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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Phylogeography and evolutionary patterns in <italic>Sporothrix</italic> spanning more than 14 000 human and animal case reports</title><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Y" sort="Zhang, Y" uniqKey="Zhang Y" first="Y." last="Zhang">Y. Zhang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1"> Department of Dermatology, Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, China;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2"> CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hagen, F" sort="Hagen, F" uniqKey="Hagen F" first="F." last="Hagen">F. Hagen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3"> Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stielow, B" sort="Stielow, B" uniqKey="Stielow B" first="B." last="Stielow">B. Stielow</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2"> CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rodrigues, A M" sort="Rodrigues, A M" uniqKey="Rodrigues A" first="A. M." last="Rodrigues">A. M. Rodrigues</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Cellular Biology Division, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Samerpitak, K" sort="Samerpitak, K" uniqKey="Samerpitak K" first="K." last="Samerpitak">K. Samerpitak</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2"> CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, X" sort="Zhou, X" uniqKey="Zhou X" first="X." last="Zhou">X. Zhou</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6"> Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Feng, P" sort="Feng, P" uniqKey="Feng P" first="P." last="Feng">P. Feng</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7"> Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, L" sort="Yang, L" uniqKey="Yang L" first="L." last="Yang">L. Yang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2"> CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, M" sort="Chen, M" uniqKey="Chen M" first="M." last="Chen">M. Chen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2"> CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8"> Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Medical Mycology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Deng, S" sort="Deng, S" uniqKey="Deng S" first="S." last="Deng">S. Deng</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8"> Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Medical Mycology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, S" sort="Li, S" uniqKey="Li S" first="S." last="Li">S. Li</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A9"> Department of Dermatology and Venereology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liao, W" sort="Liao, W" uniqKey="Liao W" first="W." last="Liao">W. Liao</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8"> Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Medical Mycology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, R" sort="Li, R" uniqKey="Li R" first="R." last="Li">R. Li</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A10"> Department of Dermatology, Peking University First Hospital, Research Center for Medical Mycology, Beijing, China.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, F" sort="Li, F" uniqKey="Li F" first="F." last="Li">F. Li</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11"> Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meis, J F" sort="Meis, J F" uniqKey="Meis J" first="J. F." last="Meis">J. F. Meis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3"> Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A12"> Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guarro, J" sort="Guarro, J" uniqKey="Guarro J" first="J." last="Guarro">J. Guarro</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13"> Unitat de Microbiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciencies de la Salut, IISPV Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Tarragona, Spain.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Teixeira, M" sort="Teixeira, M" uniqKey="Teixeira M" first="M." last="Teixeira">M. Teixeira</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A14"> Department of Cell Biology, Biological Sciences Institute, University of Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Al Zahrani, H S" sort="Al Zahrani, H S" uniqKey="Al Zahrani H" first="H. S." last="Al-Zahrani">H. S. Al-Zahrani</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A15"> Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pires De Camargo, Z" sort="Pires De Camargo, Z" uniqKey="Pires De Camargo Z" first="Z." last="Pires De Camargo">Z. Pires De Camargo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Cellular Biology Division, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, L" sort="Zhang, L" uniqKey="Zhang L" first="L." last="Zhang">L. Zhang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1"> Department of Dermatology, Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, China;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Hoog, G S" sort="De Hoog, G S" uniqKey="De Hoog G" first="G. S." last="De Hoog">G. S. De Hoog</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2"> CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7"> Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A10"> Department of Dermatology, Peking University First Hospital, Research Center for Medical Mycology, Beijing, China.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A14"> Department of Cell Biology, Biological Sciences Institute, University of Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A16"> Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Basic Biology, University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">26823625</idno><idno type="pmc">4713101</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4713101</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4713101</idno><idno type="doi">10.3767/003158515X687416</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000050</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000050</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Phylogeography and evolutionary patterns in <italic>Sporothrix</italic> spanning more than 14 000 human and animal case reports</title><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Y" sort="Zhang, Y" uniqKey="Zhang Y" first="Y." last="Zhang">Y. Zhang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1"> Department of Dermatology, Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, China;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2"> CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hagen, F" sort="Hagen, F" uniqKey="Hagen F" first="F." last="Hagen">F. Hagen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3"> Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stielow, B" sort="Stielow, B" uniqKey="Stielow B" first="B." last="Stielow">B. Stielow</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2"> CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rodrigues, A M" sort="Rodrigues, A M" uniqKey="Rodrigues A" first="A. M." last="Rodrigues">A. M. Rodrigues</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Cellular Biology Division, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Samerpitak, K" sort="Samerpitak, K" uniqKey="Samerpitak K" first="K." last="Samerpitak">K. Samerpitak</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2"> CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, X" sort="Zhou, X" uniqKey="Zhou X" first="X." last="Zhou">X. Zhou</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6"> Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Feng, P" sort="Feng, P" uniqKey="Feng P" first="P." last="Feng">P. Feng</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7"> Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, L" sort="Yang, L" uniqKey="Yang L" first="L." last="Yang">L. Yang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2"> CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, M" sort="Chen, M" uniqKey="Chen M" first="M." last="Chen">M. Chen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2"> CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8"> Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Medical Mycology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Deng, S" sort="Deng, S" uniqKey="Deng S" first="S." last="Deng">S. Deng</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8"> Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Medical Mycology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, S" sort="Li, S" uniqKey="Li S" first="S." last="Li">S. Li</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A9"> Department of Dermatology and Venereology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liao, W" sort="Liao, W" uniqKey="Liao W" first="W." last="Liao">W. Liao</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8"> Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Medical Mycology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, R" sort="Li, R" uniqKey="Li R" first="R." last="Li">R. Li</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A10"> Department of Dermatology, Peking University First Hospital, Research Center for Medical Mycology, Beijing, China.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, F" sort="Li, F" uniqKey="Li F" first="F." last="Li">F. Li</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11"> Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meis, J F" sort="Meis, J F" uniqKey="Meis J" first="J. F." last="Meis">J. F. Meis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3"> Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A12"> Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guarro, J" sort="Guarro, J" uniqKey="Guarro J" first="J." last="Guarro">J. Guarro</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13"> Unitat de Microbiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciencies de la Salut, IISPV Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Tarragona, Spain.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Teixeira, M" sort="Teixeira, M" uniqKey="Teixeira M" first="M." last="Teixeira">M. Teixeira</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A14"> Department of Cell Biology, Biological Sciences Institute, University of Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Al Zahrani, H S" sort="Al Zahrani, H S" uniqKey="Al Zahrani H" first="H. S." last="Al-Zahrani">H. S. Al-Zahrani</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A15"> Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pires De Camargo, Z" sort="Pires De Camargo, Z" uniqKey="Pires De Camargo Z" first="Z." last="Pires De Camargo">Z. Pires De Camargo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Cellular Biology Division, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, L" sort="Zhang, L" uniqKey="Zhang L" first="L." last="Zhang">L. Zhang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1"> Department of Dermatology, Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, China;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Hoog, G S" sort="De Hoog, G S" uniqKey="De Hoog G" first="G. S." last="De Hoog">G. S. De Hoog</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2"> CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7"> Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A10"> Department of Dermatology, Peking University First Hospital, Research Center for Medical Mycology, Beijing, China.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A14"> Department of Cell Biology, Biological Sciences Institute, University of Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A16"> Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Basic Biology, University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Persoonia : Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi</title><idno type="ISSN">0031-5850</idno><idno type="eISSN">1878-9080</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Pathology to vertebrate hosts has emerged repeatedly in the order <italic>Ophiostomatales</italic>. Occasional infections have been observed in <italic>Sporothrix mexicana</italic> at a low level of virulence, while the main pathogenic species cluster in a derived clade around <italic>S. schenckii</italic> s.str. In this paper, phylogeny and epidemiology of the members of this clade were investigated for 99 clinical and 36 environmental strains using four genetic loci, viz. rDNA ITS and partial <italic>CAL</italic>, <italic>TEF1</italic>, and <italic>TEF3</italic>; data are compared with amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) genotyping. The four main species of the pathogenic clade were recognised. The species proved to show high degrees of endemicity, which enabled interpretation of literature data where live material or genetic information is lacking. The clade of four species comprised nine subclusters, which often had limited geographic distribution and were separate from each other in all partitions, suggesting low degrees of interbreeding between populations. In contrast, <italic>S. globosa</italic> exhibited consistent global distribution of identical AFLP types, suggesting another type of dispersal. <italic>Sporothrix brasiliensis</italic> is known to be involved in an expanding zoonosis and transmitted by cats, whereas <italic>S. globosa</italic> infections originated from putrid plant material, causing a sapronosis. <italic>Sporothrix schenckii</italic> s.str<italic>.</italic>, the most variable species within the clade, also had a plant origin, with ecological similarities to that of <italic>S. globosa</italic>. A hypothesis was put forward that highly specific conditions in the plant material are required to promote the growth of <italic>Sporothrix</italic>. Fermented, self-heated plant debris may stimulate the thermodependent yeast-like invasive form of the fungus, which facilitates repeated infection of mammals.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Agarwal, S" uniqKey="Agarwal S">S Agarwal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gopal, K" uniqKey="Gopal K">K Gopal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Umesh" uniqKey="Umesh">Umesh</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ajello, L" uniqKey="Ajello L">L Ajello</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kaplan, W" uniqKey="Kaplan W">W Kaplan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Al Tawfiq, Ja" uniqKey="Al Tawfiq J">JA Al-Tawfiq</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wools, Kk" uniqKey="Wools K">KK Wools</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Alberici, F" uniqKey="Alberici F">F 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Persoonia</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Persoonia</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Persoonia</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Persoonia : Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0031-5850</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1878-9080</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Naturalis Biodiversity Center & Centraallbureau voor Schimmelcultures</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26823625</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4713101</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3767/003158515X687416</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Phylogeography and evolutionary patterns in <italic>Sporothrix</italic> spanning more than 14 000 human and animal case reports</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="COR1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hagen</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Stielow</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rodrigues</surname><given-names>A.M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Samerpitak</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A5"><sup>5</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zhou</surname><given-names>X.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A6"><sup>6</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Feng</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A7"><sup>7</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yang</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A8"><sup>8</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Deng</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A8"><sup>8</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A9"><sup>9</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Liao</surname><given-names>W.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A8"><sup>8</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A10"><sup>10</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A11"><sup>11</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Meis</surname><given-names>J.F.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3"><sup>3</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A12"><sup>12</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Guarro</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A13"><sup>13</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Teixeira</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A14"><sup>14</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Al-Zahrani</surname><given-names>H.S.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A15"><sup>15</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pires de Camargo</surname><given-names>Z.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>de Hoog</surname><given-names>G.S.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A7"><sup>7</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A10"><sup>10</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A14"><sup>14</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A16"><sup>16</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="COR1"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="A1"><label>1</label> Department of Dermatology, Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, China;</aff><aff id="A2"><label>2</label> CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands.</aff><aff id="A3"><label>3</label> Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.</aff><aff id="A4"><label>4</label>Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Cellular Biology Division, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.</aff><aff id="A5"><label>5</label>Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.</aff><aff id="A6"><label>6</label> Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.</aff><aff id="A7"><label>7</label> Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.</aff><aff id="A8"><label>8</label> Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Medical Mycology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.</aff><aff id="A9"><label>9</label> Department of Dermatology and Venereology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.</aff><aff id="A10"><label>10</label> Department of Dermatology, Peking University First Hospital, Research Center for Medical Mycology, Beijing, China.</aff><aff id="A11"><label>11</label> Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.</aff><aff id="A12"><label>12</label> Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.</aff><aff id="A13"><label>13</label> Unitat de Microbiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciencies de la Salut, IISPV Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Tarragona, Spain.</aff><aff id="A14"><label>14</label> Department of Cell Biology, Biological Sciences Institute, University of Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil.</aff><aff id="A15"><label>15</label> Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.</aff><aff id="A16"><label>16</label> Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Basic Biology, University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.</aff><author-notes><corresp id="COR1">corresponding author e-mails: <email>zhanglitao@medmail.com.cn</email>; <email>de.hoog@cbs.knaw.nl</email>.</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>1</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>12</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>35</volume><fpage>1</fpage><lpage>20</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>2</day><month>7</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>21</day><month>10</month><year>2014</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2015 Naturalis Biodiversity Center & Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/legalcode"><license-p>You are free to share - to copy, distribute and transmit the work, under the following conditions:</license-p><license-p>Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work).</license-p><license-p>Non-commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes.</license-p><license-p>No derivative works: You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work.</license-p><license-p>For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work, which can be found at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/legalcode">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/legalcode</ext-link>. Any of the above conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder. Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the author’s moral rights.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract abstract-type="executive-summary"><p>Pathology to vertebrate hosts has emerged repeatedly in the order <italic>Ophiostomatales</italic>. Occasional infections have been observed in <italic>Sporothrix mexicana</italic> at a low level of virulence, while the main pathogenic species cluster in a derived clade around <italic>S. schenckii</italic> s.str. In this paper, phylogeny and epidemiology of the members of this clade were investigated for 99 clinical and 36 environmental strains using four genetic loci, viz. rDNA ITS and partial <italic>CAL</italic>, <italic>TEF1</italic>, and <italic>TEF3</italic>; data are compared with amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) genotyping. The four main species of the pathogenic clade were recognised. The species proved to show high degrees of endemicity, which enabled interpretation of literature data where live material or genetic information is lacking. The clade of four species comprised nine subclusters, which often had limited geographic distribution and were separate from each other in all partitions, suggesting low degrees of interbreeding between populations. In contrast, <italic>S. globosa</italic> exhibited consistent global distribution of identical AFLP types, suggesting another type of dispersal. <italic>Sporothrix brasiliensis</italic> is known to be involved in an expanding zoonosis and transmitted by cats, whereas <italic>S. globosa</italic> infections originated from putrid plant material, causing a sapronosis. <italic>Sporothrix schenckii</italic> s.str<italic>.</italic>, the most variable species within the clade, also had a plant origin, with ecological similarities to that of <italic>S. globosa</italic>. A hypothesis was put forward that highly specific conditions in the plant material are required to promote the growth of <italic>Sporothrix</italic>. Fermented, self-heated plant debris may stimulate the thermodependent yeast-like invasive form of the fungus, which facilitates repeated infection of mammals.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>epidemiology</kwd><kwd>historical biogeography</kwd><kwd>phylogeny</kwd><kwd>sapronosis</kwd><kwd><italic>Sporothrix</italic></kwd><kwd>sporotrichosis</kwd><kwd>transmission routes</kwd><kwd>yeast conversion</kwd><kwd>zoonosis</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="s1"><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous or cutaneous infection caused by traumatic inoculation of contaminated materials carrying inocula of <italic>Sporothrix</italic> species. Classically, the infection is known as rose ‘gardener’s disease’ (<xref rid="R41" ref-type="bibr">Engle et al. 2007</xref>) or ‘reed toxin’ (<xref rid="R115" ref-type="bibr">Song et al. 2013</xref>), as plants are often the source of the disease. The infection was first reported in 1898 in the USA by Benjamin R. Schenck (<xref rid="R106" ref-type="bibr">Schenck 1898</xref>). A second, similar case was described from Chicago two years thereafter (<xref rid="R56" ref-type="bibr">Hektoen & Perkins 1900</xref>) which led to the description of the pathogen as <italic>Sporothrix schenckii.</italic> During the century that followed (for a review, see <xref rid="R126" ref-type="bibr">Travassos & Lloyd 1980</xref>), the etiologic agent was supposed to be a single species that displayed a large diversity of virulence (de Lima et al. 2003), clinical features and routes of infection. <xref rid="R78" ref-type="bibr">Marimón et al. (2006</xref>, <xref rid="R77" ref-type="bibr">2007)</xref>, however, using molecular phylogenetic analyses showed that several sibling species were concerned. This was later confirmed by others applying additional gene regions (<xref rid="R36" ref-type="bibr">Criseo & Romeo 2010</xref>, <xref rid="R73" ref-type="bibr">Madrid et al. 2010</xref>, <xref rid="R96" ref-type="bibr">Rodrigues et al. 2014a</xref>, <xref rid="R100" ref-type="bibr">d</xref>). In retrospect, main groups recognized with multi-locus sequence data proved to correspond with phenotypic characters. Nowadays, the <italic>Sporothrix schenckii</italic> s.l<italic>.</italic> clade contains the clinically relevant species <italic>S. brasiliensis</italic>, <italic>S. globosa</italic>, and <italic>S. luriei</italic> in addition to <italic>S. schenckii</italic> sensu stricto (s.str.), while <italic>S. mexicana</italic> takes a remote phylogenetic position in the <italic>Ophiostoma-Sporothrix</italic> complex which is nested within the order <italic>Ophiostomatales</italic> (<xref rid="R19" ref-type="bibr">de Beer et al. 2003</xref>, <xref rid="R20" ref-type="bibr">de Beer & Wingfield 2013</xref>, <xref rid="R139" ref-type="bibr">Zhou et al. 2013</xref>).</p><p>Recently de Beer et al. (unpubl. data) delimited the genera <italic>Sporothrix</italic> and <italic>Ophiostoma</italic> on the basis of sequence data of four loci (LSU, ITS, <italic>CAL</italic>, <italic>BT2</italic>). Their classification matched with main ecological trends, i.e. <italic>Ophiostoma</italic> species were prevalently associated with bark beetles behind bark, whereas <italic>Sporothrix</italic> contained all major pathogens and/or occurred in plant debris or in soil. Some intermediate clades showed diverse ecologies and were phylogenetically ambiguous.</p><p>Traditionally, our understanding of the evolutionary history and phylogenetic relationships within <italic>Sporothrix</italic> has been fragmented due to the tendency of studying human pathogens and environmental species separately. Only a few studies attempted to integrate strains with dissimilar sources as well as geographic origins, moreover, sampling strategies are usually restricted to a short period of time (<xref rid="R39" ref-type="bibr">Dixon et al. 1991</xref>, <xref rid="R129" ref-type="bibr">Vismer & Hull 1997</xref>, <xref rid="R83" ref-type="bibr">Mesa-Arango et al. 2002</xref>, <xref rid="R19" ref-type="bibr">de Beer et al. 2003</xref>). Despite this segregation of information, focal outbreaks due to <italic>Sporothrix</italic> species are often connected to an environmental source, mainly involving traumatic inoculation of plant material into the cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues of subjects. Furthermore, assumptions of species distribution and ecological niche have been historically based on knowledge of morphological traits. However, common features used to recognize species, such as single-celled conidia disposed on clusters of denticles, are known to overlap among clinical and environmental <italic>Sporothrix</italic> species. As a result, cryptic entities were long-time overlooked throughout the taxonomic history of this genus. Today, multilocus sequencing provides a more reliable classification and enables in-depth studies of distribution and ecology.</p><p>When a species described with classical parameters is subdivided into a series of molecular siblings, and material for re-identification is not available, the older literature about this species becomes uninterpretable. This is a rather general consequence of drastic changes of taxonomic criteria. One of the first examples of such a new starting point was the case of <italic>Trichosporon</italic>, where the commonly used, physiologically defined species <italic>T. beigelii</italic> became obsolete after a molecular revision of the genus (<xref rid="R52" ref-type="bibr">Guého et al. 1992</xref>). In the case of sporotrichosis, abandoning existing literature would be highly inappropriate. Over the past century, large amounts of information have been collected on a worldwide scale. <xref rid="R12" ref-type="bibr">Barros et al. (2011)</xref> listed several hundreds of cases published during the last decade alone. In the current study 90 publications with case reports, case series and outbreaks, with a total of over 14 000 patients involved, are analysed. An early sporotrichosis epidemic that included over 200 cases during a 6-year period was reported from France by <xref rid="R21" ref-type="bibr">de Beurmann & Gougerot (1912)</xref>. In the 1940s, the largest outbreak thus far took place in a gold mine in South Africa, involving over 3 000 miners developing the disease after having been infected via untreated wood contaminated by <italic>Sporothrix</italic> (<xref rid="R57" ref-type="bibr">Helm & Berman 1947</xref>)<italic>.</italic> Other large epidemics were those related to plant materials like <italic>Sphagnum</italic> moss used in a nursery in the USA (<xref rid="R28" ref-type="bibr">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1988</xref>), rotten hay in Australia (<xref rid="R43" ref-type="bibr">Feeney et al. 2007</xref>), and reed and cornstalks in China (<xref rid="R130" ref-type="bibr">Wang & Sun 1982</xref>, <xref rid="R65" ref-type="bibr">Li et al. 1995</xref>, <xref rid="R115" ref-type="bibr">Song et al. 2013</xref>), with thousands of patients involved. The most recent outbreak of sporotrichosis was reported from south-east Brazil and was found to be caused by <italic>S. brasiliensis</italic> (<xref rid="R101" ref-type="bibr">Rodrigues et al. 2013b</xref>, <xref rid="R100" ref-type="bibr">2014d</xref>). To understand the mechanisms behind the emergence of epidemics, outbreak data should be compared to historical information on <italic>Sporothrix</italic> infections. Re-interpretation of historical data in the light of modern molecular phylogeny is therefore compulsory.</p><p>The aim of the present study is to introduce a hypothetical system that enables to interpret and use at least part of the literature where sequence data are lacking. We collected pre-molecular papers, which contained interpretable case reports and geographical information. Available strains from each of these regions were sequenced and identified, and these data were compared to published materials. Frequencies of each of the identified species were compared with the assumption that their distributions in each region had largely remained unaltered. Additionally, clinical and environmental isolates deposited during the last century in the CBS culture collection (CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands) were re-identified with molecular techniques, which enables phylogenetic analysis of the human-pathogenic <italic>Sporothrix</italic> species in relation to other fungi that belong to the order <italic>Ophiostomatales</italic>.</p></sec><sec sec-type="materials|methods" id="s2"><title>MATERIAL AND METHODS</title><sec id="s2a"><title>Fungal strains</title><p>A total of 205 strains were analysed, of which 109 were of clinical origin and 96 were environmental; all were maintained under the name ‘<italic>Sporothrix</italic>’ in the reference collection of the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures Fungal Biodiversity Centre (CBS-KNAW), Utrecht, The Netherlands. Of these, 135 isolates comprising clinical (n = 99) and environmental (n = 36) strains belonged to the main pathogenic <italic>Sporothrix</italic> clade. Data on geographic origins and sources of isolation were collected and are listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref>. All available type strains were included. Stock cultures were maintained on slants of 2 % malt extract agar (MEA) at 24 °C. Data on <italic>Ophiostoma</italic> species that are included in the current study were collected from GenBank, the accession numbers of used sequences are listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="s2b"><title>DNA extraction</title><p>DNA was extracted following the Quick CTAB protocol. 1–10 mm<sup>3</sup> fungal material was transferred to 2 mL screw-capped tubes filled with 490 μL CTAB-buffer 2× and 6–10 acid-washed glass beads. Ten μL proteinase K [10 mg/mL] (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA) were added and mixed thoroughly for 10 min using a MoBio vortex (MoBio, Carlsbad, CA, USA). After that, 500 μL chloroform : isoamylalcohol (24 : 1) was added and shaken for 2 min followed by incubation for 60 min at 60 °C. Tubes were centrifuged for 10 min at 14 000 × <italic>g.</italic> The supernatant was collected in a new tube. To ∼400 μL DNA sample ∼270 μL of ice-cold iso-propanol (Sigma) was added and centrifuged again at 14 000 × <italic>g</italic> for 10 min and the upper layer was dissolved in 1 mL ice-cold ethanol 70 %. Tubes were centrifuged again at 14 000 × <italic>g</italic> for 2 min, air-dried and re-suspended in 50 μL TE-buffer (pH 8.0). Quality of genomic DNA was verified by running 2 μL DNA sample in a 0.8 % agarose gel. DNA was quantified with a NanoDrop 2000 spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher, Wilmington, DE, USA). Samples were stored at −20 °C until further use.</p></sec><sec id="s2c"><title>DNA amplification and sequencing</title><p>Four gene regions were amplified for inclusion in the multi-locus sequence data analysis, i.e. rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS), and the partial genes calmodulin (<italic>CAL</italic>), translation elongation factor-1 (<italic>TEF1</italic>) and -3 (<italic>TEF3</italic>). Primers used for amplification and sequencing of <italic>CAL</italic> were CL1 and CL2a (<xref rid="R88" ref-type="bibr">O’Donnell et al. 2000</xref>). <italic>TEF</italic> primers were developed by B. Stielow (unpubl. data). PCR reactions were performed in a mixture containing 1.25 μL 10× PCR buffer, 6.7 μL ddH<sub>2</sub>O, 1 μL dNTP mix (2.5 mM), 0.25 μL of each primer (10 pmol), 0.06 μL Taq DNA polymerase (5 U/μL), 0.625 μL DMSO (Sigma), and 2.5 μL template DNA (100 ng/μL). PCR reactions were performed in a Hybaid Touchdown PCR machine (Hybaid, Middlesex, UK); the used annealing temperatures are listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="T2">Table 2</xref>. PCR products were visualized by electrophoresis on a 1 % (w/v) agarose gel. Amplicons were purified using exoSAP-IT (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA, USA). The ABI Prism BigDye Terminator v. 3.1 (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) was applied according to the instructions provided by the manufacturer. Reactions were purified by using Sephadex G-50 ultrafine (GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden) and sequencing was performed by using an ABI 3730xL automatic sequencer (Applied Biosystems).</p></sec><sec id="s2d"><title>Phylogenetic analyses</title><p>Consensus sequences were assembled by using SeqMan package of Lasergene software v. 8.1 (DNAStar, Madison, WI, USA) and alignments were made in BioEdit v. 7.0.5.2 software (<xref rid="R55" ref-type="bibr">Hall 1999</xref>). The genetically diverse ITS sequences were aligned by using MUSCLE program (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="www.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/msa/muscle">www.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/msa/muscle</ext-link>), while sequences of the <italic>CAL</italic>, <italic>TEF1</italic> and <italic>TEF3</italic> sequences were aligned by using the server version of the MAFFT program v. 7.0 (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="www.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/msa/mafft/">www.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/msa/mafft/</ext-link>) (<xref rid="R60" ref-type="bibr">Katoh & Standley 2013</xref>). Retrieved alignments were manually checked to avoid mis-paired bases. All sequences determined in this study were deposited in GenBank and the accession numbers are listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref>.</p><p>The best-fit evolutionary model was determined by application of ModelTest v. 0.1.1. Bayesian analysis was performed with MrBayes v. 3.1.2 (<xref rid="R102" ref-type="bibr">Ronquist et al. 2012</xref>). Four MCMC chains were run simultaneously for 1 × 10<sup>7</sup> generations. Bootstrapped Maximum Likelihood analysis was performed by using RAxML-VI-HPC v. 7.0.3 (<xref rid="R117" ref-type="bibr">Stamatakis et al. 2008</xref>) as implemented on the Cipres portal (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="www.phylo.org/">www.phylo.org/</ext-link>) with non-parametric bootstrapping using 1 000 replicates.</p></sec><sec id="s2e"><title>Amplified fragment length polymorphism genotyping</title><p>The <italic>Sporothrix</italic> isolates were subjected to amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) genotyping using a previously described procedure (<xref rid="R30" ref-type="bibr">Chowdhary et al. 2013</xref>). However, for the amplification of the DNA fragments the selective cytosine residue of the <italic>Eco</italic>RI primer was replaced by an adenine residue (5’-Flu-GACTGCGTACCAATTC<underline>AA</underline>-3’), while the <italic>Mse</italic>I primer remained the same with one selective residue (5’-GATGAGTCCTGACTAA<underline>G</underline>-3’). After amplification, amplicons were 50× diluted using ddH<sub>2</sub>O; 1 μL of the diluted amplicon was then added to a mixture of 8.9 μL ddH<sub>2</sub>O and 0.1 μL LIZ600 (Applied Biosystems) followed by a heating step for 1 min at 96 °C followed by cooling down to 4 °C. Fragment analysis was carried out using an ABI3500xL Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Raw data were then inspected visually after importation into BioNumerics v. 6.6 (Applied Maths, St. Martens-Latem, Belgium) and analysed by UPGMA clustering using the Pearson correlation coefficient.</p></sec><sec id="s2f"><title>Meta-analysis</title><p>We analysed the existing medical and veterinary literature on human and veterinary cases of sporotrichosis from the first publication 1898 till present. A search was initiated using the PubMed database for which the MeSH terms ‘<italic>Sporothrix</italic>’ and ‘sporotrichosis’, yielded in total 705 results. Reports on treatment, immunology, antifungals and virulence factors, as well as book chapters and reports that also include other diseases were neglected. The focus was then placed on cases and case series from 1940 up to now; case reports with insufficient data were discarded. Over 14 000 cases published in 90 reports were collected; the selection covered countries all over the world. The search also included ∼2 827 cases published in Chinese language. Numbers are approximate because some cases had been used in repeated publications; we tried to exclude duplicates when individual cases were numbered. Cases were listed geographically on the basis of identifiable entities, such as Europe, China, or Brazil. The statistical method for Table 5 is the χ<sup>2</sup> test.</p></sec></sec><sec id="s3"><title>RESULTS</title><p>Judging from literature data, the most endemic regions are China (3 299 cases), South Africa (3 154 cases), and Brazil (5 814 cases). Less frequently, sporotrichosis occurs in Japan, Australia, India, and the remaining Americas outside the eastern part of South America. The disease is less prevalent in Europe, except for the unique outbreak involving 200 cases occurring in France over a period of six years at the beginning of last century (<xref rid="R21" ref-type="bibr">Beurmann & Gougerot 1912</xref>).</p><p>Outside the recent Brazilian epidemic, nearly all cases and case series were published to be caused by <italic>Sporothrix schenckii</italic> s.l.; the subdivision of this taxon into four molecular siblings occurred only in
2006 (<xref rid="R78" ref-type="bibr">Marimón et al. 2006</xref>). We aimed to recognise the individual siblings retrospectively by comparing contemporary distributions of molecular species with historical biogeography abstracted from published data. A comparison of the number of published cases (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Fig. 1</xref>; grey circles) and the number of sequenced strains in the same area (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Fig. 1</xref>; coloured) is given. Distributions of molecular species as percentages of the total numbers of sequenced cases in the same defined area are given in <xref ref-type="table" rid="T3">Table 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Fig. 1</xref>. In most of the defined areas a single molecular species is preponderant (> 80 %). Main calculated endemic areas with their prevalent species are as follows: Asia <italic>S. globosa</italic> (99.3 %), Australia and southern Africa <italic>S. schenckii</italic> (94 %), south-eastern South America <italic>S. brasiliensis</italic> (88 %), western part of South America and Central and North America <italic>S. schenckii</italic> (89 %). The percentages indicate statistical probabilities that the prevalent endemic species was concerned in historical publications without sequence data. In European countries the low number of cases hinders to ascertain predominant species.</p><p>In order to have a complete overview of molecular species occurring in humans and animals and their potential routes of transmission, we sequenced all strains deposited in the CBS collection over the last hundred years under the name ‘<italic>Sporothrix</italic>’. Using standard primers, sequencing efficiency proved to differ slightly between species. Success rates of sequencing for each gene are listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="T2">Table 2</xref>. In clinical strains, the largest percentages of poor sequences were encountered in <italic>TEF1</italic> and ITS in <italic>S. schenckii</italic> and <italic>S. brasiliensis</italic>, viz. 20.9 % and 18.2 %, respectively. Strains of environmental species outside the <italic>S. schenckii</italic> clade generally generated good results with <italic>TEF1</italic> and <italic>TEF3</italic>, but a somewhat higher percentages of failure were obtained with ITS and <italic>CAL</italic> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="T2">Table 2</xref>).</p><p>ITS sequences could be aligned confidently over the entire order <italic>Ophiostomatales</italic>; a general tree is presented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Fig. 2</xref>, using <italic>Ceratocystiopsis minuta</italic> RJ705 as outgroup. The complete alignment included 101 sequences for ITS, 37 generated in this study and 64 retrieved from GenBank. ITS sequences produced an 807 bp-long alignment (327 for ITS1, 191 for ITS2), and included 334 invariable characters, 246 variable parsimony-informative sites (34 %), and 72 singletons. Several highly confident clades could be recognized, one of which (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Fig. 2</xref>) consisted of <italic>Ophiostoma</italic> species associated with bark beetles (bootstrap support 86 %). Outside this clade several more bark beetle-associated species were noted, at significant distance and separated by <italic>Ophiostoma</italic> species with other habitats. Several intermediary lineages were found in soil and in <italic>Protea</italic> infructescences, intermingled with occasional wood-inhabiting taxa (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Fig. 2</xref>). The ultimate clade contained four potentially human-pathogenic <italic>Sporothrix</italic> species. <italic>Sporothrix stenoceras</italic> represented a separate clade, with 99 % statistical support and distinct from the clades containing pathogenic species (Marimón Clades I–III and VI) and a saprophytic clade (Marimón Clade IV) (<xref rid="R78" ref-type="bibr">Marimón et al. 2006</xref>).</p><p>A multilocus tree (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">Fig. 3</xref>) excluding the major part of <italic>Ophiostoma</italic> was based on 135 selected isolates including 99 clinical strains and 36 representative environmental strains of species having all three genes for multilocus studies. Lengths of generated amplicons were 792 bp, 526 bp, and 255 bp for <italic>CAL</italic>, <italic>TEF1</italic>, and <italic>TEF3</italic>, respectively. Of the 1 573 nucleotides sequenced, 942 (59.9 %) were constant, 464 (29.5 %) were parsimony-informative, and 146 (9.3 %) were variably parsimony non-informative sites. Over the entire dataset, the lowest number of variable sites was 92 (17.5 %) in the <italic>TEF1</italic> fragment, and the highest was 432 (54.5 %) in the <italic>CAL</italic> fragment; extended data per gene are provided in <xref ref-type="table" rid="T4">Table 4</xref>.</p><p>Phylogenetic trees were analysed using independent and combined datasets. All 135 sequences generated in this study, except for one <italic>CAL</italic> which was retrieved from GenBank. Gene trees of <italic>CAL</italic>, <italic>TEF1</italic>, and <italic>TEF3</italic> presented a higher discriminatory power and similar topologies to the ITS tree. Sequences could be aligned confidently over the entire dataset. The combined tree based on <italic>CAL</italic>, <italic>TEF1</italic>, and <italic>TEF3</italic> data of 135 strains is given in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">Fig. 3</xref>, basically comprising the upper part (<italic>Sporothrix</italic> s.str.) of the ITS tree (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Fig. 2</xref>) and using <italic>Sporothrix foliorum</italic>, CBS 326.37 as outgroup. The best-fit model of evolution was estimated to be HKY+GAMMA. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">Fig. 3</xref> shows the majority-rule consensus trees, deduced by Bayesian inferences sampled by MCMC and were selected to demonstrate the tree topology.</p><p>The combined tree of 135 isolates was subdivided into several main groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">Fig. 3</xref>), five of which were also observed in previous studies (<xref rid="R78" ref-type="bibr">Marimón et al. 2006</xref>, <xref rid="R77" ref-type="bibr">2007</xref>, <xref rid="R72" ref-type="bibr">Madrid et al. 2009</xref>, <xref rid="R101" ref-type="bibr">Rodrigues et al. 2013b</xref>, <xref rid="R100" ref-type="bibr">2014d</xref>). Each described species could be distinguished at high bootstrap values. Five subclades were discernible within <italic>S. schenckii</italic>, which almost entirely matched with AFLP groups A–E (below; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">Fig. 4</xref>) and were mostly geographically restricted (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">Fig. 5</xref>). CBS 130103 was the single strain from Argentina clustering in AFLP group B from South Africa with small deviations in AFLP profile (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">Fig. 4</xref>) as well as in sequence data (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">Fig. 3</xref>). In <italic>S. brasiliensis</italic> several small sets of strains had bootstrap support, but groups were too similar to allow meaningful distinction. <italic>Sporothrix globosa</italic> was homogeneous. <italic>Sporothrix mexicana</italic> was found to be nested in an environmental clade comprising saprobic species (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Fig. 2</xref>; Marimón Clade IV).</p><p>AFLP data of 116 strains of the potentially human- and animal-pathogenic species (Pathogenic clade in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Fig. 2</xref>) are listed in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">Fig. 4</xref>. At a cut-off level of 70 % 13 groups could be recognised. All strains of <italic>S. globosa</italic> clustered in a single group. <italic>Sporothrix brasiliensis</italic> consisted of three groups, and <italic>S. schenckii</italic> of five groups (AFLP A–E; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">Fig. 4</xref>), the members of which matched with the groups found with multilocus sequence data (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">Fig. 3</xref>). In AFLP, <italic>Sporothrix mexicana</italic> contained two groups that could not be seen in the combined tree, and the single available strain of <italic>S. luriei</italic> deviated from all remaining species. In each of the groups of <italic>S. brasiliensis</italic> and <italic>S. schenckii</italic>, strains were clustered according to their geographic origin at low geographic distances, but numerous strains of <italic>S. globosa</italic> with identical profiles were repeatedly found to originate from different continents (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">Fig. 4</xref>).</p><p><xref ref-type="table" rid="T3">Table 3</xref> shows the number of sequences analysed, relative to the geography of isolation of the respective strain. In most cases, one species is predominant in each defined area. On the basis of this predominance, the probability of attribution of a given strain from that area was calculated. Using this probability, historical case reports without sequence data could be attributed to either <italic>S. brasiliensis</italic>, <italic>S. globosa</italic>, or <italic>S. schenckii</italic>; cases reported as <italic>S. luriei</italic> and <italic>S. mexicana</italic> were too rare for this calculation and were left blank in <xref ref-type="table" rid="T3">Table 3</xref>. Probability of Chinese strains as <italic>S. globosa</italic>, for example, was 100 %, whereas in Europe none of the species was predominant and thus such calculation was impossible. Sporotrichosis is rare in Europe, and etiologic agents may have been imported, which would explain the relatively high species diversity in this continent.</p><p><xref ref-type="table" rid="T5">Table 5</xref> provides an overview of cases of sporotrichosis published in the world literature with an accent on case series and including the great majority of cases published to date. Sporotrichosis classically was reported to occur in temperate and subtropical climates with a relatively high humidity. From <xref ref-type="table" rid="T5">Table 5</xref> it appears that this holds true for <italic>S. schenckii</italic>. Hyperendemic areas are Brazil, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela, and South Africa. In the hyperendemic area of north-east China and Japan, where <italic>S. globosa</italic> is prevalent, the climate is relatively cold (<italic>p</italic> = 10<sup>-6</sup>). In Asian countries, where <italic>S. globosa</italic> is prevalent, a preponderance of female patients is noted (<italic>p</italic> = 10<sup>-6</sup>). In Australia and South Africa more males are involved, partly associated with outdoor work, such as was the case with the miner epidemic in Witwatersrand by <italic>S. schenckii</italic>. In American countries male : female ratios are variable; no significant deviation from an equal ratio was noted in <italic>S. brasiliensis</italic> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="T5">Table 5</xref>).</p><p>Globally the most common clinical form is lymphocutaneous (LC) sporotrichosis, but in China the fixed cutaneous form is prevalent (<italic>p</italic> = 0.037). The mode of transmission of sporotrichosis often remains unclear. Trauma was mentioned in many cases, but was difficult to define in some cases because small traumata are easily neglected by patients. In some cases absence of trauma was explicitly mentioned (<xref ref-type="table" rid="T5">Table 5</xref>) and thus subcutaneous inoculation does not need to be apparent for the onset of sporotrichosis. Contact with decaying plant material was frequently noted in <italic>S. globosa</italic> and <italic>S. schenckii</italic>, whereas <italic>S. brasiliensis</italic> was significantly more associated with cat-transmission (<italic>p</italic> = 10<sup>-6</sup>). Other animal sources, such as fish, squirrel, armadillo, rat, dog, or insect, were mentioned in <italic>S. schenckii</italic> and <italic>S. brasiliensis</italic>, but not in <italic>S. globosa</italic> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="T5">Table 5</xref>).</p><p>Many of the reports listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="T5">Table 5</xref> were case series from a common substrate during a fixed period. These outbreaks outnumber case series from various sources (<xref ref-type="table" rid="T5">Table 5</xref>). The total number of cases series and outbreaks reported in the literature comprises > 14 000 cases, while the number of reports of single cases is relatively low; this low number is only partially influenced by the fact that single cases with insufficient data were discarded from our meta-analysis. The outbreak-character of sporotrichosis is further demonstrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F6">Fig. 6</xref>, where case series during intervals of 5 years are listed. Several large outbreaks, such as by <italic>S. brasiliensis</italic> in south-east Brazil and <italic>S. globosa</italic> in Jilin, north-east China, are still ongoing. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F6">Fig. 6</xref> does not list the case series of 200 infections in France during the years 1904–1911 (<xref rid="R21" ref-type="bibr">Beurmann & Gougerot 1912</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="s4"><title>DISCUSSION</title><p>For the present study, four gene regions were analysed: the rDNA ITS domain, the partial calmodulin (<italic>CAL</italic>) gene, and two regions in the translation elongation factor (<italic>TEF1</italic> and <italic>TEF3</italic>). Molecular taxonomy of <italic>Sporothrix</italic> is particularly based on <italic>CAL</italic> (<xref rid="R78" ref-type="bibr">Marimón et al. 2006</xref>), although ITS performs equally well in distinguishing the main species, as demonstrated by <xref rid="R139" ref-type="bibr">Zhou et al. (2013)</xref> and <xref rid="R98" ref-type="bibr">Rodrigues et al. (2014b</xref>, <xref rid="R100" ref-type="bibr">d</xref>) and confirmed with a larger dataset in the present study. The tree topology of three combined genes <italic>CAL</italic>, <italic>TEF1</italic>, and <italic>TEF3</italic> proved to be similar to that of the ITS tree. The most variable gene is <italic>CAL</italic> (variable sites 54.5 %) followed by <italic>TEF3</italic> (33.7 %) and <italic>TEF1</italic> (17.5 %). A similar range of variability was found with the number of parsimony-informative sites (<italic>CAL</italic> → <italic>TEF3</italic> → <italic>TEF1</italic>). Diagnostics with <italic>CAL</italic> is optimal because intraspecific variability is small compared to barcoding gaps between species, yielding a highly resolved phylogenetic tree (data not shown). The genes analysed tend to differ in PCR performance, although ITS may present a higher number of negatives than usual in fungi (<xref ref-type="table" rid="T2">Table 2</xref>) (<xref rid="R107" ref-type="bibr">Schoch et al. 2012</xref>).</p><p>The genus <italic>Sporothrix</italic> is embedded in the order <italic>Ophiostomatales</italic>. The core genus is <italic>Ophiostoma</italic>, which is classically known to comprise fungi that live in association with bark beetles. De Beer et al. (unpubl. data) delimited the two genera, maintaining nearly all arthropod-associated species in <italic>Ophiostoma</italic>. Ecologies of the 32 accepted <italic>Sporothrix</italic> species were quite diverse. Virulence to mammals is nearly exclusively found in a small group of species around <italic>S. schenckii</italic>. The ITS tree combining these groups demonstrate that phylogenetic distances are moderate and comply with classification in a single order; ITS was alignable with reasonable confidence over the entire dataset. The maximum ITS distance (measured by similarity in BioNumerics) from <italic>S. brasiliensis</italic> CBS 133019 to <italic>S. foliorum</italic> CBS 326.37 was 15 %. The span over diversity within the clade with pathogenic species (<italic>S. brasiliensis</italic> CBS 133019 to <italic>S. mexicana</italic> CBS 120342) was 4.3 % for ITS and 8 % for three genes analysed. We randomly sequenced all strains deposited in the CBS collection over a century and found that only 3 isolates might represent undescribed species (<xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref>). It is questionable whether <italic>S. inflata</italic> and <italic>S. dimorphospora</italic> are different species. Within the habitats analysed sampling has apparently been sufficient to cover extant biodiversity.</p><p>The occurrence of two pronounced types of ecology within the <italic>Ophiostomatales</italic>, viz. human pathogenicity and bark beetle association, is remarkable. In the ITS tree (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Fig. 2</xref>) the species living inside bark beetle galleries constitute a well-supported clade, matching <italic>Ophiostoma</italic> (<xref rid="R19" ref-type="bibr">de Beer et al. 2003</xref>). Some of the species in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Fig. 2</xref> have been isolated from sapwood and a role of the bark beetle has then usually not been proven. Outside this clade explicit bark beetle-association is uncommon. Arthropod dispersal remains common in other clades, however, as exemplified by clades with species from mites in <italic>Protea</italic> infructescences. As the intermediate species in the phylogenetic trees (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Fig. 2</xref>) exhibit other types of ecology, there is no obvious link between bark beetle-association and human pathogenicity.</p><p>The remaining groups compose a polytomy from an unresolved backbone with bootstrap values below 80 % (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Fig. 2</xref>). Comparing the clades over the entire tree, we observe a consistent decrease of bark beetle association outside <italic>Ophiostoma</italic>, concomitantly with an increasing vertebrate infectivity. Inside <italic>Ophiostoma</italic>, a single case of human infection in a leukemic patient was described in <italic>Ophiostoma piceae</italic> (<xref rid="R23" ref-type="bibr">Bommer et al. 2009</xref>). Outside the pathogenic clade (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">Fig. 3</xref>), two cases were reported by <italic>S. stenoceras</italic> (<xref rid="R76" ref-type="bibr">Mariat et al. 1968</xref>), while <italic>S. pallida</italic> infections are represented by sporadic cases related to impairment of the immune system, e.g. in transplant recipients (<xref rid="R86" ref-type="bibr">Morrison et al. 2013</xref>). In all these species, human pathology is highly exceptional (white crosses in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Fig. 2</xref>), except for several <italic>S. mexicana</italic> cases (<xref rid="R38" ref-type="bibr">Dias et al. 2011</xref>, <xref rid="R97" ref-type="bibr">Rodrigues et al. 2013a</xref>) where human infection is relatively common, but mild. <italic>Sporothrix luriei</italic> is a very rare species, with a single proven case from South Africa (<xref rid="R2" ref-type="bibr">Ajello & Kaplan 1969</xref>) and two cases with unproved culture from Italy and India, respectively (<xref rid="R4" ref-type="bibr">Alberici et al. 1989</xref>, <xref rid="R89" ref-type="bibr">Padhye et al. 1992</xref>). The species is reported to be highly virulent (<xref rid="R45" ref-type="bibr">Fernández-Silva et al. 2012</xref>). The remaining species of the pathogenic clade (<xref rid="R51" ref-type="bibr">Guarro et al. 1999</xref>), <italic>S. schenckii</italic>, <italic>S. globosa</italic> and <italic>S. brasiliensis</italic> occur in epidemic proportions with several thousands of cases each. Virulence has been tested in animal inoculations (<xref rid="R9" ref-type="bibr">Arrillaga-Moncrieff et al. 2009</xref>, <xref rid="R27" ref-type="bibr">Castro et al. 2013</xref>, <xref rid="R44" ref-type="bibr">Fernandes et al. 2013</xref>) using mice as model animal. <italic>Sporothrix brasiliensis</italic> presented more fungal burden, dissemination capacity and massive infiltration in infected tissues compared to <italic>S. schenckii</italic> and <italic>S. globosa</italic>. Highest virulence was observed in <italic>S. brasiliensis</italic> which correlates with high degree of pathogenicity in felines (<xref rid="R101" ref-type="bibr">Rodrigues et al. 2013b</xref>) and humans (<xref rid="R111" ref-type="bibr">Silva-Vergara et al. 2012</xref>). A connection among disease severity, humoral response and protein secretion revealed a common immunogenic protein of 60 kDa recognised by antisera in all virulent isolates of <italic>Sporothrix</italic> (<xref rid="R44" ref-type="bibr">Fernandes et al. 2013</xref>). Further, this molecule was also shown to be a component of the cell wall of <italic>S. brasiliensis</italic> and <italic>S. schenckii</italic> (<xref rid="R27" ref-type="bibr">Castro et al. 2013</xref>) and appears to be relevant during infection.</p><p><italic>Sporothrix brasiliensis</italic> shows low degrees of variability and has been suggested to be clonal (<xref rid="R101" ref-type="bibr">Rodrigues et al. 2013b</xref>, <xref rid="R100" ref-type="bibr">2014d</xref>). The low variability of this taxon is also supported by low chromosomal polymorphisms (<xref rid="R105" ref-type="bibr">Sasaki et al. 2014</xref>) and homogeneous susceptibility profiles to antifungal agents (<xref rid="R99" ref-type="bibr">Rodrigues et al. 2014c</xref>). In our dataset (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">Fig. 3</xref>) a supported clade matched with AFLP group A and mainly contained strains from southern Brazil; strains of the top clade had the preponderant AFLP type B. The occurrence of separate genotypes among strains indicated that the Brazilian <italic>S. brasiliensis</italic> epidemic has at least two distinct sources as was proposed earlier by <xref rid="R101" ref-type="bibr">Rodrigues et al. (2013b</xref>) and confirmed here by AFLP data.</p><p><italic>Sporothrix globosa</italic> strains analysed were strictly identical. Isolates studied by <xref rid="R136" ref-type="bibr">Yu et al. (2013)</xref> were divided into two highly supported subclades (<italic>S. globosa</italic> I and <italic>S. globosa</italic> II). Group I comprised the majority of Chinese clinical isolates, three Chinese environmental isolates from reed, corn stalks, and soil, the type strain of <italic>S. globosa</italic>, and some isolates from the USA, India, Japan, Brazil, and the UK. S<italic>porothrix globosa</italic> II included a small part of Chinese clinical isolates and a single isolate from Italy. More material is needed to establish whether <italic>S. globosa</italic> is preponderantly clonal.</p><p>As noticed earlier (<xref rid="R78" ref-type="bibr">Marimón et al. 2006</xref>, <xref rid="R77" ref-type="bibr">2007</xref>), <italic>S. schenckii</italic> is the likely ancestral, most variable species within the pathogenic clade. This genetic variability is reflected in significant differences in genome size and chromosome profiles generated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis that usually display 4 to 7 chromosomal bands, ranging from 2.0 to 7.0 Mb (<xref rid="R105" ref-type="bibr">Sasaki et al. 2014</xref>). In our dataset, five supported subgroups were visible in all partitions (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">Fig. 3</xref>), which were also recognisable in AFLP data (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">Fig. 4</xref>). This suggests that the groups are separate lineages with limited gene flow. Nearly all lineages A–E of <italic>S. schenckii</italic> have restricted geographic distributions (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">Fig. 5</xref>). Four of the clusters are concurrent with groups distinguished by <xref rid="R78" ref-type="bibr">Marimón et al. (2006</xref>, <xref rid="R77" ref-type="bibr">2007</xref>).</p><p>As can be concluded from combined AFLP and MLST data, remarkable differences between species are noted. Sporotrichosis in Brazil dates back to 1907, when the disease was first diagnosed in naturally infected mice (<xref rid="R68" ref-type="bibr">Lutz & Splendore 1907</xref>). <italic>Sporothrix brasiliensis</italic> strains with closely similar AFLP profiles have very limited distribution. Despite the large expansion of populations during the Rio de Janeiro zoonotic epidemic, strains with identical genotypes are found at small geographic distances (<xref rid="R100" ref-type="bibr">Rodrigues et al. 2014d</xref>). The species thus seems to have a slow vector of dispersal. Several authors (<xref rid="R16" ref-type="bibr">Barros et al. 2004</xref>, <xref rid="R74" ref-type="bibr">Madrid et al. 2012</xref>, <xref rid="R101" ref-type="bibr">Rodrigues et al. 2013b</xref>) have demonstrated a role of felines in transmission of <italic>S. brasiliensis</italic>. Cats are relatively sedentary, and thus the zoonosis is expected to expand geographically at a slow pace. <italic>Sporothrix globosa</italic> also shows low degrees of variation, but a significant difference with <italic>S. brasiliensis</italic> is observed in that identical multilocus genotypes are repeatedly found at very large geographic distances. For example, molecularly identical strains CBS 125438, CBS 129719, and CBS 132923 originated from Colombia, China, and Brazil, respectively, while also strains from UK, Japan, Spain, Brazil, and China had identical genotypes. Obviously a rapid vector of dispersal is at work in <italic>S. globosa</italic>. Given the large distances between identical strains, airborne distribution seems likely. The absence of <italic>S. globosa</italic> from Africa and Australia then remains puzzling, but this perhaps can be explained by sampling effects. Notably, <italic>S. globosa</italic> infections are derived from plant debris (<xref rid="R130" ref-type="bibr">Wang & Sun 1982</xref>, <xref rid="R65" ref-type="bibr">Li et al. 1995</xref>, <xref rid="R115" ref-type="bibr">Song et al. 2013</xref>) and is classically known as ‘reed toxin’ (<xref rid="R115" ref-type="bibr">Song et al. 2013</xref>). Cats have never been observed as sources of infection in endemic areas of <italic>S. globosa</italic>. Conversely, plants have never been observed as sources of infection by <italic>S. brasiliensis</italic>.</p><p>In this respect, <italic>S. schenckii</italic> seems intermediate. Classically the infection is known as ‘rose gardener’s disease’, suggesting a plant source of infection and traumatic inoculation (<xref rid="R100" ref-type="bibr">Rodrigues et al. 2014d</xref>). In our dataset, CBS 132977 in group A originated from plant material in Mexico, while the remaining strains of that group were of clinical origin. In the literature a connection between <italic>S. schenckii</italic> and plants has been made many times. <xref rid="R39" ref-type="bibr">Dixon et al. (1991)</xref> described a sapronosis of 84 cases, studying 21 clinical isolates which proved to be identical to strains from <italic>Sphagnum</italic> moss by RFLP. A similar report was that of <xref rid="R54" ref-type="bibr">Hajjeh et al. (1997)</xref> in an outbreak of sporotrichosis from <italic>Sphagnum</italic> moss among nine out of 65 nursery workers. <xref rid="R43" ref-type="bibr">Feeney et al. (2007)</xref> described an outbreak of sporotrichosis from hay in Australia, where <italic>S. schenckii</italic> was shown to be the etiologic agent by ITS sequencing. The large epidemic from South Africa in the forties of the previous century, with more than 3 000 cases, was proven to have untreated mining wood as source of infection, and disappeared after the wood had been impregnated with creosote (<xref rid="R57" ref-type="bibr">Helm & Berman 1947</xref>).</p><p>From the above it is obvious that historical outbreak data are needed to understand the behaviour of individual <italic>Sporothrix</italic> species. Data of <xref rid="R43" ref-type="bibr">Feeney et al. (2007)</xref> and <xref rid="R136" ref-type="bibr">Yu et al. (2013)</xref> could be verified as <italic>S. schenckii</italic> and <italic>S. globosa</italic>, respectively by GenBank submissions, but in many cases neither molecular data nor strains were available for study. Given the geographic structuring of almost all <italic>Sporothrix</italic> populations, we used geographically defined sets of sequenced strains (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Fig. 1</xref>) to deduce the most probable identity of historical strains in the same region. Ratios of numbers of strains sequenced per region, compared to the number of reported cases from the same region, are illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Fig. 1</xref>. For example, all strains from China sequenced thus far, i.e. 112 strains from <xref rid="R136" ref-type="bibr">Yu et al. (2013)</xref> and <xref rid="R120" ref-type="bibr">Tan et al. (2013)</xref>, plus nine from the present study, were identified as <italic>S. globosa</italic>. Thus, the historical probability in China to be <italic>S. globosa</italic> is 100 %, while in the USA the strains are expected to be <italic>S. schenckii</italic> with a probability of 87 %. Data are summarised in <xref ref-type="table" rid="T3">Table 3</xref>, where we took 80 % as cut-off below which percentage historical data could not be interpreted.</p><p>Summarising published cases since 1940 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="T5">Table 5</xref>), a remarkable phenomenon becomes apparent. Most of the published cases concerned case series or outbreaks, either with plant origins (sapronoses) or feline origins (zoonoses). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F6">Fig. 6</xref> shows all cases since 1940 in a histogram accumulatively in 5-year intervals. The great majority of cases were part of an outbreak, the numbers of cases per series varying from 5 to 3 069. The smallest outbreak concerns patients being infected from the same heap of hay stored in an old house (<xref rid="R40" ref-type="bibr">Dooley et al. 1997</xref>). Although neglected by the present study, individual cases are uncommon, even in older literature when only few cases had been published. The oldest outbreak is that in France during the period 1906–1911, which started 8 yr after the first description of <italic>Sporothrix</italic> by Hektoen & Perkins in 1900. Since then, sporotrichosis has remained rare in Europe, and part of the etiologic agents may have been imported, which would explain the relatively high species diversity in this continent.</p><p>How can we explain this outbreak behaviour observed in all <italic>Sporothrix</italic> species irrespective of their different modes of transmission? The plant-borne species (<italic>S. schenckii</italic> and <italic>S. globosa</italic>) are found on decaying plant material or wood. In each plant-borne species, large differences are observed in type of plant material. In <italic>S. schenckii</italic>, for example, this was mining wood, rose thorns, and <italic>Sphagnum</italic> moss. In <italic>Sporothrix</italic> species with plant material as source of infection we have to assume that not the host plant species, but the condition of the plant material is significant. This condition has to be highly special. Notably, <italic>Sphagnum</italic> moss is used worldwide in large quantities, but only a few outbreaks of sporotrichosis have been described. As another example, decaying hay is ubiquitous material, and thus infections with regular intervals over time would be expected, but we consistently observe occasional infections from a common source, i.e. outbreaks. Therefore we hypothesise that <italic>Sporothrix</italic> species are not plant pathogens, but require particular conditions in decaying plant material, which are reached only occasionally. We postulate that a particular state of decay and fermentation of the plant material promotes excessive growth of <italic>Sporothrix</italic>. High temperature and humidity, associated with metabolic changes (induction of respiratory system) and oxidative stress due decay and fermentation may shift the morphology, favouring the invasive yeast growth form (<xref rid="R63" ref-type="bibr">Klein & Tebbets 2007</xref>). This hypothesis is illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">Fig. 7</xref>. In a small-scale study in The Netherlands (Y. Zhang, unpubl. data) we were unable to detect <italic>Sporothrix</italic> in growing corn plants. The species is hypothesised to grow exponentially in corn debris (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">Fig. 7b</xref>) serving as a potential inoculum for corn harvesters; the prevalent clinical type in north-east China is facial (<xref rid="R133" ref-type="bibr">Xia et al. 2009</xref>). At disappearance of the infectious material, the human sapronosis will die out with some delay (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">Fig. 7d</xref>), matching with the observation that most cases in China’s Jilin Province become apparent during winter (<xref rid="R115" ref-type="bibr">Song et al. 2013</xref>).</p><p>Occasionally, <italic>Sporothrix</italic> infections have been described that transmitted by animals very different from cats, which may be warm-blooded vertebrates but also arthropods: bites by squirrels, bats, fire ants, and spiders have been recorded (<xref rid="R85" ref-type="bibr">Moaven et al. 1999</xref>, <xref rid="R84" ref-type="bibr">Miller & Keeling 2002</xref>, <xref rid="R6" ref-type="bibr">Alves et al. 2010</xref>, <xref rid="R96" ref-type="bibr">Rodrigues et al. 2014a</xref>). The fungus was also isolated from plant material in armadillo burrows (<xref rid="R70" ref-type="bibr">Mackinnon et al. 1969</xref>, <xref rid="R96" ref-type="bibr">Rodrigues et al. 2014a</xref>). The conditions of plant decay in the burrow may be suitable for the development of <italic>Sporothrix</italic>, and subsequent dispersal by the armadillo may be expected.</p><p>Thus, despite the preponderance of cat vectors, the animal host species may vary, just as the plant host species did. This leads us to a hypothesis of wild animals occasionally providing conditions similar to those in fermented plant material. Cats take up propagules from the soil and easily transmit them to their mouth by licking. Conditions in animal saliva at the feline body temperature (normal range 37.7–39.1 °C) might be a stimulating factor for the production of the <italic>Sporothrix</italic> yeast phase. Cat saliva has a pH of 7.5–8.0, which is similar to that of self-heating bulk corn debris (around 8.0) and optimal for the mould-to-yeast conversion. With a hypothesis of conditional similarities between fermenting plant material and animal digestive tracts, the unique host shift of <italic>Sporothrix</italic> from plant to animal becomes understandable.</p><p>In south-east Brazil, transmission occurs nearly always by cats. Cat saliva is a stable environment, and despite the presence of antibodies – which generally have a low impact on fungal infections – repeated colonisation by <italic>Sporothrix</italic> once it has adapted to these conditions may be expected. The large outbreak in this area (<xref rid="R103" ref-type="bibr">da Rosa et al. 2005</xref>, <xref rid="R110" ref-type="bibr">Schubach et al. 2004</xref>, <xref rid="R109" ref-type="bibr">2008</xref>, <xref rid="R111" ref-type="bibr">Silva et al. 2012</xref>, <xref rid="R91" ref-type="bibr">Pereira et al. 2014</xref>) suggests that the number of cases increases relative to the number of patients and cat vectors. Several peculiarities of cats may facilitate the dispersal of the fungus in the environment within limited endemic areas. Firstly, they are the most common pet animals with close contact to humans. Secondly, given the hypothesized origin of <italic>Sporothrix</italic> in cat saliva and its transmission to claws during licking, cat mobility and clawing enable them to take up and transmit the fungus, either each other during play or fight with house cats or stray cats, or transmit the fungus to human hosts via scratches or bites (<xref rid="R74" ref-type="bibr">Madrid et al. 2012</xref>).</p><p>Cat-transmitted cases also occur in <italic>S. schenckii</italic>, but at a much lower frequency (<xref rid="R101" ref-type="bibr">Rodrigues et al. 2013b</xref>), suggesting that this is not an exclusive relationship between <italic>S. brasiliensis</italic> and the feline host. In 1952, a first cat-transmitted case was reported from the USA. Until 1988, cat-associated cases and reports of transmission to human were sporadic. Four Malaysian veterinary students and one cat owner developed lesions of sporotrichosis after being bitten or scratched by cats with apparent fight wounds (<xref rid="R137" ref-type="bibr">Zamri-Saad et al. 1990</xref>). <xref rid="R37" ref-type="bibr">Crothers et al. (2009)</xref> described a series of 14 cases in cats, six of which were disseminated. The few outbreaks involving cats during this period invariably was limited to people in close contact with cats (<xref rid="R137" ref-type="bibr">Zamri-Saad et al. 1990</xref>, <xref rid="R33" ref-type="bibr">Cooper et al. 1992</xref>). This condition changed considerably since around 1998 in Brazil, when the incidence of cat and cat-transmitted cases increased dramatically to more than 5 000 human and feline cases in an expanding area around Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo (<xref rid="R16" ref-type="bibr">Barros et al. 2004</xref>, <xref rid="R15" ref-type="bibr">2008b</xref>, <xref rid="R109" ref-type="bibr">Schubach et al. 2008</xref>, <xref rid="R91" ref-type="bibr">Pereira et al. 2014</xref>).</p><p><italic>Sporothrix schenckii</italic> has been supposed to be the ancestral species on phylogenetic grounds, mainly because of its high degree of variability in all markers, its wide distribution, and hypothetical presence of sexuality as judged from a balanced mating type distribution (Teixeira et al. In press). The species seems preponderantly plant-transmitted. The share of cat-transmitted cases is much lower than in <italic>S. brasiliensis</italic>, and much higher than in <italic>S. globosa</italic>, where it is zero. In humans, disseminated cases occur almost only in immunocompromised patients, while cats seem to be relatively susceptible to infection. Host-shifts from plant material to animals are likely to have occurred already within <italic>S. schenckii</italic>, which diminishes the value of genomic comparisons between species. The main (preponderantly) clonal offshoots <italic>S. brasiliensis</italic> and <italic>S. globosa</italic> seem to have adapted successfully to their respective new habitats. This evolutionary hypothesis is summarised in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F8">Fig. 8</xref>. The ancestral species <italic>S. schenckii</italic> contains divergent genotypes with different behaviour. The clonal offshoot <italic>S. brasiliensis</italic> on average has increased virulence and is cat-transmitted; thus a shift from sapronoses to zoonoses takes place. The clonal offshoot <italic>S. globosa</italic> has lower virulence and has maintained sapronotic behaviour, but its vector of distribution seems to have changed.</p><p><italic>Sporothrix mexicana</italic> is phylogenetically distant to the main pathogenic clade of <italic>S. schenckii</italic>, <italic>S. globosa</italic>, and <italic>S. brasiliensis</italic>, and thus is unlikely to have played a role in the evolutionary host shift described above. Information on the few clinical strains available from the 1950s and 1970s decade is very limited (<xref rid="R97" ref-type="bibr">Rodrigues et al. 2013a</xref>). <xref rid="R38" ref-type="bibr">Dias et al. (2011)</xref> described one disseminated case without history of trauma from Portugal in an immunocompetent patient.</p><p>A certain degree of gender predominance was discernible which differed between species (<xref ref-type="table" rid="T5">Table 5</xref>). Considering all publications with > 1 case, we noticed that in <italic>S. globosa</italic> in 11 case series female hosts were predominant, vs zero times male hosts. This is in agreement with <xref rid="R127" ref-type="bibr">Verma et al. (2012)</xref> who reported a female preponderance in the epidemiology of sporotrichosis in Himachal Pradesh, a small hill state in north-west India, usually related to agriculture practice. In <italic>S. schenckii</italic> these figures were opposite: one female vs eight males. In <italic>S. brasiliensis</italic> female / male ratios were more or less equal (7/9). Gender ratios have been reported to differ, mainly related to urban migration. In Brazil, many housewives stay at home and tend to be in charge of caring cats, while males have a larger chance to be infected during outdoor activities (<xref rid="R109" ref-type="bibr">Schubach et al. 2008</xref>). In rural areas of north-east China, most males go to cities to find jobs, leaving females, elderly and children at home, having increased chance of infection. <italic>Sporothrix schenckii</italic> infection classically seems to be connected with male agricultural activities (<xref rid="R100" ref-type="bibr">Rodrigues et al. 2014d</xref>). As most publications are unclear about gender ratios, more epidemiological study is necessary.</p><sec id="s4a"><title>Conclusions</title><p>Our data and the review of the existing literature have shown that <italic>Sporothrix</italic> is unique in the fungal kingdom by its prevalent occurrence in the form of outbreaks, and that these outbreaks differ fundamentally from each other. In <italic>S. brasiliensis</italic> a huge zoonosis is taking place today, while the contemporary outbreak of similar dimensions in China is a sapronosis. In the ancestral species <italic>S. schenckii</italic> most outbreaks are sapronoses, but small zoonoses with cats as prime susceptible hosts have also been observed. It is significant to public health to consider these distinctions. Sapronoses, providing very special conditions promoting fungal growth, basically can be controlled by removal of the plant biomass allowing this contamination. In contrast, the zoonoses of cats compose a much more diffuse source of infection, which is more difficult to control. In addition, the ancestral species <italic>S. schenckii</italic> contains a mixture of strains that are susceptible to antifungals widely used in cutaneous infections, e.g. terbinafin, ketoconazole, and itraconazole, and strains with decreased susceptibility (<xref rid="R118" ref-type="bibr">Stopiglia et al. 2014</xref>). A large difference is noted particularly with azoles between the highly susceptible species <italic>S. brasiliensis</italic> and the resistant species <italic>S. globosa</italic> (<xref rid="R79" ref-type="bibr">Marimón et al. 2008</xref>). Selection and clonal expansion of resistant strains during epidemics may increase the significance of sporotrichosis as a human disease.</p></sec></sec></body><back><ack><p>The research presented in this paper was supported by the KNAW - FES project ‘Barcoding the CBS Collections’, by KNAW China Desk Project 11CDP009, and the project was co-funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, under grant No. (1-965-34-HiCi) which the authors gratefully acknowledge. 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Samples were categorised as sequenced and non-sequenced specimens. The sizes of circumferences are roughly proportional to the numbers of cases / strains included. Numbers reported within the pies denote the number of strains examined. Main endemic areas indicated by dotted lines.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="per-35-001-g001a"></graphic><graphic xlink:href="per-35-001-g001b"></graphic></fig><fig id="F2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 2</label><caption><p>Phylogenetic relationships inferred from PhyML based on ITS sequences of 101 strains belonging to <italic>Sporothrix</italic> and <italic>Ophiostoma</italic>. The numbers close to the branches represent indices of support (ML/NJ/MP) based on 1 000 bootstrap replications. Branches with bootstrap support value higher than 80 % are indicated in <bold>bold</bold>.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="per-35-001-g002a"></graphic><graphic xlink:href="per-35-001-g002b"></graphic></fig><fig id="F3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 3</label><caption><p>Phylogenetic relationship inferred from Bayesian statistics based on concatenated <italic>CAL</italic>, <italic>TEF1</italic> and <italic>TEF3</italic> sequences of 135 strains of <italic>Sporothrix</italic> species. Bootstrap and posterior probabilities values were added to respective branches (BI/ML/NJ). Branches with bootstrap support values higher than 80 % are indicated in <bold>bold</bold>.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="per-35-001-g003a"></graphic><graphic xlink:href="per-35-001-g003b"></graphic></fig><fig id="F4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 4</label><caption><p>Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) profiles of 122 strains of <italic>Sporothrix</italic>. Clustering of AFLP banding pattern of isolates of <italic>Sporothrix</italic> was done by UPGMA. Red vertical bars represents cut-off for distinction of clusters. Strains of <italic>S. mexicana</italic> and below are phylogenetically unrelated.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="per-35-001-g004"></graphic></fig><fig id="F5" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 5</label><caption><p>Minimum spanning tree of AFLP data showing the relationships among 135 <italic>Sporothrix</italic> isolates, showing prevalent endemism of subclusters. Each dot corresponds to a unique genotype.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="per-35-001-g005"></graphic></fig><fig id="F6" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 6</label><caption><p>Timeline of epidemics and case series caused by three main pathogenic <italic>Sporothrix</italic> species since 1940. Vertical bars represent gross number of cases, vertical arrows denote case series and sapronoses or zoonoses.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="per-35-001-g006"></graphic></fig><fig id="F7" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 7</label><caption><p>Schematic overview of the hypothesis for the dissemination of the plant-born pathogen <italic>Sporothrix globosa</italic>, applied to the large human epidemics occurring in corn crops in north-east China. a. The species has not been found as an endophyte. b. Specific conditions in decaying plant material, such as fermentation, may stimulate excessive growth of the thermodependent yeasts, which facilitates infections in mammals. c. Onset of facial infections during transportation of corn debris. d. Delayed development of human infection during decline of growth in plant debris.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="per-35-001-g007"></graphic></fig><fig id="F8" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 8</label><caption><p>Diagram of hypothetical processes of evolution from highly diverse ancestral species <italic>S. schenckii</italic> and clonal offshoots <italic>S. globosa</italic> and <italic>S. brasiliensis</italic>. Due to differential selection processes, the derived species differ significantly in virulence, transmission and type of epidemic caused.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="per-35-001-g008"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="T1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Isolates of <italic>Sporothrix</italic> and <italic>Ophiostoma</italic> included in the study.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Current/obsolete name</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Strain</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Country</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Source</th><th colspan="4" align="center" rowspan="1">Genbank accession no.<hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ITS</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>CAL</italic></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>TEF1</italic></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>TEF3</italic></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. brasiliensis</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 120339(T)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017087</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101421</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016994</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017184</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 130106</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101422</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016985</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017204</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 130107</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101456</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016995</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017205</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 130109</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017088</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101455</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016996</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017138</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 130110</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017089</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101423</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016997</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017152</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 132985</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cat</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101424</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016998</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017185</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 132987</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101425</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016999</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017194</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 132988</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101457</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016986</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017153</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 132989</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cat</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101426</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016987</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017195</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 132990</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cat</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101427</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016988</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017154</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 132991</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101428</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017000</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017155</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 132992</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101429</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017001</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017206</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 132993</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101430</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017002</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017186</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 132994</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dog</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101431</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016989</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017156</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 132995</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cat</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101432</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016990</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017157</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 132996</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cat</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101433</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016991</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017158</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 132997</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cat</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101449</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017003</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017139</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 132998</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cat</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017090</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101434</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016992</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017159</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 132999</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cat</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101453</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017004</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017187</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 133000</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cat</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101450</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017005</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017140</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 133010</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cat</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101440</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017013</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017145</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 133015</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cat</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101445</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017018</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017149</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 133017</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cat</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101458</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017020</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017150</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 133001</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cat</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101451</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017005</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017141</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 133002</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cat</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101452</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017005</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017142</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 133003</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cat</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101454</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016982</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017188</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 133004</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dog</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101435</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017008</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017189</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 133006</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cat</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101436</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017009</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017143</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 133007</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cat</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101437</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017010</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017190</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 133008</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cat</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101438</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017011</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017144</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 133009</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cat</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101439</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017012</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017191</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 133011</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cat</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101441</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017014</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017146</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 133012</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cat</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101442</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017015</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017147</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 133013</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cat</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101443</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017016</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017192</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 133014</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cat</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101444</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017017</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017148</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 133016</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cat</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101446</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017019</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017193</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 133019</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cat</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101447</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016993</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017196</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 133021</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cat</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101448</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017021</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017151</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. globosa</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 120340(T)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spain</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017084</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101459</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016949</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017165</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 129717</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">China</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101460</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016962</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017166</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 129718</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">China</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101461</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016950</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017167</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 129719</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">China</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017085</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101462</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016951</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017168</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 129720</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">China</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101463</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016952</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017169</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 129721</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">China</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101478</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016953</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017170</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 129722</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">China</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101464</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016964</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017183</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 129723</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">China</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101465</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016963</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017171</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 129724</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">China</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101466</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016954</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017172</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 129725</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">China</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101467</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016955</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017173</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 130104</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spain</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101468</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016965</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017174</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 130105</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spain</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101469</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016956</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017175</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 130115</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spain</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101470</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016966</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017176</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 130116</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spain</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101471</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016957</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017177</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 130117</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japan</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101472</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016967</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017178</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 132923</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101473</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016958</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017179</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 132924</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017083</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101474</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016968</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017180</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 132925</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101475</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016959</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017203</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 292.55</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">UK</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017086</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101476</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016960</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017181</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 340.35</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japan</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101477</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016961</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017182</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. luriei</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 937.72(T)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AB128012</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AM747302</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016948</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017207</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. mexicana</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 120341(T)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mexico</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Soil, rose tree</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017072</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AM398393</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016931</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017230</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 120342</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mexico</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Carnation</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017073</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AM398392</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016932</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017231</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 132927</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">JF811340</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016933</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017232</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 132928</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">JF811341</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016934</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017234</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 133192</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Italy</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dog</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017075</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX080721</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016935</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017233</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. schenckii</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 125601</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Colombia</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101395</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016973</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017120</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. schenckii</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 117440</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017098</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101386</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017026</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017114</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 117842</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101387</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017027</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017115</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S.</italic> sp. <italic>/ S. schenckii</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 115870</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NK</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016930</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017229</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 130101</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Peru</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017095</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101390</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017022</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017197</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 130103</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Argentina</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101388</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017025</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017117</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 130111</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Colombia</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101401</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016974</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017123</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 130112</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Peru</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017096</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101391</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017023</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017132</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 130114</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Peru</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101392</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017024</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017133</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 130097</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bolivia</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101396</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016969</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017137</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 130098</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Peru</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017091</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101397</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016979</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017121</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 130099</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Peru</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017092</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101398</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016980</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017122</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 132926</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101404</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016981</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017202</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 132961</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cat</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101402</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016970</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017124</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 132962</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101403</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016975</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017125</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 132964</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101407</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017031</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017118</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 132966</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101400</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017032</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017126</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 132969</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101409</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017029</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017198</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 132970</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101405</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016976</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017127</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 132971</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101411</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016977</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017160</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 132972</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101412</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016978</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017199</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 132973</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101408</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017033</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017200</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 132974</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101410</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016971</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017128</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 132975</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101406</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017034</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017119</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 132976</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japan</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101415</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017035</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017201</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 132977</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mexico</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plant debris</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101399</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017030</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017134</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 132981</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101414</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017036</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017129</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 132982</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101416</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016972</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017130</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 211.61</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NK</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017093</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101393</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016983</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017135</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 345.53</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The Netherlands</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101417</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017038</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017161</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 356.29</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Germany</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NK</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101413</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017037</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017131</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 359.36(T)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NK</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017100</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101420</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017041</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017163</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 444.67</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mozambique</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017099</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101389</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017028</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017116</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 472.48</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NK</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NK</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017097</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101418</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017039</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017162</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. schenckii / S.</italic> sp.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 498.86</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NK</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NK</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101419</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017040</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017164</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. schenckii</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 938.72</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">France</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017094</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101394</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016984</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017136</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. abietinum</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 125.89</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mexico</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Abies vejarii</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AF484453</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. africanum</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 116566</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Protea caffra</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ316200</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. aurorae</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 118837(T)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pinus elliottii</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ396796</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. brunneoviolacea</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 793.73</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Germany</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Meadow soil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017069</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017106</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017061</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017112</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. brunneoviolacea / S. inflata</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 101570</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Endophyte in <italic>Vitis vinifera</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017068</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017101</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017057</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017108</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. brunneoviolacea</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 110895</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Austria</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Root of <italic>Quercus petraea</italic>–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017104</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017062</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017109</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 110896</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Austria</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Root of <italic>Quercus robur</italic>–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017102</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017058</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017110</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 124561(T)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spain</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Soil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FN546959</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017103</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017059</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017113</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 124562</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spain</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Soil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FN546957</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 124564</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spain</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Soil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FN546958</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017105</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017060</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017111</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. curviconia</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 959.73(T)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NK</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NK</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017047</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017241</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S.</italic> sp<italic>. / S. curviconia</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 145.94</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NK</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NK</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017071</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S.</italic> sp<italic>. / S. curviconia</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 541.84</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chile</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pinus radiata</italic> log</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KC113234</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101483</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017046</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017239</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. dentifundum</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 115790(T)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hungary</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Quercus</italic> wood</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY495434</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. dimorphospora / S. inflata</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 553.74(T)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Canada</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Soil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017082</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017052</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017209</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 840.73</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chile</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wood</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017050</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017210</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. dimorphospora</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 125439</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Soil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017080</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017048</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017208</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 125440</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spain</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Soil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017081</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 125442</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spain</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Soil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FN546961</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017051</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017212</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. foliorum</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 326.37</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The Netherlands</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Industrial strain</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017067</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016929</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017240</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. fusiforme</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 112912</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Azerbaijan</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Populus nigra</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY280481</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. gemellus</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 121959(T)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Tarsonemus</italic> sp. from<italic>Protea caffra</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ821560</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. inflata</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 239.68(T)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Germany</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Soil, wheat field</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY495426</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017054</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017213</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 794.73</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sweden</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Humus in <italic>Picea</italic> forest</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017079</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017053</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017216</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 841.73</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chile</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Soil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY495431</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017055</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017214</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S.</italic> sp. <italic>/ S. inflata</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 156.72</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The Netherlands</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Greenhouse soil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017056</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017215</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. lignivora</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 119147</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Eucalyptus</italic> wood pole</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017064</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017107</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017063</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017242</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 119148(T)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Eucalyptus</italic> wood</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017065</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 119149</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Eucalyptus</italic> wood pole</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017066</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. lunatum</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 112927(T)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Austria</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Carpinus betulus</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY280485</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. pallida</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 111110</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Germany</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Insect, <italic>Zootermopsisnevadensis</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AM398382</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016937</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017217</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. pallida / S. stylites</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 115868</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Eucalyptus camaldulensis</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF127881</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016941</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017221</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 115869</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wood utility pole</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF127884</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016942</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017222</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 115872</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wood pole</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF127882</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016938</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017220</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. pallida / S. humicola</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 118129(T)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Soil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017076</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016939</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017223</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. pallida / S. stylites</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 118848(T)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wood pole</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017077</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016943</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017224</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. pallida / S. nivea</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 131.56(T)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japan</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Stemonitis fusca</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF127880</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016944</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017227</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. pallida</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 182.63</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The Netherlands</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Soil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KC113233</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016940</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017228</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. pallida / S. schenckii</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 201.53</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Decaying grass</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016945</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017225</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. pallida / S. albicans</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 302.73(T)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">UK</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Soil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017078</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AM398396</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016946</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017226</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. pallida / S</italic>. sp.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 622.95</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NK</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NK</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016947</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017218</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. pallida / S.</italic> sp.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 623.95</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NK</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NK</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP016936</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017219</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. palmiculminatum</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 119590(T)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Protea repens</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ316191</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. phasma</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 119721(T)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Protea laurifolia</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ316219</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. protearum</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 116567</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Protea caffra</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ316203</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. splendens</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 116569</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Protea repens</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ316215</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. stenoceras</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 237.32(T)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Norway</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pine pulp</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AF484462</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. variecibatus</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 121960</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Protea longifolia</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ821569</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101479</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017042</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017235</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 121961(T)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Oodinychus</italic> sp. mite from<italic>Protea repens</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017070</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101481</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017043</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017236</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 121962</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Eucalyptus</italic> sp.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ821567</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101482</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017044</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017237</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 123288</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NK</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NK</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP101480</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017045</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP017238</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ceratocystiopsis minuta</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RJ705</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Poland</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Picea abies</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU913697</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>O. ainoae</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CMW 1903</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Norway</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Picea abies</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HM031495</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>O. angusticollis</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 186.86</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pinus banksiana</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY924383</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>O. arduennense</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MUCL 44866</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Belgium</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Fagus sylvatica</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY573241</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>O. bacillisporum</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MUCL 45378</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Belgium</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Fagus sylvatica</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY573258</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>O. bicolor</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 492.77</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gallery of <italic>Ips</italic> sp. in<italic>Picea</italic> sp.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ268604</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>O. bragantinum</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 430.92</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Soil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FN546964</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 474.91(T)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Soil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FN546965</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>O. breviusculum</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">YCC-522, JCM 12501</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japan</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Single ascospore isolate from YCC-494</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AB200423</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>O. canum</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 133.51</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sweden</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pinus sylvestris</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HM031489</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>O. catonianum</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C1084</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Italy</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pyrus</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AF198243</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>O. conicola</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 127.89</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mexico</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cone with <italic>Conophthorus cembroides</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY924384</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>O. coronatum</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 497.77</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NK</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NK</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY924385</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>O. denticiliatum</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CMW 29493</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Norway</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Scolytus ratzeburgi</italic> on <italic>Betula</italic> sp.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ804490</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>O. fasciatum</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">UM 56</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Canada</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pseudotsuga menziesii</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU913720</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>O. flexuosum</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 208.83</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Norway</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Picea abies</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY924387</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>O. floccosum</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 799.73</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sweden</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Soil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AF198231</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>O. fumeum</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CMW 26813</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Eucalyptus cloeziana</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HM051412</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>O. fuscum</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CMW 23196</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Finland</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pityogenes chalcographus on Picea abies</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HM031504</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>O. ips</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CMW 7075</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NK</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NK</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY546704</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>O. japonicum</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">YCC-099</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NK</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NK</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GU134169</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>O. karelicum</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CMW 23099</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Russia</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Scolytus ratzeburgi</italic> on <italic>Betula pendula</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU443762</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>O. kryptum</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DAOM229701</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NK</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NK</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY304436</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>O. minus</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AU58.4</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Canada</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lodgepole pine lumber</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AF234834</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CCMA12</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NK</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NK</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY934511</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>O. montium</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CMW13221</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NK</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NK</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY546711</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>O. multiannulatum</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MUCL19062</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NK</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NK</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY934512</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>O. nigrocarpum</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ATCC22391</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dendroctonus</italic> sp.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AF484474</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 637.66(T)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Abies</italic> sp.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY280489</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>O. nikkoense</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">YCC-430</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japan</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NK</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AB506674</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>O. novoulmi</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C510</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ulmus</italic> sp.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AF198236</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>O. piceae</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS108.21(T)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Germany</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NK</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AF198226</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>O. piliferum</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 129.32</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The Netherlands</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Scots pine</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AF221070</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>O. pluriannulatum</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MUCL18372</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NK</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NK</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY934517</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>O. quercus</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CMW2467</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">France</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Quercus</italic> sp.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY466626</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>O. rostrocoronatum</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 434.77(T)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Woodpulp</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY194509</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>O. saponiodorum</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CMW29497</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Finland</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ips typographus</italic> on<italic>Picea abies</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HM031507</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>O. sejunctum</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ophi 1A</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NK</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NK</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY934519</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>O. setosum</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AU160-38</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NK</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NK</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AF128929</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>O. subannulatum</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 188.86</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pinus</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY934522</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>O. tapionis</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CMW23266</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Finland</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hylastes brunneus</italic> on<italic>Pinus sylvestris</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HM031493</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>O. tenellum</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 189.86</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pinus banksiana</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY934523</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>O. tetropii</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS 428.94</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Austria</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Breeding system of<italic>Tetropium</italic> sp., <italic>Picea abies</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY934524</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>O. triangulosporum</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DSMZ4934</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NK</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NK</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY934525</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pesotum australiae</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CMW6606</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Australia</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Acacia mearnsii</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF408603</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pesotum cupulatum</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C1194</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pseudotsuga</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AF198230</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn1"><p><italic>O = Ophiostoma, S = Sporothrix</italic>, NK = Not known, T = type culture.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Success rates of sequencing for each gene.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Contigs (%)</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. brasiliensis</italic> (n = 44)</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. schenckii</italic> (n = 43)</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. globosa</italic> (n = 22)</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Environmental species (n = 96)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ITS (%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">81.8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70.8</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>CAL</italic> (%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90.9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>TEF1</italic> (%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">79.1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96.9</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>TEF3</italic> (%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">97.7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">97.7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Estimated distributions of molecular species on the basis of percentages of sequenced strains compared to the total number of published cases in the respective area.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Continent / region</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Country</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reported cases</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sequenced isolates</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. brasiliensis</italic> %</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. globosa</italic> %</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. schenckii</italic> %</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. mexicana</italic> %</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. luriei</italic></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Asia</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">China</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3299</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">121</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">121: 100 %</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">India</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">621</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12: 100 %</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japan</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">355</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6: 86 %</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1: 14 %</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Australia</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Australia</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">144</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10: 100 %</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Africa</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3154</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6: 86 %</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mozambique</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1: 100 %</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Western and southern parts of South America, Central and North America</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Peru</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">342</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15: 100 %</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Argentina</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3: 100%</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bolivia</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1: 100 %</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mexico</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">157</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1: 4 %</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25: 89 %</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2: 7 %</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Venezuela</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">133</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13: 100 %</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Guatemala</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2: 100 %</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Columbia</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2: 33 %</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4: 67 %</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">287</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3: 13 %</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20: 87 %</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Eastern South America</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5814</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">352</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">312: 88.4 %</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4: 1.1 %</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33: 9.3 %</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3: 0.8 %</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Europe</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17: 71 %</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5: 21 %</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2: 8 %</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Total</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>625</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>312</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>168</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>137</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>7</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>1</bold></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Variability of loci used in 136 <italic>Sporothrix</italic> isolates examined.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Locus</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No. of bp sequenced</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">% variable sites</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">% parsimony-informative sites</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">% singleton sites</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>CAL</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">792</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42.8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.7</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>TEF1</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">526</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>TEF3</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">255</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Combined genes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1573</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.28</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T5" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 5</label><caption><p>Overview of published cases and case series of sporotrichosis with possible identification on the basis of regional sequence data.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Species</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Year</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Country</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Host</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M/F pre-ponderance</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Climate</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Occupation</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Probable transmission</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Clinical form (D, F, LC, SYS, other)</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. brasiliensis</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1989</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Warm, humid</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cat owner, veterinarian</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cat</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LC</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R64" ref-type="bibr">Larsson et al. 1989</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1998</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Warm, humid</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R3" ref-type="bibr">Al-Tawfiq & Wools 1998</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2001</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">66</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Warm, humid</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cat</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F, LC</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R17" ref-type="bibr">Barros et al. 2001</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2003</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Warm, humid</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Housewife</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cat</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R14" ref-type="bibr">Barros et al. 2003</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2004</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">178</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Warm, humid</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Housewife, student</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cat</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D, F, LC</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R16" ref-type="bibr">Barros et al. 2004</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2005</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">304</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Warm, humid</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Farmer, teacher, student</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F, LC</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R103" ref-type="bibr">da Rosa et al. 2005</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2005</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Warm, humid</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cat</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Conjunctiva, F</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R108" ref-type="bibr">Schubach et al. 2005</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2006</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Warm, humid</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Arthritis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R7" ref-type="bibr">Appenzeller et al. 2006</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2008</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">81</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Child</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Warm, humid</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cat</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LC</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R13" ref-type="bibr">Barros et al. 2008a</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2008</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">94</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Warm, humid</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Housewife</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cat</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D, F, LC, SYS</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R15" ref-type="bibr">arros et al. 2008b</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2008</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">759</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Warm, humid</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Car</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R109" ref-type="bibr">Schubach et al. 2008</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2010</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Warm, humid</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Farmer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Armadillo hunting</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F, LC</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R6" ref-type="bibr">Alves et al. 2010</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2011</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Warm, humid</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cat</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LC</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R34" ref-type="bibr">Costa et al. 2011</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2012</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1848</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Warm, humid</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cat</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R111" ref-type="bibr">Silva et al. 2012</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2012</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human (HIV)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Warm, humid</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D, F, LC</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R47" ref-type="bibr">Freitas et al. 2012</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2012</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">92</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cat</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Warm, humid</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D, F, SYS</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R74" ref-type="bibr">Madrid et al. 2012</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dog</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Warm, humid</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F, D, LC</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2013</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Warm, humid</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cat</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F with dacryocystitis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R46" ref-type="bibr">Freitas et al. 2013</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2014</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3804</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cat</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Warm, humid</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R91" ref-type="bibr">Pereira et al. 2014</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. globosa</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1982</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">China</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">273</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cool</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Worker in paper factory</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Decaying reed</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F, LC</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R130" ref-type="bibr">Wang & Sun 1982</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1986</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">China</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">232</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Warm, humid</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R132" ref-type="bibr">Wu 1986</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1997</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">China</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">142</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cool</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F, LC</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R59" ref-type="bibr">Jin et al. 1997</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1998</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">China</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">400</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cool</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Farmer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reed</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F, LC</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R114" ref-type="bibr">Song et al. 1998</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1999</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">China</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">237</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Warm, humid</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R94" ref-type="bibr">Ran et al. 1999</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2005</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">China</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">224</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cool</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F, LC</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R134" ref-type="bibr">Yang et al. 2005</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2007</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">China</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cool</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F, LC</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R49" ref-type="bibr">Gao et al. 2007</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2008</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">China</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">447</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cool</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F, LC</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R138" ref-type="bibr">Zhang & Lin 2008</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2008</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">China</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">226</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cool</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F, LC</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R48" ref-type="bibr">Fu et al. 2008</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2011</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">China</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">585</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cool</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F, LC</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R66" ref-type="bibr">Li et al. 2011</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2011</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">China</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Infant</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cool</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F, LC</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R116" ref-type="bibr">Song et al. 2011</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2013</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">China</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">457</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cool</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D, F, LC</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R115" ref-type="bibr">Song et al. 2013</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1992</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">India</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cool</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pulmonary</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R89" ref-type="bibr">Padhye et al. 1992</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1994</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">India</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Humid</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Farmer</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LC</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R29" ref-type="bibr">Chakrabarti et al. 1994</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1998</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">India</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cool</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R62" ref-type="bibr">Khaitan et al. 1998</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1999</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">India</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cool, humid</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Horticulture, forest, farming</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R50" ref-type="bibr">Ghosh et al. 1999</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2007</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">India</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cool, humid</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F, LC</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R82" ref-type="bibr">Mehta et al. 2007</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2008</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">India</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cool</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R1" ref-type="bibr">Agarwal et al. 2008</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2009</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">India</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cool</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Medical attendant</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cat</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LC</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R135" ref-type="bibr">Yegneswaran et al. 2009</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2011</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">India</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">224</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cool, humid</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plant</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F, LC</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R22" ref-type="bibr">Bhutia et al. 2011</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2012</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">India</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cool</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R124" ref-type="bibr">Tilak et al. 2012</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2012</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">India</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">305</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cool, humid</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F, LC</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R127" ref-type="bibr">Verma et al. 2012</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1986</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japan</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">200</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cool</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Farmer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plant</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F, LC</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R58" ref-type="bibr">Itoh et al. 1986</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2009</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japan</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">155</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1/1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cool</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F, LC</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R119" ref-type="bibr">Takenaka et al. 2009</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1990</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Malaysia</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Warm, humid</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vet student, cat owner</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cat</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LC</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R137" ref-type="bibr">Zamri-Saad et al. 1990</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2012</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Malaysia</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Warm, humid</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D, F, LC</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R121" ref-type="bibr">Tang et al. 2012</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2005</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Laos</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Warm, humid</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Farmer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wood</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LC</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R87" ref-type="bibr">Newton et al. 2005</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. mexicana</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2011</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Portugal</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Warm, dry</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dias et al.2011</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. schenckii</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1940</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3000</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Warm, humid</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Untreated mine wood</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R57" ref-type="bibr">Helm & Berman 1947</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1997</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">154</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cool, dry</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Recreational, farmer</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F, LC</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R129" ref-type="bibr">Vismer & Hull 1997</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2010</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">120</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dog</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Warm, humid</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R18" ref-type="bibr">Barros et al. 2010</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1965</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">148</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Temperate</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nursery</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plant thorn</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R5" ref-type="bibr">Alessio et al. 1965</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1977</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Temperate</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lab technician</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yeast of <italic>Sporothrix</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R123" ref-type="bibr">Thompson & Kaplan 1977</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1978</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Temperate</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Forestry worker</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Sphagnum</italic> moss</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pulmonary</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R92" ref-type="bibr">Powell et al. 1978</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1987</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Temperate</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SYS</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R53" ref-type="bibr">Gullberg et al. 1987</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1991</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">84</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Temperate</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Forestry worker</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Sphagnum</italic> moss</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R39" ref-type="bibr">Dixon et al. 1991</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1992</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Temperate</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lab technician</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yeast of <italic>Sporothrix</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R33" ref-type="bibr">Cooper et al. 1992</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1997</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Temperate</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tree nursery</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Sphagnum</italic> moss</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LC</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R54" ref-type="bibr">Hajjeh et al. 1997</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1997</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Temperate</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hay bale</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R40" ref-type="bibr">Dooley et al. 1997</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2002</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Temperate</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fire ant</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LC</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R84" ref-type="bibr">Miller & Keeling 2002</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2003</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Infant</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Temperate</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F, larynx</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R61" ref-type="bibr">Khabie et al. 2003</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2007</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human(HIV)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Temperate</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R128" ref-type="bibr">Vilela et al. 2007</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2007</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dog</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Temperate</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R131" ref-type="bibr">Whittemore & Webb 2007</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2009</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cat</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Temperate</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F, D, LC</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R37" ref-type="bibr">Crothers et al. 2009</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dog</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Temperate</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F, D, LC</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Horse</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Temperate</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F, LC</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Donkey</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Temperate</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LC</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2009</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Infant</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Temperate</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R125" ref-type="bibr">Tlougan et al. 2009</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2011</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Temperate</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cat</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R95" ref-type="bibr">Rees & Swartzberg 2011</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1998</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Australia</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Warm, dry</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mouldy hay</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F, LC</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R32" ref-type="bibr">Conias & Wilson 1998</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2007</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Australia</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Warm, dry</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hay</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R43" ref-type="bibr">Feeney et al. 2007</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2012</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Australia</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Humid</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plant debris</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R113" ref-type="bibr">Sivagnanam et al. 2012</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2013</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Australia</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">86</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human (lower immune)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Warm, dry</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pulmonary</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R10" ref-type="bibr">Aung et al. 2013</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1994</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mexico</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rust-stained tent</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R26" ref-type="bibr">Campos et al. 1994</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2001</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mexico</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Farmer, housewife</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LC</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R42" ref-type="bibr">Espinosa-Texis et al. 2001</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2006</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mexico</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F, LC</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R71" ref-type="bibr">Macotela-Ruiz & Nochebuena-Ramos 2006</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2007</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mexico</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Child</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plant, soil, squirrel, cat, rat</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D, F, LC</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R24" ref-type="bibr">Bonifaz et al. 2007</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2007</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mexico</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LC</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R8" ref-type="bibr">Arenas et al. 2007</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1943</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Uruguay</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cool, humid</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R69" ref-type="bibr">Mackinnon 1943</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1969</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Uruguay</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">157</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Warm</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Armadillo</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R70" ref-type="bibr">Mackinnon et al. 1969</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2004</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Uruguay</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Warm</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Armadillo</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F, LC</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R31" ref-type="bibr">Civila et al. 2004</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2000</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Peru</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">238</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cool, dry</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Farmer, student, housewife, infant</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D, F, LC</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R90" ref-type="bibr">Pappas et al. 2000</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2011</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Peru</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cool, dry</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R93" ref-type="bibr">Ramírez-Soto et al. 2011</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2010</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Columbia</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Warm, humid</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Farmer</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F, LC</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R104" ref-type="bibr">Rubio et al. 2010</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2013</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Venezuela</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">87</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Warm, humid</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Farmer, student, housewife</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plant, insect, metal</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F, LC</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R80" ref-type="bibr">Mata-Essayag et al. 2013</xref></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn2"><p>NC = No comparison; NK = Not known; D = disseminated; F = fixed; LC = lymphocutaneous; SYS = systemic; <italic>S</italic> = <italic>Sporothrix</italic>.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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