Temporal and spatial genetic structure in Vitellaria paradoxa (shea tree) in an agroforestry system in southern Mali
Identifieur interne : 000309 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 000308; suivant : 000310Temporal and spatial genetic structure in Vitellaria paradoxa (shea tree) in an agroforestry system in southern Mali
Auteurs : Bokary Allaye Kelly ; Olivier Hardy ; Jean-Marc BouvetSource :
- Molecular Ecology [ 0962-1083 ] ; 2004-05.
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Abstract
Ten microsatellite loci were used to investigate the impact of human activity on the spatial and temporal genetic structure of Vitellaria paradoxa (Sapotaceae), a parkland tree species in agroforestry systems in southern Mali. Two stands (forest and fallow) and three cohorts (adults, juveniles and natural regeneration) in each stand were studied to: (i) compare their levels of genetic diversity (gene diversity, HE; allelic richness, Rs; and inbreeding, FIS); (ii) assess their genetic differentiation (FST); and (iii) compare their levels of spatial genetic structuring. Gene diversity parameters did not vary substantially among stands or cohorts, and tests for bottleneck events were nonsignificant. The inbreeding coefficients were not significantly different from zero in most cases (FIS = −0.025 in forest and 0.045 in fallow), suggesting that the species is probably outbreeding. There was a weak decrease in FIS with age, suggesting inbreeding depression. Differentiation of stands within each cohort was weak (FST = 0.026, 0.0005, 0.010 for adults, juveniles and regeneration, respectively), suggesting extensive gene flow. Cohorts within each stand were little differentiated (FST = −0.001 and 0.001 in forest and fallow, respectively). The spatial genetic structure was more pronounced in fallow than in forest where adults showed no spatial structuring. In conclusion, despite the huge influence of human activity on the life cycle of Vitellaria paradoxa growing in parkland systems, the impact on the pattern of genetic variation at microsatellite loci appears rather limited, possibly due to the buffering effect of extensive gene flow between unmanaged and managed populations.
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DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02144.x
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Two stands (forest and fallow) and three cohorts (adults, juveniles and natural regeneration) in each stand were studied to: (i) compare their levels of genetic diversity (gene diversity, HE; allelic richness, Rs; and inbreeding, FIS); (ii) assess their genetic differentiation (FST); and (iii) compare their levels of spatial genetic structuring. Gene diversity parameters did not vary substantially among stands or cohorts, and tests for bottleneck events were nonsignificant. The inbreeding coefficients were not significantly different from zero in most cases (FIS = −0.025 in forest and 0.045 in fallow), suggesting that the species is probably outbreeding. There was a weak decrease in FIS with age, suggesting inbreeding depression. Differentiation of stands within each cohort was weak (FST = 0.026, 0.0005, 0.010 for adults, juveniles and regeneration, respectively), suggesting extensive gene flow. Cohorts within each stand were little differentiated (FST = −0.001 and 0.001 in forest and fallow, respectively). The spatial genetic structure was more pronounced in fallow than in forest where adults showed no spatial structuring. In conclusion, despite the huge influence of human activity on the life cycle of Vitellaria paradoxa growing in parkland systems, the impact on the pattern of genetic variation at microsatellite loci appears rather limited, possibly due to the buffering effect of extensive gene flow between unmanaged and managed populations.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>wiley</corpusName><author><json:item><name>Bokary Allaye Kelly</name><affiliations><json:string>Institut d’Economie Rurale, Programme Ressources Forestières Centre Régional de la Recherche Agronomique de Sikasso, Sikasso, Mali,</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Olivier Hardy</name><affiliations><json:string>Laboratoire de Génétique Evolutive et d’Ecologie vegétale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium,</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Jean‐Marc Bouvet</name><affiliations><json:string>Cirad–Forêt, Campus International de Baillarguet, TA 10C, BP 5035, 34398 Montpellier, cédex, France</json:string><json:string>E-mail: jean‐marc.bouvet@cirad.fr</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>forest tree</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>gene flow</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>human impact</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>inbreeding coefficient</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>kinship coefficient</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>microsatellite</value></json:item></subject><articleId><json:string>MEC2144</json:string></articleId><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>article</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>Ten microsatellite loci were used to investigate the impact of human activity on the spatial and temporal genetic structure of Vitellaria paradoxa (Sapotaceae), a parkland tree species in agroforestry systems in southern Mali. Two stands (forest and fallow) and three cohorts (adults, juveniles and natural regeneration) in each stand were studied to: (i) compare their levels of genetic diversity (gene diversity, HE; allelic richness, Rs; and inbreeding, FIS); (ii) assess their genetic differentiation (FST); and (iii) compare their levels of spatial genetic structuring. Gene diversity parameters did not vary substantially among stands or cohorts, and tests for bottleneck events were nonsignificant. The inbreeding coefficients were not significantly different from zero in most cases (FIS = −0.025 in forest and 0.045 in fallow), suggesting that the species is probably outbreeding. There was a weak decrease in FIS with age, suggesting inbreeding depression. Differentiation of stands within each cohort was weak (FST = 0.026, 0.0005, 0.010 for adults, juveniles and regeneration, respectively), suggesting extensive gene flow. Cohorts within each stand were little differentiated (FST = −0.001 and 0.001 in forest and fallow, respectively). The spatial genetic structure was more pronounced in fallow than in forest where adults showed no spatial structuring. In conclusion, despite the huge influence of human activity on the life cycle of Vitellaria paradoxa growing in parkland systems, the impact on the pattern of genetic variation at microsatellite loci appears rather limited, possibly due to the buffering effect of extensive gene flow between unmanaged and managed populations.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>7.904</score><pdfVersion>1.3</pdfVersion><pdfPageSize>595 x 782 pts</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><abstractCharCount>1695</abstractCharCount><pdfWordCount>7035</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>42877</pdfCharCount><pdfPageCount>10</pdfPageCount><abstractWordCount>242</abstractWordCount></qualityIndicators><title>Temporal and spatial genetic structure in Vitellaria paradoxa (shea tree) in an agroforestry system in southern Mali</title><refBibs><json:item><author><json:item><name>PR Aldrich</name></json:item><json:item><name>JL Hamrick</name></json:item><json:item><name>P Chavarriaga</name></json:item><json:item><name>G Kochert</name></json:item></author><host><volume>7</volume><pages><last>944</last><first>933</first></pages><author></author><title>Molecular Ecology</title></host><title>Microsatellite analysis of demographic genetic structure in fragmented populations of the tropical tree Symphonia globulifera</title></json:item><json:item><author><json:item><name>EA Alvarez‐Buylla</name></json:item><json:item><name>A Chaos</name></json:item><json:item><name>D Pinero</name></json:item><json:item><name>AA Garay</name></json:item></author><host><volume>50</volume><pages><last>1166</last><first>1155</first></pages><author></author><title>Evolution</title></host><title>Demographic genetic of a pioneer tropical tree species: patch dynamics, seed dispersal, and seed banks</title></json:item><json:item><author><json:item><name>F Austerlitz</name></json:item><json:item><name>S Mariette</name></json:item><json:item><name>N Machon</name></json:item><json:item><name>P‐H Gouyon</name></json:item><json:item><name>B Godelle</name></json:item></author><host><volume>154</volume><pages><last>1321</last><first>1309</first></pages><author></author><title>Genetics</title></host><title>Effects of colonization processes on genetic diversity: differences between annual plants and tree species</title></json:item><json:item><author><json:item><name>N Bagnoud</name></json:item><json:item><name>F Schmithüsen</name></json:item><json:item><name>J‐P Sorg</name></json:item></author><host><volume>244</volume><pages><last>23</last><first>9</first></pages><author></author><title>Bois et Forêts Des Tropique</title></host><title>Les parcs à Karité et Néré au Sud‐MALI. 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(sugar maple) populations</title></json:item></refBibs><genre><json:string>article</json:string></genre><host><volume>13</volume><publisherId><json:string>MEC</json:string></publisherId><pages><total>10</total><last>1240</last><first>1231</first></pages><issn><json:string>0962-1083</json:string></issn><issue>5</issue><genre><json:string>journal</json:string></genre><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><eissn><json:string>1365-294X</json:string></eissn><title>Molecular Ecology</title><doi><json:string>10.1111/(ISSN)1365-294X</json:string></doi></host><categories><wos><json:string>science</json:string><json:string>evolutionary biology</json:string><json:string>ecology</json:string><json:string>biochemistry & molecular biology</json:string></wos><scienceMetrix><json:string>natural sciences</json:string><json:string>biology</json:string><json:string>evolutionary biology</json:string></scienceMetrix></categories><publicationDate>2004</publicationDate><copyrightDate>2004</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02144.x</json:string></doi><id>74E48EF473A64E5E860C6E1C87BF1019140845C5</id><score>1</score><fulltext><json:item><extension>pdf</extension><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/74E48EF473A64E5E860C6E1C87BF1019140845C5/fulltext/pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><extension>zip</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/74E48EF473A64E5E860C6E1C87BF1019140845C5/fulltext/zip</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/74E48EF473A64E5E860C6E1C87BF1019140845C5/fulltext/tei"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Temporal and spatial genetic structure in Vitellaria paradoxa (shea tree) in an agroforestry system in southern Mali</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher>Blackwell Science Ltd</publisher><pubPlace>Oxford, UK</pubPlace><availability><p>WILEY</p></availability><date>2004</date></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Temporal and spatial genetic structure in Vitellaria paradoxa (shea tree) in an agroforestry system in southern Mali</title><author xml:id="author-1"><persName><forename type="first">Bokary</forename><surname>Allaye Kelly</surname></persName><affiliation>Institut d’Economie Rurale, Programme Ressources Forestières Centre Régional de la Recherche Agronomique de Sikasso, Sikasso, Mali,</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-2"><persName><forename type="first">Olivier</forename><surname>Hardy</surname></persName><affiliation>Laboratoire de Génétique Evolutive et d’Ecologie vegétale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium,</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-3"><persName><forename type="first">Jean‐Marc</forename><surname>Bouvet</surname></persName><email>jean‐marc.bouvet@cirad.fr</email><affiliation>Cirad–Forêt, Campus International de Baillarguet, TA 10C, BP 5035, 34398 Montpellier, cédex, France</affiliation></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Molecular Ecology</title><idno type="pISSN">0962-1083</idno><idno type="eISSN">1365-294X</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1111/(ISSN)1365-294X</idno><imprint><publisher>Blackwell Science Ltd</publisher><pubPlace>Oxford, UK</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2004-05"></date><biblScope unit="volume">13</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">5</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="1231">1231</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="1240">1240</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">74E48EF473A64E5E860C6E1C87BF1019140845C5</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02144.x</idno><idno type="ArticleID">MEC2144</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>2004</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Ten microsatellite loci were used to investigate the impact of human activity on the spatial and temporal genetic structure of Vitellaria paradoxa (Sapotaceae), a parkland tree species in agroforestry systems in southern Mali. Two stands (forest and fallow) and three cohorts (adults, juveniles and natural regeneration) in each stand were studied to: (i) compare their levels of genetic diversity (gene diversity, HE; allelic richness, Rs; and inbreeding, FIS); (ii) assess their genetic differentiation (FST); and (iii) compare their levels of spatial genetic structuring. Gene diversity parameters did not vary substantially among stands or cohorts, and tests for bottleneck events were nonsignificant. The inbreeding coefficients were not significantly different from zero in most cases (FIS = −0.025 in forest and 0.045 in fallow), suggesting that the species is probably outbreeding. There was a weak decrease in FIS with age, suggesting inbreeding depression. Differentiation of stands within each cohort was weak (FST = 0.026, 0.0005, 0.010 for adults, juveniles and regeneration, respectively), suggesting extensive gene flow. Cohorts within each stand were little differentiated (FST = −0.001 and 0.001 in forest and fallow, respectively). The spatial genetic structure was more pronounced in fallow than in forest where adults showed no spatial structuring. In conclusion, despite the huge influence of human activity on the life cycle of Vitellaria paradoxa growing in parkland systems, the impact on the pattern of genetic variation at microsatellite loci appears rather limited, possibly due to the buffering effect of extensive gene flow between unmanaged and managed populations.</p></abstract><textClass xml:lang="en"><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>keywords</head><item><term>forest tree</term></item><item><term>gene flow</term></item><item><term>human impact</term></item><item><term>inbreeding coefficient</term></item><item><term>kinship coefficient</term></item><item><term>microsatellite</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2004-05">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/74E48EF473A64E5E860C6E1C87BF1019140845C5/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Wiley, elements deleted: body"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:document><component version="2.0" type="serialArticle" xml:lang="en"><header><publicationMeta level="product"><publisherInfo><publisherName>Blackwell Science Ltd</publisherName><publisherLoc>Oxford, UK</publisherLoc></publisherInfo><doi origin="wiley" registered="yes">10.1111/(ISSN)1365-294X</doi><issn type="print">0962-1083</issn><issn type="electronic">1365-294X</issn><idGroup><id type="product" value="MEC"></id><id type="publisherDivision" value="ST"></id></idGroup><titleGroup><title type="main" sort="MOLECULAR ECOLOGY">Molecular Ecology</title></titleGroup></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="part" position="05005"><doi origin="wiley">10.1111/mec.2004.13.issue-5</doi><numberingGroup><numbering type="journalVolume" number="13">13</numbering><numbering type="journalIssue" number="5">5</numbering></numberingGroup><coverDate startDate="2004-05">May 2004</coverDate></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="unit" type="article" position="21" status="forIssue"><doi origin="wiley">10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02144.x</doi><idGroup><id type="unit" value="MEC2144"></id></idGroup><countGroup><count type="pageTotal" number="10"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="tocHeading1">Original Articles</title></titleGroup><eventGroup><event type="firstOnline" date="2004-03-11"></event><event type="publishedOnlineFinalForm" date="2004-03-11"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:BPG_TO_WML3G version:2.3.11 mode:FullText" date="2010-07-07"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WILEY_ML3G_TO_WILEY_ML3GV2 version:4.0.1" date="2014-03-20"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WML3G_To_WML3G version:4.1.7 mode:FullText,remove_FC" date="2014-10-31"></event></eventGroup><numberingGroup><numbering type="pageFirst" number="1231">1231</numbering><numbering type="pageLast" number="1240">1240</numbering></numberingGroup><correspondenceTo> J.M. Bouvet. Fax: 33 4 67 59 37 33; E‐mail: <email normalForm="jean-marc.bouvet@cirad.fr">jean‐marc.bouvet@cirad.fr</email></correspondenceTo><linkGroup><link type="toTypesetVersion" href="file:MEC.MEC2144.pdf"></link></linkGroup></publicationMeta><contentMeta><unparsedEditorialHistory>Received 15 September 2003; revision received 12 January 2004; accepted 12 January 2004</unparsedEditorialHistory><countGroup><count type="figureTotal" number="2"></count><count type="tableTotal" number="6"></count><count type="formulaTotal" number="2"></count><count type="referenceTotal" number="48"></count><count type="wordTotal" number="6205"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="main">Temporal and spatial genetic structure in <i>Vitellaria paradoxa</i> (shea tree) in an agroforestry system in southern Mali</title><title type="shortAuthors">B. A. KELLY, O. HARDY and J.‐M. BOUVET</title><title type="short">WEAK IMPACT OF PARKLAND IN SHEA TREE DIVERSITY</title></titleGroup><creators><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr1" affiliationRef="#a1"><personName><givenNames>Bokary</givenNames><familyName>Allaye Kelly</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr2" affiliationRef="#a2"><personName><givenNames>Olivier</givenNames><familyName>Hardy</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr3" affiliationRef="#a3" corresponding="yes"><personName><givenNames>Jean‐Marc</givenNames><familyName>Bouvet</familyName></personName></creator></creators><affiliationGroup><affiliation xml:id="a1" countryCode="ML"><unparsedAffiliation>Institut d’Economie Rurale, Programme Ressources Forestières Centre Régional de la Recherche Agronomique de Sikasso, Sikasso, Mali,</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="a2" countryCode="BE"><unparsedAffiliation>Laboratoire de Génétique Evolutive et d’Ecologie vegétale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium,</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="a3" countryCode="FR"><unparsedAffiliation>Cirad–Forêt, Campus International de Baillarguet, TA 10C, BP 5035, 34398 Montpellier, cédex, France</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation></affiliationGroup><keywordGroup xml:lang="en"><keyword xml:id="k1">forest tree</keyword><keyword xml:id="k2">gene flow</keyword><keyword xml:id="k3">human impact</keyword><keyword xml:id="k4">inbreeding coefficient</keyword><keyword xml:id="k5">kinship coefficient</keyword><keyword xml:id="k6">microsatellite</keyword></keywordGroup><abstractGroup><abstract type="main" xml:lang="en"><title type="main">Abstract</title><p>Ten microsatellite loci were used to investigate the impact of human activity on the spatial and temporal genetic structure of <i>Vitellaria paradoxa</i> (Sapotaceae), a parkland tree species in agroforestry systems in southern Mali. Two stands (forest and fallow) and three cohorts (adults, juveniles and natural regeneration) in each stand were studied to: (i) compare their levels of genetic diversity (gene diversity, <i>H</i><sub>E</sub>; allelic richness, <i>R</i><sub>s</sub>; and inbreeding, <i>F</i><sub>IS</sub>); (ii) assess their genetic differentiation (<i>F</i><sub>ST</sub>); and (iii) compare their levels of spatial genetic structuring. Gene diversity parameters did not vary substantially among stands or cohorts, and tests for bottleneck events were nonsignificant. The inbreeding coefficients were not significantly different from zero in most cases (<i>F</i><sub>IS</sub> = −0.025 in forest and 0.045 in fallow), suggesting that the species is probably outbreeding. There was a weak decrease in <i>F</i><sub>IS</sub> with age, suggesting inbreeding depression. Differentiation of stands within each cohort was weak (<i>F</i><sub>ST</sub> = 0.026, 0.0005, 0.010 for adults, juveniles and regeneration, respectively), suggesting extensive gene flow. Cohorts within each stand were little differentiated (<i>F</i><sub>ST</sub> = −0.001 and 0.001 in forest and fallow, respectively). The spatial genetic structure was more pronounced in fallow than in forest where adults showed no spatial structuring. In conclusion, despite the huge influence of human activity on the life cycle of <i>Vitellaria paradoxa</i> growing in parkland systems, the impact on the pattern of genetic variation at microsatellite loci appears rather limited, possibly due to the buffering effect of extensive gene flow between unmanaged and managed populations.</p></abstract></abstractGroup></contentMeta></header></component></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Temporal and spatial genetic structure in Vitellaria paradoxa (shea tree) in an agroforestry system in southern Mali</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated" lang="en"><title>WEAK IMPACT OF PARKLAND IN SHEA TREE DIVERSITY</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>Temporal and spatial genetic structure in Vitellaria paradoxa (shea tree) in an agroforestry system in southern Mali</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Bokary</namePart><namePart type="family">Allaye Kelly</namePart><affiliation>Institut d’Economie Rurale, Programme Ressources Forestières Centre Régional de la Recherche Agronomique de Sikasso, Sikasso, Mali,</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Olivier</namePart><namePart type="family">Hardy</namePart><affiliation>Laboratoire de Génétique Evolutive et d’Ecologie vegétale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium,</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Jean‐Marc</namePart><namePart type="family">Bouvet</namePart><affiliation>Cirad–Forêt, Campus International de Baillarguet, TA 10C, BP 5035, 34398 Montpellier, cédex, France</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: jean‐marc.bouvet@cirad.fr</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="article" displayLabel="article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>Blackwell Science Ltd</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">Oxford, UK</placeTerm></place><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2004-05</dateIssued><edition>Received 15 September 2003; revision received 12 January 2004; accepted 12 January 2004</edition><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2004</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType><extent unit="figures">2</extent><extent unit="tables">6</extent><extent unit="formulas">2</extent><extent unit="references">48</extent><extent unit="words">6205</extent></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">Ten microsatellite loci were used to investigate the impact of human activity on the spatial and temporal genetic structure of Vitellaria paradoxa (Sapotaceae), a parkland tree species in agroforestry systems in southern Mali. Two stands (forest and fallow) and three cohorts (adults, juveniles and natural regeneration) in each stand were studied to: (i) compare their levels of genetic diversity (gene diversity, HE; allelic richness, Rs; and inbreeding, FIS); (ii) assess their genetic differentiation (FST); and (iii) compare their levels of spatial genetic structuring. Gene diversity parameters did not vary substantially among stands or cohorts, and tests for bottleneck events were nonsignificant. The inbreeding coefficients were not significantly different from zero in most cases (FIS = −0.025 in forest and 0.045 in fallow), suggesting that the species is probably outbreeding. There was a weak decrease in FIS with age, suggesting inbreeding depression. Differentiation of stands within each cohort was weak (FST = 0.026, 0.0005, 0.010 for adults, juveniles and regeneration, respectively), suggesting extensive gene flow. Cohorts within each stand were little differentiated (FST = −0.001 and 0.001 in forest and fallow, respectively). The spatial genetic structure was more pronounced in fallow than in forest where adults showed no spatial structuring. In conclusion, despite the huge influence of human activity on the life cycle of Vitellaria paradoxa growing in parkland systems, the impact on the pattern of genetic variation at microsatellite loci appears rather limited, possibly due to the buffering effect of extensive gene flow between unmanaged and managed populations.</abstract><subject lang="en"><genre>keywords</genre><topic>forest tree</topic><topic>gene flow</topic><topic>human impact</topic><topic>inbreeding coefficient</topic><topic>kinship coefficient</topic><topic>microsatellite</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Molecular Ecology</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal">journal</genre><identifier type="ISSN">0962-1083</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1365-294X</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1111/(ISSN)1365-294X</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">MEC</identifier><part><date>2004</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>13</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>5</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>1231</start><end>1240</end><total>10</total></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">74E48EF473A64E5E860C6E1C87BF1019140845C5</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02144.x</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">MEC2144</identifier><recordInfo><recordContentSource>WILEY</recordContentSource><recordOrigin>Blackwell Science Ltd</recordOrigin></recordInfo></mods></metadata><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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