Habitat fragmentation and its lasting impact on Earth's ecosystems.
Identifieur interne : 002E26 ( PubMed/Curation ); précédent : 002E25; suivant : 002E27Habitat fragmentation and its lasting impact on Earth's ecosystems.
Auteurs : Nick M. Haddad [États-Unis] ; Lars A. Brudvig [États-Unis] ; Jean Clobert [France] ; Kendi F. Davies [États-Unis] ; Andrew Gonzalez [Canada] ; Robert D. Holt [États-Unis] ; Thomas E. Lovejoy [États-Unis] ; Joseph O. Sexton [États-Unis] ; Mike P. Austin [Australie] ; Cathy D. Collins [États-Unis] ; William M. Cook [États-Unis] ; Ellen I. Damschen [États-Unis] ; Robert M. Ewers [Royaume-Uni] ; Bryan L. Foster [États-Unis] ; Clinton N. Jenkins [Brésil] ; Andrew J. King [Australie] ; William F. Laurance [Australie] ; Douglas J. Levey [États-Unis] ; Chris R. Margules [Indonésie] ; Brett A. Melbourne [États-Unis] ; A O Nicholls [Australie] ; John L. Orrock [États-Unis] ; Dan-Xia Song [États-Unis] ; John R. Townshend [États-Unis]Source :
- Science advances [ 2375-2548 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
We conducted an analysis of global forest cover to reveal that 70% of remaining forest is within 1 km of the forest's edge, subject to the degrading effects of fragmentation. A synthesis of fragmentation experiments spanning multiple biomes and scales, five continents, and 35 years demonstrates that habitat fragmentation reduces biodiversity by 13 to 75% and impairs key ecosystem functions by decreasing biomass and altering nutrient cycles. Effects are greatest in the smallest and most isolated fragments, and they magnify with the passage of time. These findings indicate an urgent need for conservation and restoration measures to improve landscape connectivity, which will reduce extinction rates and help maintain ecosystem services.
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1500052
PubMed: 26601154
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Levey</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>National Science Foundation, Arlington, VA 22230, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>National Science Foundation, Arlington, VA 22230</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Margules, Chris R" sort="Margules, Chris R" uniqKey="Margules C" first="Chris R" last="Margules">Chris R. Margules</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns 4878, Australia. ; Research Center for Climate Change, University of Indonesia, Kota Depok, Java Barat 16424, Indonesia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Indonésie</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns 4878, Australia. ; Research Center for Climate Change, University of Indonesia, Kota Depok, Java Barat 16424</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Melbourne, Brett A" sort="Melbourne, Brett A" uniqKey="Melbourne B" first="Brett A" last="Melbourne">Brett A. Melbourne</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, UCB 334, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, UCB 334, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nicholls, A O" sort="Nicholls, A O" uniqKey="Nicholls A" first="A O" last="Nicholls">A O Nicholls</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>CSIRO Land and Water Flagship, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia. ; The Institute for Land, Water and Society, Charles Sturt University, Thurgoona Campus, Albury, New South Wales 2640, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>CSIRO Land and Water Flagship, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia. ; The Institute for Land, Water and Society, Charles Sturt University, Thurgoona Campus, Albury, New South Wales 2640</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Orrock, John L" sort="Orrock, John L" uniqKey="Orrock J" first="John L" last="Orrock">John L. 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Haddad</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brudvig, Lars A" sort="Brudvig, Lars A" uniqKey="Brudvig L" first="Lars A" last="Brudvig">Lars A. Brudvig</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1312, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1312</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Clobert, Jean" sort="Clobert, Jean" uniqKey="Clobert J" first="Jean" last="Clobert">Jean Clobert</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Station d'Ecologie Expérimentale du CNRS a Moulis USR 2936, Moulis, 09200 Saint-Girons, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Station d'Ecologie Expérimentale du CNRS a Moulis USR 2936, Moulis, 09200 Saint-Girons</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Davies, Kendi F" sort="Davies, Kendi F" uniqKey="Davies K" first="Kendi F" last="Davies">Kendi F. Davies</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, UCB 334, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, UCB 334, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gonzalez, Andrew" sort="Gonzalez, Andrew" uniqKey="Gonzalez A" first="Andrew" last="Gonzalez">Andrew Gonzalez</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1B1, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1B1</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Holt, Robert D" sort="Holt, Robert D" uniqKey="Holt R" first="Robert D" last="Holt">Robert D. Holt</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lovejoy, Thomas E" sort="Lovejoy, Thomas E" uniqKey="Lovejoy T" first="Thomas E" last="Lovejoy">Thomas E. Lovejoy</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sexton, Joseph O" sort="Sexton, Joseph O" uniqKey="Sexton J" first="Joseph O" last="Sexton">Joseph O. Sexton</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Global Land Cover Facility, Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20702, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Global Land Cover Facility, Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20702</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Austin, Mike P" sort="Austin, Mike P" uniqKey="Austin M" first="Mike P" last="Austin">Mike P. Austin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>CSIRO Land and Water Flagship, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>CSIRO Land and Water Flagship, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Collins, Cathy D" sort="Collins, Cathy D" uniqKey="Collins C" first="Cathy D" last="Collins">Cathy D. Collins</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biology, Colby College, 5746 Mayflower Hill, Waterville, ME 04901, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biology, Colby College, 5746 Mayflower Hill, Waterville, ME 04901</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cook, William M" sort="Cook, William M" uniqKey="Cook W" first="William M" last="Cook">William M. Cook</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biological Sciences, St. Cloud State University, St. Cloud, MN 56301, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biological Sciences, St. Cloud State University, St. Cloud, MN 56301</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Damschen, Ellen I" sort="Damschen, Ellen I" uniqKey="Damschen E" first="Ellen I" last="Damschen">Ellen I. Damschen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ewers, Robert M" sort="Ewers, Robert M" uniqKey="Ewers R" first="Robert M" last="Ewers">Robert M. Ewers</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Foster, Bryan L" sort="Foster, Bryan L" uniqKey="Foster B" first="Bryan L" last="Foster">Bryan L. Foster</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Kansas Biological Survey, University of Kansas, 2101 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66047-3759, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Kansas Biological Survey, University of Kansas, 2101 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66047-3759</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jenkins, Clinton N" sort="Jenkins, Clinton N" uniqKey="Jenkins C" first="Clinton N" last="Jenkins">Clinton N. Jenkins</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas, Rod. Dom Pedro I, km 47, Caixa Postal 47, Nazaré Paulista, São Paulo 12960-000, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas, Rod. Dom Pedro I, km 47, Caixa Postal 47, Nazaré Paulista, São Paulo 12960-000</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="King, Andrew J" sort="King, Andrew J" uniqKey="King A" first="Andrew J" last="King">Andrew J. King</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>CSIRO Land and Water Flagship, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>CSIRO Land and Water Flagship, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Laurance, William F" sort="Laurance, William F" uniqKey="Laurance W" first="William F" last="Laurance">William F. Laurance</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science and College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science and College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4878</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Levey, Douglas J" sort="Levey, Douglas J" uniqKey="Levey D" first="Douglas J" last="Levey">Douglas J. Levey</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>National Science Foundation, Arlington, VA 22230, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>National Science Foundation, Arlington, VA 22230</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Margules, Chris R" sort="Margules, Chris R" uniqKey="Margules C" first="Chris R" last="Margules">Chris R. Margules</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns 4878, Australia. ; Research Center for Climate Change, University of Indonesia, Kota Depok, Java Barat 16424, Indonesia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Indonésie</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns 4878, Australia. ; Research Center for Climate Change, University of Indonesia, Kota Depok, Java Barat 16424</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Melbourne, Brett A" sort="Melbourne, Brett A" uniqKey="Melbourne B" first="Brett A" last="Melbourne">Brett A. Melbourne</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, UCB 334, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, UCB 334, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nicholls, A O" sort="Nicholls, A O" uniqKey="Nicholls A" first="A O" last="Nicholls">A O Nicholls</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>CSIRO Land and Water Flagship, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia. ; The Institute for Land, Water and Society, Charles Sturt University, Thurgoona Campus, Albury, New South Wales 2640, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>CSIRO Land and Water Flagship, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia. ; The Institute for Land, Water and Society, Charles Sturt University, Thurgoona Campus, Albury, New South Wales 2640</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Orrock, John L" sort="Orrock, John L" uniqKey="Orrock J" first="John L" last="Orrock">John L. Orrock</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Song, Dan Xia" sort="Song, Dan Xia" uniqKey="Song D" first="Dan-Xia" last="Song">Dan-Xia Song</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Global Land Cover Facility, Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20702, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Global Land Cover Facility, Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20702</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Townshend, John R" sort="Townshend, John R" uniqKey="Townshend J" first="John R" last="Townshend">John R. Townshend</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Global Land Cover Facility, Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20702, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Global Land Cover Facility, Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20702</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Science advances</title><idno type="ISSN">2375-2548</idno><imprint><date when="2015" type="published">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">We conducted an analysis of global forest cover to reveal that 70% of remaining forest is within 1 km of the forest's edge, subject to the degrading effects of fragmentation. A synthesis of fragmentation experiments spanning multiple biomes and scales, five continents, and 35 years demonstrates that habitat fragmentation reduces biodiversity by 13 to 75% and impairs key ecosystem functions by decreasing biomass and altering nutrient cycles. Effects are greatest in the smallest and most isolated fragments, and they magnify with the passage of time. These findings indicate an urgent need for conservation and restoration measures to improve landscape connectivity, which will reduce extinction rates and help maintain ecosystem services.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="PubMed-not-MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">26601154</PMID><DateCreated><Year>2015</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>25</Day></DateCreated><DateCompleted><Year>2015</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>25</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2017</Year><Month>02</Month><Day>20</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic-eCollection"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Print">2375-2548</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Print"><Volume>1</Volume><Issue>2</Issue><PubDate><Year>2015</Year><Month>Mar</Month></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Science advances</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Sci Adv</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Habitat fragmentation and its lasting impact on Earth's ecosystems.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>e1500052</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1126/sciadv.1500052</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>We conducted an analysis of global forest cover to reveal that 70% of remaining forest is within 1 km of the forest's edge, subject to the degrading effects of fragmentation. A synthesis of fragmentation experiments spanning multiple biomes and scales, five continents, and 35 years demonstrates that habitat fragmentation reduces biodiversity by 13 to 75% and impairs key ecosystem functions by decreasing biomass and altering nutrient cycles. Effects are greatest in the smallest and most isolated fragments, and they magnify with the passage of time. These findings indicate an urgent need for conservation and restoration measures to improve landscape connectivity, which will reduce extinction rates and help maintain ecosystem services.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Haddad</LastName><ForeName>Nick M</ForeName><Initials>NM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Brudvig</LastName><ForeName>Lars A</ForeName><Initials>LA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1312, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Clobert</LastName><ForeName>Jean</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Station d'Ecologie Expérimentale du CNRS a Moulis USR 2936, Moulis, 09200 Saint-Girons, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Davies</LastName><ForeName>Kendi F</ForeName><Initials>KF</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, UCB 334, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gonzalez</LastName><ForeName>Andrew</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1B1, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Holt</LastName><ForeName>Robert D</ForeName><Initials>RD</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lovejoy</LastName><ForeName>Thomas E</ForeName><Initials>TE</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sexton</LastName><ForeName>Joseph O</ForeName><Initials>JO</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Global Land Cover Facility, Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20702, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Austin</LastName><ForeName>Mike P</ForeName><Initials>MP</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>CSIRO Land and Water Flagship, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Collins</LastName><ForeName>Cathy D</ForeName><Initials>CD</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biology, Colby College, 5746 Mayflower Hill, Waterville, ME 04901, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Cook</LastName><ForeName>William M</ForeName><Initials>WM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biological Sciences, St. Cloud State University, St. Cloud, MN 56301, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Damschen</LastName><ForeName>Ellen I</ForeName><Initials>EI</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ewers</LastName><ForeName>Robert M</ForeName><Initials>RM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Foster</LastName><ForeName>Bryan L</ForeName><Initials>BL</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Kansas Biological Survey, University of Kansas, 2101 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66047-3759, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Jenkins</LastName><ForeName>Clinton N</ForeName><Initials>CN</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas, Rod. Dom Pedro I, km 47, Caixa Postal 47, Nazaré Paulista, São Paulo 12960-000, Brazil.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>King</LastName><ForeName>Andrew J</ForeName><Initials>AJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>CSIRO Land and Water Flagship, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Laurance</LastName><ForeName>William F</ForeName><Initials>WF</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science and College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Levey</LastName><ForeName>Douglas J</ForeName><Initials>DJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Science Foundation, Arlington, VA 22230, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Margules</LastName><ForeName>Chris R</ForeName><Initials>CR</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns 4878, Australia. ; Research Center for Climate Change, University of Indonesia, Kota Depok, Java Barat 16424, Indonesia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Melbourne</LastName><ForeName>Brett A</ForeName><Initials>BA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, UCB 334, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Nicholls</LastName><ForeName>A O</ForeName><Initials>AO</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>CSIRO Land and Water Flagship, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia. ; The Institute for Land, Water and Society, Charles Sturt University, Thurgoona Campus, Albury, New South Wales 2640, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Orrock</LastName><ForeName>John L</ForeName><Initials>JL</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Song</LastName><ForeName>Dan-Xia</ForeName><Initials>DX</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Global Land Cover Facility, Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20702, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Townshend</LastName><ForeName>John R</ForeName><Initials>JR</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Global Land Cover Facility, Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20702, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType 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