italic>Loculoascomycetes</italic>, <italic>Pleosporales</italic>) (Holm <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR150">1957</xref>), and this was followed by von Arx and Müller (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR390">1975</xref>). <italic>Trematosphaeria</italic> was assigned to <italic>Melanommataceae</italic> by Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR17">1979a</xref>), and this has been widely followed (Eriksson <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR103">2006</xref>; Kirk et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR197">2001</xref>; Lumbsch and Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR236">2007</xref>).</p><p><italic>Trematosphaeria pertusa</italic>, the lectotype species of <italic>Trematosphaeria</italic> (Clements and Shear <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR76">1931</xref>), is characterized by having semi-immersed to erumpent ascomata, filamentous pseudoparaphyses, cylindro-clavate asci, fusoid, 1-septate reddish brown to dark brown ascospores (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR423">2008a</xref>). All of these characters are quite different from those of <italic>Melanomma</italic>, the familial type of <italic>Melanommataceae</italic>.</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p><italic>Trematosphaeria pertusa</italic> forms a robust phylogenetic clade with <italic>Falciformispora lignatilis</italic> and <italic>Halomassarina thalassiae</italic>, and they are all assigned to <italic>Trematosphaeriaceae</italic> (Suetrong et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR357">2009</xref>; Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>; Plate <xref rid="Fig1" ref-type="fig">1</xref>).</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p><italic>Trematosphaeria pertusa</italic> is a terrestrial species which can also survive in a freshwater environment. However, both <italic>Falciformispora lignatilis</italic> and <italic>Halomassarina thalassiae</italic> are marine fungi. Their habitat difference may indicate their distant relationship, at least above genus level.</p><p><bold><italic>Verruculina</italic></bold> Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Mycol. Res. 94: 689 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR214">1990</xref>). (<italic>Testudinaceae</italic>)</p></sec><sec id="Sec256"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat marine, saprobic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> medium-sized, solitary under clypeate, immersed to semi-immersed, subglobose to depressed ellipsoidal, papillate, ostiolate, periphysate, black, carbonaceous. <italic>Peridium</italic> thin, comprising a few layers of cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of long cellular pseudoparaphyses, embedded in mucilage, hyaline, septate and sparsely branching. <italic>Asci</italic> 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical, with short pedicels, ocular chamber not observed. <italic>Ascospores</italic> biseriate, ovoid or ellipsoidal, dark brown, 1-septate, constricted at the septum, verrucose or verruculose, with or without germ pore.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: none.</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Kohlmeyer and Volkmann-Kohlmeyer <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR214">1990</xref>; Suetrong et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR357">2009</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec257"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Verruculina enalia</italic></bold> (Kohlm.) Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Mycol. Res. 94: 689 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR214">1990</xref>). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig94" ref-type="fig">93</xref>)<fig id="Fig94"><label>Fig. 93</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Verruculina enalia</italic></bold> (from KDH 2137, slide). <bold>a</bold> Cylindrical asci with short pedicels. <bold>b</bold> One-septate verruculose ascospores. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>b</bold> = 10 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig94_HTML" id="MO94"></graphic></fig></p><p>≡ <italic>Didymosphaeria enalia</italic> Kohlm., Ber. dt. bot. Ges. 79: 28 (1966).</p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 295–480 <italic>μm</italic> high × 140–520 <italic>μm</italic> diam., solitary under clypeate, immersed to semi-immersed, subglobose to depressed ellipsoidal, ostiolate, papillate, periphysate, black, carbonaceous. <italic>Peridium</italic> thin, comprising a few layers of cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of long cellular pseudoparaphyses, 1.5–2 <italic>μm</italic> broad, embedded in mucilage, hyaline, septate and sparsely branching. <italic>Asci</italic> 177<bold>–</bold>135 × 12.5–15.5 <italic>μm</italic>, 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical, with short furcate pedicels, ocular chamber not observed (Fig. <xref rid="Fig94" ref-type="fig">93a</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 16.5–23 × 7.5–10 <italic>μm</italic>, biseriate, ovoid or ellipsoidal, dark brown, 1-septate, constricted at the septum, verrucose or verruculose, with or without germ pore (Fig. <xref rid="Fig94" ref-type="fig">93b</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: SEYCHELLES, Victoria, on submerged branch of <italic>Rhizophora mangle</italic> L., Mar. 2004, K.D. Hyde (KDH 2137, slide).</p></sec><sec id="Sec258"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Verruculina</italic> was introduced to accommodate an obligate marine species, i.e. <italic>Verruculina enalia</italic> (Kohlmeyer and Volkmann-Kohlmeyer <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR214">1990</xref>). <italic>Verruculina</italic> is characterized by immersed, clypeate, carbonaceous, ostiolate and papillate ascomata. The peridium is composed of cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>. Pseudoparaphyses are trabeculate and embedded in mucilage. Asci are 8-spored, cylindrical with short pedicels and ocular chamber, and ascospores are ellipsoidal, 1-septate, dark brown, verrucose or verruculose. The partly or completely immersed clypeate ascomata of <italic>V</italic>. <italic>enalia</italic> is comparable with those of <italic>Didymosphaeria futilis</italic>, but it differs from the later by the dark peridium, gelatinous matrix around the pseudoparaphyses, stipitate asci with an ocular chamber, and the verruculose ascospores (Kohlmeyer and Volkmann-Kohlmeyer <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR214">1990</xref>).</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>Based on multigene phylogenetic analysis, <italic>Verruculina enalia</italic> nested within <italic>Testudinaceae</italic> (Suetrong et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR357">2009</xref>). Thus, its familial placement seems clarified.</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>None.</p><p><bold><italic>Westerdykella</italic></bold> Stolk, Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 38: 422 (1955). (<italic>Sporormiaceae</italic>)</p></sec><sec id="Sec259"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, saprobic (coprophilous). <italic>Ascomata</italic> small, scattered on the upper layer of the culture medium, wall black. <italic>Peridium</italic> thin, composed of one layer of cells of polygonal, dark brown, thick-walled cells. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> not observed. <italic>Asci</italic> 32-spored, bitunicate nature undetermined, fissitunicate dehiscence not observed, subglobose to ellipsoid, arranged in the centre of the ascomata, with or without a short pedicel. <italic>Ascospores</italic> globose, brown, 1-celled, without germ pore.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: <italic>Phoma</italic>-like (von Arx <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR385">1974</xref>).</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: von Arx <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR384">1973</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR387">1981</xref>; Kruys et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR221">2006</xref>; Kruys and Wedin <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR220">2009</xref>; Stolk <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR355">1955a</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec260"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Westerdykella ornata</italic></bold> Stolk, Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 38: 422 (1955). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig95" ref-type="fig">94</xref>)<fig id="Fig95"><label>Fig. 94</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Westerdykella ornata</italic></bold> (from CBS 379.55 <bold>holotype</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Appearance of the ascomata on culture substrate surface. <bold>b–f</bold> Mature and immature asci as well as the released ascospores. Note the spiral bands around the ascospores. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 1 mm, <bold>b–f</bold> = 10 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig95_HTML" id="MO95"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 100–300 <italic>μm</italic> diam., cleistothecoid, scattered on the upper layer of the culture medium, wall black (Fig. <xref rid="Fig95" ref-type="fig">94a</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> composed of one layer of cells of polygonal in front view, dark brown, thick-walled cells, <italic>ca</italic>. 5 <italic>μm</italic> diam. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> not observed. <italic>Asci</italic> 25–32 × 16–22 <italic>μm</italic>, 32-spored, bitunicate nature undetermined, fissitunicate dehiscence not observed, subglobose to ellipsoid, arranged in the centre of the ascomata, with a short furcate pedicel best seen in immature asci (Fig. <xref rid="Fig95" ref-type="fig">94b, c, d and f</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 6.2–7 × 6–6.8 <italic>μm</italic>, globose, brown, 1-celled, ornamented with irregular spiral bands, which occur in four to five coils, without germ pore (Fig. <xref rid="Fig95" ref-type="fig">94e</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p>On MEA colonies spreading, but somewhat erumpent, with moderate aerial mycelium and even, lobate margins; surface dirty white with luteous to orange patches; reverse orange to sienna. On PDA similar but with sparse aerial mycelium; surface with patches of orange to luteous and dirty white; reverse luteous with cream margins. On OA flat, spreading with sparse aerial mycelium; surface with luteous and dirty white patches and transparent margins; sporulating on OA, visible as black masses of aggregated ascomata; colonies reaching 4 cm diam. on all media (based on CBS 379.55).</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: MOZAMBIQUE, Inhaca, leg. H.J. Swart, mangrove mud (CBS 379.55, <bold>holotype</bold>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec261"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Westerdykella</italic> was introduced to accommodate a coprophilous fungus, which is characterized by cleistothecioid and membraneous ascomata (Stolk <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR355">1955a</xref>). Asci are subglobose to ellipsoid, stalked, many-spored and evanescent. Ascospores are globose to subglobose, brown, ornamented with spiral bands, without germ pores (Stolk <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR355">1955a</xref>). <italic>Westerdykella</italic> was assigned under <italic>Phaeosporeae</italic> of the <italic>Eurotiaceae</italic> (Stolk <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR355">1955a</xref>), and was assigned to <italic>Sporormiaceae</italic> by von Arx and Müller (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR390">1975</xref>). Based on the spore ornamentation, von Arx and van der Aa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR392">1987</xref>) and Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR37">2000</xref>) accepted <italic>Westerdykella</italic> as a separate genus, but this is not supported by molecular phylogenetic analysis (Kruys and Wedin <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR220">2009</xref>).</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>Phylogenetic reconstructions indicated that both <italic>Pycnidiophora</italic> and <italic>Eremodothis</italic> should be treated as synonyms of <italic>Westerdykella</italic> (Kruys and Wedin <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR220">2009</xref>).</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p><italic>Westerdykella</italic> is another example where ascospore ornamentation can be phylogenetically uninformative. <italic>Westerdykella</italic> is proved a good genus of <italic>Sporormiaceae</italic> (Kruys and Wedin <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR220">2009</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Wettsteinina</italic></bold> Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. I 116: 126 (1907). (<italic>?Lentitheciaceae</italic>)</p></sec><sec id="Sec262"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial or freshwater? hemibiotrophic or saprobic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> generally small, scattered, immersed with a protruding broad papilla. <italic>Peridium</italic> very thin, composed of few layers of thin-walled large polygonal cells in surface view. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> deliquescing at maturity. <italic>Asci</italic> bitunicate, fissitunicate, subglobose to obpyriform, without a pedicel, with small truncate ocular chamber. <italic>Ascospores</italic> hyaline and turning pale brown when mature, septate, upper second cell enlarged, slightly constricted at the second septum, smooth, surrounded by a hyaline gelatinous sheath.</p><p><bold>Anamorph reported for genus</bold>: <italic>Stagonospora</italic> (Farr et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR115">1989</xref>).</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR14">1972</xref>; Müller <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR260">1950</xref>; Shoemaker and Babcock <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR327">1987</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR329">1989b</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec263"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Wettsteinina gigaspora</italic></bold> Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 116: 126 (1907). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig96" ref-type="fig">95</xref>)<fig id="Fig96"><label>Fig. 95</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Wettsteinina gigantospora</italic></bold> (from S, <bold>holotype</bold> of <italic>Massarina gigantospora</italic>). <bold>a</bold> Ascomata with protruding papilla scattered on the host surface. <bold>b</bold> Obpyriform thick-walled ascus with small apical apparatus. <bold>c</bold> Fissitunicate ascus. <bold>d</bold> Released hyaline ascospores. Note the distinct primary septum and less distinct secondary septa. <bold>e</bold> Ascospore with sheath. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 0.5 mm, <bold>b–d</bold> = 100 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>e</bold> = 50 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig96_HTML" id="MO96"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 150–250 <italic>μm</italic> diam., scattered, immersed with protruding broad papillae, 50–90 <italic>μm</italic> diam. <italic>Peridium</italic> thin, composed of few layers of thin-walled large polygonal cells in surface view, 6–15 <italic>μm</italic> diam. (Fig. <xref rid="Fig96" ref-type="fig">95a</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> deliquescing at maturity. <italic>Asci</italic> 140<bold>–</bold>200 × 75–120 <italic>μm</italic>, 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, subglobose to obpyriform, lacking a pedicel, with a small truncate ocular chamber (to 8 <italic>μm</italic> wide × 5 <italic>μm</italic> high) (Fig. <xref rid="Fig96" ref-type="fig">95b and c</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 90<bold>–</bold>110 × 25–30 <italic>μm</italic>, 2–4-seriate, hyaline and turning pale brown when mature, broadly clavate, 4-septate, primary septum distinct and constricted forming 1/3<sup>rd</sup> from the apex of the ascospore, complete, secondary septa less distinct and slightly constricted, incomplete, with one forming above and two forming below the primary septum, largest cell the second cell from apex, smooth, surrounded by a hyaline gelatinous sheath 5–8 <italic>μm</italic> thick (Fig. <xref rid="Fig96" ref-type="fig">95d and e</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: SLOVENIA, Postojna, on <italic>Genista sagittalis</italic> leg. Stapf. det. H. Rehm. (S, <bold>holotype</bold> of <italic>Massarina gigantospora</italic>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec264"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p>Confusion exists in the generic type of <italic>Wettsteinina</italic>. Höhnel (1907) described <italic>W</italic>. <italic>gigaspora</italic> when introducing <italic>Wettsteinina</italic>, and listed it as the first species of <italic>Wettsteinina</italic>. Clements and Shear (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR76">1931</xref>) accepted <italic>W</italic>. <italic>gigaspora</italic> as the generic type of <italic>Wettsteinina</italic>, which is followed by Shoemaker and Babcock (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR327">1987</xref>). But according to <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.indexfungorum.org">http://www.indexfungorum.org</ext-link> (June 2011), <italic>W</italic>. <italic>gigantospora</italic> is the generic type of <italic>Wettsteinina</italic>. Both <italic>W</italic>. <italic>gigantospora</italic> and <italic>W</italic>. <italic>gigaspora</italic> were treated as the synonyms of <italic>W</italic>. <italic>mirabilis</italic> (Niessl) Höhn. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.indexfungorum.org">http://www.indexfungorum.org</ext-link> (June, 2011, Synonymy Contributor: CBS (2010)). We tentatively described the generic type of <italic>W</italic>. <italic>gigantospora</italic> as a representing of the type of <italic>W</italic>. <italic>gigaspora</italic> here.</p><p>New family names, i.e. <italic>Pseudosphaeriaceae</italic> and <italic>Wettsteininaceae</italic> (as <italic>Wettsteiniaceae</italic>) and a new order, <italic>Pseudosphaeriales</italic> had been introduced to accommodate <italic>Wettsteinina</italic> and its synonym <italic>Pseudosphaeria</italic> (Höhnel 1907; Locquin <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR232">1972</xref>). After a systematic study, <italic>Wettsteinina</italic> was included in <italic>Pleosporaceae</italic> based on its “<italic>Pleospora</italic>-type” centrum, and <italic>Pseudosphaeriaceae</italic> and <italic>Wettsteininaceae</italic> are treated as synonyms of <italic>Pleosporaceae</italic> (Shoemaker and Babcock <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR327">1987</xref>).</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p><italic>Wettsteinina macrotheca</italic> (Rostr.) E. Müll., <italic>W</italic>. <italic>pachyasca</italic> (Niessl) Petr. and <italic>W</italic>. <italic>dryadis</italic> (Rostr.) Petr. were reported to be closely related to <italic>Pleomassaria siparia</italic> (<italic>Melanommataceae</italic>) (Kodsueb et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR202">2006a</xref>), and <italic>W</italic>. <italic>lacustris</italic> (Fuckel) Shoemaker & C.E. Babc. nested within <italic>Lentitheciaceae</italic> (Schoch et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR314">2009</xref>). The generic type has not been sequenced.</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>The most striking character for <italic>Wettsteinina</italic> is its asymmetrical ascospores, thick-walled obpyriform asci and lack of pseudoparaphyses at maturity. These characters are comparable with genera in the <italic>Capnodiales</italic> and <italic>Venturiales</italic>. The phylogenetic significance of these characters are not fully understood, while the hemibiotrophic or saprobic life style may indicate its polyphyletic nature (Shoemaker and Babcock <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR327">1987</xref>). Strains from the genus, in particular the generic type require DNA sequence data so that the phylogenetic placement can be investigated.</p><p><bold><italic>Wilmia</italic></bold> Dianese, Inácio & Dorn. -Silva, Mycologia 93: 1014 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR92">2001</xref>). (<italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic>)</p></sec><sec id="Sec265"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, hemibiotrophic or biotrophic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> small, scattered, immersed, globose to subglobose, papillate. <italic>Peridium</italic> thin, composed of a few layers of brown, thick-walled cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic> to <italic>prismatica</italic>. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> comprising filliform, septate, rarely branching, evanescent, cellular pseudoparaphyses embedded in mucilage. <italic>Asci</italic> bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical to clavate, with a short, furcate pedicel and ocular chamber. <italic>Ascospores</italic> fusoid, pale brown, 1-septate.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: see below.</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Dianese et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR92">2001</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec266"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Wilmia brasiliensis</italic></bold> Dianese, Inácio & Dorn.-Silva, Mycologia 93: 1014 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR92">2001</xref>). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig97" ref-type="fig">96</xref>)<fig id="Fig97"><label>Fig. 96</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Wilmia brasiliensis</italic></bold> (from UB Col. Microl 8438, <bold>holotype</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Section of an ascoma. Note the setae in the ostiole. <bold>b</bold> Conidioma of the coelomycetous anamorphic stage. <bold>c</bold>, <bold>d</bold> Clavate asci with short furcate pedicels. <bold>e</bold>, <bold>f</bold> Released 1-septate pale brown ascospores. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold>, <bold>b</bold> = 100 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>c</bold>, <bold>d</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>e</bold>, <bold>f</bold> = 10 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig97_HTML" id="MO97"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 175–240 <italic>μm</italic> high × 95–145 <italic>μm</italic> diam., scattered, immersed, globose to subglobose; apex with a short papilla, 40–80 <italic>μm</italic> long, ostiolate, periphysate, periphyses up to 90 <italic>μm</italic> long (Fig. <xref rid="Fig97" ref-type="fig">96a and b</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> 6–15 <italic>μm</italic> wide, 1-layered, composed of 3–7 layers of brown, thick-walled cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic> to <italic>prismatica</italic>, cells 4–9 <italic>μm</italic> diam., cell wall 2–4 <italic>μm</italic> thick (Fig. <xref rid="Fig97" ref-type="fig">96a and b</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of long cellular pseudoparaphyses 2–3 <italic>μm</italic> broad, septate, rarely branching, embedded in mucilage, evanescent. <italic>Asci</italic> 65<bold>–</bold>95 × 9.5–14 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq141"><alternatives><tex-math id="M141">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = {78}.{5} \times {11}.{5} \mu {\text{m}} $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq141.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical to clavate, with a short, furcate pedicel and a small ocular chamber (Fig. <xref rid="Fig97" ref-type="fig">96c, d and f</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 22.5–28 × 5–8.5 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq142"><alternatives><tex-math id="M142">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = {26}.{5} \times {6}.{8} \mu {\text{m}} $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq142.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), biseriate, fusoid with narrowly rounded ends, pale brown, 1-septate, constricted at the septum, the upper cell often shorter and broader than the lower one, smooth, with or without sheath (Fig. <xref rid="Fig97" ref-type="fig">96d and e</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: <italic>Conidiomata</italic> 170–200 <italic>μm</italic> high × 85–130 <italic>μm</italic> diam., eustromatic, immersed, subglobose to irregular, ostiolate, brown. <italic>Peridium</italic> thin, 1–2 wall layers, 6–8 <italic>μm</italic> thick, thicker near the apex. <italic>Ostiole</italic> 50–63 <italic>μm</italic> high × 30–35 broad. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> ampulliform or lageniform, phialidic, aseptate. <italic>Conidia</italic> 13–20 × 4–7 <italic>μm</italic>, ellipsoid, oblong, ovoid, hyaline (Dianese et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR92">2001</xref>).</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: BRAZIL, Distrito Federal, Vargem Bonita, Fazenda Agua Limpa, on leaves of <italic>Memora pedunculata</italic> (Vell.) Miers, 18 May 1995, Carlos A. Inácio (UB Col. Microl 8438 <bold>holotype</bold>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec267"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Wilmia</italic> was formally established by Dianese et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR92">2001</xref>) as a monotypic genus represented by <italic>W. brasiliensis</italic>, which causes leaf spots on <italic>Memora pedunculata</italic>. The peridium of <italic>W. brasiliensis</italic> comprises a few layers of brown, thick-walled <italic>textura angularis</italic> to <italic>prismatica</italic> cells, and it also has cellular pseudoparaphyses, clavate asci, 1-septate pale brown ascospores (Dianese et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR92">2001</xref>).</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>None.</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>The dicotyledonous host habit of <italic>Wilmia brasiliensis</italic> seems in agreement with <italic>Leptosphaeriaceae</italic> rather than <italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic>. But a verified conclusion can only be reached by further molecular phylogenetic study.</p><p><bold><italic>Xenolophium</italic></bold> Syd., Bulletin of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii 19: 96 (1925). (<italic>Pleosporales</italic>, genera <italic>incertae sedis</italic>)</p></sec><sec id="Sec268"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, saprobic on wood. <italic>Ascomata</italic> nearly superficial, scattered to gregarious, globose, large, with a conspicuous compressed papilla and large slit-like ostiole. <italic>Peridium</italic> carbonaceous. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, branching and anastomosing between and among asci. <italic>Asci</italic> 8-spored, clavate, with very long furcate pedicels. <italic>Ascospores</italic> fusoid to narrowly fusoid, light to dark brown, 1-septate, constricted at the septum.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: none.</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Chesters and Bell <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR73">1970</xref>; Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR160">1993</xref>; Mugambi and Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR259">2009b</xref>; Müller and von Arx <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR265">1962</xref>; Stevens <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR354">1925</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec269"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Xenolophium leve</italic></bold> Syd., Bulletin of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii 19: 97 (1925) (Fig. <xref rid="Fig98" ref-type="fig">97</xref>)<fig id="Fig98"><label>Fig. 97</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Xenolophium applanatum</italic></bold> (from IFRD 2038). <bold>a</bold> Gregarious ascomata on the host surface. Note protruding papilla and slit-like ostiole. <bold>b</bold> Vertical section of the papilla and ostiole. <bold>c</bold> Section of the partial peridium. Note the two layers of the peridium. <bold>d</bold> Eight-spored asci in trabeculate pseudoparaphyses. Note the long pedicels. <bold>e–g</bold> Pale brown ascospores. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 2 mm, <bold>b</bold> = 200 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>c</bold> = 50 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>d</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>e–g</bold> = 10 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig98_HTML" id="MO98"></graphic></fig></p><p>Current name: <italic>Xenolophium applanatum</italic> (Petch) Huhndorf, Mycologia 85: 493 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR160">1993</xref>).</p><p><italic>≡ Schizostoma applanatum</italic> Petch, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Peradeniya) 6: 231 (1916).</p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 1–1.5 mm diam., scattered to clustered, erumpent to superficial, globose with base immersed in host tissue, wall black, carbonaceous, roughened with ridges, papillate. <italic>Apex</italic> with a conspicuous hysteriform papilla extending on the sides, 1–1.4 mm long, 0.4–0.5 mm wide, 0.2–0.3 mm high, smooth, ostiole slit-like, nearly as long as papilla length (Fig. <xref rid="Fig98" ref-type="fig">97a</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> 140–160 <italic>μm</italic> thick, pseudoparenchymatous, composed of two distinct layers: outer crust 16–45 <italic>μm</italic> thick, blackish, of heavily melanized, nearly opaque thick-walled angular cells, of uneven thickness forming irregular strands extending into the inner layer; inner layer subhyaline, composed of thick-walled prismatic to angular cells, with columns or patches of darker thick-walled cells extending inwardly from the outer layer; papilla wall 200–220 <italic>μm</italic> thick, of heavily melanized angular thick-walled cells (Fig. <xref rid="Fig98" ref-type="fig">97b and c</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, very long trabeculate pseudoparaphyses 0.8–1.5 <italic>μm</italic> broad, embedded in mucilage, anastomosing and branching between and above the asci. <italic>Asci</italic> 104<bold>–</bold>152 × 9–12 <italic>μm</italic> (excluding pedicel) (<inline-formula id="IEq143"><alternatives><tex-math id="M143">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = {149} \times {1}0.{2} \mu {\text{m}} $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq143.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate dehiscence not observed, clavate, with a long, narrowed, furcate pedicel which is 50–75 <italic>μm</italic> long (Fig. <xref rid="Fig98" ref-type="fig">97d</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 17–26 × 4–5.5 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq144"><alternatives><tex-math id="M144">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = {22}.{5} \times {4}.{8} \mu {\text{m}} $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq144.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), upper biseriate and lower uniseriate, fusoid, straight to slightly curved, equally 1-septate, constricted at the septum, the upper cell slightly wider, with one or rarely two additional septa appearing on a small number of senescent ascospores, pale brown, median septum darker, constricted, smooth, without sheath or appendages (Fig. <xref rid="Fig98" ref-type="fig">97e, f and g</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: MARTINIQUE, Morne Rouge, on rotten wood, leg C. Lécuru, det Jacques Fournier, 29 Aug. 2007, IFRD 2038.</p></sec><sec id="Sec270"><title>Notes</title><p><bold>Morphology</bold></p><p><italic>Xenolophium</italic> was formally established by Sydow (in Stevens <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR354">1925</xref>) to accommodate two species, i.e. <italic>X</italic>. <italic>leve</italic> and <italic>X</italic>. <italic>verrucosum</italic>, of which <italic>X</italic>. <italic>leve</italic> is selected as the generic type (Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR160">1993</xref>). Because of its morphological similarity with some genera, such as <italic>Ostropella</italic> and <italic>Schizostoma</italic>, <italic>Xenolophium</italic> has been treated as a synonym of <italic>Ostropella</italic> (Müller and von Arx <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR265">1962</xref>) or even of <italic>Lophiostoma</italic> (Chesters and Bell <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR73">1970</xref>). Huhndorf (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR160">1993</xref>) clarified the circumscription of <italic>Xenolophium</italic> and treated <italic>X</italic>. <italic>leve</italic> as a synonym of <italic>Schizostoma applanata</italic>. <italic>Xenolophium</italic> mainly differs from <italic>Ostropella</italic> in lack of “organized cell composition and triangular pattern of melanization” in the peridium (Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR160">1993</xref>).</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>The polyphyletic nature of <italic>Xenolophium</italic> has been demonstrated (Mugambi and Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR259">2009b</xref>). The generic type of <italic>Xenolophium</italic> (<italic>X</italic>. <italic>leve</italic>, current name <italic>X</italic>. <italic>applanatum</italic>) clustered together with <italic>Ostropella albocincta</italic> (generic type of <italic>Ostropella</italic>), and both locate in <italic>Platystomaceae</italic> (Mugambi and Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR259">2009b</xref>).</p><p><bold>Concluding remarks</bold></p><p>The large ascomata with slit-like ostioles, hamathecium of numerous and trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, clavate asci with long pedicels, and the pale brown, 1-septate ascospores of <italic>Xenolophium leve</italic> are all comparable with those of <italic>Ostropella albocincta</italic>. However, the phylogenetic results do not support them being congeneric (Mugambi and Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR259">2009b</xref>).</p></sec></sec></sec><sec id="Sec271"><title>Synonyms</title><p><bold><italic>Javaria</italic></bold> Boise, J.R., Acta Amazonica 14(Supl.): 50 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR51">1984</xref>). (<italic>Melanommataceae</italic>)</p><p><bold>Current name</bold>: <italic>Astrosphaeriella</italic> Syd. & P. Syd., Annls mycol. 11: 260 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR360">1913</xref>).</p><sec id="Sec272"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, saprobic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> medium-sized, scattered, erumpent to nearly superficial, reflexed pieces of the ruptured host tissue usually persisting around the surface of the ascomata; ascomata broadly conical, with a flattened base not easily removed from the substrate, wall black, papillate. <italic>Peridium</italic> carbonaceous. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of trabeculate pseudoparaphyses. <italic>Asci</italic> 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindro-clavate to narrowly fusoid, with a short, narrowed, furcate pedicel. <italic>Ascospores</italic> elongate-fusoid, hyaline, 1-septate, constricted at the septum.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: none.</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">1990a</xref>; Boise <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR51">1984</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec273"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Javaria samuelsii</italic></bold> Boise, J.R., Acta Amazonica 14(Supl.): 50 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR51">1984</xref>) (Fig. <xref rid="Fig99" ref-type="fig">98</xref>)<fig id="Fig99"><label>Fig. 98</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Javaria samuelsii</italic></bold> (from <bold>isotype</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Ascoma on the host surface. Note reflexed pieces of the ruptured host tissue. <bold>b</bold>, <bold>c</bold> Cylindro-clavate asci within narrow pseudoparaphyses in gelatinous matrix. <bold>d</bold> Released ascospore with sheath. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 1 mm, <bold>b</bold> = 50 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>c</bold>, <bold>d</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig99_HTML" id="MO99"></graphic></fig></p><p>Current name: <italic>Astrosphaeriella samuelsii</italic> Boise, Acta Amazon., Supl. 14(1–2, Suppl.): 50 (1986) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR51">1984</xref>].</p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 300–380 <italic>μm</italic> diam., scattered, erumpent through the outer layers of the host tissues, to nearly superficial, reflexed pieces of the ruptured host tissue usually persisting around the surface of the ascomata; ascomata broadly conical, with a flattened base not easily removed from the substrate, wall black, papillate (Fig. <xref rid="Fig99" ref-type="fig">98a</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> 50–80 <italic>μm</italic> thick, carbonaceous and crisp, 1-layered. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, 0.8–1.5 <italic>μm</italic> broad, embedded in mucilage, anastomosing between and above the asci. <italic>Asci</italic> 140<bold>–</bold>185 × 17.5–20 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq145"><alternatives><tex-math id="M145">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = {158} \times {19}.{4} \mu {\text{m}} $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq145.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindro-clavate to narrowly fusoid, with a short, narrowed, furcate pedicel up to 20 <italic>μm</italic> long (Fig. <xref rid="Fig99" ref-type="fig">98b and c</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 48–55(−60) × 6–7.5(−10) <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq146"><alternatives><tex-math id="M146">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = {52}.{2} \times {7}.{7} \mu {\text{m}} $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq146.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), biseriate, elongate- fusoid, gradually tapering towards the ends, hyaline, surrounded with sheath, 2–5 <italic>μm</italic> thick, 1-septate, constricted at the septum (Fig. <xref rid="Fig99" ref-type="fig">98d</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: Serra Araca, 60 m, terra firme, open forest, deep litter. Dry. 10–13 Mar. 1984, det. Jean R. Boise, G.J. Samuels (<bold>isotype</bold>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec274"><title>Notes</title><p>Morphology</p><p><italic>Javaria</italic> was introduced by Boise (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR51">1984</xref>) based on seven Amazonian collections on decaying palm petioles; it is comparable with <italic>Astrosphaeriella</italic> in numerous characters. But <italic>Javaria</italic> differs from <italic>Astrosphaeriella</italic> by its hyaline ascospores with sheath, and its apical ring can be stained with Congo Red, as well as its small ascomata. Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">1990a</xref>) introduced a second species <italic>J</italic>. <italic>shimekii</italic> which occurs on woody substrate. Some mycologists treat <italic>Javaria</italic> as a synonym of <italic>Astrosphaeriella</italic> (Hyde and Fröhlich <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR174">1998</xref>).</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>None.</p><sec id="Sec275"><title>Concluding remarks</title><p>The size of ascomata and pigmentation of ascospores has little significance at generic level classification (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>). Likewise, the staining of endotunica with Congo Red has not been shown to have great significance. Thus, we accept <italic>Javaria</italic> as a synonym of <italic>Astrosphaeriella</italic>.</p><p><bold><italic>Pycnidiophora</italic></bold> Clum, Mycologia 47: 899 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR77">1955</xref>). (<italic>Sporormiaceae</italic>)</p><p><bold>Current name</bold>: <italic>Westerdykella</italic> Stolk, Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 38(4): 422 (1955).</p></sec></sec><sec id="Sec276"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, saprobic (coprophilous). <italic>Ascomata</italic> small, cleistothecial, scattered on surface of agar media, semi-immersed, globose to subglobose, black. <italic>Peridium</italic> thin, composed of thin-walled, polyangular cells from front view. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> not apparent. <italic>Asci</italic> numerous, irregularly arranged, bitunicate nature undetermined, fissitunicate nature undetermined, globose, without pedicel. <italic>Ascospores</italic> gathering in the globose asci, smooth.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: <italic>Phoma</italic>-like.</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Cain <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR60">1961</xref>; Clum <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR77">1955</xref>; Stolk <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR356">1955b</xref>; Thompson and Backus <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR376">1966</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec277"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Pycnidiophora dispersa</italic></bold> Clum, Mycologia 47: 900 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR77">1955</xref>) [1955]. (Fig. <xref rid="Fig100" ref-type="fig">99</xref>)<fig id="Fig100"><label>Fig. 99</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Pycnidiophora dispersa</italic></bold> (A from CBS 297.56; B-D from MSC 133.118, <bold>type</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Ascomata scattering on the surface of the substrate. <bold>b</bold> Crashed ascoma. Note the numerous released asci. <bold>c</bold> Globose asci and released ascospores. <bold>d</bold> One-celled ascospores. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 200 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>b–d</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig100_HTML" id="MO100"></graphic></fig></p><p>Current name: <italic>Westerdykella dispersa</italic> (Clum) Cejp & Milko.</p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 200–290 <italic>μm</italic> diam., cleistothecial, scattered on surface of agar media, semi-immersed, globose to subglobose, black (Fig. <xref rid="Fig100" ref-type="fig">99a</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> thin, composed of thin-walled, poly-angular cells from front view (Fig. <xref rid="Fig100" ref-type="fig">99b</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> not apparent. <italic>Asci</italic> numerous, 11–14 <italic>μm</italic> diam. (<inline-formula id="IEq147"><alternatives><tex-math id="M147">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = {4}.{7} \times {2}.{8} \mu {\text{m}} $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq148.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), in the globose asci, olivaceous, oblong, 1-celled, smooth (Fig. <xref rid="Fig100" ref-type="fig">99d</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: <italic>Phoma</italic>-like coelomycetes.</p><p>On MEA colonies spreading, flat with sparse aerial mycelium, covering the dish after 1 month; surface smoke-grey with dirty white margins; reverse olivaceous-grey with luteous patches. On PDA spreading without aerial mycelium, colonies transparent, sporulating profusely with black, globose ascomata and pycnidia of a <italic>Phoma</italic>-like anamorph. On OA similar, lacking aerial mycelium, sporulating profusely with black, globose ascomata (based on CBS 297.56).</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: USA, Michigan, East Lansing, Science Greenhouse, isolated from damped off <italic>Phlox</italic> seedling, Dec. 1952, F.M. Clum (No. 27) (MSC 133.118, <bold>type</bold>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec278"><title>Notes</title><sec id="Sec279"><title>Morphology</title><p><italic>Pycnidiophora</italic> was formally established by Clum (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR77">1955</xref>) based on its “imperfect stage of pycnidium”, which was subsequently confirmed as the sexual stage (Cain <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR60">1961</xref>; Thompson and Backus <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR376">1966</xref>). Clum (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR77">1955</xref>) has described and tentatively assigned <italic>P</italic>. <italic>dispersa</italic> (Clum) Cain to <italic>Aspergillaceae</italic> (= <italic>Eurotiaceae</italic>), and Stolk (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR356">1955b</xref>) has proposed to assign the morphologically comparable species <italic>P</italic>. <italic>multispora</italic> Saito & Minoura ex Cain to <italic>Eurotiaceae</italic> as well. Cain (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR60">1961</xref>), however, suspected that the 32 ascospores are actually the disarticulated segments of eight 4-celled ascospores, thus assigned it under <italic>Preussia</italic> (<italic>Sporormiaceae</italic>). After detailed study, Thompson and Backus (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR376">1966</xref>) confirmed that the so-called “eight 4-celled ascospores” do not exist in the development of the asci in both <italic>P</italic>. <italic>dispersa</italic> and <italic>P</italic>. <italic>multisporum</italic>. Thus, <italic>Pycnidiophora</italic> was assigned to <italic>Eurotiaceae</italic> (<italic>Eurotiales</italic>) (Thompson and Backus <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR376">1966</xref>).</p><p><bold>Phylogenetic study</bold></p><p>Phylogenetic study based on the ITS-nLSU rDNA sequences indicated that <italic>Pycnidiophora dispersa</italic> nested within clade of <italic>Westerdykella</italic> (including the generic type, <italic>W</italic>. <italic>ornata</italic>) (Kruys and Wedin <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR220">2009</xref>). Morphologically, both genera have cleistothecioid ascomata, asci with short or without pedicels and ascospores 1-celled and no germ slits. Thus, <italic>Pycnidiophora</italic> is treated as a synonym of <italic>Westerdykella</italic> (Kruys and Wedin <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR220">2009</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec280"><title>Concluding remarks</title><p>Although the pleosporalean status of <italic>Pycnidiophora</italic> is verified, morphological characters such as the cleistothecioid ascomata and irregularly arranged asci, which do not show typical bitunicate or fissitunicate characters, absence of pseudoparaphyses as well as the ascospores separating into partspores very early all challenge the traditional concept of <italic>Pleosporales</italic> (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>). Obviously, most of these morphological characters overlap with those of the <italic>Eurotiales</italic>.</p><p><bold><italic>Sporormiella</italic></bold> Ellis & Everh., N. Amer. Pyren.: 136 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR95">1892</xref>). (<italic>Sporormiaceae</italic>)</p><p><bold>Current name</bold>: <italic>Preussia</italic> Fuckel, Hedwigia 6: 175 (1867) [1869–70].</p></sec></sec><sec id="Sec281"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, saprobic (coprophilous). <italic>Ascomata</italic> medium-sized, solitary, scattered, or in small groups, semi-immersed to nearly superficial, globose, subglobose, black, coriaceous, ostiolate, periphysate. <italic>Peridium</italic> thin, composed of small heavily pigmented cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, apex cells smaller and walls thicker. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, septate, cellular pseudoparaphyses, embedded in mucilage. <italic>Asci</italic> 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindro-clavate, with a narrowed, furcate pedicel. <italic>Ascospores</italic> cylindrical with rounded ends, brown, 3-septate, deeply constricted at each septa, with sigmoid germ slit in each cell.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: none.</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Ahmed and Cain <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR4">1972</xref>; Ellis and Everhart <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR95">1892</xref>; Khan and Cain <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR193">1979a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR194">b</xref>; Luck-Allen and Cain <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR235">1975</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec282"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Sporormiella nigropurpurea</italic></bold> Ellis & Everh., N. Amer. Pyren.: 136 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR95">1892</xref>). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig101" ref-type="fig">100</xref>)<fig id="Fig101"><label>Fig. 100</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Sporormiella nigropurpurea</italic></bold> (from NY, <bold>holotype</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Section of an ascoma. <bold>b</bold> Section of the papilla. Note the dense pseudoparaphyses. <bold>c</bold> Section of a partial peridium. <bold>d</bold>, <bold>e</bold> Eight-spored cylindro-clavate asci with furcate pedicels. <bold>f</bold>, <bold>g</bold> Four-celled, brown ascospores. Note the sigmoid germ slit in each cell. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 200 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>b</bold>, <bold>c</bold> = 50 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>d</bold>, <bold>e</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>f</bold>, <bold>g</bold> = 10 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig101_HTML" id="MO101"></graphic></fig></p><p>Current name: <italic>Preussia nigropurpurea</italic> (Ellis & Everh.) Kruys, Syst. Biod. 7: 476.</p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 314–528 <italic>μm</italic> high × (250-)357–500 <italic>μm</italic> diam., solitary, scattered, or in small groups, immersed, semi-immersed to nearly superficial, globose, subglobose, wall black, coriaceous, smooth, papillate, papilla 43–115 <italic>μm</italic> long, 72–157 <italic>μm</italic> broad, ostiolate, ostiole filled with periphyses (Fig. <xref rid="Fig101" ref-type="fig">100a and b</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> 20–28 <italic>μm</italic> thick laterally, up to 40 <italic>μm</italic> thick at the apex, composed of small heavily pigmented cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, cells 5–8 <italic>μm</italic> diam., cell wall 1–3 <italic>μm</italic> thick, apex cells smaller and walls thicker (Fig. <xref rid="Fig101" ref-type="fig">100c</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long, septate, cellular pseudoparaphyses, 1.5–2 <italic>μm</italic> broad, embedded in mucilage. <italic>Asci</italic> (70-)110–158 × 9–12.5(−15) <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq149"><alternatives><tex-math id="M149">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = {114}.{3} \times {11}.{1} \mu {\text{m}} $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq149.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical to cylindro-clavate, with a narrowed, furcate pedicel, 13–38 <italic>μm</italic> long, ocular chamber apparent (Fig. <xref rid="Fig101" ref-type="fig">100d and e</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 15<bold>–</bold>20 × 4–5.5 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq150"><alternatives><tex-math id="M150">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = {17}.{3} \times {4}.{9} \mu {\text{m}} $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq150.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), obliquely uniseriate and partially overlapping to biseriate, shortly cylindrical with rounded ends, brown, 3-septate, deeply constricted at each septum, with sigmoid germ slit in each cell, smooth-walled (Fig. <xref rid="Fig101" ref-type="fig">100f and g</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: USA, New field, New Jersey: Gloucester Co., on cow dung, Mar. 1891 (NY, <bold>holotype</bold>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec283"><title>Notes</title><sec id="Sec284"><title>Morphology</title><p><italic>Sporormiella</italic> was formally established by Ellis and Everhart (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR95">1892</xref>) based on the single species, <italic>Sporormiella nigropurpurea</italic>, which is characterized by its “immersed to semi-immersed, papillate ascomata, cylindrical to cylindro-clavate asci with a pedicel, three to multi-septate ascospores with elongated germ slits through the whole cell” (Ahmed and Cain <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR4">1972</xref>; Khan and Cain <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR193">1979a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR194">b</xref>). Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">1990a</xref>) has indicated that <italic>Sporormiella</italic> might be a synonym of <italic>Ohleriella</italic>, while <italic>Sporormiella</italic> is assigned to <italic>Sporormiaceae</italic> as a separate genus (Eriksson <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR103">2006</xref>; Lumbsch and Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR236">2007</xref>). Currently, about 90 species are included in this genus (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.mycobank.org">http://www.mycobank.org</ext-link>).</p><p>Phylogenetic study</p><p>The phylogenetic analysis based on ITS-nLSU rDNA, mtSSU rDNA and ß-tubulin sequences indicated that <italic>Sporormiella</italic> nested in <italic>Preussia</italic>, and a <italic>Sporormiella</italic>–<italic>Preussia</italic> complex is formed (Kruys and Wedin <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR220">2009</xref>). Thus, <italic>Sporormiella</italic> was assigned under <italic>Preussia</italic> (Kruys and Wedin <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR220">2009</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec285"><title>Concluding remarks</title><p>It is clear that the presence or absence of an ostiole cannot distinguish <italic>Sporormiella</italic> from <italic>Preussia</italic> according to the findings of Guarro et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR130">1997a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR131">b</xref>) and Kruys and Wedin (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR220">2009</xref>). Thus, <italic>Sporormiella</italic> should be treated as a synonym of <italic>Preussia</italic> (Kruys and Wedin <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR220">2009</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Spororminula</italic></bold> Arx & Aa, Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 89: 117 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR392">1987</xref>). (<italic>Sporormiaceae</italic>)</p><p><bold>Current name</bold>: <italic>Preussia</italic> Fuckel, Hedwigia 6: 175 (1867) [1869–70].</p></sec></sec><sec id="Sec286"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, saprobic (coprophilous). <italic>Ascomata</italic> small to medium, solitary, scattered, immersed to erumpent, globose, subglobose, to ovate, black, membraneous, papillate, ostiolate. <italic>Peridium</italic> thin, membraneous, composed of several layers of heavily pigmented, elongate cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense trabeculate, aseptate, decomposing pseudoparaphyses. <italic>Asci</italic> bitunicate, broadly cylindro-clavate with a narrow furcated pedicel. <italic>Ascospores</italic> cylindrical to cylindro-clavate, with round ends, brown, multi-septate, easily breaking into partspores.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: none.</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: von Arx and van der Aa <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR392">1987</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec287"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Spororminula tenerifae</italic></bold> Arx & Aa, Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 89: 117 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR392">1987</xref>).(Fig. <xref rid="Fig102" ref-type="fig">101</xref>)<fig id="Fig102"><label>Fig. 101</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Spororminula tenerifae</italic></bold> (from HCBS 9812, <bold>holotype</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Appearance of ascomata on the host surface. <bold>b</bold>, <bold>c</bold> Sections of the partial peridium. Note the elongate cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>. <bold>d</bold>, <bold>e</bold> Asci with thin pedicels. <bold>f</bold>, <bold>g</bold> Ascospores, which may break into part spores. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 0.5 mm, <bold>b</bold> = 100 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>c</bold> = 50 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>d–g</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig102_HTML" id="MO102"></graphic></fig></p><p>Current name: <italic>Preussia tenerifae</italic> (Arx & Aa) Kruys, Syst. Biod. 7: 476.</p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 290–400 <italic>μm</italic> diam., solitary, scattered, initially immersed, becoming erumpent when mature, globose, subglobose to ovate, black, membraneous, with a cylindrical or somewhat conical beak, 90–150(−230) <italic>μm</italic> broad and 110–190 <italic>μm</italic> high (Fig. <xref rid="Fig102" ref-type="fig">101a</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> 20–33 <italic>μm</italic> thick, 1-layered, composed of several layers of heavily pigmented, elongate cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, cells up to 6.3 × 5 <italic>μm</italic> diam., cell wall 1–1.5 <italic>μm</italic> thick (Fig. <xref rid="Fig102" ref-type="fig">101b and c</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of dense, long trabeculate pseudoparaphyses 1–2 <italic>μm</italic> broad, hyaline, aseptate, decomposing when mature. <italic>Asci</italic> 165<bold>–</bold>220 × 33–42.5 <italic>μm</italic>, 8-spored, bitunicate, broadly clavate, with a small, thin and furcate pedicel, 35–50 <italic>μm</italic> long, 3–5 <italic>μm</italic> broad, ocular chamber not observed (Fig. <xref rid="Fig102" ref-type="fig">101d and e</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 68<bold>–</bold>93 × 12.5–16 <italic>μm</italic>, 3–4 seriate to uniseriate near the base, cylindrical to cylindro-clavate with rounded ends, brown, (6-)7 transverse septa, easily breaking into partspores, central cells triangular in transverse section but rectangular in vertical section, 14–16.5 × 8–10 <italic>μm</italic> long, apical cells 12.5–15 × 11.5–17.5 <italic>μm</italic> long (Fig. <xref rid="Fig102" ref-type="fig">101f and g</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: SPAIN, Canary Islands, Tenerifa Las Canadas, on rabbit? droppings, Mar. 1986, J.A. von Arx (HCBS 9812, <bold>holotype</bold>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec288"><title>Notes</title><sec id="Sec289"><title>Morphology</title><p><italic>Spororminula</italic> was formally established by von Arx and van der Aa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR392">1987</xref>) according to its “ostiolate ascomata, elongated ascospore separated into part cells by transverse septa and without germ slits”, and was monotypified by <italic>S</italic>. <italic>tenerifae</italic>. Currently, only one species was included in this genus.</p></sec><sec id="Sec290"><title>Phylogenetic study</title><p>Based on a phylogenetic analysis of ITS-nLSU rDNA, mtSSU rDNA and ß-tubulin sequences, <italic>Spororminula tenerifae</italic> nested in the clade of <italic>Preussia</italic>, thus <italic>Spororminula</italic> was treated as a synonym of <italic>Preussia</italic> (Kruys and Wedin <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR220">2009</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec291"><title>Concluding remarks</title><p>To clarify its relationship with other genera of <italic>Sporormiaceae</italic>, further phylogenetic study is needed, which should include additional related taxa.</p></sec></sec></sec><sec id="Sec292"><title>Excluded and doubtful genera</title><p><bold><italic>Kriegeriella</italic></bold> Höhn., Annls mycol. 16: 39 (1918). (<italic>Dothideomycetes</italic>, families <italic>incertae sedis</italic>, <italic>Microthyriaceae</italic>)</p><sec id="Sec293"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, saprobic? <italic>Ascomata</italic> small, solitary, scattered, superficial, subglobose, black, roughened, apex no obvious opening. <italic>Peridium</italic> thin, composed of a single type of lightly pigmented thin-walled cells. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> long cellular pseudoparaphyses, septate. <italic>Asci</italic> 8-spored, bitunicate, obpyriform. <italic>Ascospores</italic> hyaline, turning brown when mature, multi-septate, constricted at each septum.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: none.</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: von Arx and Müller <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR390">1975</xref>; Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR15">1975</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR27">1987b</xref>; Eriksson <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR103">2006</xref>; Lumbsch and Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR236">2007</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec294"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Kriegeriella mirabilis</italic></bold> Höhn., Annls mycol. 16: 39 (1918) (Fig. <xref rid="Fig103" ref-type="fig">102</xref>)<fig id="Fig103"><label>Fig. 102</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Kriegeriella mirabilis</italic></bold> (from S reg. nr F12638, <bold>isolectotype</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Section of a superficial ascoma. <bold>b</bold> Anamorphic stage. <bold>c</bold> Obpyriform ascus. Note the pigmented ascospores and hyaline ascospores coexisted in a single ascus. <bold>d</bold> Ascospores. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 50 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>b–d</bold> = 10 <italic>μm</italic>. <bold>e</bold> Ascomata on the host surface. <bold>f</bold>, <bold>g</bold> Crashed ascoma. Note the peridium structure. <bold>h</bold>, <bold>i</bold> Hyaline asymmetric ascospores. Scale bars: <bold>e</bold>, <bold>f</bold> =100 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>c</bold> = 50 <italic>μm</italic>, <bold>h</bold>, <bold>i</bold> = 10 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig103a_HTML" id="d30e43118"></graphic><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig103b_HTML" id="d30e43119"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 100–120 <italic>μm</italic> high × 150–220 <italic>μm</italic> diam., solitary, scattered, superficial, with basal wall flattened on the surface of the substrate, subglobose, black, roughened, apex no obvious opening (Fig. <xref rid="Fig103" ref-type="fig">102a and e</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> thin, composed of a single type of lightly pigmented thin-walled cells, cells up to 12 × 5 <italic>μm</italic> diam. in front view, cell wall less than 1 <italic>μm</italic> thick, apex cells smaller and walls thicker (Fig. <xref rid="Fig103" ref-type="fig">102a and f</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> long cellular pseudoparaphyses, 1.5–2 <italic>μm</italic> wide, septate. <italic>Asci</italic> 65<bold>–</bold>85 × 31–36 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq151"><alternatives><tex-math id="M151">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = {63}.{1} \times {33} \mu {\text{m}} $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq151.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate undetermined, obpyriform, no pedicel, no ocular chamber was seen (Fig. <xref rid="Fig103" ref-type="fig">102c and g</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 28<bold>–</bold>37.5 × 8–11 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq152"><alternatives><tex-math id="M152">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = {32}.{6} \times {1}0 \mu {\text{m}} $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq152.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), 8-seriate, fusoid with broadly rounded ends, hyaline, turning brown when mature, 5–6-septate, constricted at each septum, the upper first-cell longer and broader than the lower ones with semi-round shape, smooth (Fig. <xref rid="Fig103" ref-type="fig">102d, h, i</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: see Fig. b.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: On the leaves of <italic>Faulenden nadeln</italic> von <italic>Pinus silvestris</italic>, bei Roñigstein, Sept. 1896, W. Rueges. (S reg. nr F12638, <bold>isolectotype</bold>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec295"><title>Notes</title><sec id="Sec296"><title>Morphology</title><p><italic>Kriegeriella</italic> was formally established by von Höhnel (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR395">1918b</xref>) and was represented by two species, i.e. <italic>K</italic>. <italic>mirabilis</italic> and <italic>K. transiens</italic>; it was typified by <italic>K</italic>. <italic>mirabilis</italic> and assigned to <italic>Microthyriaceae</italic>. Subsequently, <italic>Kriegeriella</italic> was assigned to the subfamily of <italic>Aulographiodeae</italic> (<italic>Microthyriaceae</italic>) (Batista et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR42">1959</xref>), <italic>Asterinaceae</italic> (<italic>Hemisphaeriales</italic>) (Luttrell <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR241">1973</xref>) and <italic>Pseudosphaeriaceae</italic> (<italic>Dothideales</italic>) (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR15">1975</xref>).</p><p>After checking the original description and the type specimens of <italic>K</italic>. <italic>mirabilis</italic> and <italic>K. transiens</italic>, no significant difference could be observed, and both are described from rotting needles of conifers (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR15">1975</xref>; Batista et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR42">1959</xref>; Höhnel 1918b). Morphologically, <italic>Extrawettsteinina</italic> is comparable with <italic>Kriegeriella</italic>. In particularly, <italic>E</italic>. <italic>pinastri</italic> could not be distinguished from <italic>K. transiens</italic> or <italic>K</italic>. <italic>mirabilis</italic>. Thus, <italic>K. transiens</italic> including <italic>Extrawettsteinina pinastri</italic> was treated as synonyms of <italic>K</italic>. <italic>mirabilis</italic>, and was included in the section of <italic>Kriegeriella</italic> under the genus <italic>Kriegeriella</italic> (von Arx and Müller <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR390">1975</xref>; Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR15">1975</xref>). The other section of <italic>Kriegeriella</italic>, <italic>Extrawettsteinina</italic>, includes two previous <italic>Extrawettsteinina</italic> species, i.e. <italic>K</italic>. <italic>minuta</italic> and <italic>K</italic>. <italic>mediterranea</italic>. Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR27">1987b</xref>) introduced a family, i.e. <italic>Kriegeriellaceae</italic> (<italic>Dothideales</italic>) to accommodate <italic>Kriegeriella</italic> and <italic>Extrawettsteinina</italic>. This proposal is rarely followed, and <italic>Kriegeriella</italic> is usually assigned to <italic>Pleosporaceae</italic> (<italic>Pleosporales</italic>) (Eriksson <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR103">2006</xref>; Lumbsch and Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR236">2007</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec297"><title>Phylogenetic study</title><p>None.</p></sec><sec id="Sec298"><title>Concluding remarks</title><p><italic>Kriegeriella</italic> might belong to <italic>Microthyriaceae</italic>, although it would be unusual in this family in having 5-6-septate ascospores. Micropeltidaceae better accommodates the ascospores, however, the parallel arrangement of cells of the upper peridium are not typical. Asterinaceae may be most suitable as Luttrell (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR241">1973</xref>) suggested.</p><p><bold><italic>Phaeotrichum</italic></bold> Cain & M.E. Barr, Can. J. Bot. 34: 676 (1956). (<italic>Dothideomycetes</italic>, family <italic>incertae sedis</italic>, <italic>Phaeotrichaceae</italic>)</p></sec></sec><sec id="Sec299"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, saprobic (coprophilous)<italic>. Ascomata</italic> small, cleistothecial, solitary, or in small groups, superficial, with long straight or slightly flexed, thin, black appendages evenly scattered on the surface of the ascomata, globose, black. <italic>Peridium</italic> thin, carbonaceous-membraneous, 1-layered, composed of dark brown thick-walled cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> not observed. <italic>Asci</italic> bitunicate form not clear, fissitunicate dehiscence not observed, broadly clavate, with a relatively thick pedicel. <italic>Ascospores</italic> oblong to ellipsoid, hyaline when young, turning reddish brown at maturity, 1-septate, deeply constricted at the septum, each end with a subhyaline and broadly rounded germ pore, readily forming partspores at the septum at maturity.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: none.</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Cain <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR59">1956</xref>; Malloch and Cain <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR245">1972</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec300"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Phaeotrichum hystricinum</italic></bold> Cain & M.E. Barr, Can. J. Bot. 34: 677 (1956). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig104" ref-type="fig">103</xref>)<fig id="Fig104"><label>Fig. 103</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Phaeotrichum hystricinum</italic></bold> (from TRTC 4361, <bold>holotype</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Superficial ascomata on host surface. Note the long and black appendages. <bold>b</bold> Part of peridium. Note the large cells in surface view. <bold>c–f</bold> Released reddish brown ascospores with hyaline end cells. Note the strongly constricted middle septum. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 0.5 mm, <bold>b–f</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig104_HTML" id="MO104"></graphic></fig></p><p>(Some information for the following description is from Cain <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR59">1956</xref>)</p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 170–280 <italic>μm</italic> diam., cleistothecial, solitary, or in small groups, superficial, with 15–20 long straight or slightly flexed, thin, black appendages evenly scattered on the surface of the ascomata, 0.5–1 mm long, 15–25 <italic>μm</italic> wide at base, tapering to less than 5 <italic>μm</italic> at the blunt apex, with few or without septa, globose, black, smooth (Fig. <xref rid="Fig104" ref-type="fig">103a</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> thin, carbonaceous-membraneous, 1-layered, composed of dark brown thick-walled cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, cells 8–16 <italic>μm</italic> diam., cell wall 0.5–1.5 <italic>μm</italic> thick (data obtained from Cain <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR59">1956</xref>) (Fig. <xref rid="Fig104" ref-type="fig">103b</xref>). <italic>Hamathecium</italic> not observed. <italic>Asci</italic> 42<bold>–</bold>48 × 14–17 <italic>μm</italic>, 8-spored, bitunicate form not typical, lacking fissitunicate dehiscence, broadly clavate, with a relatively thick pedicel which is about 18 <italic>μm</italic> (data obtained from Cain <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR59">1956</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 14<bold>–</bold>16 × 4–5 <italic>μm</italic>, 4-seriate, oblong to ellipsoid, hyaline when young, turning reddish brown at maturity, 1-septate, deeply constricted at the septum, each end with a subhyaline and broadly rounded germ pore, smooth, readily separating into partspores at the septum at maturity (Fig. <xref rid="Fig104" ref-type="fig">103c, d, e and f</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: CANADA, Ontario, Muskoka, Stoneleigh, on porcupine dung, 18 Aug. 1932, Cain (TRTC 4361, <bold>holotype</bold>).</p><p>Note: the ascomata of the specimen are fragile and no asci could be obtained.</p></sec><sec id="Sec301"><title>Notes</title><sec id="Sec302"><title>Morphology</title><p><italic>Phaeotrichum</italic> was formally established by Cain (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR59">1956</xref>) to accommodate two new coprophilous fungi, i.e. <italic>P</italic>. <italic>hystricinum</italic> and <italic>P</italic>. <italic>circinatum</italic> Cain, and <italic>P</italic>. <italic>hystricinum</italic> was selected as the generic type. <italic>Phaeotrichum</italic> is mainly characterized by its coprophilous habitat, superficial cleistothecial ascocarps covered by long hairy appendages, reddish brown 1-septate ascospore with a broadly rounded germ pore at each end, readily breaking into partspores (Cain <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR59">1956</xref>). According to Cain (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR59">1956</xref>), <italic>Phaeotrichum</italic> possesses untypical bitunicate ascus, and the ascospore releasing is described as “simply break down and allow the contents to become free in the cavity of the ascocarp”. This ascospore releasing mechanism is considered as evolutionarily developed compared to those that “discharge the ascospores through an apical pore” (Cain <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR59">1956</xref>). Although lacking a typical bitunicate ascus, <italic>Phaeotrichum</italic> is still assigned to <italic>Pleosporales</italic>, because the lack of bitunicate ascus does not “taken by itself, exclude a fungus from close relationship” (Cain <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR59">1956</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec303"><title>Phylogenetic study</title><p>A single unverified isolate of <italic>Phaeotrichum benjaminii</italic> is placed well outside of <italic>Pleosporales</italic> in a broad phylogenetic study (Schoch et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR314">2009</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec304"><title>Concluding remarks</title><p>The superficial cleistothecial ascocarps covered by long hairy appendages, the absence of hamathecium as well as the nontypical bitunicate ascus are all distinct from members of <italic>Pleosporales</italic>, but definite conclusions could only be obtained by further molecular phylogenetic analysis. In this study, we assign it to <italic>Dothideomycetes incertae cedis</italic>.</p><p><bold><italic>Zeuctomorpha</italic></bold> Sivan., P.M. Kirk & Govindu, Bitunicate Ascomycetes and their Anamorphs: 572 (1984). (<italic>Venturiaceae</italic>)</p></sec></sec><sec id="Sec305"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, hemibiotrophic. <italic>Ascomata</italic> small, gregarious, superficial, globose to slightly flattened, ostiolate, covered with setae. <italic>Peridium</italic> thin, composed of heavily pigmented pseudoparenchymatous cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of rare, septate, branching and anastomosing pseudoparaphyses. <italic>Asci</italic> 8-spored, with a short thick pedicel, bitunicate, fissitunicate, broadly clavate to obclavate. <italic>Ascospores</italic> ellipsoid, dark brown, 1-septate, asymmetrical, deeply constricted at the septum.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: <italic>Acroconidiellina</italic> (Sivanesan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR344">1984</xref>).</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Sivanesan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR344">1984</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec306"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Zeuctomorpha arecae</italic></bold> Sivan., P.M. Kirk & Govindu, in Sivanesan, Bitunicate Ascomycetes and their Anamorphs: 572 (1984). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig105" ref-type="fig">104</xref>)<fig id="Fig105"><label>Fig. 104</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Zeuctomorpha arecae</italic></bold> (from IMI 246067, <bold>holotype</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Gregarious ascomata on host surface. Note the numerous setae on the surface of ascomata. <bold>b</bold> Asci with ocular chamber and short peduncles. <bold>c</bold>, <bold>d</bold> Ascus with ocular chamber and knob-like pedicel. <bold>e–i</bold> One septate ascospores which are slightly asymmetrical. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 0.5 mm, <bold>b–i</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig105_HTML" id="MO105"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic> 175–300 <italic>μm</italic> diam., gregarious, superficial, globose to slightly flattened, collapsed at the apex when dry, ostiolate, covered with numerous long setae (Fig. <xref rid="Fig105" ref-type="fig">104a</xref>). <italic>Peridium</italic> up to 25 <italic>μm</italic> wide, composed of heavily pigmented pseudoparenchymatous cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, to 7 <italic>μm</italic> diam. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of rare, 2–5 <italic>μm</italic> broad, septate, branching and anastomosing pseudoparaphyses. <italic>Asci</italic> 83–185 × 29–40(−50) <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq153"><alternatives><tex-math id="M153">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = {134} \times {35}.{3} \mu {\text{m}} $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq153.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, broadly clavate to obclavate, with a short thick pedicel, up to 40 <italic>μm</italic> long, apically rounded, with a small ocular chamber (to 4 <italic>μm</italic> wide × 7 <italic>μm</italic> high) (Fig. <xref rid="Fig105" ref-type="fig">104b, c and d</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 35–43 × 12.5–18 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq154"><alternatives><tex-math id="M154">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = {36}.{5} \times {15}.{4} \mu {\text{m}} $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq154.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), 2–4 seriate, ellipsoid, dark brown, 1-septate, deeply constricted at the septum, usually slightly asymmetric, smooth (Fig. <xref rid="Fig105" ref-type="fig">104e, f, g, h and i</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: <italic>Acroconidiellina arecae</italic> (Sivanesan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR344">1984</xref>).</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: INDIA, Shimogee, on <italic>Areca catechu</italic> L. leaf, 1 Nov. 1979, H.C. Govindu (IMI 246067, <bold>holotype</bold>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec307"><title>Notes</title><sec id="Sec308"><title>Morphology</title><p><italic>Zeuctomorpha</italic> was formally established by Sivanesan (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR344">1984</xref>) based on its superficial setose ascomata, clavate asci, ellipsoid and 1-septate ascospores, and presence of pseudoparaphyses, and was monotypified by <italic>Z. arecae</italic>. <italic>Zeuctomorpha arecae</italic> is widely distributed in tropical regions of East South Asia exclusively on the leaves of <italic>Areca catechu</italic> (Sivanesan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR344">1984</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec309"><title>Phylogenetic study</title><p>None.</p></sec><sec id="Sec310"><title>Concluding remarks</title><p>This taxon is unusual amongst the <italic>Pleosporaceae</italic> as it has hairy superficial ascomata, few pseudoparaphyses, broadly clavate to obclavate asci and 1-septate pigmented ascospores. All of these morphological characters are most comparable with species of <italic>Acantharia</italic>, which might be closely related to <italic>Venturiaceae</italic> (Zhang et al. data unpublished).</p><p><bold><italic>Muroia</italic></bold> I. Hino & Katum., J. Jap. Bot. 33: 79 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR146">1958</xref>). (<italic>Ascomycota</italic>)</p></sec></sec><sec id="Sec311"><title>Generic description</title><p>Habitat terrestrial, saprobic or parasitic. <italic>Ascostromata</italic> erumpent through the host surface in linear rows parallel to the host fibers. <italic>Ascomata</italic> small- to medium-sized, semi-immersed to erumpent, subglobose to rectangular, black, coriaceous, cells of ascostromata pseudoparenchymatous, cells of peridium composed of pigmented cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of rare, pseudoparaphyses. <italic>Asci</italic> bitunicate, clavate to cylindro-clavate. <italic>Ascospores</italic> oblong to elongated oblong, hyaline, 1-celled, usually slightly curved.</p><p><bold>Anamorphs reported for genus</bold>: none.</p><p><bold>Literature</bold>: Hino and Katumoto <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR146">1958</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec312"><title>Type species</title><p><bold><italic>Muroia nipponica</italic></bold> I. Hino & Katum., J. Jap. Bot. 33: 79 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR146">1958</xref>). (Fig. <xref rid="Fig106" ref-type="fig">105</xref>)<fig id="Fig106"><label>Fig. 105</label><caption><p><bold><italic>Muroia nipponica</italic></bold> (TNS-F-230252, <bold>isotype</bold>). <bold>a</bold> Linear ascostroma parallel to the host fibers. <bold>b</bold> Crashed ascus with ascospores released. <bold>c–e</bold> Released hyaline ascospores. Scale bars: <bold>a</bold> = 5 mm, <bold>b–e</bold> = 20 <italic>μm</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Fig106_HTML" id="MO106"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Ascostroma</italic> 1–6 mm long, 360–470 <italic>μm</italic> broad, linear parallel to the host fibers with several linearly arranged ascomata (Fig. <xref rid="Fig106" ref-type="fig">105a</xref>). <italic>Ascomata</italic> 250–400 <italic>μm</italic> diam., semi-immersed in substrate to erumpent, subglobose to rectangular with a furrow-shaped ostiole, black, coriaceous, cells of ascostromata pseudoparenchymatous. <italic>Peridium</italic> composed of pigmented cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>. <italic>Hamathecium</italic> of rare, 3–4.5 <italic>μm</italic> broad pseudoparaphyses. <italic>Asci</italic> (120-)150–190 × 30–45 <italic>μm</italic>, 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate dehiscence not observed, clavate to cylindro-clavate, with a short, thin, knob-like pedicel, lacking an ocular chamber (Fig. <xref rid="Fig106" ref-type="fig">105b</xref>). <italic>Ascospores</italic> 43<bold>–</bold>50 × 13–18 <italic>μm</italic> (<inline-formula id="IEq155"><alternatives><tex-math id="M155">\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \bar{x} = {46}.{6} \times {15}.{2} \mu {\text{m}} $$\end{document}</tex-math><inline-graphic xlink:href="13225_2011_117_Article_IEq155.gif"></inline-graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>, <italic>n</italic> = 10), biseriate, oblong to elongated oblong, hyaline, 1-celled, usually slightly curved (Fig. <xref rid="Fig106" ref-type="fig">105c,d and e</xref>).</p><p><bold>Anamorph</bold>: none reported.</p><p><bold>Material examined</bold>: JAPAN, Province Ugo. on moribund culm of <italic>Sasa kurilensis</italic>, 4 Aug. 1957, coll. H. Muroi, Det. I. Hino & K. Katumoto (TNS-F-230252, <bold>isotype</bold>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec313"><title>Notes</title><sec id="Sec314"><title>Morphology</title><p><italic>Muroia</italic> was introduced based on <italic>M</italic>. <italic>nipponica</italic>, which is a parasite on the lower part of <italic>Sasa kurilensis</italic> (Hino and Katumoto <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR146">1958</xref>). <italic>Muroia</italic> is characterized by its 1-celled ascospores. Considering the perithecial structure and linear ostiole, it was assigned to the <italic>Lophiostomataceae</italic>, and was regarded as closely related to the amerosporous <italic>Lophiella</italic> (Hino and Katumoto <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR146">1958</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec315"><title>Phylogenetic study</title><p>None.</p></sec><sec id="Sec316"><title>Concluding remarks</title><p>The linear ascostroma and 1-celled, hyaline ascospores make it less likely to fit the concept of <italic>Lophiostomataceae</italic>. Because of the condition of the specimen, its bitunicate nature could not be confirmed.</p></sec></sec></sec><sec id="Sec317"><title>Genera not studied</title><p><bold><italic>Aglaospora</italic></bold> De Not., G. bot. ital. 2: 43 (1844).</p><p>Type species: <italic>Aglaospora profusa</italic> (Fr.) De Not., G. bot. ital. 2: 43 (1844).</p><p><italic>Aglaospora</italic>, which was introduced by de Notaris (1844), has 35 species epithets (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.mycobank.org/mycotaxo.aspx">http://www.mycobank.org/mycotaxo.aspx</ext-link>) and was considered to be a synonym of <italic>Massaria</italic> (Voglmayr and Jaklitsch <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR383">2011</xref>) or separate (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">1990a</xref>). In a recent phylogenetic study, Voglmayr and Jaklitsch (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR383">2011</xref>) confirmed that <italic>Aglaospora</italic> is a synonym of <italic>Massaria</italic> and is treated as such here. The immersed ascomata with short beaks, together with ascostroma under pseudostromatic tissues, cylindrical asci with a large and refractive apical ring, trabeculate pseudoparaphyses within a gel matrix, and distoseptate ascospores, are all similar to species of <italic>Massaria</italic>. The large and conspicuous apical ring of the ascus of <italic>Aglaospora</italic> has the appearance of being unitunicate, and thus Shoemaker and Kokko (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR332">1977</xref>) treated it as a unitunicate taxon. Currently, its bitunicate status is widely accepted.</p><p><bold><italic>Allewia</italic></bold> E.G. Simmons, Mycotaxon 38: 260 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR340">1990</xref>).</p><p>Type species: <italic>Allewia proteae</italic> E.G. Simmons, Mycotaxon 38: 262 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR340">1990</xref>).</p><p><italic>Allewia</italic> was introduced by Simmons (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR340">1990</xref>) to accommodate <italic>Lewia</italic>-like species but with <italic>Embellisia</italic> anamorphs. <italic>Embellisia</italic> differs from other similar genera by a combination of characters including the percentage of dictyoconidia, shape of conidia, thickness of septa, umbilicate sites of conidiophore geniculation, proliferating chlamydospores and hyphal coils in culture (Simmons <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR336">1971</xref>). Based on multigene phylogenetic analysis, <italic>A</italic>. <italic>eureka</italic>, which is closely related to <italic>A</italic>. <italic>proteae</italic>, clustered together with species of <italic>Alternaria</italic>. Thus, <italic>Allewia</italic> should be treated as a synonym of <italic>Lewia</italic>.</p><p><bold><italic>Anteaglonium</italic></bold> Mugambi & Huhndorf, System. Biodivers. 7: 460 (2009).</p><p>Type species: <italic>Anteaglonium abbreviatum</italic> (Schwein.) Mugambi & Huhndorf, System. Biodivers. 7: 460 (2009).</p><p>≡ <italic>Hysterium abbreviatum</italic> Schwein., Trans. Am. phil. Soc., New Series 4: no. 2094 (1832).</p><p><italic>Anteaglonium</italic> was introduced to accommodate a monophyletic hysterothecial clade within <italic>Pleosporales</italic>, and four species (<italic>A</italic>. <italic>abbreviatum</italic>, <italic>A</italic>. <italic>globosum</italic> Mugambi & Huhndorf, <italic>A</italic>. <italic>parvulum</italic> (W.R. Gerard) Mugambi & Huhndorf and <italic>A</italic>. <italic>latirostrum</italic> Mugambi & Huhndorf) are included (Mugambi and Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR258">2009a</xref>). <italic>Anteaglonium</italic> is characterized by erumpent to superficial, globose to subglobose or elongate, fusoid to oblong ascomata, which are brown to shiny black, opening by a pronounced or indistinct longitudinal slit running entire length of fruit body or apex raised and laterally compressed; asci cylindrical with short pedicel, 8-spored, uniseriate or biseriate; ascospores fusoid to oblong, septate, constricted at the primary septum, hyaline or pigmented. A phylogenetic analysis based on DNA comparisons indicated that <italic>Anteaglonium</italic> resides as a separate clade but related to <italic>Tetraplosphaeria</italic>, <italic>Lophiotrema</italic> and other species without clear resolution. Therefore, the familial placement of <italic>Anteaglonium</italic> remains unclear (Mugambi and Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR258">2009a</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Arthopyrenia</italic></bold> A. Massal., Ric. auton. lich. crost. (Verona): 165 (1852).</p><p>Type species: <italic>Arthopyrenia rhyponta</italic> (Ach.) A. Massal., Ric. auton. lich. crost. (Verona): 166, fig. 329 (1852).</p><p>≡ <italic>Verrucaria rhyponta</italic> Ach., K. Vetensk-Acad. Nya Handl.: 150 (1809).</p><p><italic>Arthopyrenia</italic> is a lichen genus with a <italic>Trentepohlia</italic> photobiont and is characterized by dimidiate perithecoid ascomata, which are scattered to irregularly confluent, and have an upper thick clypeate wall composed of periderm cells intermixed with dark hyphae. The pseudoparaphyses are branched and asci are obpyriform, obclavate to subcylindrical and 8-spored. Ascospores are oblong, ovoid, slipper-shaped, 1-3-septate, hyaline and smooth-walled (Coppins <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR80">1988</xref>; Upreti and Pant <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR378">1993</xref>). Multigene phylogenetic studies indicated that <italic>Arthopyrenia salicis</italic>, a typical species of <italic>Arthopyrenia</italic>, is located within <italic>Pleosporales</italic> in close proximity to bambusicolous species in the genus <italic>Roussoella</italic>, with its familial status remaining undetermined (Del Prado et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR88">2006</xref>; Schoch et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR314">2009</xref>; Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Ascocratera</italic></bold> Kohlm., Can. J. Bot. 64: 3036 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR208">1986</xref>).</p><p>Type species: <italic>Ascocratera manglicola</italic> Kohlm., Can. J. Bot. 64(12): 3036 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR208">1986</xref>).</p><p><italic>Ascocratera</italic> is a monotypic obligate marine fungus and is characterized by conical, crater-like, erumpent to superficial and carbonaceous ascomata, a depressed ostiole, a thick peridium, trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, bitunicate, fissitunicate and cylindrical asci, and ellipsoidal, hyaline, 1-septate (3-septate when senescent) ascospores surrounded by a sheath (Kohlmeyer <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR208">1986</xref>). <italic>Ascocratera</italic> was reported to be one of the most common marine fungi of the upper intertidal zone of dead mangrove roots, trunks and branches (Kohlmeyer <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR208">1986</xref>). Based on a multigene phylogenetic analysis, <italic>Ascocratera</italic> nested within the clade of <italic>Aigialaceae</italic> (Schoch et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR314">2009</xref>; Suetrong et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR357">2009</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Atradidymella</italic></bold> M.L. Davey & Currah, Am. J. Bot. 96: 1283 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR84">2009</xref>).</p><p>Type species: <italic>Atradidymella muscivora</italic> M.L. Davey & Currah, Am. J. Bot. 96: 1283 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR84">2009</xref>).</p><p><italic>Atradidymella</italic> was introduced as a pleosporalean genus parasitic on boreal bryophytes, and is characterized by minute, unilocular, setose pseudothecia with 2–3 wall layers; brown, fusoid, 1-septate ascospores, and an anamorphic stage (<italic>Phoma muscivora</italic> M.L. Davey & Currah) (Davey and Currah <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR84">2009</xref>). Based on an ITS rDNA sequences analysis, <italic>Atradidymella</italic> nested within <italic>Didymellaceae</italic> (Davey and Currah <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR84">2009</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Bertiella</italic></bold> (Sacc.) Sacc. & P. Syd., in Saccardo, Syll. fung. (Abellini) 14: 19 (1899).</p><p>≡ <italic>Bertia</italic> subgen. <italic>Bertiella</italic> Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 1: 584 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR303">1882</xref>).</p><p>Type species: <italic>Bertiella macrospora</italic> (Sacc.) Sacc. & Traverso, Syll. fung. (Abellini) 19: 147 (1910).</p><p>≡ <italic>Bertia macrospora</italic> Sacc., Michelia 1(no. 8): 452 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR303">1882</xref>).</p><p><italic>Bertia</italic> subg. <italic>Bertiella</italic> was raised to generic rank by Saccardo (1899), and is typified by <italic>B</italic>. <italic>macrospora</italic>. After studying the type specimen of <italic>B</italic>. <italic>macrospora</italic>, Eriksson and Yue (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR110">1986</xref>) assigned it to <italic>Massarina</italic> (as <italic>M</italic>. <italic>macrospora</italic> (Sacc.) O.E. Erikss. & J.Z. Yue). Concurrently, <italic>Bertiella</italic> is treated as a synonym of <italic>Massarina</italic>. Hyde et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR181">2002</xref>) assigned <italic>Bertia macrospora</italic> to <italic>Lophiostoma</italic> as (<italic>L</italic>. <italic>bertiellum</italic> Aptroot & K.D. Hyde).</p><p>The superficial ascomata, cylindro-clavate asci and hyaline 1-septate ascospores which may become 3-septate and pale brown when senescent and, in particular, the woody habitat indicate that <italic>B</italic>. <italic>macrospora</italic> may be related to <italic>Lophiostoma sensu</italic> Holm and Holm (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR156">1988</xref>). A single isolate of <italic>Bertiella macrospora</italic> clusters with <italic>Byssosphaeria</italic> in the <italic>Melanommataceae</italic> in a recent DNA based phylogeny (Mugambi and Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR259">2009b</xref>). The relationship between <italic>Bertiella</italic> and <italic>Byssosphaeria</italic> needs further study.</p><p><bold><italic>Byssothecium</italic></bold> Fuckel, Bot. Ztg. 19: 251 (1861).</p><p>Type species: <italic>Byssothecium circinans</italic> Fuckel, Bot. Ztg. 19: 251 (1861).</p><p>The isotype of <italic>Byssothecium circinans</italic> is in FH as exiccatae (Fungi rhenani 730c); it was described by Boise (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR50">1983</xref>) and could not be loaned. <italic>Byssothecium circinans</italic> is regarded as a saprobe or weak parasite of <italic>Medicago sativa</italic> (Semeniuk <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR316">1983</xref>), and a <italic>Pleospora</italic>-type centrum was observed (Boise <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR50">1983</xref>). A <italic>Chaetophoma</italic>-like anamorph was produced in culture, however, no culture or herbarium specimen is listed (Boise <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR50">1983</xref>). Boise (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR50">1983</xref>) regarded <italic>Byssothecium circinans</italic> as closely related to <italic>Teichospora</italic>, however, confirmation is required. An isolate of <italic>Byssothecium circinans</italic> was sequenced and a multigene phylogeny placed it in close proximity to members of <italic>Massarinaceae</italic> (Schoch et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR314">2009</xref>; Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>; Plate <xref rid="Fig1" ref-type="fig">1</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Caryospora</italic></bold> De Not., Micr. Ital. Novi 9: 7 (1855).</p><p>Type species: <italic>Caryospora putaminum</italic> (Schwein.) De Not., Micr. Ital., Dec. 9: 7 (1855).</p><p>After studying the <italic>Caryospora</italic> species in North America, Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR18">1979b</xref>) indicated that species of <italic>Caryospora</italic> may closely relate to <italic>Trematosphaeria</italic>. Boise (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR52">1985</xref>) distinguished <italic>Caryospora</italic> from <italic>Trematosphaeria</italic> based on the structure of ascospores. Currently, 17 taxa, from freshwater, marine, or terrestrial habitats (Raja and Shearer <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR288">2008</xref>), are included within <italic>Caryospora</italic> and might be polyphyletic.</p><p><bold><italic>Celtidia</italic></bold> J.D. Janse, Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 14: 202 (1897).</p><p>Type species: <italic>Celtidia duplicispora</italic> J.D. Janse, Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 14: 202 (1897).</p><p><italic>Celtidia</italic> is a monotypic genus, which is characterized by its echinulate ascospores (Hawksworth <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR133">1979</xref>). It is only known from an illustration accompanying the original description from root nodules of <italic>Celtis</italic> in Java. A new collection is needed for further study of this genus.</p><p><bold><italic>Chaetopreussia</italic></bold> Locq.-Lin., Revue Mycol., Paris 41: 185 (1977).</p><p>Type species: <italic>Chaetopreussia chadefaudii</italic> Locq.-Lin., Revue Mycol., Paris 41: 187 (1977).</p><p><italic>Chaetopreussia</italic> is a monotypic genus characterized by cleistothecioid ascomata with seta, and 3-septate ascospores without germ slits. Recent molecular analysis has shown that cleistothecioid ascomata and the presence of germ slits lack significance at the generic rank (Kruys and Wedin <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR220">2009</xref>). <italic>Chaetopreussia</italic> is possibly another synonym of <italic>Preussia</italic>.</p><p><bold><italic>Clathrospora</italic></bold> Rabenh., Hedwigia 1(18): 116 (1857).</p><p>Type species: <italic>Clathrospora elynae</italic> Rabenh., Hedwigia 1: 116 (1857).</p><p>The most striking character of <italic>Clathrospora</italic> is its ascomata opening with an intraepidermal discoid lid and muriform applanate ascospores with more than one row of longitudinal septa (Shoemaker and Babcock <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR331">1992</xref>). The form of opening and applanate ascospores, however, might have limited significance at generic rank and thus, <italic>Clathrospora</italic> may be closely related to <italic>Pleosporaceae</italic>. Phylogenetic analysis based on nLSU, nSSU and mtSSU indicate that <italic>C</italic>. <italic>diplospora</italic> (Ellis & Everh.) Sacc. & Traverso nests in <italic>Pleosporaceae</italic> (Kruys et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR221">2006</xref>). <italic>Clathrospora elynae</italic> is saprobic on monocots (Shoemaker and Babcock <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR331">1992</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Cochliobolus</italic></bold> Drechsler, Phytopathology 24: 973 (1934).</p><p>Type species: <italic>Cochliobolus heterostrophus</italic> (Drechsler) Drechsler, Phytopathology 24: 973 (1934).</p><p><italic>Cochliobolus</italic> and its asexual relatives are well studied taxa in <italic>Pleosporales</italic> because of their economic importance. <italic>Cochliobolus</italic> includes both saprobic and pathogenic species that are significant monocot pathogens worldwide, which attack corn, rice, barley, sugarcane, wheat, and oats, all major cereal crops. <italic>Cochliobolus</italic> is characterized by globose or subglobose ascomata with a well defined long ostiolar papilla or cylindrical neck, a peridium composed of pseudoparenchymatous cells, filliform, septate and branched pseudoparaphyses, and thin-walled cylindrical or broadly clavate asci. Ascospores are distinctively hyaline or pale brown, filliform, and strongly helicoid to loosely coiled in the asci (Sivanesan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR344">1984</xref>). The anamorphs of <italic>Cochliobolus</italic> belong to <italic>Bipolaris</italic> and <italic>Curvularia</italic> (Sivanesan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR344">1984</xref>). <italic>Bipolaris</italic> and <italic>Curvularia</italic> can be distinguished by characters of conidial morphology, conidial germination, hilum structure, conidial septum and wall structure, conidial septum ontogeny (Sivanesan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR345">1987</xref>). Multigene phylogenetic analysis indicated that <italic>Cochliobolus heterostrophus</italic> and <italic>C</italic>. <italic>sativus</italic> (S. Ito & Kurib.) Drechsler ex Dastur nested within the clade of <italic>Pleosporaceae</italic> (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>; Plate <xref rid="Fig1" ref-type="fig">1</xref>). Thus, its familial placement is confirmed.</p><p><bold><italic>Comoclathris</italic></bold> Clem., Gen. fung. (Minneapolis): 37, 173 (1909).</p><p>Type species: <italic>Comoclathris lanata</italic> Clem. [as ‘Comochlatris’], Gen. fung. (Minneapolis) (1909).</p><p><italic>Comoclathris</italic> is temporarily placed in <italic>Diademaceae</italic>, and its pivotal characters are the circular lid-like opening and applanate reddish-brown to dark reddish-brown muriform ascospores with single longitudinal septa (versus two or more rows of longitudinal septa of <italic>Clathrospora</italic>) (Shoemaker and Babcock <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR331">1992</xref>). Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR32">1990b</xref>) treated it as a synonym of <italic>Graphyllium</italic>. <italic>Comoclathris</italic> has been linked with an <italic>Alternaria</italic>-like anamorphs (Simmons <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR335">1952</xref>), which may suggest its close relationship with <italic>Pleosporaceae</italic>.</p><p><bold><italic>Coronopapilla</italic></bold> Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Mycol. Res. 94: 686 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR214">1990</xref>).</p><p>Type species: <italic>Coronopapilla avellina</italic> Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Mycol. Res. 94: 687 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR214">1990</xref>).</p><p><italic>Coronopapilla</italic> is characterized by immersed ascomata with a conical papilla, thin peridium, 8-spored and thick-walled, cylindrical and fissitunicate asci. Ascospores are ellipsoidal, 1-3-septate, brown and distoseptate. <italic>Coronopapilla avellina</italic> is an obligate marine species, and was originally assigned to <italic>Didymosphaeriaceae</italic> (Kohlmeyer and Volkmann-Kohlmeyer <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR214">1990</xref>). The marine habitat of <italic>Coronopapilla</italic> makes it readily distinguishable from <italic>Didymosphaeria futilis</italic> (the generic type of <italic>Didymosphaeria</italic>). Thus, the familial placement of <italic>Coronopapilla</italic> is yet to be determined.</p><p><bold><italic>Cucurbitaria</italic></bold> Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. (London) 1: 508, 519 (1821).</p><p>Type species: <italic>Cucurbitaria berberidis</italic> (Pers.) Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. (London) 1: 508, 519 (1821).</p><p>≡ <italic>Sphaeria berberidis</italic> Pers., Neues Mag. Bot. 1: 83 (1794).</p><p>A narrow generic concept of <italic>Cucurbitaria</italic> was accepted by Welch (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR410">1926</xref>), who restricted <italic>Cucurbitaria</italic> to five closely related species, which have turbinate ascomata that develop cespitosely in a massive subiculum or over compressed stromatic tissues and have a thick and obconoid base. A broader generic concept was accepted by Mirza (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR251">1968</xref>), who also included species with globose or ovoid to pyriform ascomata that are gregarious on the substrate with only sparse subiculum and lack an obconoid region in the base of the locule. Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR32">1990b</xref>) accepted an intermediate concept, and described 11 related species from North America. Currently, 450 species are accepted in <italic>Cucurbitaria</italic> (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.mycobank.org/mycotaxo.aspx">http://www.mycobank.org/mycotaxo.aspx</ext-link>), and the genus was assigned to <italic>Cucurbitariaceae</italic>. In this study, an isolate of <italic>C</italic>. <italic>berberidis</italic> clustered with some species of <italic>Pyrenochaeta</italic> and <italic>Didymosphaeria futilis</italic>, and they get moderate bootstrap support (Plate <xref rid="Fig1" ref-type="fig">1</xref>). <italic>Cucurbitariaceae</italic> may be another family within <italic>Pleosporineae</italic>.</p><p><bold><italic>Curreya</italic></bold> Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 2: 651 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR304">1883</xref>).</p><p>Type species: <italic>Curreya conorum</italic> (Fuckel) Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 2: 651 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR304">1883</xref>).</p><p><italic>Curreya</italic> is a contentious genus which had been assigned to <italic>Pleospora</italic> (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR20">1981</xref>). von Arx and van der Aa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR391">1983</xref>), however, maintained it as distinct, because of its <italic>Coniothyrium</italic> anamorph, and considered <italic>Curreya</italic> should be closely related to <italic>Didymosphaeria</italic>, <italic>Melanomma</italic>, <italic>Paraphaeosphaeria</italic> or <italic>Massarina</italic>. Because of the small sclerotial cells of its peridium, the narrower, thinner-walled asci and its <italic>Coniothyrium</italic>-like anamorph, Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR32">1990b</xref>) assigned it to the <italic>Leptosphaeriaceae</italic>. Previous phylogenetic studies indicated that a strain of <italic>Curreya pityophila</italic> (J.C. Schmidt & Kunze) Petr. nested within <italic>Massarineae</italic> (Kruys et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR221">2006</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Decorospora</italic></bold> Inderb., Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Mycologia 94: 657 (2002).</p><p>Type species: <italic>Decorospora gaudefroyi</italic> (Pat.) Inderb., Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Mycologia 94: 657 (2002).</p><p>≡ <italic>Pleospora gaudefroyi</italic> Pat., Tabl. analyt. Fung. France (Paris) 10: 40 (no. 602) (1886).</p><p><italic>Decorospora gaudefroyi</italic> (as <italic>Pleospora gaudefroyi</italic>) had been considered a synonym of <italic>Pleospora herbarum</italic>, despite its striking sheath of ascospores (Wehmeyer <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR408">1961</xref>). Molecular phylogenetic analysis based on partial SSU and ITS rDNA sequences indicated that <italic>Decorospora gaudefroyi</italic> was a sister taxon in the <italic>Pleosporaceae</italic> represented by <italic>Alternaria alternata</italic> (Fr.) Keissl., <italic>Cochliobolus sativus</italic>, <italic>Pleospora herbarum</italic>, <italic>Pyrenophora tritici-repentis</italic> (Died.) Drechsler and <italic>Setosphaeria rostrata</italic> K.J. Leonard (Inderbitzin et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR184">2002</xref>). <italic>Decorospora</italic> was introduced as a monotypic genus represented by <italic>Decorospora gaudefroyi</italic>, which is characterized by black ascomata becoming superficial on the substrate at maturity, septate and branched pseudoparaphyses, fissitunicate, clavate asci, as well as yellowish brown ascospores with seven transverse septa and one to three longitudinal septa in each segment, enclosed in a sheath with 4–5 apical extensions (Inderbitzin et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR184">2002</xref>). <italic>Decorospora gaudefroyi</italic> is an obligate marine fungus, growing at or above the high water mark (Inderbitzin et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR184">2002</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Diadema</italic></bold> Shoemaker & C.E. Babc., Can. J. Bot. 67: 1349 (1989).</p><p>Type species: <italic>Diadema tetramerum</italic> Shoemaker & C.E. Babc. [as ‘tetramera’], Can. J. Bot. 67: 1354 (1989).</p><p>During their study of <italic>Leptosphaeria</italic> and <italic>Phaeosphaeria</italic>, Shoemaker and Babcock (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR330">1989c</xref>) found some alpine fungi with typical pleosporalean characters (such as perithecoid ascomata, bitunicate asci and presence of pseudoparaphyses) having relatively large, very dark brown ascospores, mostly with a peculiar disc-like opening (as reported in some species of <italic>Wettsteinina</italic>, Shoemaker and Babcock <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR327">1987</xref>). Thus, they introduced a new genus <italic>Diadema</italic> (typified by <italic>D</italic>. <italic>tetramerum</italic>) to accommodate them (Shoemaker and Babcock <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR330">1989c</xref>). Currently, <italic>Diadema</italic> is assigned to <italic>Diademaceae</italic>, and differs from other genera in the family in having ascospores which lack longitudinal septa (Shoemaker and Babcock <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR331">1992</xref>). The large, dark brown ascospores and the disc-like opening, however, may be an adaptation to environmental factors.</p><p><bold><italic>Diademosa</italic></bold> Shoemaker & C.E. Babc., Can. J. Bot. 70: 1641 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR331">1992</xref>).</p><p>Type species: <italic>Diademosa californiana</italic> (M.E. Barr) Shoemaker & C.E. Babc. [as ‘californianum’], Can. J. Bot. 70: 1641 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR331">1992</xref>).</p><p>≡ <italic>Graphyllium californianum</italic> M.E. Barr, Mem. N. Y. bot. Gdn 62: 40 (1990).</p><p><italic>Diademosa</italic> is the only genus in <italic>Diademaceae</italic> that has terete (cylindrical, circular in cross section) ascospores (Shoemaker and Babcock <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR331">1992</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Didymella</italic></bold> Sacc., Michelia 2(no. 6): 57 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR302">1880</xref>).</p><p>Type species: <italic>Didymella exigua</italic> (Niessl) Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 1: 553 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR303">1882</xref>).</p><p>≡ <italic>Didymosphaeria exigua</italic> Niessl, Öst. bot. Z.: 165 (1875).</p><p>The type specimen of <italic>Didymella</italic> (<italic>D</italic>. <italic>exigua</italic>) is lost and a neotype specimen was selected by de Gruyter et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR85">2009</xref>). <italic>Didymella</italic> was characterized by the immersed or erumpent, globose or flattened and ostiolate ascomata with dense, rare (or lack?) of pseudoparaphyses. Asci are cylindrical, clavate or saccate, and 8-spored. Ascospores are hyaline, 1-septate (symmetrical or asymmetrical) and constricted at the septum. <italic>Didymella</italic> has been assigned under <italic>Mycosphaerellaceae</italic>, <italic>Pleosporales</italic> (Sivanesan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR344">1984</xref>), <italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic> (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR17">1979a</xref>; Silva-Hanlin and Hanlin <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR334">1999</xref>), <italic>Venturiaceae</italic> (Reddy et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR293">1998</xref>) or <italic>Pleosporales</italic> genera <italic>incertae sedis</italic> (Lumbsch and Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR236">2007</xref>). Based on a multigene phylogenetic analysis, the <italic>Didymella</italic> clade forms a familial rank within <italic>Pleosporineae</italic>, thus the <italic>Didymellaceae</italic> was introduced (Aveskamp et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR11">2010</xref>; de Gruyter et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR85">2009</xref>; Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>; Plate <xref rid="Fig1" ref-type="fig">1</xref>). Anamorphs of <italic>Didymellaceae</italic> include <italic>Ascochyta</italic>, <italic>Ampelomyces</italic>, <italic>Boeremia</italic>, <italic>Chaetasbolisia</italic>, <italic>Dactuliochaeta</italic>, <italic>Epicoccum</italic>, <italic>Microsphaeropsis</italic>, <italic>Peyronellaea</italic>, <italic>Phoma</italic>, <italic>Piggotia</italic>, <italic>Pithoascus</italic>, <italic>Pithomyces</italic> and <italic>Stagonosporopsis</italic> (Aveskamp et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR11">2010</xref>; de Gruyter et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR85">2009</xref>; Hyde et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR182">2011</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Didymocrea</italic></bold> Kowalski, Mycologia 57: 405 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR219">1965</xref>).</p><p>Type species: <italic>Didymocrea sadasivanii</italic> (T.K.R. Reddy) Kowalski, Mycologia 57: 405 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR219">1965</xref>).</p><p>≡ <italic>Didymosphaeria sadasivanii</italic> T.K.R. Reddy, Mycologia 53: 471 (1962).</p><p><italic>Didymocrea</italic> is a monotypic genus, and was separated from <italic>Didymosphaeria</italic> based on its “unitunicate asci”, presence of pseudoparaphyses and absence of spermatia, and assigned under <italic>Hypocreales</italic> (Kowalski <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR219">1965</xref>). Following Kowalski (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR219">1965</xref>), Luttrell (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR242">1975</xref>) also studied the centrum development of <italic>Didymocrea</italic>, and concluded that it should be a true pleosporalean fungus with functionally unitunicate asci, and retained it in <italic>Didymosphaeria</italic>. After studying the type specimen of <italic>Didymocrea sadasivanii</italic>, Aptroot (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR6">1995</xref>) concluded that it should be closely related to the loculoascomycetous genus <italic>Zopfia</italic>. Rossman et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR297">1999</xref>) also kept it as a unique genus in <italic>Pleosporales</italic>. Based on a multigene phylogenetic analysis, <italic>D</italic>. <italic>sadasivanii</italic> nests within <italic>Montagnulaceae</italic> (Kruys et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR221">2006</xref>; Schoch et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR314">2009</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Dothivalsaria</italic></bold> Petr., Sydowia 19: 283 (1966) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR277">1965</xref>].</p><p>Type species: <italic>Dothivalsaria megalospora</italic> (Auersw.) Petr., Sydowia 19: 283 (1966) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR277">1965</xref>].</p><p>≡ <italic>Valsaria megalospora</italic> Auersw., Leipzig. Bot. Tauschver. 5. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR10">1866</xref>).</p><p><italic>Dothivalsaria</italic> is monotypic and is represented by <italic>D</italic>. <italic>megalospora</italic> (Petrak <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR277">1965</xref>). The taxon is characterized by immersed, medium- to large-sized ascomata which usually aggregate under blackened stromatic tissues and have trabeculate pseudoparaphyses. Asci are cylindrical, while ascospores are brown, ellipsoid, and 1-septate and uniseriate in the asci (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">1990a</xref>). The ascostroma of <italic>D</italic>. <italic>megalospora</italic> is comparable with those of <italic>Aglaospora profusa</italic> as has been mentioned by Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">1990a</xref>), but their relationships are unclear.</p><p><bold><italic>Epiphegia</italic></bold> G.H. Otth, Mitt. naturf. Ges. Bern: 104 (1870).</p><p>Type species: <italic>Epiphegia alni</italic> G.H. Otth, Mitt. naturf. Ges. Bern: 104 (1870).</p><p><italic>Epiphegia</italic> was reinstated to accommodate a species which has <italic>Phragmoporthe</italic>-like ascocarps and <italic>Massarina</italic>-like asci, pseudoparaphyses and ascospores (Aptroot <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR7">1998</xref>). Ascomata are grouped within stromatic tissues, pseudoparaphyses are cellular, asci are bitunicate and ascospores are hyaline and trans-septate (Aptroot <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR7">1998</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Eremodothis</italic></bold> Arx, Kavaka 3: 34 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR386">1976</xref>) [1975] (IMI 90223 = CBS 610.74 type).</p><p>Type species: <italic>Eremodothis angulata</italic> (A.C. Das) Arx, Kavaka 3: 34 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR386">1976</xref>) [1975].</p><p>≡ <italic>Thielavia angulata</italic> A.C. Das, Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 45: 545 (1962).</p><p>The type species of <italic>Eremodothis</italic> (<italic>E</italic>. <italic>angulata</italic>) was originally isolated from rice field soil in Fulta, India and it was assigned to <italic>Sporormiaceae</italic> because of the orange pigmentation of the colony (von Arx <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR386">1976</xref>). The cleistothecoid ascomata, sphaerical asci and 1-celled ascospores of <italic>E</italic>. <italic>angulata</italic> are comparable with those of <italic>Pycnidiophora</italic>. Based on a multigene phylogenetic study, both <italic>Eremodothis</italic> and <italic>Pycnidiophora</italic> were treated as synonyms of <italic>Westerdykella</italic> (Kruys and Wedin <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR220">2009</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Extrawettsteinina</italic></bold> M.E. Barr, Contr. Univ. Mich. Herb. 9(8): 538 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR14">1972</xref>).</p><p>Type species: <italic>Extrawettsteinina minuta</italic> M.E. Barr, Contr. Univ. Mich. Herb. 9(8): 538 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR14">1972</xref>).</p><p><italic>Extrawettsteinina</italic> was introduced to accommodate three species, i.e. <italic>E</italic>. <italic>minuta</italic>, <italic>E</italic>. <italic>pinastri</italic> M.E. Barr and <italic>E</italic>. <italic>mediterranea</italic> (E. Müll.) M.E. Barr, which are saprobic on the dead leaves of gymnosperms and angiosperms, in North America and Europe (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR14">1972</xref>). Subsequently, a fourth species was introduced, viz. <italic>E</italic>. <italic>andromedae</italic> (Auersw.) M.E. Barr (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR26">1987a</xref>). <italic>Extrawettsteinina</italic> is characterized by superficial, conical ascomata, containing a few saccate bitunicate asci, ellipsoidal, obovate-clavate, septate, smooth and hyaline ascospores which turn dull brown at maturity (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR14">1972</xref>). The diagnostic character of <italic>Extrawettsteinina</italic> is its conic ascocarps which are superficial on the substrate, and radiating arrangement of wall cells, which makes it distinguishable from comparable genera such as <italic>Stomatogene</italic> and <italic>Wettsteinina</italic>.</p><p><bold><italic>Graphyllium</italic></bold> Clem., Botanical Survey of Nebraska 5: 6 (1901).</p><p>Type species: <italic>Graphyllium chloës</italic> Clem., Botanical Survey of Nebraska 5: 6 (1901).</p><p><italic>Graphyllium</italic> was first described as a hysteriaceous fungus with elongate ascomata, but von Höhnel (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR395">1918b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR396">1919</xref>) recognized its similarity to <italic>Clathrospora</italic>. Petrak (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR276">1952</xref>) transferred <italic>Graphyllium</italic> to <italic>Pleospora</italic>, and noted that the elongate ascomata and closely grouped rows of small ascomata are not sufficient to recognize the genus. Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR27">1987b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR32">1990b</xref>) supported this proposal and considered <italic>Graphyllium</italic> differs from <italic>Clathrospora</italic> by shape, septation and pigmentation of ascospores. A narrow generic concept of <italic>Graphyllium</italic> was adapted by Shoemaker and Babcock (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR331">1992</xref>), which is characterized by hysterothecia, applanate ascospores that are at least 3-septate in side view and have some longitudinal septa in front view, and it was assigned under <italic>Hysteriaceae</italic> (order <italic>Pleosporales</italic>, Shoemaker and Babcock <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR331">1992</xref>). But subsequent classification systems tend to assign it to <italic>Diademaceae</italic> (e.g. Lumbsch and Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR236">2007</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR237">2010</xref>). This seems unlikely as pointed out by Zhang et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR429">2011</xref>) and the genus could be placed in one of five families containing hysteriotheciod ascomata. Recollection and molecular studies are needed.</p><p><bold><italic>Halomassarina</italic></bold> Suetrong, Sakay., E.B.G. Jones, Kohlm., Volkm.-Kohlm. & C.L. Schoch, Stud. Mycol. 64: 161 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR357">2009</xref>).</p><p>Type species: <italic>Halomassarina thalassiae</italic> (Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.) Suetrong, Sakay., E.B.G. Jones, Kohlm., Volkm.-Kohlm. & C.L. Schoch, Stud. Mycol. 64: 161 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR357">2009</xref>).</p><p>≡ <italic>Massarina thalassiae</italic> Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Can. J. Bot. 65: 575 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR213">1987</xref>).</p><p><italic>Halomassarina</italic> is another marine genus which morphologically fits <italic>Massarina sensu lato</italic>, and is typified by <italic>H</italic>. <italic>thalassiae</italic>, which is characterized by subglobose to pyriform, immersed or erumpent, ostiolate, periphysate, papillate or epapillate, coriaceous ascomata, simple, rarely anastomosing pseudoparaphyses, 8-spored, cylindrical to clavate, pedunculate, thick-walled, fissitunicate asci, and ellipsoidal, (1-)3-septate, hyaline ascospores. Based on a multigene phylogenetic analysis, <italic>Halomassarina thalassiae</italic> clustered together with <italic>Trematosphaeria pertusa</italic> and another marine fungus <italic>Falciformispora lignatilis</italic>, and they are all assigned to <italic>Trematosphaeriaceae</italic> (Suetrong et al. data unpublished).</p><p><bold><italic>Hypsostroma</italic></bold> Huhndorf, Mycologia 84: 750 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR159">1992</xref>).</p><p>Type species: <italic>Hypsostroma saxicola</italic> Huhndorf, Mycologia 84: 750 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR159">1992</xref>).</p><p><italic>Hypsostroma</italic> was introduced as a tropical wood-inhabiting genus by Huhndorf (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR159">1992</xref>). <italic>Hypsostroma</italic> has several striking characters including the large superficial ascomata which form on a subiculum, pseudoparenchymatous peridial cells, trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, clavate asci with long pedicels and a conspicuous apical apparatus, and ascospores that separate into partspores with a germ slit in each partspore (Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR159">1992</xref>). Phylogenetic study indicated that <italic>Hypsostroma</italic> should be a new genus and the <italic>Hypsostromataceae</italic> was reinstated to accommodate <italic>Hypsostroma</italic> (Mugambi and Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR259">2009b</xref>; Plate <xref rid="Fig1" ref-type="fig">1</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Julella</italic></bold> Fabre, Annls Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 6 9: 113 (1879) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR113">1878</xref>].</p><p>Type species: <italic>Julella buxi</italic> Fabre, Annls Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 6 9: 113 (1879) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR113">1878</xref>].</p><p><italic>Julella</italic> has been assigned to <italic>Thelenellaceae</italic>, a family of <italic>Ostropomycetidae</italic> (Lumbsch and Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR236">2007</xref>), and <italic>Arthopyreniaceae</italic> (= <italic>Xanthopyreniaceae sensu</italic> O. Eriksson, <italic>Pleosporales</italic>) (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR25">1985</xref>). <italic>Julella</italic> is characterized by its immersed, medium-sized ascomata with pseudoparenchymatous peridial cells, cellular pseudoparaphyses, and hyaline and muriform ascospores (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR25">1985</xref>). With the exception of hyaline ascospores, these characters are typical of <italic>Montagnulaceae</italic>. The taxonomic affinity of the generic type of <italic>Julella</italic> needs confirmation following recollection. <italic>Julella avicenniae</italic> (Borse) K.D. Hyde is a marine fungus. A DNA based phylogeny containing most currently accepted families placed two isolates of <italic>J. avicenniae</italic> as sister to the families in the <italic>Pleosporineae</italic> with good support, which might suggest a novel family within <italic>Pleosporales</italic> (Suetrong et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR357">2009</xref>). However, <italic>J</italic>. <italic>avicenniae</italic> is not the generic type and therefore this conclusion must be treated with caution as only <italic>J. avicenniae</italic> can be considered pleosporalean.</p><p><bold><italic>Lautitia</italic></bold> S. Schatz, Can. J. Bot. 62: 31 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR311">1984</xref>).</p><p>Type species: <italic>Lautitia danica</italic> (Berl.) S. Schatz, Can. J. Bot. 62: 31 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR311">1984</xref>).</p><p>≡ <italic>Leptosphaeria danica</italic> Berl., Icon. fung. (Abellini) 1: 87 (1892).</p><p><italic>Lautitia</italic> is monotypified by <italic>L</italic>. <italic>danica</italic>, which is characterized by subglobose, immersed, ostiolate ascomata with a pseudoclypeus, a thin peridium, broad, cellular pseudoparaphyses, and 8-spored, bitunicate, cylindrical to clavate asci. Ascospores are hyaline, 1-septate, and obovate and the fungus is parasitic on algae (Schatz <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR311">1984</xref>). Marine or maritime fungi have been reported in <italic>Phaeosphaeria</italic>, such as <italic>P</italic>. <italic>spartinae</italic> (Ellis & Everh.) Shoemaker & C.E. Babc. and <italic>P</italic>. <italic>ammophilae</italic> (Lasch) Kohlm. & E. Kohlm. (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>). In addition, the prosenchymatous peridium of <italic>L</italic>. <italic>danica</italic> agrees with that of <italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic> (Schatz <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR311">1984</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Lepidosphaeria</italic></bold> Parg.-Leduc, C. r. hebd. Séanc. Acad. Sci., Paris, Sér. D 270: 2786 (1970).</p><p>Type species: <italic>Lepidosphaeria nicotiae</italic> Parg.-Leduc, Pubbl. Staz. Zool. Napoli, 1 270: 2786 (1970).</p><p><italic>Lepidosphaeria</italic> is a genus likely in <italic>Testudinaceae</italic>, which is distinguished from other genera of this family by its smaller ascospores, which lack furrows, and have minute granulate ornamentation (Hawksworth <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR133">1979</xref>). In DNA sequence-based phylogenies, <italic>L</italic>. <italic>nicotiae</italic> clustered with species of <italic>Ulospora</italic> and <italic>Verruculina</italic> (Schoch et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR314">2009</xref>; Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>), but more recent work including species of <italic>Platystomaceae</italic> lacks support (Plate <xref rid="Fig1" ref-type="fig">1</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Letendraea</italic></bold> Sacc., Michelia 2: 73 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR302">1880</xref>).</p><p>Type species: <italic>Letendraea eurotioides</italic> Sacc., Michelia 2: 73 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR302">1880</xref>).</p><p><italic>Letendraea</italic> was introduced for <italic>L</italic>. <italic>eurotioides</italic>, which is characterized by superficial, globose to conical ascomata, filliform pseudoparaphyses, obclavate to cylindrical, 8-spored asci, and fusoid to oblong, 1-septate ascospores (Saccardo <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR302">1880</xref>). Because <italic>L</italic>. <italic>helminthicola</italic> (Berk. & Broome) Weese clustered with <italic>Karstenula rhodostoma</italic>, <italic>Letendraea</italic> was assigned to <italic>Melanommataceae</italic> (Kodsueb et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR203">2006b</xref>). But subsequent multigene phylogenetic analysis indicated that both <italic>L</italic>. <italic>helminthicola</italic> and <italic>L</italic>. <italic>padouk</italic> Nicot & Parg.-Leduc nested within <italic>Montagnulaceae</italic> (Schoch et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR314">2009</xref>; Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>; Plate <xref rid="Fig1" ref-type="fig">1</xref>), and its familial status seems confirmed.</p><p><bold><italic>Lindgomyces</italic></bold> K. Hirayama, Kaz. Tanaka & Shearer, Mycologia 102: 133 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR148">2010</xref>).</p><p>Type species: <italic>Lindgomyces ingoldianus</italic> (Shearer & K.D. Hyde) K. Hirayama, Kaz. Tanaka & Shearer, Mycologia 102: 733 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR148">2010</xref>).</p><p>≡ <italic>Massarina ingoldiana</italic> Shearer & K.D. Hyde, Mycologia 89: 114 (1997).</p><p><italic>Lindgomyces</italic> was introduced to accommodate a freshwater lineage, which belongs to <italic>Massarina ingoldiana sensu lato</italic>, and is characterized by scattered, subglobose to globose, erumpent, papillate, ostiolate ascomata, cellular pseudoparaphyses, and 8-spored, fissitunicate, cylindrical to clavate asci. Ascospores are fusoid to narrowly fusoid, hyaline and 1-septate but become 3–5-septate when senescent (Hirayama et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR148">2010</xref>). A new family, <italic>Lindgomycetaceae</italic>, was introduced to accommodate <italic>Lindgomyces</italic> (Hirayama et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR148">2010</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Lophiella</italic></bold> Sacc., Michelia 1: 337 (1878).</p><p>Type species: <italic>Lophiella cristata</italic> (Pers.) Sacc., Michelia 1: 337 (1878).</p><p>≡ <italic>Sphaeria cristata</italic> Pers., Syn. meth. fung. (Göttingen) 1: 54 (1801)<italic>.</italic></p><p>The generic type of <italic>Lophiella</italic>, <italic>L</italic>. <italic>cristata</italic>, was treated as a synonym of <italic>Lophiostoma angustilabrum</italic> var<italic>. crenatum</italic> (Pers.) Chesters & A.E. Bell (see <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.indexfungorum.org/names/Names.asp">http://www.indexfungorum.org/names/Names.asp</ext-link>).</p><p><bold><italic>Loratospora</italic></bold> Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Syst. Ascom. 12: 10 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR216">1993</xref>).</p><p>Type species: <italic>Loratospora aestuarii</italic> Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Syst. Ascom. 12: 10 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR216">1993</xref>).</p><p><italic>Loratospora</italic> was introduced as a marine genus and is monotypified by <italic>L</italic>. <italic>aestuarii</italic> (Kohlmeyer and Volkmann-Kohlmeyer <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR216">1993</xref>). The generic type is characterized by ellipsoid, immersed to erumpent, carbonaceous ascomata, which are ostiolate, and with or without a papilla. Pseudoparaphyses comprise small subglobose cells forming irregular chains and finally breaking apart, and asci are 8-spored, clavate to ellipsoidal, and fissitunicate. Ascospores are hyaline, cylindrical, 3-septate and surrounded by a mucilaginous sheath (Kohlmeyer and Volkmann-Kohlmeyer <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR216">1993</xref>). The distinctive pseudoparaphyses of <italic>Loratospora aestuarii</italic> makes it readily distinguishable from other taxa. Based on a multigene phylogenetic analysis, <italic>Loratospora aestuarii</italic> nested within the clade of <italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic> (Schoch et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR314">2009</xref>; Suetrong et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR357">2009</xref>; Plate <xref rid="Fig1" ref-type="fig">1</xref>), and ascospores of <italic>L</italic>. <italic>aestuarii</italic> are in agreement with those of <italic>Phaeosphaeria</italic> as has been mentioned by Kohlmeyer and Volkmann-Kohlmeyer (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR216">1993</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Macrospora</italic></bold> Fuckel, Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 23–24: 139 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR123">1870</xref>) [1869–70].</p><p>Type species: <italic>Macrospora scirpicola</italic> (DC.) Fuckel, Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 23–24: 139 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR123">1870</xref>) [1869–70].</p><p>≡ <italic>Sphaeria scirpicola</italic> DC., in Lamarck & de Candolle, Fl. franç., Edn 3 (Paris) 2: 300 (1805).</p><p><italic>Macrospora</italic> had been assigned to <italic>Diademaceae</italic> based on its applanate and muriform ascospores with 1-row of longitudinal septa, with a sheath, 2–3 <italic>μm</italic> wide and constricted at first septum and ascospores are paler and larger than those of <italic>Comoclathris</italic> (Shoemaker and Babcock <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR331">1992</xref>). <italic>Macrospora</italic> was however, considered as a synonym of <italic>Pyrenophora</italic> by Eriksson and Hawksworth (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR106">1991</xref>) which was assigned in <italic>Pleosporaceae</italic>, and this proposal was widely followed (Eriksson <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR103">2006</xref>; Lumbsch and Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR237">2010</xref>). <italic>Nimbya</italic> anamorphs were reported for <italic>Macrospora</italic> (Johnson et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR186">2002</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Massaria</italic></bold> De Not., G. bot. ital. 1: 333 (1844).</p><p>Type species: <italic>Massaria inquinans</italic> (Tode) De Not., G. bot. ital. 1: 333 (1844).</p><p>≡ <italic>Sphaeria inquinans</italic> Tode, Fung. mecklenb. sel. (Lüneburg) 1: Fig. <xref rid="Fig85" ref-type="fig">85</xref> (1790).</p><p>Colonies on MEA erumpent, not spreading; surface irregular, folded; margins even, feathery; surface olivaceous grey, with thin, umber margin; reverse olivaceous-grey. On PDA similar; surface olivaceous grey, margin dirty white; reverse smoke-grey to olivaceous grey; colonies reaching 1 cm diam. On OA similar, surface olivaceous grey in centre, margins wide, dirty white; colonies reaching 12 mm diam. on all media tested; colonies sterile (based on CBS 125591).</p><p><italic>Massaria</italic> was formally established by de Notaris (1844), and is typified by <italic>M</italic>. <italic>inquinans</italic>. Numerous fungi with brown septate ascospores surrounded by gelatinous sheath were included in the genus (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR18">1979b</xref>; Shoemaker and LeClair <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR333">1975</xref>). Shoemaker and LeClair (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR333">1975</xref>) accepted a narrow concept for <italic>Massaria</italic>, with only a few species characterized by large, symmetric, 4-celled ascospores surrounded by a massive gelatinous sheath. Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR18">1979b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">1990a</xref>) had considered <italic>Aglaospora</italic> a separate genus, but this subsequently proved congeneric with <italic>Massaria</italic> (Voglmayr and Jaklitsch <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR383">2011</xref>). Based on intensive sample collection and multi-gene phylogenetic analysis, Voglmayr and Jaklitsch (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR383">2011</xref>) accepted <italic>Massaria</italic> as the sole genus within <italic>Massariaceae</italic>, which is characterized by a set of well defined morphological and ecological characters; Europe is regarded as the centre of diversity.</p><p><bold><italic>Misturatosphaeria</italic></bold> Mugambi & Huhndorf, Stud. Mycol. 64: 108 (2009).</p><p>Type species: <italic>Misturatosphaeria aurantonotata</italic> Mugambi & Huhndorf, Stud. Mycol. 64: 108 (2009).</p><p><italic>Misturatosphaeria</italic> was introduced to accommodate a group of fungi which are phylogenetically closely related to <italic>Amniculicolaceae</italic>, <italic>Lophiostomataceae sensu stricto</italic> and <italic>Sporormiaceae</italic> (Mugambi and Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR259">2009b</xref>; Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>). Species of <italic>Misturatosphaeria</italic> are characterized by erumpent to superficial ascomata which are scattered or in groups, with or without papilla; asci cylindrical or clavate, 8-spored; pseudoparaphyses numerous, septate, ascospores brown or hyaline, phragmosporous or dictyosporous, with or without sheath. The terrestrial saprobic habitat on wood, as well as its distinct morphological characters may indicate that this genus belongs to an undescribed family. A close relationship with the marine anamorphic species <italic>Floricola striata</italic> is unexpected and may suggest that some of the species in this genus could have marine affinities (Plate <xref rid="Fig1" ref-type="fig">1</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Navicella</italic></bold> Fabre, Annls Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 6 9: 96 (1879) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR113">1878</xref>].</p><p>Type species: <italic>Navicella julii</italic> Fabre, Annls Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 6 9: 96 (1879) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR113">1878</xref>].</p><p><italic>Navicella</italic> is characterized by medium- to large-sized, immersed to erumpent, globose ascomata, apex elongated or rarely rounded, asci clavate or cylindrical, pseudoparaphyses trabeculate, ascospores reddish to dark brown, ellipsoid to fusoid, multi-septate, the primary septum is euseptate, and others distoseptate, obliquely uniseriate or biseriate (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">1990a</xref>). <italic>Navicella</italic> is saprobic on bark, and was considered closely related to the <italic>Lophiostomataceae</italic> (Holm and Holm <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR156">1988</xref>). Based on the wide endotunica, thin apical ring and distoseptate ascospores, Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">1990a</xref>) transferred it to the <italic>Massariaceae</italic>. The morphological characters of <italic>Navicella</italic> do not match the <italic>Massariaceae sensu stricto</italic> (Voglmayr and Jaklitsch <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR383">2011</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Neotestudina</italic></bold> Segretain & Destombes, C. r. hebd. Séanc. Acad. Sci., Paris 253: 2579 (1961).</p><p>Type species: <italic>Neotestudina rosatii</italic> Segretain &Destombes, C. r. hebd. Séanc. Acad. Sci., Paris 253: 2579 (1961).</p><p><italic>Neotestudina</italic> is characterized by medium- to large-sized, superficial, gregarious, cleistothecioid and globose ascomata which split on opening. Asci are 4- or 8-spored, and cylindrical or oblong, pseudoparaphyses are sparse and trabeculate, and ascospores are dark brown, ellipsoid, 1-septate, with a small germ pore at each end, and uniseriate or crowded in the asci (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">1990a</xref>). Based on the cleistothecioid ascomata, <italic>Neotestudina</italic> was assigned under <italic>Zopfiaceae</italic> (von Arx and Müller <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR390">1975</xref>) or <italic>Testudinaceae</italic> (Hawksworth <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR133">1979</xref>). Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">1990a</xref>) assigned it to <italic>Didymosphaeriaceae</italic> based on its ascospore morphology. A DNA based phylogeny showed that sequence obtained from <italic>Neotestudina rosatii</italic> resides as sister to <italic>Ulospora bilgramii</italic> (D. Hawksw., C. Booth & Morgan-Jones) D. Hawksw., Malloch & Sivan. and other species that may represent <italic>Testudinaceae</italic> or <italic>Platystomaceae</italic> (Kruys et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR221">2006</xref>; Plate <xref rid="Fig1" ref-type="fig">1</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Paraphaeosphaeria</italic></bold> O.E. Erikss., Ark. Bot., Ser. 2 6: 405 (1967).</p><p>Type species: <italic>Paraphaeosphaeria michotii</italic> (Westend.) O.E. Erikss., Cryptogams of the Himalayas 6: 405 (1967).</p><p>≡ <italic>Sphaeria michotii</italic> Westend., Bull. Acad. R. Sci. Belg., Cl. Sci., sér. 2 7: 87 (1859).</p><p><italic>Paraphaeosphaeria</italic> was separated from <italic>Leptosphaeria</italic> (Eriksson <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR98">1967a</xref>), and it is also quite comparable with <italic>Phaeosphaeria</italic>. <italic>Paraphaeosphaeria</italic> can be distinguished from <italic>Phaeosphaeria</italic> by its ascospores. Ascospores of <italic>Paraphaeosphaeria michotii</italic> have two septa, and they are biseriate, straight, subcylindrical with broadly rounded ends, rather dark brown and punctate. The primary septum is laid down closer to the distal end than to the proximal, and the larger, proximal hemispore is divided by one transversal septum. There are more septa in the proximal hemispore of other species such as <italic>Par</italic>. <italic>castagnei</italic> (Durieu & Mont.) O.E. Erikss., <italic>Par</italic>. <italic>obtusispora</italic> (Speg.) O.E. Erikss. and <italic>Par</italic>. <italic>vectis</italic> (Berk. & Broome) Hedjar. Anamorphic characters can also distinguish <italic>Paraphaeosphaeria</italic> and <italic>Phaeosphaeria</italic>. <italic>Paraphaeosphaeria</italic> has <italic>Paraconiothyrium</italic> or <italic>Coniothyrium</italic>-related anamorphs, but <italic>Phaeosphaeria</italic> has <italic>Hendersonia-Phaeoseptoria</italic> anamorphs (Eriksson <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR98">1967a</xref>). Shoemaker and Babcock (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR326">1985</xref>) redescribed some Canadian and extralimital species, and excluded <italic>Par</italic>. <italic>longispora</italic> (Wegelin) Crivelli and <italic>Par</italic>. <italic>oblongata</italic> (Niessl) Crivelli from <italic>Paraphaeosphaeria</italic> based on their longitudinal septa as well as beak-like papilla and wall structures. Molecular phylogenetic results based on multigenes indicated that <italic>Paraphaeosphaeria</italic> should belong to <italic>Montagnulaceae</italic> (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>; Plate <xref rid="Fig1" ref-type="fig">1</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Passeriniella</italic></bold> Berl., Icon. fung. (Abellini) 1: 51 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR45">1890</xref>).</p><p>Type species: <italic>Passeriniella dichroa</italic> (Pass.) Berl., Icon. fung. (Abellini) 1: 51 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR45">1890</xref>).</p><p>≡ <italic>Leptosphaeria dichroa</italic> Pass.</p><p><italic>Passeriniella</italic> was introduced by Berlese in 1890 based on the black, ostiolate and papillate ascomata, 8-spored asci, as well as transverse septate ascospores, with pigmented central cells and hyaline terminal cells. Two species were included, i.e. <italic>P</italic>. <italic>dichroa</italic> and <italic>P</italic>. <italic>incarcerata</italic> (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Berl. (Berlese <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR45">1890</xref>). Subsequently, more species were introduced including some marine taxa such as <italic>P</italic>. <italic>mangrovei</italic> G.L. Maria & K.R. Sridhar, <italic>P</italic>. <italic>obiones</italic> (P. Crouan & H. Crouan) K.D. Hyde & Mouzouras and <italic>P</italic>. <italic>savoryellopsis</italic> K.D. Hyde & Mouzouras (Hyde and Mouzouras <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR176">1988</xref>; Maria and Sridhar <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR246">2002</xref>). Currently, eight species are included (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.mycobank.org">http://www.mycobank.org</ext-link>, Jan. 2011). Both <italic>P</italic>. <italic>dichroa</italic> and <italic>P</italic>. <italic>incarcerata</italic> were considered as synonyms of <italic>Leptosphaeria obiones</italic> (P. Crouan & H. Crouan) Sacc. (Kohlmeyer and Kohlmeyer <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR210">1979</xref>). The familial placement of the marine species <italic>P</italic>. <italic>savoryellopsis</italic> could not be resolved in a DNA based phylogeny but it did suggest a close relationship to <italic>Acrocordiopsis patilii</italic> (Suetrong et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR357">2009</xref>) in <italic>Pleosporales</italic>.</p><p><bold><italic>Peridiothelia</italic></bold> D. Hawksw., Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist., Bot. 14: 120 (1985).</p><p>Type species: <italic>Peridiothelia fuliguncta</italic> (Norman) D. Hawksw., Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist., Bot. 14: 121 (1985).</p><p>≡ <italic>Microthelia fuliguncta</italic> Norman, Öfvers. kongl. Svensk. Vetensk.-Akad. Förhandl., Stockholm 41(no. 8): 36 (1884).</p><p>When dealing with the names under <italic>Microthelia</italic>, <italic>Peridiothelia</italic> was introduced to accommodate species having non-clypeate peridium which composed cells of <italic>textura globulosa</italic> but sometimes <italic>angularis</italic>, “dark reddish brown except below the generative locule where the wall is poorly developed or almost absent at maturity, colour not changed significantly in potassium hydroxide, centrum turning blue in iodine” (Hawksworth <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR135">1985a</xref>). Three species were included, i.e. <italic>P</italic>. <italic>grandiuscula</italic> (Anzi) D. Hawksw., <italic>P</italic>. <italic>fuliguncta</italic> and <italic>P</italic>. <italic>oleae</italic> (Körb.) D. Hawksw., and <italic>Peridiothelia</italic> was referred to <italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic> (Hawksworth <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR135">1985a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR136">b</xref>). However, its familial placement is not confirmed yet.</p><p><bold><italic>Phaeodothis</italic></bold> Syd. & P. Syd., Annls mycol. 2: 166 (1904).</p><p>Type species: <italic>Phaeodothis tricuspidis</italic> Syd. & P. Syd., Annls mycol. 2: 166 (1904).</p><p><italic>Phaeodothis</italic> is characterized by its 1-septate euseptate ascospores with a sparse hamathecium consisting of thin pseudoparaphyses and immersed to superficial ascomata (Aptroot <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR6">1995</xref>). The genus had been previously assigned to <italic>Didymosphaeria</italic>, but Aptroot (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR6">1995</xref>) considered it to be closely related to <italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic>. A strain named <italic>Phaeodothis winteri</italic> (a synonym of <italic>P</italic>. <italic>tricuspidis</italic> Syd. & P. Syd.) nested within the clade of <italic>Montagnulaceae</italic> (Schoch et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR314">2009</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Platychora</italic></bold> Petr., Annls mycol. 23: 102 (1925).</p><p>Type species: <italic>Platychora ulmi</italic> (Schleich.) Petr., Annls mycol. 23(1/2): 103 (1925).</p><p><italic>Platychora</italic> is characterized by immersed to erumpent crust-like ascostroma with globose locules scattered inside (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR13">1968</xref>). Asci are oblong to saccate or nearly cylindrical and bitunicate, and ascospores are hyaline 1-septate apiosporous and turn olivaceous when old. <italic>Platychora</italic> had been previously assigned to <italic>Venturiaceae</italic> by Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR13">1968</xref>), but molecular phylogenetic analysis indicated that a strain named <italic>Platychora ulmi</italic> (the generic type of <italic>Platychora</italic>) belongs to <italic>Didymellaceae</italic> (Winton et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR415">2007</xref>; Plate <xref rid="Fig1" ref-type="fig">1</xref>). The generic type needs recollecting and epitypifying to stabilize the generic name.</p><p><bold><italic>Platystomum</italic></bold> Trevis., Bull. Soc. R. Bot. Belg. 16: 16 (1877).</p><p>Type species: <italic>Platystomum compressum</italic> (Pers.) Trevis., Bull. Soc. R. Bot. Belg. 16: 16 (1877).</p><p>≡ <italic>Sphaeria compressa</italic> Pers., Syn. meth. fung. (Göttingen) 1: 56 (1801).</p><p><italic>Platystomum</italic> was introduced by Trevisan in 1877, and has been considered a synonym of <italic>Lophidium</italic>, as the ascospores of <italic>Platystomum</italic> have both transverse and vertical septa (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">1990a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR32">b</xref>; Chesters and Bell <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR73">1970</xref>). However, the boundary between <italic>Lophiostoma</italic> and <italic>Platystomum</italic> is not clear (Chesters and Bell <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR73">1970</xref>). Holm and Holm (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR156">1988</xref>) treated <italic>Platystomum</italic> as a synonym of <italic>Lophiostoma</italic>, and concurrently, the <italic>Platystomaceae</italic> should be treated as a synonym of <italic>Lophiostomataceae</italic>. Based on a phylogenetic analysis, however, the generic type of <italic>Platystomum</italic> (<italic>P</italic>. <italic>compressum</italic>) separated from other species of <italic>Lophiostoma</italic>, and nested with the clade of <italic>Platystomaceae</italic> (Mugambi and Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR259">2009b</xref>) which may be closely related to species in the <italic>Testiduniaceae</italic> (Plate <xref rid="Fig1" ref-type="fig">1</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Polyplosphaeria</italic></bold> Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hirayama, Stud. Mycol. 64: 192 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR370">2009</xref>).</p><p>Type species: <italic>Polyplosphaeria fusca</italic> Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hirayama, Stud. Mycol. 64: 193 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR370">2009</xref>).</p><p><italic>Polyplosphaeria</italic> is characterized by globose ascomata surrounded by numerous brown hyphae and a reddish pigment on the host surface around the ascomata (Tanaka et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR370">2009</xref>). Asci are cylindro-clavate with fissitunicate dehiscence and ascospores are narrowly fusoid surrounded by a sheath. The anamorph is <italic>Piricauda</italic>-like (Tanaka et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR370">2009</xref>). The cylindro-clavate asci, narrowly fusoid ascospores as well as its thin and numerous pseudoparaphyses are comparable with those of <italic>Massarina sensu lato</italic>, especially <italic>Lentithecium</italic> (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>). The terrestrial and bambusicolous habitat of <italic>Polyplosphaeria</italic> and <italic>Piricauda</italic> anamorph readily distinguishes the genus from <italic>Lentithecium</italic>.</p><p><bold><italic>Pontoporeia</italic></bold> Kohlm., Nova Hedwigia 6: 5 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR205">1963</xref>).</p><p>Type species: <italic>Pontoporeia biturbinata</italic> (Durieu & Mont.) Kohlm., Nova Hedwigia 6: 5 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR205">1963</xref>)</p><p>≡ <italic>Sphaeria biturbinata</italic> Durieu & Mont., Flora Algéricae 1: 497 (1849).</p><p><italic>Pontoporeia</italic> was introduced by Kohlmeyer in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR205">1963</xref>, and is monotypified by <italic>P</italic>. <italic>biturbinata</italic>. <italic>Pontoporeia</italic> was treated as a synonym of <italic>Zopfia</italic> (Malloch and Cain <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR245">1972</xref>), which is followed by Hawksworth and Booth (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR139">1974</xref>). Based on its asci originating at the periphery of the subglobose locus, filaments occupying the center of the ascocarps, the irregular peridial structure, the ascospores having 2-layered walls with a germ pore at each end and its marine habitat, <italic>Pontoporeia</italic> was kept as a separate genus within <italic>Pleosporaceae</italic> (Kohlmeyer and Kohlmeyer <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR210">1979</xref>). A DNA based phylogeny placed an isolate on a long branch in relationship with other marine species, <italic>Halotthia posidoniae</italic> and <italic>Mauritiana rhizophorae</italic>, but a familial placement awaits further resolution (Suetrong et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR357">2009</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Pseudotrichia</italic></bold> Kirschst., Annls mycol. 37: 125 (1939).</p><p>Type species: <italic>Pseudotrichia stromatophila</italic> Kirschst., Annls mycol. 37: 125 (1939).</p><p><italic>Pseudotrichia</italic> can be distinguished from <italic>Byssosphaeria</italic>, <italic>Herpotrichia</italic> and <italic>Lojkania</italic> by its lacking of subiculum, larger ascomata usually with compressed apices, the peripheral arrangement of asci and trabeculate pseudoparaphyses (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR24">1984</xref>). Phylogenetic study of strains <italic>Pseudotrichia mutabilis</italic> and some <italic>Herpotrichia</italic> species indicated that these species are closely related, and both nested within <italic>Melanommataceae</italic> (Mugambi and Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR259">2009b</xref>). But in this study, <italic>Pseudotrichia guatopoensis</italic> nested in the <italic>Testudinaceae</italic> (or <italic>Platystomaceae</italic>) (Plate <xref rid="Fig1" ref-type="fig">1</xref>). The types of both <italic>Herpotrichia</italic> and <italic>Pseudotrichia</italic> need recollecting, redescribing and epitypifying in order to stabiles the use of these generic names and clarify their familial status.</p><p><bold><italic>Pseudoyuconia</italic></bold> Lar.N. Vassiljeva, Nov. sist. Niz. Rast. 20: 71 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR380">1983</xref>).</p><p>Type species: <italic>Pseudoyuconia thalictri</italic> (G. Winter) Lar. N. Vassiljeva [as ‘<italic>thalicti</italic>’], Nov. sist. Niz. Rast. 20: 71 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR380">1983</xref>).</p><p>≡ <italic>Leptosphaeria thalictri</italic> G. Winter, Hedwigia 10: 40 (1872).</p><p><italic>Pseudoyuconia</italic> was introduced by Vassiljeva (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR380">1983</xref>), and was monotypified by <italic>P</italic>. <italic>thalictri</italic>. Currently, <italic>Pseudoyuconia</italic> is included in <italic>Pleosporaceae</italic> (Lumbsch and Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR237">2010</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Pyrenophora</italic></bold> Fr., Summa veg. Scand., Section Post. (Stockholm): 397 (1849).</p><p>Type species: <italic>Pyrenophora phaeocomes</italic> (Rebent.) Fr., Summa veg. Scand., Section Post. (Stockholm): 397 (1849).</p><p>≡ <italic>Sphaeria phaeocomes</italic> Rebent., Prodr. fl. neomarch. (Berolini): 338 (1804).</p><p><italic>Pyrenophora</italic> is characterized by immersed, erumpent to nearly superficial ascomata, indefinite pseudoparaphyses, clavate to saccate asci usually with a large apical ring, and muriform terete ascospores. Morphologically, the terete ascospores of <italic>Pyrenophora</italic> can be readily distinguished from <italic>Clathrospora</italic> and <italic>Platyspora</italic>. The indefinite pseudoparaphyses and smaller ascospores of <italic>Pyrenophora</italic> can be readily distinguished from those of <italic>Pleospora</italic> (Sivanesan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR344">1984</xref>). Based on both morphology and molecular phylogeny, <italic>Pyrenophora</italic> is closely related to <italic>Pleosporaceae</italic> (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Rechingeriella</italic></bold> Petr., in Rechinger et al. Annln naturh. Mus. Wien 50: 465 (1940).</p><p>Type species: <italic>Rechingeriella insignis</italic> Petr., Annln naturh. Mus. Wien, Ser. B, Bot. Zool. 50: 465 (1940).</p><p><italic>Rechingeriella</italic> is characterized by its erumpent to superficial, cleistothecioid ascomata and thin, branching pseudoparaphyses (Hawksworth and Booth <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR139">1974</xref>). Asci are obovate, thick-walled, bitunicate and evanescent, and ascospores are globose, simple, dark brown to black (based on the type specimen of <italic>R</italic>. <italic>insignis</italic>) (Hawksworth and Booth <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR139">1974</xref>). Based on these characters, <italic>R</italic>. <italic>insignis</italic> was treated as a species of <italic>Zopfia</italic> (as <italic>Z</italic>. <italic>insignis</italic> (Petr.) D. Hawksw. & C. Booth). <italic>Rechingeriella</italic> has been assigned to <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic> by von Arx and Müller (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR390">1975</xref>). Further study should be conducted on the type specimen of <italic>R</italic>. <italic>insignis</italic> in order to clarify its taxonomic status and fresh collections are needed for epitypification.</p><p><bold><italic>Rhytidiella</italic></bold> Zalasky, Can. J. Bot. 46: 1383 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR421">1968</xref>).</p><p>Type species: <italic>Rhytidiella moriformis</italic> Zalasky, Can. J. Bot. 46: 1383 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR421">1968</xref>).</p><p><italic>Rhytidiella</italic> was introduced based on <italic>R</italic>. <italic>moriformis</italic>, which causes perennial rough-bark of <italic>Populus balsamifera</italic> (Zalasky <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR421">1968</xref>), and produces macroconidia belonging to <italic>Phaeoseptoria</italic>. Subsequently, three more species were introduced, viz. <italic>R</italic>. <italic>baranyayi</italic> A. Funk & Zalasky, <italic>R</italic>. <italic>hebes</italic> P.R. Johnst. and <italic>R</italic>. <italic>beloniza</italic> (Stirt.) M.B. Aguirre (Aguirre-Hudson <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR2">1991</xref>; Funk and Zalasky <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR124">1975</xref>; Johnston <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR187">2007</xref>), Both <italic>R</italic>. <italic>baranyayi</italic> and <italic>R</italic>. <italic>hebes</italic> seem closely related to <italic>R</italic>. <italic>moriformis</italic> on both biology and morphology (Funk and Zalasky <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR124">1975</xref>; Johnston <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR187">2007</xref>), but <italic>R</italic>. <italic>beloniza</italic> is saprobic on <italic>Cordyline australis</italic> bark (Aguirre-Hudson <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR2">1991</xref>). <italic>Rhytidiella</italic> was temporarily assigned to <italic>Cucurbitariaceae</italic> (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR27">1987b</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Richonia</italic></bold> Boud., Revue mycol., Toulouse 7: 224 (1885).</p><p>Type species: <italic>Richonia variospora</italic> Boud., Revue mycol., Toulouse 7: 265 (1885).</p><p><italic>Richonia</italic> is characterized by its 1-septate, relatively large ascospores which are broadly rounded at both ends, and have a thick ornamented undulating sheath giving an irregularly ridged appearance to mature spores (Hawksworth <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR133">1979</xref>). <italic>Richonia variospora</italic> has been isolated from several localities in France, but it is rare (Hawksworth <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR133">1979</xref>). <italic>Richonia</italic> was assigned under <italic>Zopfiaceae</italic> (von Arx and Müller <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR390">1975</xref>; Hawksworth <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR133">1979</xref>), and there are presently no better suggestions for its familial placement. The taxon needs recollecting and epitypifying.</p><p><bold><italic>Rimora</italic></bold> Kohlm., Volkm.-Kohlm., Suetrong, Sakay. & E.B.G. Jones, Stud. Mycol. 64: 166 (2009).</p><p>Type species: <italic>Rimora mangrovei</italic> (Kohlm. & Vittal) Kohlm., Volkm.-Kohlm., Suetrong, Sakay. & E.B.G. Jones, Stud. Mycol. 64: 166 (2009).</p><p>≡ <italic>Lophiostoma mangrovei</italic> Kohlm. & Vittal [as ‘<italic>mangrovis</italic>’], Mycologia 78: 487 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR212">1986</xref>).</p><p><italic>Rimora</italic> was introduced based on a marine fungus <italic>R</italic>. <italic>mangrovei</italic> (syn. <italic>Lophiostoma mangrovei</italic>), and is characterized by its erumpent ascomata with elongated flat tops, cellular pseudoparaphyses and cylindrical asci (Suetrong et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR357">2009</xref>). Ascospores are fusoid, hyaline, 3-septate and surrounded with an evanescent sheath (Kohlmeyer and Vittal <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR212">1986</xref>; Suetrong et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR357">2009</xref>). <italic>Rimora</italic> forms a robust clade with other marine fungi, such as species of <italic>Aigialus</italic> and <italic>Ascocratera</italic>, and a new family, <italic>Aigialaceae</italic> was introduced to accommodate them (Suetrong et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR357">2009</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Roussoellopsis</italic></bold> I. Hino & Katum., J. Jap. Bot. 40: 86 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR147">1965</xref>).</p><p>Type species: <italic>Roussoellopsis japonica</italic> (I. Hino & Katum.) I. Hino & Katum., J. Jap. Bot. 40: 86 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR147">1965</xref>).</p><p>≡ <italic>Didymosphaeria japonica</italic> I. Hino & Katum., Bulletin of the Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University 5: 229 (1954).</p><p><italic>Roussoellopsis</italic> was introduced by Hino and Katumoto (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR147">1965</xref>) based on three bambusicolous fungal species, i.e. <italic>R</italic>. <italic>japonica</italic>, <italic>R</italic>. <italic>macrospora</italic> (I. Hino & Katum.) I. Hino & Katum. and <italic>R</italic>. <italic>tosaensis</italic> (I. Hino & Katum.) I. Hino & Katum. These three species have immersed and gregarious ascomata, clavate to cylindro-clavate asci, numerous and filliform pseudoparaphyses, and 1-septate, asymmetrical ascospores (Hino and Katumoto <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR147">1965</xref>). All these characters point <italic>Roussoellopsis</italic> to <italic>Pleosporales</italic>, but its familial placement cannot be determined.</p><p><bold><italic>Saccothecium</italic></bold> Fr., Fl. Scan.: 349 (1836).</p><p>Type species: <italic>Saccothecium sepincola</italic> (Fr.) Fr. [as ‘<italic>saepincola</italic>’], Summa veg. Scand., Section Post. (Stockholm): 398 (1849).</p><p>≡ <italic>Sphaeria sepincola</italic> Fr. [as ‘<italic>saepincola</italic>’], Observ. mycol. (Havniae) 1: 181 (1815).</p><p><italic>Saccothecium</italic> is characterized by its subglobose, immersed to erumpent ascomata, absence of pseudoparaphyses and hyaline, muriform to phragmosporous ascospores. It has been assigned to the <italic>Dothioraceae</italic> (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR27">1987b</xref>; Müller and von Arx <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR263">1950</xref>). Molecular phylogenetic analysis indicated that a strain named <italic>S</italic>. <italic>sepincola</italic> nested within <italic>Didymellaceae</italic> (Schoch et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR314">2009</xref>; Plate <xref rid="Fig1" ref-type="fig">1</xref>). The generic type needs recollecting, redescribing and epitypifying.</p><p><bold><italic>Setosphaeria</italic></bold> K.J. Leonard & Suggs, Mycologia 66: 294 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR224">1974</xref>).</p><p>Type species: <italic>Setosphaeria turcica</italic> (Luttr.) K.J. Leonard & Suggs, Mycologia 66: 295 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR224">1974</xref>).</p><p>≡ <italic>Trichometasphaeria turcica</italic> Luttr., Phytopathology 48: 282 (1958).</p><p><italic>Setosphaeria</italic> was segregated from <italic>Keissleriella</italic> on the basis of lacking a clypeus, lysigenous development of the ostiole, occurrence of setae on the perithecial wall, the absence of periphyses in the ostiole, and the hyphomycetous conidial states, and four species were included, i.e. <italic>S</italic>. <italic>prolata</italic>, <italic>S</italic>. <italic>holmii</italic>, <italic>S</italic>. <italic>pedicellata</italic> (R.R. Nelson) K.J. Leonard & Suggs and <italic>S</italic>. <italic>turcica</italic> (Leonard and Suggs <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR224">1974</xref>). Currently, nine species are included in <italic>Setosphaeria</italic> (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.mycobank.org">http://www.mycobank.org</ext-link>, Jan/2011). <italic>Setosphaeria monoceras</italic> Alcorn nested within <italic>Pleosporaceae</italic> based on multigene phylogenetic analysis (Schoch et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR314">2009</xref>; Plate <xref rid="Fig1" ref-type="fig">1</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Syncarpella</italic></bold> Theiss. & Syd., Annls mycol. 13: 631 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR374">1915</xref>).</p><p>Type species: <italic>Syncarpella tumefaciens</italic> (Ellis & Harkn.) Theiss. & Syd., Annls mycol. 13(5/6): 633 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR374">1915</xref>).</p><p>≡ <italic>Sphaeria tumefaciens</italic> Ellis & Harkn., J. Mycol. 2: 41 (1886).</p><p><italic>Syncarpella</italic> was introduced by Theissen and Sydow (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR374">1915</xref>) as a genus of <italic>Montagnellaceae</italic> within <italic>Dothideales</italic>. A detailed description of <italic>S</italic>. <italic>tumefaciens</italic> can be seen in Barr and Boise (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR40">1989</xref>). <italic>Syncarpella</italic> was considered closely related to <italic>Leptosphaeria</italic>, and was treated as a synonym (Clements and Shear <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR76">1931</xref>). <italic>Syncarpella</italic> is characterized by its abundant globose, ovoid to turbinate ascomata with minute papillae which are seated on a common basal stroma and which are erumpent through fissures in the host tissues (Barr and Boise <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR40">1989</xref>). The peridium is thicker at the base, pseudoparaphyses are cellular, and asci are bitunicate, clavate to oblong with a furcate pedicel. Ascospores are pale brown to brown, oblong to narrowly obovoid, ends obtuse, transversely septate, smooth-walled. All these characters fit <italic>Cucurbitariaceae</italic>, where Barr and Boise (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR40">1989</xref>) transferred <italic>Syncarpella</italic>.</p><p><bold><italic>Teichospora</italic></bold> Fuckel, Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 23–24: 160 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR123">1870</xref>) [1869–70].</p><p>Type species: <italic>Teichospora trabicola</italic> Fuckel, Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 23–24: 161 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR123">1870</xref>) [1869–70].</p><p><italic>Teichospora</italic> was introduced by Fuckel (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR123">1870</xref>), and was typified by <italic>T</italic>. <italic>trabicola</italic>, with four more species included, i.e. <italic>T</italic>. <italic>brevirostris</italic> Fuckel, <italic>T</italic>. <italic>dura</italic> Fuckel, <italic>T</italic>. <italic>morthieri</italic> Fuckel and <italic>T</italic>. <italic>obducens</italic> (Schumach.) Fuckel. Only <italic>T</italic>. <italic>brevirostris</italic> and <italic>T</italic>. <italic>trabicola</italic> were kept in <italic>Teichospora</italic> (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR27">1987b</xref>). After studying the type specimens, Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR27">1987b</xref>) indicated that <italic>Teichospora</italic> was different from <italic>Strickeria</italic> with <italic>Teichospora</italic> belonging to <italic>Pleosporales</italic>, and <italic>Strickeria</italic> closely related to <italic>Melanomma</italic> (<italic>Melanommatales</italic>). Currently, more than 250 names are included within <italic>Teichospora</italic> (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.mycobank.org">http://www.mycobank.org</ext-link>, Jan/2011), but almost no molecular phylogenetic study has been conducted on this genus.</p><p><bold><italic>Testudina</italic></bold> Bizz., Atti Inst. Veneto Sci. lett., ed Arti, Sér. 6 3: 303 (1885).</p><p>Type species: <italic>Testudina terrestris</italic> Bizz., Fungi venet. nov. vel. Crit. 3: 303 (1885).</p><p><italic>Testudina terrestris</italic> is characterized by its reticulately ridged ascospores, which readily distinguish it from other genera of <italic>Zopfiaceae</italic> (Hawksworth <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR133">1979</xref>). The species is usually associated with other fungi, or on the wood of <italic>Abies</italic>? and <italic>Pinus</italic> or on the fallen leaves of <italic>Taxus</italic> in Europe (Hawksworth and Booth <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR139">1974</xref>; Hawksworth <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR133">1979</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Tetraplosphaeria</italic></bold> Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hirayama, Stud. Mycol. 64: 177 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR370">2009</xref>).</p><p>Type species: <italic>Tetraplosphaeria sasicola</italic> Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hirayama, Stud. Mycol. 64: 180 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR370">2009</xref>).</p><p><italic>Tetraplosphaeria</italic> was introduced by Tanaka et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR370">2009</xref>) to accommodate bambusicolous fungi with immersed to erumpent, globose to subglobose and smaller (mostly < 300 <italic>μm</italic>) ascomata. The peridium is thin, and is composed of thin-walled cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>. The pseudoparaphyses are cellular, and asci are fissitunicate, 8-spored, cylindrical to clavate with short pedicels. Ascospores are narrowly fusoid, hyaline and surrounded with a sheath. Species of <italic>Tetraplosphaeria</italic> have <italic>Tetraploa sensu stricto</italic> anamorphic stage, which is quite unique in <italic>Tetraplosphaeriaceae</italic> (Tanaka et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR370">2009</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Tingoldiago</italic></bold> K. Hirayama & Kaz. Tanaka, Mycologia 102: 740 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR148">2010</xref>).</p><p>Type species: <italic>Tingoldiago graminicola</italic> K. Hirayama & Kaz. Tanaka, Mycologia 102(3): 740 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR148">2010</xref>).</p><p><italic>Tingoldiago</italic> is a genus of freshwater ascomycetes characterized by flattened, globose, immersed to erumpent ascomata, and numerous cellular pseudoparaphyses (Hirayama et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR148">2010</xref>). Asci are fissitunicate and cylindrical, and ascospores are 1-septate, which usually turn 3-septate and pale brown when old, usually with a sheath (Hirayama et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR148">2010</xref>). Based on both morphology and multigene phylogenetic analysis, <italic>Tingoldiago</italic> should be treated as a synonym of <italic>Lentithecium</italic> (Shearer et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR321">2009</xref>a; Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Tremateia</italic></bold> Kohlm., Volkm.-Kohlm. & O.E. Erikss., Bot. Mar. 38: 165 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR217">1995</xref>).</p><p>Type species: <italic>Tremateia halophila</italic> Kohlm., Volkm.-Kohlm. & O.E. Erikss., Bot. Mar. 38: 166 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR217">1995</xref>).</p><p><italic>Tremateia</italic> was introduced as a facultative marine genus which is characterized by depressed globose, immersed ascomata, numerous and cellular pseudoparaphyses, fissitunicate and clavate asci, ellipsoid muriform ascospores, and a <italic>Phoma</italic>-like anamorph (Kohlmeyer et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR217">1995</xref>). These characters point <italic>Tremateia</italic> to <italic>Pleosporaceae</italic> (Kohlmeyer et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR217">1995</xref>). DNA sequence based phylogenies placed <italic>T</italic>. <italic>halophila</italic> as sister to <italic>Bimuria novae-zelandiae</italic> in <italic>Montagnulaceae</italic> (Schoch et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR314">2009</xref>; Suetrong et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR357">2009</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Triplosphaeria</italic></bold> Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hirayama, Stud. Mycol. 64: 186 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR370">2009</xref>).</p><p>Type species: <italic>Triplosphaeria maxima</italic> Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hirayama, Stud. Mycol. 64: 188 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR370">2009</xref>).</p><p><italic>Triplosphaeria</italic> was introduced as a bambusicolous genus characterized by immersed ascomata, numerous cellular pseudoparaphyses, bitunicate, cylindrical to clavate asci with a short pedicel, fusoid, hyaline, 1-septate ascospores surrounded with a sheath, and with a <italic>Tetraploa</italic>-like anamorph (Tanaka et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR370">2009</xref>). Together with <italic>Tetraplosphaeria</italic>, <italic>Pseudotetraploa</italic>, <italic>Quadricrura</italic> and <italic>Polyplosphaeria</italic>, <italic>Triplosphaeria</italic> was assigned to the <italic>Tetraplosphaeriaceae</italic> (Tanaka et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR370">2009</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Ulospora</italic></bold> D. Hawksw., Malloch & Sivan., in Hawksworth, Can. J. Bot. 57: 96 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR133">1979</xref>).</p><p>Type species: <italic>Ulospora bilgramii</italic> (D. Hawksw., C. Booth & Morgan-Jones) D. Hawksw., Malloch & Sivan., Can. J. Bot. 57: 96 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR133">1979</xref>).</p><p><italic>Ulospora</italic> was introduced as a monotypic genus to accommodate taxa of <italic>Testudinaceae</italic> whose ascospore has 3–6 fissures (Hawksworth <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR133">1979</xref>). Genera of <italic>Testudinaceae</italic> are distinguished based on the morphology of ascospores, although the validity of this classification needs to be confirmed by molecular study. DNA sequence based phylogenies placed sequences from an unverified culture of <italic>U</italic>. <italic>bilgramii</italic> in a clade together with <italic>Verruculina enalia</italic>, and <italic>Lepidosphaeria nicotiae</italic> and it may have a close relationship to species in <italic>Platystomaceae</italic> (Mugambi and Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR259">2009b</xref>; Schoch et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR314">2009</xref>; Plate <xref rid="Fig1" ref-type="fig">1</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Zopfia</italic></bold> Rabenh., Fungi europ. exsicc.: no. 1734 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR286">1874</xref>).</p><p>Type species: <italic>Zopfia rhizophila</italic> Rabenh., Fungi europ. exsicc.: no. 1734 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR286">1874</xref>).</p><p><italic>Zopfia</italic> was introduced by Rabenhorst (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR286">1874</xref>) as a monotypic genus (typified by <italic>Z</italic>. <italic>rhizophila</italic>), and it was assigned to the <italic>Perisporiaceae</italic> by Saccardo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR303">1882</xref>) and Winter (1884). Arnaud (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR9">1913</xref>) described the <italic>Zopfiaceae</italic> to accommodate <italic>Zopfia</italic>, and considered that it should be excluded from the <italic>Perisporiaceae</italic>. A relatively broad generic concept was accepted by Hawksworth and Booth (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR139">1974</xref>), in which they take the ascospore size and ornamentation variation as criteria under generic rank classification, and they treat <italic>Celtidia</italic>, <italic>Lepidosphaeria</italic>, <italic>Marchaliella</italic>, <italic>Neotestudina</italic>, <italic>Pontoporeia</italic>, <italic>Pseudophaeotrichum</italic>, <italic>Rechingeriella</italic>, <italic>Richonia</italic> and <italic>Testudina</italic> as synonyms of <italic>Zopfia</italic>. A narrow generic concept was adopted by Hawksworth (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR133">1979</xref>), and <italic>Zopfia</italic> is characterized by 1-septate ascospores, which are apiculate at both ends, smooth-walled by light microscope, with minute irregular pitting by SEM, and larger than other species of <italic>Zopfia sensu</italic> Hawksworth and Booth (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR139">1974</xref>). Three species were accepted, viz. <italic>Z</italic>. <italic>albiziae</italic> Farr, <italic>Z</italic>. <italic>biturbinata</italic> (Dur. & Mont.) Malloch & Cain and <italic>Z</italic>. <italic>rhizophila</italic>, and they all occur on roots of plants (Hawksworth <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR133">1979</xref>). DNA sequences from an unverified culture of <italic>Zopfia rhizophila</italic> placed it in close proximity to species in <italic>Delitschiaceae</italic> without strong statistical support (Kruys et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR221">2006</xref>; Schoch et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR314">2009</xref>; Plate <xref rid="Fig1" ref-type="fig">1</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Zopfiofoveola</italic></bold> D. Hawksw., Can. J. Bot. 57: 98 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR133">1979</xref>).</p><p>Type species: <italic>Zopfiofoveola punctata</italic> (D. Hawksw. & C. Booth) D. Hawksw., Can. J. Bot. 57: 98 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR133">1979</xref>).</p><p>≡ <italic>Zopfia punctata</italic> D. Hawksw. & C. Booth, Mycol. Pap. 153: 23 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR139">1974</xref>).</p><p><italic>Zopfiofoveola</italic> was hesitantly separated from <italic>Zopfia</italic> as a monotypic new genus based on its evenly distributed ornamentation with pale minute pits readily visible under the light microscope, and the more elongate shape and less pronounced apical papilla than those of <italic>Zopfia</italic> (Hawksworth <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR133">1979</xref>). The type specimen of this species however, cannot be redescribed, because “the type species is only known from a microscopic preparation obtained from earthworm excrements in Sweden” as has been mentioned by Hawksworth (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR133">1979</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec318"><title>General discussion</title><p>Molecular phylogenetic studies based on four to five genes indicate that 20 families should be included in <italic>Pleosporales</italic> (Schoch et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR314">2009</xref>; Shearer et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR321">2009</xref>; Suetrong et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR357">2009</xref>; Tanaka et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR370">2009</xref>; Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>). Together with five unverified families (marked with “?”), 26 families are currently assigned under <italic>Pleosporales</italic> (Table <xref rid="Tab4" ref-type="table">4</xref>). The <italic>Phaeotrichaceae</italic> lacks pseudoparaphyses, has cleistothecial ascomata with long setae, and conspicuous ascospores with germ pores at each end. These characters do not agree with the current concept of <italic>Pleosporales</italic> (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>), and therefore <italic>Phaeotrichaceae</italic> is excluded from <italic>Pleosporales</italic> (Table <xref rid="Tab4" ref-type="table">4</xref>).<table-wrap id="Tab4"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Families currently accepted in <italic>Pleosporales</italic> (syn. <italic>Melanommatales</italic>) with included genera</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><tbody><tr><td><italic>Pleosporales</italic> subordo. <italic>Pleosporineae</italic></td></tr><tr><td> ?<italic>Cucurbitariaceae</italic></td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Cucurbitaria</italic> Gray</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Curreya</italic> Sacc.</td></tr><tr><td> ?<italic>Rhytidiella</italic> Zalasky</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Syncarpella</italic> Theiss. & Syd.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Didymellaceae</italic></td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Didymella</italic> Sacc. ex D. Sacc.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Didymosphaerella</italic> Cooke</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Leptosphaerulina</italic> McAlpine</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Macroventuria</italic> Aa</td></tr><tr><td> ?<italic>Platychora</italic> Petr.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Didymosphaeriaceae</italic></td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Appendispora</italic> K.D. Hyde</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Didymosphaeria</italic> Fuckel</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Phaeodothis</italic> Syd. & P. Syd.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Dothidotthiaceae</italic></td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Dothidotthia</italic> Höhn.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Leptosphaeriaceae</italic></td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Leptosphaeria</italic> Ces. & De Not.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Neophaeosphaeria</italic> Câmara, M.E. Palm & A.W. Ramaley</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic></td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Barria</italic> Z.Q. Yuan</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Bricookea</italic> M.E. Barr</td></tr><tr><td> ?<italic>Chaetoplea</italic> (Sacc.) Clem.</td></tr><tr><td> ?<italic>Eudarluca</italic> Speg.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Entodesmium</italic> Reiss</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Hadrospora</italic> Boise</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Lautitia</italic> S. Schatz</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Loratospora</italic> Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Metameris</italic> Theiss. & Syd.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Mixtura</italic> O.E. Erikss. & J.Z. Yue</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Nodulosphaeria</italic> Rabenh.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Ophiobolus</italic> Reiss</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Ophiosphaerella</italic> Speg.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Phaeosphaeria</italic> I. Miyake</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Phaeosphaeriopsis</italic> Câmara, M.E. Palm & A.W.</td></tr><tr><td> Ramaley</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Pleoseptum</italic> A.W. Ramaley & M.E. Barr</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Setomelanomma</italic> M. Morelet</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Wilmia</italic> Dianese, Inácio & Dornelo-Silva</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Pleosporaceae</italic></td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Cochliobolus</italic> Drechsler</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Crivellia</italic> Shoemaker & Inderbitzin</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Decorospora</italic> Inderbitzin, Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Extrawettsteinina</italic> M.E. Barr</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Lewia</italic> M.E. Barr & E.G. Simmons</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Macrospora</italic> Fuckel</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Platysporoides</italic> (Wehm.) Shoemaker & C.E. Babc.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Pleospora</italic> Rabenh. ex Ces. & De Not.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Pseudoyuconia</italic> Lar. N. Vasiljeva</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Pyrenophora</italic> Fr.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Setosphaeria</italic> K.J. Leonard & Suggs</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Pleosporales</italic> subordo. <italic>Massarineae</italic></td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Lentitheciaceae</italic></td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Lentithecium</italic> K.D. Hyde, J. Fourn. & Yin. Zhang</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Katumotoa</italic> Kaz. Tanaka & Y. Harada</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Keissleriella</italic> Höhn.</td></tr><tr><td> ?<italic>Wettsteinina</italic> Höhn.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Massarinaceae</italic></td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Byssothecium</italic> Fuckel</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Massarina</italic> Sacc.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Saccharicola</italic> D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Montagnulaceae</italic></td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Bimuria</italic> D. Hawksw., Chea & Sheridan</td></tr><tr><td> ?<italic>Didymocrea</italic> Kowalsky</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Kalmusia</italic> Niessl</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Karstenula</italic> Speg.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Letendraea</italic> Sacc.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Montagnula</italic> Berl.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Paraphaeosphaeria</italic> O.E. Erikss.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Tremateia</italic> Kohlm., Volkm.-Kohlm. & O.E. Erikss.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Morosphaeriaceae</italic></td></tr><tr><td> ?<italic>Asteromassaria</italic> Höhn</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Helicascus</italic> Kohlm.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Morosphaeria</italic> Suetrong, Sakay., E.B.G. Jones & C.L. Schoch</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Trematosphaeriaceae</italic></td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Falciformispora</italic> K.D. Hyde</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Halomassarina</italic> Suetrong, Sakay., E.B.G. Jones, Kohlm., Volkm.-Kohlm. & C.L. Schoch</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Trematosphaeria</italic> Fuckel</td></tr><tr><td>Other families</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Aigialaceae</italic></td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Aigialus</italic> S. Schatz & Kohlm.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Ascocratera</italic> Kohlm.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Rimora</italic> Kohlm., Volkm.-Kohlm., Suetrong, Sakay. & E.B.G. Jones</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Amniculicolaceae</italic></td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Amniculicola</italic> Y. Zhang & K.D. Hyde</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Murispora</italic> Yin. Zhang, C.L. Schoch, J. Fourn., Crous & K.D. Hyde</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Massariosphaeria</italic> (E. Müll.) Crivelli</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Neomassariosphaeria</italic> Yin. Zhang, J. Fourn. & K.D. Hyde</td></tr><tr><td> ?<italic>Arthopyreniaceae</italic> (<italic>Massariaceae</italic>)</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Arthopyrenia</italic> A. Massal.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Dothivalsaria</italic> Petr.</td></tr><tr><td> ?<italic>Dubitatio</italic> Speg.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Massaria</italic> De Not.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Navicella</italic> Fabre</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Roussoëlla</italic> Sacc.</td></tr><tr><td> ?<italic>Roussoellopsis</italic> I. Hino & Katum.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Delitschiaceae</italic></td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Delitschia</italic> Auersw.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Ohleriella</italic> Earle</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Semidelitschia</italic> Cain & Luck-Allen</td></tr><tr><td> ?<italic>Diademaceae</italic></td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Clathrospora</italic> Rabenh.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Comoclathris</italic> Clem.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Diadema</italic> Shoemaker & C.E. Babc.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Diademosa</italic> Shoemaker & C.E. Babc.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Graphyllium</italic> Clem.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Hypsostromataceae</italic></td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Hypsostroma</italic> Huhndorf</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Lindgomycetaceae</italic></td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Lindgomyces</italic> K. Hirayama, Kaz. Tanaka & Shearer 2010</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Lophiostomataceae</italic></td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Lophiostoma</italic> Ces. & De Not.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Melanommataceae</italic></td></tr><tr><td> ?<italic>Astrosphaeriella</italic> Syd. & P. Syd. (Syn. <italic>Javaria</italic>)</td></tr><tr><td> ?<italic>Anomalemma</italic> Sivan.</td></tr><tr><td> ?<italic>Asymmetricospora</italic> J. Fröhl. & K.D. Hyde</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Bertiella</italic> (Sacc.) Sacc. & P. Syd.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Bicrouania</italic> Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Byssosphaeria</italic> Cooke</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Calyptronectria</italic> Speg.</td></tr><tr><td> ?<italic>Caryosporella</italic> Kohlm.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Herpotrichia</italic> Fuckel</td></tr><tr><td> ?<italic>Mamillisphaeria</italic> K.D. Hyde, S.W. Wong & E.B.G. Jones</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Melanomma</italic> Nitschke ex Fuckel</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Ohleria</italic> Fuckel</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Pseudotrichia</italic> Kirschst.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Pleomassariaceae</italic></td></tr><tr><td> ?<italic>Lichenopyrenis</italic> Calatayud, Sanz & Aptroot</td></tr><tr><td> ?<italic>Splanchnonema</italic> Corda</td></tr><tr><td> ?<italic>Peridiothelia</italic> D. Hawksw.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Pleomassaria</italic> Speg.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Sporormiaceae</italic></td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Chaetopreussia</italic> Locq.-Lin.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Eremodothis</italic> Arx</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Pleophragmia</italic> Fuckel</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Preussia</italic> Fuckel</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Pycnidiophora</italic> Clum</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Sporormia</italic> De Not.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Sporormiella</italic> Ellis & Everh.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Spororminula</italic> Arx & Aa</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Westerdykella</italic> Stolk</td></tr><tr><td> ?<italic>Teichosporaceae</italic></td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Chaetomastia</italic> (Sacc.) Berl</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Immotthia</italic> M.E. Barr</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Loculohypoxylon</italic> M.E. Barr</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Sinodidymella</italic> J.Z. Yue & O.E. Erikss.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Teichospora</italic> Fuckel</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Tetraplosphaeriaceae</italic></td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Polyplosphaeria</italic> Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hirayama</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Tetraplosphaeria</italic> Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hirayama</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Triplosphaeria</italic> Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hirayama</td></tr><tr><td> ?<italic>Zopfiaceae</italic> (syn <italic>Testudinaceae</italic>)</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Caryospora</italic> De Not.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Celtidia</italic> J.M. Janse</td></tr><tr><td> ?<italic>Coronopapilla</italic> Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Halotthia</italic> Kohlm.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Lepidosphaeria</italic> Parg.-Leduc</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Mauritiana</italic> Poonyth, K.D. Hyde, Aptroot & Peerally</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Pontoporeia</italic> Kohlm.</td></tr><tr><td> ?<italic>Rechingeriella</italic> Petr.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Richonia</italic> Boud.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Testudina</italic> Bizz.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Ulospora</italic> D. Hawksw., Malloch & Sivan.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Zopfia</italic> Rabenh.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Zopfiofoveola</italic> D. Hawksw.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Pleosporales</italic> genera <italic>incertae sedis</italic></td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Acrocordiopsis</italic> Borse & K.D. Hyde</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Aglaospora</italic> De Not.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Anteaglonium</italic> Mugambi & Huhndorf</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Ascorhombispora</italic> L. Cai & K.D. Hyde</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Atradidymella</italic> Davey & Currah</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Biatriospora</italic> K.D. Hyde & Borse</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Byssolophis</italic> Clem.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Carinispora</italic> K.D. Hyde</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Cilioplea</italic> Munk</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Decaisnella</italic> Fabre</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Epiphegia</italic> Nitschke ex G.H. Otth</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Julella</italic> Fabre</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Lineolata</italic> Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Lophiella</italic> Sacc.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Lophionema</italic> Sacc.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Lophiotrema</italic> Sacc.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Neotestudina</italic> Segretain & Destombes</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Ostropella</italic> (Sacc.) Höhn.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Paraliomyces</italic> Kohlm.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Passeriniella</italic> Berl.</td></tr><tr><td> ?<italic>Isthmosporella</italic> Shearer & Crane</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Quintaria</italic> Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Saccothecium</italic> Fr.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Salsuginea</italic> K.D. Hyde</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Shiraia</italic> P. Henn.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Xenolophium</italic> Syd.</td></tr><tr><td>Family excluded</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Phaeotrichaceae</italic></td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Echinoascotheca</italic> Matsush.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Phaeotrichum</italic> Cain & M.E. Barr</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Trichodelitschia</italic> Munk</td></tr><tr><td>Genera excluded</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Kriegeriella</italic> Höhn.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Muroia</italic> I. Hino & Katum.</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>Zeuctomorpha</italic> Sivan., P.M. Kirk & Govindu</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></p></sec><sec id="Sec319"><title>Families in <italic>Pleosporales</italic></title><p>Based on LSU and SSU rDNA, <italic>RPB</italic>1, <italic>RPB</italic>2 and <italic>TEF</italic>1 sequence analysis, <italic>Pleosporineae</italic> is emended, and in this study, seven families are tentatively included, i.e. <italic>Cucurbitariaceae</italic>, <italic>Didymellaceae</italic>, <italic>Didymosphaeriaceae</italic>, <italic>Dothidotthiaceae</italic>, <italic>Leptosphaeriaceae</italic>, <italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic> and <italic>Pleosporaceae</italic> (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>; Plate <xref rid="Fig1" ref-type="fig">1</xref>). In this study, <italic>Massarineae</italic> was emended to accommodate another five families, viz. <italic>Lentitheciaceae</italic>, <italic>Massarinaceae</italic>, <italic>Montagnulaceae</italic>, <italic>Morosphaeriaceae</italic>, <italic>Trematosphaeriaceae</italic>. The sub-ordinal affinity of other families remained undetermined. Most of the families accepted within <italic>Pleosporales</italic> received high bootstrap support (Plate <xref rid="Fig1" ref-type="fig">1</xref>). The characters used to define a family, however, do not appear to have clear cut boundaries, as the ascomatal and hamathecial characters also seem to be poorly defined in some families. For example, both trabeculate and cellular pseudoparaphyses coexist in the <italic>Amniculicolaceae</italic>. <italic>Pycnidiophora</italic>, a genus of <italic>Sporormiaceae</italic>, has cleistothecial ascomata with spherical asci irregularly arranged in it. Brown phragmosporous ascospores are reported in <italic>Amniculicolaceae</italic>, <italic>Leptosphaeriaceae</italic>, <italic>Lophiostomataceae</italic>, <italic>Melanommataceae</italic>, <italic>Montagnulaceae</italic>, <italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic> and <italic>Pleosporaceae</italic>. Similarly muriform ascospores occur in <italic>Aigialaceae</italic>, <italic>Amniculicolaceae</italic>, <italic>Didymellaceae</italic>, <italic>Lophiostomataceae</italic>, <italic>Montagnulaceae</italic>, <italic>Pleosporaceae</italic> and <italic>Sporormiaceae</italic>. Anamorphs of <italic>Pleosporales</italic> are also variable to a large degree at the family level. Both hyphomycetous and coelomycetous anamorphs co-exist in <italic>Didymellaceae</italic>, <italic>Melanommataceae</italic> or <italic>Pleosporaceae</italic>. <italic>Phoma</italic> and <italic>Phoma</italic>-like anamorphs exist in <italic>Didymellaceae</italic>, <italic>Leptosphaeriaceae</italic>, <italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic>, <italic>Pleosporaceae</italic> and <italic>Melanommataceae</italic> (de Gruyter et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR85">2009</xref>; Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>). It is clear that some characters, e.g. cleistothecial or perithecial ascomata, shape, colour and septation of ascospores, shape or arrangement (regular or irregular) of asci, or even presence or absence of pseudoparaphyses have evolved on numerous occasions which make the use of morphological characters in segregating families complicated. It is therefore unclear with our present state of knowledge which characters are taxonomically important at the family level or whether a suit of characters are necessary to define a family. DNA sequence comparisons are essential in delineating these taxa in combination with other characters. It is hoped that additional characters, i.e. biochemical, genomic and subcellular will be used to further distinguish these groups into natural taxa. Below we discuss each of the families, their genera and their considered important characteristics.</p><p><bold><italic>Aigialaceae</italic></bold> Suetrong, Sakay., E.B.G. Jones, Kohlm., Volkm.-Kohlm. & C.L. Schoch 2010</p><p>The <italic>Aigialaceae</italic> was introduced by Suetrong et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR357">2009</xref>) based on its carbonaceous ascomata without papilla, cylindrical asci with apical apparatus, trabeculate pseudoparaphyses and ascospores with a sheath. The type genus (<italic>Aigialus</italic>) of the <italic>Aigialaceae</italic> was previously incorporated within the <italic>Massariaceae</italic> (Lumbsch and Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR236">2007</xref>). Currently, three genera are assigned under <italic>Aigialaceae</italic>, viz. <italic>Ascocratera</italic>, <italic>Aigialus</italic> and <italic>Rimora</italic> (Suetrong et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR357">2009</xref>). The genera included in <italic>Aigialaceae</italic> have a wide range of morphological variation, with very few shared features as mentioned above, but all are found in mangrove habitats (Suetrong et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR357">2009</xref>). The ascospores, however, vary widely from having 1 to 3 transverse septa and being hyaline to muriformly septate and brown (Suetrong et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR357">2009</xref>). It is still unclear which characters unify the family and therefore placement of unsequenced genera is difficult. Further molecular work is needed to better understand this family.</p><p><bold><italic>Amniculicolaceae</italic></bold> Yin. Zhang, C.L. Schoch, J. Fourn., Crous & K.D. Hyde 2009</p><p>Members of <italic>Amniculicolaceae</italic> form a well supported clade, and all are freshwater fungi which usually stain the woody substrate purple (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR428">c</xref>). Genera of <italic>Amniculicolaceae</italic> have ascomata with compressed papilla and cylindrical to cylindro-clavate asci. <italic>Neomassariosphaeria typhicola</italic> was traditionally assigned to <italic>Massariosphaeria</italic> (as <italic>M</italic>. <italic>typhicola</italic>), and <italic>Massariosphaeria</italic> is characterized by staining the woody substrate purple (Crivelli <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR83">1983</xref>; Leuchtmann <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR225">1984</xref>). Eriksson (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR100">1981</xref> p. 135) had pointed out that “Purple-staining species of <italic>Pleospora</italic>, treated by Webster (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR403">1957</xref>), are not congeneric with <italic>P</italic>. <italic>herbarum</italic> (Eriksson <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR99">1967b</xref>: 13), and certainly do not even belong to the <italic>Pleosporaceae</italic>”. This is mirrored in <italic>Murispora rubicunda</italic>, a previous <italic>Pleospora</italic> species (as <italic>P</italic>. <italic>rubicunda</italic>) staining the woody substrate purple, closely related to the <italic>Amniculicolaceae</italic> in a subsequent phylogenetic study (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>). The anamorphs of this family are possibly <italic>Anguillospora longissima</italic>, <italic>Spirosphaera cupreorufescens</italic> and <italic>Repetophragma ontariense</italic> (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>).</p><p><bold>?</bold><bold><italic>Arthopyreniaceae</italic></bold><bold>(or</bold><bold><italic>Massariaceae</italic></bold><bold>)</bold> W. Watson <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR401">1929</xref></p><p>The <italic>Arthopyreniaceae</italic> was introduced as a lichenized family of <italic>Pyrenocarpales</italic>, which comprises <italic>Acrocordia</italic>, <italic>Arthopyrenia</italic>, <italic>Athrismidium</italic>, <italic>Bottaria</italic>, <italic>Celothelium</italic>, <italic>Laurera</italic>, <italic>Leptorhaphis</italic>, <italic>Microthelia</italic>, <italic>Microtheliopsis</italic>, <italic>Polyblastiopsis</italic>, <italic>Pseudosagedia</italic>, <italic>Raciborskiella</italic> and <italic>Tomasellia</italic> (Watson <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR401">1929</xref>). Subsequently, <italic>Arthopyreniaceae</italic> was assigned under <italic>Dothideales</italic> (suborder <italic>Pseudosphaeriineae</italic>) (von Arx and Müller <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR390">1975</xref>). The generic type of <italic>Massaria</italic> (<italic>M. inquinans</italic>) and <italic>Torula herbarum</italic> and <italic>Arthopyrenia salicis</italic> together with members of <italic>Roussoella</italic> as well as <italic>Roussoellopsis</italic> form a robust clade, which makes their familial placement uncertain (<italic>Massariaceae</italic> or <italic>Arthopyreniaceae</italic>) (Schoch et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR314">2009</xref>; Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>).</p><p><bold>?</bold><bold><italic>Cucurbitariaceae</italic></bold> G. Winter <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR413">1885</xref></p><p>The <italic>Cucurbitariaceae</italic> is characterized by its aggregated ascomata which form from a basal stromatic structure, ostiolate, fissitunicate and cylindrical asci, and pigmented, phragmosporous or muriform ascospores (Cannon and Kirk <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR67">2007</xref>). Currently, no molecular study has been able to resolve its ordinal status, but some characters are similar to <italic>Leptosphaeriaceae</italic> or <italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic> (Cannon and Kirk <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR67">2007</xref>). <italic>Cucurbitaria elongata</italic> clustered within <italic>Pleosporales</italic> (Schoch et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR313">2006</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Delitschiaceae</italic></bold> M.E. Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR37">2000</xref></p><p>The <italic>Delitschiaceae</italic> was established to accommodate some species of the <italic>Sporormiaceae</italic>, which is characterized by its ascomata with periphysate ostioles, ocular chamber surrounded by a dome and usually in having four refractive rods, ascospores with or without a septum, having a germ slit in each cell and being surrounded by a mucilaginous sheath (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR37">2000</xref>). Species of the <italic>Delitschiaceae</italic> are hypersaprotrophic on old dung or exposed wood (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR37">2000</xref>). Based on a molecular phylogenetic studies, <italic>Delitschia didyma</italic> and <italic>D</italic>. <italic>winteri</italic> form a robust clade basal to other pleosporalean fungi (Schoch et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR314">2009</xref>; Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>). The familial status of two other genera, <italic>Ohleriella</italic> and <italic>Semidelitschia</italic>, remains undetermined.</p><p><bold>?</bold><bold><italic>Diademaceae</italic></bold> Shoemaker & C.E. Babc. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR331">1992</xref></p><p>The <italic>Diademaceae</italic> was introduced by Shoemaker and Babcock (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR331">1992</xref>) based on its ascomata opening as a flat circular lid and bitunicate asci, ascospores are fusiform, brown, mostly applanate, and having three or more transverse septate and with or lacking longitudinal septa and usually having a sheath. Five genera had been included viz. <italic>Clathrospora</italic>, <italic>Comoclathris</italic>, <italic>Diadema</italic>, <italic>Diademosa</italic> and <italic>Macrospora</italic> (Shoemaker and Babcock <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR331">1992</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Didymellaceae</italic></bold> Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR85">2009</xref></p><p>The generic type of <italic>Didymella</italic> (<italic>D. exigua</italic>) together with some <italic>Phoma</italic> or <italic>Phoma</italic>-related species form a robust familial clade on the phylogenetic tree, thus the <italic>Didymellaceae</italic> was introduced to accommodate them (de Gruyter et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR85">2009</xref>). Subsequently, <italic>Didymellaceae</italic> was assigned to <italic>Pleosporineae</italic> (suborder of <italic>Pleosporales</italic>) (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>). A detailed study was conducted on the <italic>Didymellaceae</italic> based on LSU, SSU rDNA, ITS as well as β-tubulin, which indicated that many <italic>Phoma</italic> or <italic>Phoma</italic>-related species/fungi reside in this clade of the <italic>Didymellaceae</italic> (Aveskamp et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR11">2010</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Didymosphaeriaceae</italic></bold> Munk <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR266">1953</xref></p><p>The <italic>Didymosphaeriaceae</italic> was introduced by Munk (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR266">1953</xref>), and was revived by Aptroot (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR6">1995</xref>) based on its distoseptate ascospores and trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, mainly anastomosing above the asci. The familial status of the <italic>Didymosphaeriaceae</italic> is debatable, and Lumbsch and Huhndorf (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR236">2007</xref>) assigned it to the <italic>Montagnulaceae</italic>, while von Arx and Müller (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR390">1975</xref>) treated it as a synonym of the <italic>Pleosporaceae</italic>. In this study, <italic>Didymosphaeria futilis</italic> (the generic type of <italic>Didymosphaeria</italic>) is closely related to the <italic>Cucurbitariaceae</italic> (Plate <xref rid="Fig1" ref-type="fig">1</xref>). Herein, we accept it as a separate family containing three genera, namely <italic>Appendispora</italic>, <italic>Didymosphaeria</italic> and <italic>Phaeodothis</italic>. More information could only be obtained by further molecular work based on correctly identified strains.</p><p><bold><italic>Dothidotthiaceae</italic></bold> Crous & A.J.L. Phillips <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR280">2008</xref></p><p><italic>Dothidotthiaceae</italic> was introduced to accommodate the single genus <italic>Dothidotthia</italic>, which is characterized by gregarious, erumpent, globose ascomata, hyaline, septate pseudoparaphyses, 8-spored, bitunicate, clavate asci, ellipsoid, 1-septate ascospores, and has anamorphic <italic>Thyrostroma</italic> (Phillips et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR280">2008</xref>). In this study, <italic>Dothidotthiaceae</italic> is closely related to <italic>Didymellaceae</italic>, but it is still treated as a separate family (Plate <xref rid="Fig1" ref-type="fig">1</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Hypsostromataceae</italic></bold> Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR161">1994</xref></p><p><italic>Hypsostromataceae</italic> was introduced based on two tropical genera (i.e. <italic>Hypsostroma</italic> and <italic>Manglicola</italic>), which have superficial, large, elongate ascomata with a soft-textured, pseudoparenchymatic wall, trabeculate pseudoparaphyses and stipitate asci attached in a basal arrangement in the centrum; asci with an apical chamber and fluorescing ring; and fusiform, septate ascospores (Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR161">1994</xref>). <italic>Hypsostromataceae</italic> was assigned to <italic>Melanommatales sensu</italic> Barr (Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR161">1994</xref>). In a subsequent phylogenetic study, <italic>Hypsostromataceae</italic> was recovered as a strongly supported monophyletic group nested within <italic>Pleosporales</italic> (Mugambi and Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR259">2009b</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Lentitheciaceae</italic></bold> Yin. Zhang, C.L. Schoch, J. Fourn., Crous & K.D. Hyde 2009</p><p>Phylogenetic analysis based on multi-genes indicate that freshwater taxa, e.g. <italic>Lentithecium fluviatile</italic>, <italic>L. arundinaceum</italic>, <italic>Stagonospora macropycnidia</italic>, <italic>Wettsteinina lacustris</italic>, <italic>Keissleriella cladophila</italic>, <italic>Katumotoa bambusicola</italic> and <italic>Ophiosphaerella sasicola</italic> form a well supported clade, which most likely represent a familial rank (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>). Their morphology, however, varies widely, e.g. ascomata small- to medium-sized, ascospores fusoid to filliform, hyaline to pale yellow, 1- to multi-septate (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>). In particular, they are saprobic on monocotyledons or dicotyledons. Currently, no conspicuous, unique morphological character has been noted in <italic>Lentitheciaceae</italic>, which makes it difficult to recognize based on morphology.</p><p><bold><italic>Leptosphaeriaceae</italic></bold> M.E. Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR26">1987a</xref></p><p>The <italic>Leptosphaeriaceae</italic> was introduced by Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR26">1987a</xref>) based on <italic>Leptosphaeria</italic>. The familial status of the <italic>Leptosphaeriaceae</italic> is subsequently supported by molecular phylogenetic studies, in which members of the <italic>Leptosphaeriaceae</italic> form a paraphyletic clade with moderate bootstrap support (Dong et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR93">1998</xref>; de Gruyter et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR85">2009</xref>; Schoch et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR314">2009</xref>; Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>). <italic>Coniothyrium palmarum</italic>, the generic type of <italic>Coniothyrium</italic> nested within this family (de Gruyter et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR85">2009</xref>). Further molecular phylogenetic study is needed, in which more related taxa are included.</p><p><bold><italic>Lindgomycetaceae</italic></bold> K. Hirayama, Kaz. Tanaka & Shearer 2010</p><p><italic>Lindgomycetaceae</italic> was introduced as a monotypic family represented by <italic>Lindgomyces</italic> (Hirayama et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR148">2010</xref>). <italic>Lindgomycetaceae</italic> is another freshwater family in <italic>Pleosporales</italic>, which is characterized by its subglobose to globose, ostiolate and papillate ascomata, numerous, septate, branching and anastomosing pseudoparaphyses, fissitunicate, cylindrical to clavate, 8-spored asci, fusiform to cylindrical, uni- to multiseptate, hyaline to brown ascospores usually covered with an entire sheath and/or bipolar mucilaginous appendages (Hirayama et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR148">2010</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Lophiostomataceae</italic></bold> Sacc. 1883</p><p>The <italic>Lophiostomataceae</italic> had been characterized by its slot-like ostiole on the top of a flattened neck (Holm and Holm <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR156">1988</xref>). Based on this, 11 genera were assigned under the <italic>Lophiostomataceae</italic>, viz. <italic>Byssolophis</italic>, <italic>Cilioplea</italic>, <italic>Entodesmium</italic>, <italic>Herpotrichia</italic>, <italic>Lophiella</italic>, <italic>Lophionema</italic>, <italic>Lophiostoma</italic>, <italic>Lophiotrema</italic>, <italic>Massariosphaeria</italic>, <italic>Muroia</italic> and <italic>Quintaria</italic> (Holm and Holm <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR156">1988</xref>). The <italic>Lophiostomataceae</italic> was thought to be heterogeneous, as the “papilla form is an unstable and highly adaptive character” (Holm and Holm <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR156">1988</xref>). Most recent phylogenetic analysis support the monophyletic status of the <italic>Lophiostomataceae sensu stricto</italic> (which tends to comprise a single genus of <italic>Lophiostoma</italic>) (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR427">b</xref>). The familial placement of other genera, however, remains unresolved.</p><p><bold><italic>Massarinaceae</italic></bold> Munk <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR267">1956</xref></p><p>The <italic>Massarinaceae</italic> was established based on <italic>Keissleriella</italic>, <italic>Massarina</italic>, <italic>Metasphaeria</italic>, <italic>Pseudotrichia</italic> and <italic>Trichometasphaeria</italic> (Munk <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR267">1956</xref>). Subsequently, the <italic>Massarinaceae</italic> is sometimes treated as a synonym of <italic>Lophiostomataceae</italic> (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR27">1987b</xref>). Based on a multigene phylogenetic study, the generic type of <italic>Massarina</italic> (<italic>M. eburnea</italic>) together with <italic>M. cisti</italic>, <italic>Neottiosporina paspali</italic> and <italic>Byssothecium circinans</italic> form a well supported clade (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR427">b</xref>). It seems that a relatively narrow familial concept should be accepted.</p><p><bold><italic>Melanommataceae</italic></bold> G. Winter <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR413">1885</xref></p><p>The traditional circumscription of the <italic>Melanommataceae</italic> was based on its globose or depressed perithecial ascomata, bitunicate and fissitunicate asci, pigmented phragmosporous ascospores as well as the trabeculate pseudoparaphyses (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">1990a</xref>; Sivanesan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR344">1984</xref>). However, the family has recently proved polyphyletic (Liew et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR227">2000</xref>; Kodsueb et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR202">2006a</xref>; Kruys et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR221">2006</xref>; Wang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR400">2007</xref>). <italic>Bimuria</italic>, <italic>Ostropella</italic>, <italic>Trematosphaeria</italic> and <italic>Xenolophium</italic> occur outside <italic>Melanommataceae</italic> (Mugambi and Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR259">2009b</xref>; Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>). Species of <italic>Byssosphaeria, Bertiella, Herpotrichia, Pseudotrichia, Pleomassaria</italic> as well as <italic>Melanomma</italic> resided in the clade of <italic>Melanommataceae</italic> (Mugambi and Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR259">2009b</xref>; Schoch et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR314">2009</xref>; Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>). The familial status of many genera previously listed under this family remains to be sorted out (Lumbsch and Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR236">2007</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Montagnulaceae</italic></bold> M.E. Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR38">2001</xref></p><p>The <italic>Montagnulaceae</italic> was introduced to accommodate some pleosporalean genera with ascomata immersed under a clypeus, a pseudoparenchymatous peridium with small cells, cylindric or oblong asci with pedicels and brown ascospores (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR38">2001</xref>). Three genera were included, i.e. phragmosporous <italic>Kalmusia</italic>, dictyosporous <italic>Montagnula</italic> and didymosporous <italic>Didymosphaerella</italic> (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR38">2001</xref>). Our molecular phylogenetic analysis based on multi-genes indicated that species from <italic>Kalmusia</italic>, <italic>Phaeosphaeria</italic>, <italic>Bimuria</italic>, <italic>Didymocrea</italic>, <italic>Paraphaeosphaeria</italic>, <italic>Karstenula</italic>, <italic>Letendraea</italic> as well as <italic>Montagnula</italic> resided in the monophylogenetic clade of the <italic>Montagnulaceae</italic> (Schoch et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR314">2009</xref>; Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Morosphaeriaceae</italic></bold> Suetrong, Sakay., E.B.G. Jones & C.L. Schoch <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR357">2009</xref></p><p>Four marine species, viz. <italic>Massarina ramunculicola</italic> (as <italic>Morosphaeria ramunculicola</italic>), <italic>Massarina velataspora</italic> (<italic>Morosphaeria velataspora</italic>), <italic>Helicascus kanaloanus</italic> and <italic>H</italic>. <italic>nypae</italic> together with the freshwater species <italic>Kirschsteiniothelia elaterascus</italic> form a well supported clade, which most likely represent a familial rank (Suetrong et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR357">2009</xref>). Thus, <italic>Morosphaeriaceae</italic> was introduced to accommodate these taxa (Suetrong et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR357">2009</xref>). In this study, <italic>Asteromassaria pulchra</italic> is basal to other species of <italic>Morosphaeriaceae</italic>, and gets well support (Plate <xref rid="Fig1" ref-type="fig">1</xref>). Thus we tentatively assign <italic>Asteromassaria</italic> under <italic>Morosphaeriaceae</italic>.</p><p><bold><italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic></bold> M.E. Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR17">1979a</xref></p><p>The <italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic> was introduced to accommodate some pleosporalean genera which have saprobic, parasitic or hyperparasitic lifestyles and have small- to medium-sized, subglobose or conical ascomata, bitunicate asci and hyaline or pigmented ascospores with or without septation (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR17">1979a</xref>). Fourteen genera were included, viz. <italic>Comoclathris</italic>, <italic>Didymella</italic>, <italic>Eudarluca</italic>, <italic>Heptameria</italic>, <italic>Leptosphaeria</italic>, <italic>Loculohypoxylon</italic>, <italic>Metameris</italic>, <italic>Microthelia</italic>, <italic>Nodulosphaeria</italic>, <italic>Ophiobolus</italic>, <italic>Paraphaeosphaeria</italic>, <italic>Rhopographus</italic>, <italic>Scirrhodothis</italic> and <italic>Teichospora</italic> (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR17">1979a</xref>), which were subsequently assigned to various families, such as <italic>Loculohypoxylon</italic> and <italic>Teichospora</italic> to the <italic>Teichosporaceae</italic>, <italic>Paraphaeosphaeria</italic> to the <italic>Montagnulaceae</italic>, <italic>Leptosphaeria</italic> to the <italic>Leptosphaeriaceae</italic>, <italic>Comoclathris</italic> to the <italic>Diademaceae</italic>, <italic>Didymella</italic> to the <italic>Didymellaceae</italic> and <italic>Heptameria</italic> and <italic>Rhopographus</italic> to genera <italic>incertae sedis</italic> of <italic>Dothideomycetes</italic> (Aveskamp et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR11">2010</xref>; de Gruyter et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR85">2009</xref>; Lumbsch and Huhndorf <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR236">2007</xref>; Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>). Based on multi-gene phylogenetic analysis, a relatively narrow familial concept is accepted, which is mostly associated with monocotyledons, with perithecoid, small- to medium-sized ascomata, and septate ascospores which are fusiform to filliform (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>). Four genera were accepted, <italic>Ophiosphaerella</italic>, <italic>Phaeosphaeria</italic>, <italic>Entodesmium</italic> and <italic>Setomelanomma</italic> (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>). Together with <italic>Cucurbitariaceae</italic>, <italic>Didymellaceae</italic>, <italic>Didymosphaeriaceae</italic>, <italic>Dothidotthiaceae</italic>, <italic>Leptosphaeriaceae</italic> and <italic>Pleosporaceae</italic>, the <italic>Phaeosphaeriaceae</italic> is assigned under <italic>Pleosporineae</italic> (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Pleomassariaceae</italic></bold> M.E. Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR17">1979a</xref></p><p>Both <italic>Asteromassaria</italic> and <italic>Splanchnonema</italic> were designated as representative genera of <italic>Pleomassariaceae</italic> (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR17">1979a</xref>). Currently, four genera are included in <italic>Pleomassariaceae</italic>, viz. ?<italic>Lichenopyrenis</italic>, ?<italic>Splanchnonema</italic>, ?<italic>Peridiothelia</italic> and <italic>Pleomassaria</italic> (Table <xref rid="Tab4" ref-type="table">4</xref>). The generic type of <italic>Pleomassaria</italic> (<italic>P</italic>. <italic>siparia</italic>) clustered with species of <italic>Melanommataceae</italic> in previous and present studies (Schoch et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR314">2009</xref>; Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>; Plate <xref rid="Fig1" ref-type="fig">1</xref>). Zhang et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>) has attempted to assign <italic>Pleomassariaceae</italic> to <italic>Melanommataceae</italic> (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>). Based on the distinct morphology and anamorphic stage of <italic>Pleomassaria siparia</italic> as well as the divergence of dendrogram, we hesitantely reinstate <italic>Pleomassariaceae</italic> as a separate family in this study.</p><p><bold><italic>Pleosporaceae</italic></bold> Nitschke <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR272">1869</xref></p><p>The <italic>Pleosporaceae</italic> is one of the earliest introduced families in <italic>Dothideomycetes</italic>. The <italic>Pleosporaceae</italic> was originally assigned under <italic>Sphaeriales</italic>, which accommodated species with paraphyses and immersed perithecia (Ellis and Everhart <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR95">1892</xref>; Lindau <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR229">1897</xref>; Winter <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR414">1887</xref>). Subsequently, many of the <italic>Pleosporaceae</italic> species were transferred to the <italic>Pseudosphaeriaceae</italic>, which was subsequently elevated to ordinal rank as <italic>Pseudosphaeriales</italic> (Theissen and Sydow <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR375">1918</xref>). Luttrell (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR240">1955</xref>) introduced the <italic>Pleosporales</italic> (lacking a Latin description), which is characterized by its <italic>Pleospora</italic>-type of centrum development. Based on this, the <italic>Pleosporaceae</italic> and the <italic>Lophiostomataceae</italic> as well as other five families were placed in <italic>Pleosporales</italic> (Luttrell <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR240">1955</xref>). <italic>Pleosporaceae</italic> is the largest and most typical family in <italic>Pleosporales</italic>. Wehmeyer (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR409">1975</xref>) stated that the <italic>Pleospora</italic>-type centrum development is verified in a small number of genera, and centrum development in the majority of genera is unknown; thus the placement of families or genera is quite arbitrary. In addition, the circumscription of <italic>Pleosporaceae</italic> is not clear-cut, and “……ascostromata of many different types, which are previously placed in various other families (<italic>Trichosphaeriaceae</italic>, <italic>Melanommataceae</italic>, <italic>Cucurbitariaceae</italic>, <italic>Amphisphaeriaceae</italic> etc.) are to be found here” (Wehmeyer <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR409">1975</xref>). Thus, the heterogeneous nature of <italic>Pleosporales</italic> is obvious (Eriksson <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR100">1981</xref>), and had been confirmed by subsequent molecular phylogenetic studies (e.g. Kodsueb et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR202">2006a</xref>). Based on the multi-gene phylogenetic analysis, some species from <italic>Lewia</italic>, <italic>Cochliobolus</italic>, <italic>Pleospora</italic>, <italic>Pyrenophora</italic> and <italic>Setosphaeria</italic> resided in the <italic>Pleosporaceae</italic> (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Sporormiaceae</italic></bold> Munk <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR268">1957</xref></p><p>The <italic>Sporormiaceae</italic> is the largest coprophilous family in <italic>Pleosporales</italic>, which bears great morphological variation. Ascomata vary from cleistothecoid to perithecoid, asci are regularly or irregularly arranged, clavate or spherical, ascospores with or without germ slits or ornamentations. Based on phylogenetic analysis, <italic>Sporormiaceae</italic> is most likely monophyletic as currently circumscribed (Kruys et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR221">2006</xref>; Kruys and Wedin <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR220">2009</xref>).</p><p><bold>?</bold><bold><italic>Teichosporaceae</italic></bold> M.E. Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR39">2002</xref></p><p>The <italic>Teichosporaceae</italic> was introduced by segregating some non-lichenized members of the <italic>Dacampiaceae</italic> which are apostrophic on woody stems and periderm or hypersaprotrophic on other ascomycetous fungi (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR39">2002</xref>). The <italic>Dacampiaceae</italic> together with its synonym, <italic>Pyrenidiaceae</italic> was only maintained to accommodate its lichenicolous genera (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR39">2002</xref>). This proposal does not have any molecular phylogenetic support.</p><p><bold><italic>Tetraplosphaeriaceae</italic></bold> Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hirayama <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR370">2009</xref></p><p>The <italic>Tetraplosphaeriaceae</italic> was introduced to accommodate five genera, i.e. <italic>Tetraplosphaeria</italic>, <italic>Triplosphaeria</italic>, <italic>Polyplosphaeria</italic> and the anamorphic genera <italic>Pseudotetraploa</italic> and <italic>Quadricrura</italic> (Tanaka et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR370">2009</xref>). The <italic>Tetraplosphaeriaceae</italic> is characterized by its <italic>Massarina</italic>-like teleomorphs and its <italic>Tetraploa</italic>-like anamorphs with setae-like appendages, and its monophylogenetic status has been recently confirmed based on DNA phylogenetic studies (Tanaka et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR370">2009</xref>).</p><p><bold><italic>Trematosphaeriaceae</italic></bold></p><p>Three species, viz. <italic>Falciformispora lignatilis</italic>, <italic>Halomassarina thalassiae</italic> and <italic>Trematosphaeria pertusa</italic> form a robust clade, which forms a sister group with other pleosporalean families (Schoch et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR314">2009</xref>; Suetrong et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR357">2009</xref>). <italic>Trematosphaeriaceae</italic> is waiting to be formally proposed (Suetrong et al. data unpublished).</p><p><bold>?</bold><bold><italic>Zopfiaceae</italic></bold> G. Arnaud ex D. Hawksw. 1992</p><p>The <italic>Zopfiaceae</italic> was introduced by Arnaud (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR9">1913</xref>), but was invalid due to the lack of a Latin diagnosis (see comments by Eriksson and Hawksworth <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR107">1992</xref>). The <italic>Zopfiaceae</italic> was formally introduced by Eriksson and Hawksworth (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR107">1992</xref>), and is characterized by its cleistothecial ascomata, thick-walled peridium, globose or saccate asci and one-septate, dark brown ascospores (Cannon and Kirk <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR67">2007</xref>). Currently, eleven genera are included, but the family is likely polyphyletic (Kruys et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR221">2006</xref>).</p><sec id="Sec320"><title><bold>Excluded family</bold></title><p><bold><italic>Phaeotrichaceae</italic></bold> Cain <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR59">1956</xref></p><p>The cleistothecioid ascomata, ascospores with germ pore at each end and the absence of pseudoparaphyses indicate that the <italic>Phaeotrichaceae</italic> may not be closely related to <italic>Pleosporales</italic>. This was confirmed by DNA based phylogenies (Schoch et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR314">2009</xref>). Thus, we exclude it from <italic>Pleosporales</italic>.</p></sec><sec id="Sec321"><title>Final remarks</title><sec id="Sec322"><title>Problems and concerns</title><p>Recently, many new pleosporalean lineages from freshwater (Shearer et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR321">2009</xref>; Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>), marine (Suetrong et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR357">2009</xref>) or from bambusicolous hosts (Tanaka et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR370">2009</xref>) have been reported. In particular, large-scale phylogenetic analysis indicate that numerous unresolved clades still exist, which may also indicate that a large number of fungal lineages are not resolved. As has been estimated, 95% of all fungi are unreported (Hawksworth <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR137">1991</xref>), and a large portion of them might exist only as hyphae (or <italic>DNA-only fungi</italic>, Taylor <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR373">1993</xref>). Under the influence of human activities, environmental situations are changing quickly, which may result in numerous fungal taxa losing their habitats and/or become endangered. More field work is urgently needed.</p></sec><sec id="Sec323"><title>A future polyphasic approach to study Pleosporales</title><p>The use of DNA sequence comparisons have proved invaluable in modern concepts of fungal taxonomy. It is now clear many fungi do not produce reproductive structures or only do so under very rare circumstances and many fungi cannot be cultured (Begerow et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR43">2010</xref>). More and more morpho-species have proven to be cryptic taxa, and already a large percentage of fungal diversity is documented only by DNA sequences. DNA sequence analysis is an essential way to resolve these problems. But are they enough for fully informed fungal taxonomy? Each single morphological character may be the outcome of the expression of one to numerous genes, which might be composed of thousands of base pairs. DNA barcoding methods are “a breakthrough for identification, but they will not supplant the need to formulate and rigorously test species hypothesis” (Wheeler et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR412">2004</xref>). Thus, integration of classical morphological approaches and DNA and protein based sequence comparisons are critical to produce a modern taxonomy that reflects evolutionary similarities and differences (DeSalle et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR91">2005</xref>; Godfray <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR126">2002</xref>). In particular, the advent of comparative genomics and advances in our understanding of secondary metabolites and host or habitat spectra allow the possibility to tie phylogenetic hypotheses derived from DNA and protein sequence to the biology of the organisms. (Bitzer et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR47">2008</xref>; Stajich et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR351">2009</xref>; Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR426">2009a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR427">b</xref>).</p></sec></sec></sec></body><back><ack><title>Acknowledgement</title><p>We are grateful to the Directors and Curators of the following herbaria for loan of specimens in their keeping: BAFC, BISH, BPI, BR, BRIP, CBS, E, ETH, FFE, FH, G, H, Herb. J. Kohlmeyer, HHUF, IFRD, ILLS, IMI, K(M), L, LPS, M, MA, NY, PAD, PC, PH, RO, S, TNS, TRTC, UB, UBC, UPS and ZT; to Dr. L. Cai, Dr. A.J.L. Phillips, Dr. C. Shearer and some other mycologists for their permission to use or refer to their published figures, to J.K. Liu, H. Zhang, Y.L. Yang and J. Fournier for helping me loan or collect specimens, to H. Leung for technical help. The third coauthor acknowledges the Intramural Research Program of the NIH, National Library of Medicine. 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