Primitive layered gabbros from fast-spreading lower oceanic crust.
Identifieur interne : 003919 ( PubMed/Curation ); précédent : 003918; suivant : 003920Primitive layered gabbros from fast-spreading lower oceanic crust.
Auteurs : Kathryn M. Gillis [Canada] ; Jonathan E. Snow [États-Unis] ; Adam Klaus [États-Unis] ; Natsue Abe [Japon] ; Alden B. Adrião [Brésil] ; Norikatsu Akizawa [Japon] ; Georges Ceuleneer [France] ; Michael J. Cheadle [États-Unis] ; Kathrin Faak [Allemagne] ; Trevor J. Falloon [Australie] ; Sarah A. Friedman [États-Unis] ; Marguerite Godard [France] ; Gilles Guerin [États-Unis] ; Yumiko Harigane [Japon] ; Andrew J. Horst [États-Unis] ; Takashi Hoshide [Japon] ; Benoit Ildefonse [France] ; Marlon M. Jean [États-Unis] ; Barbara E. John [États-Unis] ; Juergen Koepke [Allemagne] ; Sumiaki Machi [Japon] ; Jinichiro Maeda [Japon] ; Naomi E. Marks [États-Unis] ; Andrew M. Mccaig [Royaume-Uni] ; Romain Meyer [Norvège] ; Antony Morris [Royaume-Uni] ; Toshio Nozaka [Japon] ; Marie Python [Japon] ; Abhishek Saha [Inde] ; Robert P. Wintsch [États-Unis]Source :
- Nature [ 1476-4687 ] ; 2014.
Abstract
Three-quarters of the oceanic crust formed at fast-spreading ridges is composed of plutonic rocks whose mineral assemblages, textures and compositions record the history of melt transport and crystallization between the mantle and the sea floor. Despite the importance of these rocks, sampling them in situ is extremely challenging owing to the overlying dykes and lavas. This means that models for understanding the formation of the lower crust are based largely on geophysical studies and ancient analogues (ophiolites) that did not form at typical mid-ocean ridges. Here we describe cored intervals of primitive, modally layered gabbroic rocks from the lower plutonic crust formed at a fast-spreading ridge, sampled by the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program at the Hess Deep rift. Centimetre-scale, modally layered rocks, some of which have a strong layering-parallel foliation, confirm a long-held belief that such rocks are a key constituent of the lower oceanic crust formed at fast-spreading ridges. Geochemical analysis of these primitive lower plutonic rocks--in combination with previous geochemical data for shallow-level plutonic rocks, sheeted dykes and lavas--provides the most completely constrained estimate of the bulk composition of fast-spreading oceanic crust so far. Simple crystallization models using this bulk crustal composition as the parental melt accurately predict the bulk composition of both the lavas and the plutonic rocks. However, the recovered plutonic rocks show early crystallization of orthopyroxene, which is not predicted by current models of melt extraction from the mantle and mid-ocean-ridge basalt differentiation. The simplest explanation of this observation is that compositionally diverse melts are extracted from the mantle and partly crystallize before mixing to produce the more homogeneous magmas that erupt.
DOI: 10.1038/nature12778
PubMed: 24291793
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Jean</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Geology and Environmental, Geosciences, Northern Illinois University, Davis Hall 312, Normal Road, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Geology and Environmental, Geosciences, Northern Illinois University, Davis Hall 312, Normal Road, DeKalb, Illinois 60115</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="John, Barbara E" sort="John, Barbara E" uniqKey="John B" first="Barbara E" last="John">Barbara E. John</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Wyoming, 1000 University Avenue, Department 3006, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Wyoming, 1000 University Avenue, Department 3006, Laramie, Wyoming 82071</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koepke, Juergen" sort="Koepke, Juergen" uniqKey="Koepke J" first="Juergen" last="Koepke">Juergen Koepke</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut für Mineralogie, University of Hannover, Callinstrasse 3, Hannover 30167, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut für Mineralogie, University of Hannover, Callinstrasse 3, Hannover 30167</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Machi, Sumiaki" sort="Machi, Sumiaki" uniqKey="Machi S" first="Sumiaki" last="Machi">Sumiaki Machi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Earth Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Earth Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa Ishikawa 920-1192</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maeda, Jinichiro" sort="Maeda, Jinichiro" uniqKey="Maeda J" first="Jinichiro" last="Maeda">Jinichiro Maeda</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Natural History Sciences, Hokkaido University, North 10, West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Natural History Sciences, Hokkaido University, North 10, West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marks, Naomi E" sort="Marks, Naomi E" uniqKey="Marks N" first="Naomi E" last="Marks">Naomi E. Marks</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Chemistry and Material Sciences Department, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, PO Box 808, L-231, Livermore, California 94551, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Chemistry and Material Sciences Department, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, PO Box 808, L-231, Livermore, California 94551</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mccaig, Andrew M" sort="Mccaig, Andrew M" uniqKey="Mccaig A" first="Andrew M" last="Mccaig">Andrew M. Mccaig</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meyer, Romain" sort="Meyer, Romain" uniqKey="Meyer R" first="Romain" last="Meyer">Romain Meyer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Geobiology and Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, Allegaten 41, Bergen 5007, Norway.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Geobiology and Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, Allegaten 41, Bergen 5007</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Morris, Antony" sort="Morris, Antony" uniqKey="Morris A" first="Antony" last="Morris">Antony Morris</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nozaka, Toshio" sort="Nozaka, Toshio" uniqKey="Nozaka T" first="Toshio" last="Nozaka">Toshio Nozaka</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Earth Sciences, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Earth Sciences, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Okayama 700-8530</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Python, Marie" sort="Python, Marie" uniqKey="Python M" first="Marie" last="Python">Marie Python</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Natural History Sciences, Hokkaido University, North 10, West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Natural History Sciences, Hokkaido University, North 10, West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Saha, Abhishek" sort="Saha, Abhishek" uniqKey="Saha A" first="Abhishek" last="Saha">Abhishek Saha</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Geology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700 019, India.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Geology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700 019</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wintsch, Robert P" sort="Wintsch, Robert P" uniqKey="Wintsch R" first="Robert P" last="Wintsch">Robert P. Wintsch</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Geological Sciences, Indiana University, 1001 East 10th Street, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Geological Sciences, Indiana University, 1001 East 10th Street, Bloomington, Indiana 47405</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:24291793</idno><idno type="pmid">24291793</idno><idno type="doi">10.1038/nature12778</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">003A48</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">003A48</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Curation">003919</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Curation">003919</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Primitive layered gabbros from fast-spreading lower oceanic crust.</title><author><name sortKey="Gillis, Kathryn M" sort="Gillis, Kathryn M" uniqKey="Gillis K" first="Kathryn M" last="Gillis">Kathryn M. Gillis</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 Station CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 Station CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Snow, Jonathan E" sort="Snow, Jonathan E" uniqKey="Snow J" first="Jonathan E" last="Snow">Jonathan E. Snow</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, 312 Science and Research Building 1, Houston, Texas 77204-5007, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, 312 Science and Research Building 1, Houston, Texas 77204-5007</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Klaus, Adam" sort="Klaus, Adam" uniqKey="Klaus A" first="Adam" last="Klaus">Adam Klaus</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>United States Implementing Organization, Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A&M University, 1000 Discovery Drive, College Station, Texas 77845, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>United States Implementing Organization, Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A&M University, 1000 Discovery Drive, College Station, Texas 77845</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Abe, Natsue" sort="Abe, Natsue" uniqKey="Abe N" first="Natsue" last="Abe">Natsue Abe</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Research on Earth Evolution, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute for Research on Earth Evolution, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka 237-0061</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Adriao, Alden B" sort="Adriao, Alden B" uniqKey="Adriao A" first="Alden B" last="Adrião">Alden B. Adrião</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Geoscience, Rio Grande do Sul Federal University, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500 Bloco I Prédio, 43113 Sala 207, Porto Alegre/RS 91501-970, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Geoscience, Rio Grande do Sul Federal University, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500 Bloco I Prédio, 43113 Sala 207, Porto Alegre/RS 91501-970</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Akizawa, Norikatsu" sort="Akizawa, Norikatsu" uniqKey="Akizawa N" first="Norikatsu" last="Akizawa">Norikatsu Akizawa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Earth Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Earth Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa Ishikawa 920-1192</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ceuleneer, Georges" sort="Ceuleneer, Georges" uniqKey="Ceuleneer G" first="Georges" last="Ceuleneer">Georges Ceuleneer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (UMS 831), CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, 14 Avenue Edouard Belin, Toulouse Cedex 31400, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (UMS 831), CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, 14 Avenue Edouard Belin, Toulouse Cedex 31400</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cheadle, Michael J" sort="Cheadle, Michael J" uniqKey="Cheadle M" first="Michael J" last="Cheadle">Michael J. Cheadle</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Wyoming, 1000 University Avenue, Department 3006, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Wyoming, 1000 University Avenue, Department 3006, Laramie, Wyoming 82071</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Faak, Kathrin" sort="Faak, Kathrin" uniqKey="Faak K" first="Kathrin" last="Faak">Kathrin Faak</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>1] School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 Station CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada [2] Institut für Geologie, Mineralogie, and Geophysik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>1] School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 Station CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada [2] Institut für Geologie, Mineralogie, and Geophysik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Falloon, Trevor J" sort="Falloon, Trevor J" uniqKey="Falloon T" first="Trevor J" last="Falloon">Trevor J. Falloon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies and School of Earth Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies and School of Earth Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Friedman, Sarah A" sort="Friedman, Sarah A" uniqKey="Friedman S" first="Sarah A" last="Friedman">Sarah A. Friedman</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Geology, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Geology, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, Carbondale, Illinois 62901</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Godard, Marguerite" sort="Godard, Marguerite" uniqKey="Godard M" first="Marguerite" last="Godard">Marguerite Godard</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Géosciences Montpellier, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS UMR5243, CC 60, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Géosciences Montpellier, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS UMR5243, CC 60, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guerin, Gilles" sort="Guerin, Gilles" uniqKey="Guerin G" first="Gilles" last="Guerin">Gilles Guerin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Borehole Research Group, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, PO Box 1000, 61 Route 9W, Palisades, New York 10964, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Borehole Research Group, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, PO Box 1000, 61 Route 9W, Palisades, New York 10964</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Harigane, Yumiko" sort="Harigane, Yumiko" uniqKey="Harigane Y" first="Yumiko" last="Harigane">Yumiko Harigane</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Geology and Geoinformation, Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST Tsukuba Central 7, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8567, Japan.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Geology and Geoinformation, Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST Tsukuba Central 7, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8567</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Horst, Andrew J" sort="Horst, Andrew J" uniqKey="Horst A" first="Andrew J" last="Horst">Andrew J. Horst</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Geology, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio 44074, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Geology, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio 44074</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hoshide, Takashi" sort="Hoshide, Takashi" uniqKey="Hoshide T" first="Takashi" last="Hoshide">Takashi Hoshide</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ildefonse, Benoit" sort="Ildefonse, Benoit" uniqKey="Ildefonse B" first="Benoit" last="Ildefonse">Benoit Ildefonse</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Géosciences Montpellier, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS UMR5243, CC 60, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Géosciences Montpellier, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS UMR5243, CC 60, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jean, Marlon M" sort="Jean, Marlon M" uniqKey="Jean M" first="Marlon M" last="Jean">Marlon M. Jean</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Geology and Environmental, Geosciences, Northern Illinois University, Davis Hall 312, Normal Road, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Geology and Environmental, Geosciences, Northern Illinois University, Davis Hall 312, Normal Road, DeKalb, Illinois 60115</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="John, Barbara E" sort="John, Barbara E" uniqKey="John B" first="Barbara E" last="John">Barbara E. John</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Wyoming, 1000 University Avenue, Department 3006, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Wyoming, 1000 University Avenue, Department 3006, Laramie, Wyoming 82071</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koepke, Juergen" sort="Koepke, Juergen" uniqKey="Koepke J" first="Juergen" last="Koepke">Juergen Koepke</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut für Mineralogie, University of Hannover, Callinstrasse 3, Hannover 30167, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut für Mineralogie, University of Hannover, Callinstrasse 3, Hannover 30167</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Machi, Sumiaki" sort="Machi, Sumiaki" uniqKey="Machi S" first="Sumiaki" last="Machi">Sumiaki Machi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Earth Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Earth Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa Ishikawa 920-1192</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maeda, Jinichiro" sort="Maeda, Jinichiro" uniqKey="Maeda J" first="Jinichiro" last="Maeda">Jinichiro Maeda</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Natural History Sciences, Hokkaido University, North 10, West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Natural History Sciences, Hokkaido University, North 10, West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marks, Naomi E" sort="Marks, Naomi E" uniqKey="Marks N" first="Naomi E" last="Marks">Naomi E. Marks</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Chemistry and Material Sciences Department, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, PO Box 808, L-231, Livermore, California 94551, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Chemistry and Material Sciences Department, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, PO Box 808, L-231, Livermore, California 94551</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mccaig, Andrew M" sort="Mccaig, Andrew M" uniqKey="Mccaig A" first="Andrew M" last="Mccaig">Andrew M. Mccaig</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meyer, Romain" sort="Meyer, Romain" uniqKey="Meyer R" first="Romain" last="Meyer">Romain Meyer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Geobiology and Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, Allegaten 41, Bergen 5007, Norway.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Geobiology and Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, Allegaten 41, Bergen 5007</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Morris, Antony" sort="Morris, Antony" uniqKey="Morris A" first="Antony" last="Morris">Antony Morris</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nozaka, Toshio" sort="Nozaka, Toshio" uniqKey="Nozaka T" first="Toshio" last="Nozaka">Toshio Nozaka</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Earth Sciences, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Earth Sciences, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Okayama 700-8530</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Python, Marie" sort="Python, Marie" uniqKey="Python M" first="Marie" last="Python">Marie Python</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Natural History Sciences, Hokkaido University, North 10, West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Natural History Sciences, Hokkaido University, North 10, West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Saha, Abhishek" sort="Saha, Abhishek" uniqKey="Saha A" first="Abhishek" last="Saha">Abhishek Saha</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Geology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700 019, India.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Geology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700 019</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wintsch, Robert P" sort="Wintsch, Robert P" uniqKey="Wintsch R" first="Robert P" last="Wintsch">Robert P. Wintsch</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Geological Sciences, Indiana University, 1001 East 10th Street, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Geological Sciences, Indiana University, 1001 East 10th Street, Bloomington, Indiana 47405</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Nature</title><idno type="eISSN">1476-4687</idno><imprint><date when="2014" type="published">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Three-quarters of the oceanic crust formed at fast-spreading ridges is composed of plutonic rocks whose mineral assemblages, textures and compositions record the history of melt transport and crystallization between the mantle and the sea floor. Despite the importance of these rocks, sampling them in situ is extremely challenging owing to the overlying dykes and lavas. This means that models for understanding the formation of the lower crust are based largely on geophysical studies and ancient analogues (ophiolites) that did not form at typical mid-ocean ridges. Here we describe cored intervals of primitive, modally layered gabbroic rocks from the lower plutonic crust formed at a fast-spreading ridge, sampled by the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program at the Hess Deep rift. Centimetre-scale, modally layered rocks, some of which have a strong layering-parallel foliation, confirm a long-held belief that such rocks are a key constituent of the lower oceanic crust formed at fast-spreading ridges. Geochemical analysis of these primitive lower plutonic rocks--in combination with previous geochemical data for shallow-level plutonic rocks, sheeted dykes and lavas--provides the most completely constrained estimate of the bulk composition of fast-spreading oceanic crust so far. Simple crystallization models using this bulk crustal composition as the parental melt accurately predict the bulk composition of both the lavas and the plutonic rocks. However, the recovered plutonic rocks show early crystallization of orthopyroxene, which is not predicted by current models of melt extraction from the mantle and mid-ocean-ridge basalt differentiation. The simplest explanation of this observation is that compositionally diverse melts are extracted from the mantle and partly crystallize before mixing to produce the more homogeneous magmas that erupt.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="PubMed-not-MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">24291793</PMID><DateCreated><Year>2014</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>09</Day></DateCreated><DateCompleted><Year>2014</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>30</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2017</Year><Month>02</Month><Day>20</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1476-4687</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>505</Volume><Issue>7482</Issue><PubDate><Year>2014</Year><Month>Jan</Month><Day>09</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Nature</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Nature</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Primitive layered gabbros from fast-spreading lower oceanic crust.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>204-7</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1038/nature12778</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Three-quarters of the oceanic crust formed at fast-spreading ridges is composed of plutonic rocks whose mineral assemblages, textures and compositions record the history of melt transport and crystallization between the mantle and the sea floor. Despite the importance of these rocks, sampling them in situ is extremely challenging owing to the overlying dykes and lavas. This means that models for understanding the formation of the lower crust are based largely on geophysical studies and ancient analogues (ophiolites) that did not form at typical mid-ocean ridges. Here we describe cored intervals of primitive, modally layered gabbroic rocks from the lower plutonic crust formed at a fast-spreading ridge, sampled by the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program at the Hess Deep rift. Centimetre-scale, modally layered rocks, some of which have a strong layering-parallel foliation, confirm a long-held belief that such rocks are a key constituent of the lower oceanic crust formed at fast-spreading ridges. Geochemical analysis of these primitive lower plutonic rocks--in combination with previous geochemical data for shallow-level plutonic rocks, sheeted dykes and lavas--provides the most completely constrained estimate of the bulk composition of fast-spreading oceanic crust so far. Simple crystallization models using this bulk crustal composition as the parental melt accurately predict the bulk composition of both the lavas and the plutonic rocks. However, the recovered plutonic rocks show early crystallization of orthopyroxene, which is not predicted by current models of melt extraction from the mantle and mid-ocean-ridge basalt differentiation. The simplest explanation of this observation is that compositionally diverse melts are extracted from the mantle and partly crystallize before mixing to produce the more homogeneous magmas that erupt.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gillis</LastName><ForeName>Kathryn M</ForeName><Initials>KM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 Station CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Snow</LastName><ForeName>Jonathan E</ForeName><Initials>JE</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, 312 Science and Research Building 1, Houston, Texas 77204-5007, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Klaus</LastName><ForeName>Adam</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>United States Implementing Organization, Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A&M University, 1000 Discovery Drive, College Station, Texas 77845, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Abe</LastName><ForeName>Natsue</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute for Research on Earth Evolution, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Adrião</LastName><ForeName>Alden B</ForeName><Initials>AB</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Geoscience, Rio Grande do Sul Federal University, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500 Bloco I Prédio, 43113 Sala 207, Porto Alegre/RS 91501-970, Brazil.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Akizawa</LastName><ForeName>Norikatsu</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Earth Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ceuleneer</LastName><ForeName>Georges</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (UMS 831), CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, 14 Avenue Edouard Belin, Toulouse Cedex 31400, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Cheadle</LastName><ForeName>Michael J</ForeName><Initials>MJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Wyoming, 1000 University Avenue, Department 3006, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Faak</LastName><ForeName>Kathrin</ForeName><Initials>K</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>1] School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 Station CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada [2] Institut für Geologie, Mineralogie, and Geophysik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Falloon</LastName><ForeName>Trevor J</ForeName><Initials>TJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies and School of Earth Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Friedman</LastName><ForeName>Sarah A</ForeName><Initials>SA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Geology, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Godard</LastName><ForeName>Marguerite</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Géosciences Montpellier, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS UMR5243, CC 60, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Guerin</LastName><ForeName>Gilles</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Borehole Research Group, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, PO Box 1000, 61 Route 9W, Palisades, New York 10964, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Harigane</LastName><ForeName>Yumiko</ForeName><Initials>Y</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Geology and Geoinformation, Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST Tsukuba Central 7, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8567, Japan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Horst</LastName><ForeName>Andrew J</ForeName><Initials>AJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Geology, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio 44074, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hoshide</LastName><ForeName>Takashi</ForeName><Initials>T</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ildefonse</LastName><ForeName>Benoit</ForeName><Initials>B</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Géosciences Montpellier, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS UMR5243, CC 60, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Jean</LastName><ForeName>Marlon M</ForeName><Initials>MM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Geology and Environmental, Geosciences, Northern Illinois University, Davis Hall 312, Normal Road, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>John</LastName><ForeName>Barbara E</ForeName><Initials>BE</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Wyoming, 1000 University Avenue, Department 3006, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Koepke</LastName><ForeName>Juergen</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institut für Mineralogie, University of Hannover, Callinstrasse 3, Hannover 30167, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Machi</LastName><ForeName>Sumiaki</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Earth Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Maeda</LastName><ForeName>Jinichiro</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Natural History Sciences, Hokkaido University, North 10, West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Marks</LastName><ForeName>Naomi E</ForeName><Initials>NE</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Chemistry and Material Sciences Department, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, PO Box 808, L-231, Livermore, California 94551, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>McCaig</LastName><ForeName>Andrew M</ForeName><Initials>AM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Meyer</LastName><ForeName>Romain</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centre for Geobiology and Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, Allegaten 41, Bergen 5007, Norway.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Morris</LastName><ForeName>Antony</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Nozaka</LastName><ForeName>Toshio</ForeName><Initials>T</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Earth Sciences, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Python</LastName><ForeName>Marie</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Natural History Sciences, Hokkaido University, North 10, West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Saha</LastName><ForeName>Abhishek</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Geology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700 019, India.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wintsch</LastName><ForeName>Robert P</ForeName><Initials>RP</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Geological Sciences, Indiana University, 1001 East 10th Street, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2013</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>01</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>England</Country><MedlineTA>Nature</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>0410462</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0028-0836</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><CommentsCorrectionsList><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>Nature. 2002 Oct 3;419(6906):451-5</RefSource><PMID Version="1">12368848</PMID></CommentsCorrections><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>Nature. 2012 Nov 29;491(7426):698-704</RefSource><PMID 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HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/PubMed/Curation/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:24291793" \
| HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/PubMed/Curation/biblio.hfd \
| NlmPubMed2Wicri -a AustralieFrV1
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