The terrestrial biosphere as a net source of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere.
Identifieur interne : 002085 ( PubMed/Curation ); précédent : 002084; suivant : 002086The terrestrial biosphere as a net source of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere.
Auteurs : Hanqin Tian [États-Unis] ; Chaoqun Lu [États-Unis] ; Philippe Ciais [France] ; Anna M. Michalak [États-Unis] ; Josep G. Canadell [Australie] ; Eri Saikawa [États-Unis] ; Deborah N. Huntzinger [États-Unis] ; Kevin R. Gurney [États-Unis] ; Stephen Sitch [Royaume-Uni] ; Bowen Zhang [États-Unis] ; Jia Yang [États-Unis] ; Philippe Bousquet [France] ; Lori Bruhwiler [États-Unis] ; Guangsheng Chen [États-Unis] ; Edward Dlugokencky [États-Unis] ; Pierre Friedlingstein [Royaume-Uni] ; Jerry Melillo [États-Unis] ; Shufen Pan [États-Unis] ; Benjamin Poulter [États-Unis] ; Ronald Prinn [États-Unis] ; Marielle Saunois [France] ; Christopher R. Schwalm [États-Unis] ; Steven C. Wofsy [États-Unis]Source :
- Nature [ 1476-4687 ] ; 2016.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- MESH :
- analyse : Dioxyde de carbone, Méthane, Protoxyde d'azote.
- métabolisme : Dioxyde de carbone, Méthane, Protoxyde d'azote.
- Activités humaines, Agriculture, Asie, Atmosphère, Effet de serre, Réchauffement de la planète, Écosystème.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Agriculture (statistics & numerical data), Asia, Atmosphere (chemistry), Carbon Dioxide (analysis), Carbon Dioxide (metabolism), Ecosystem, Global Warming (prevention & control), Global Warming (statistics & numerical data), Greenhouse Effect (prevention & control), Greenhouse Effect (statistics & numerical data), Human Activities (statistics & numerical data), Methane (analysis), Methane (metabolism), Nitrous Oxide (analysis), Nitrous Oxide (metabolism).
- MESH :
- chemical , analysis : Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Nitrous Oxide.
- chemical , metabolism : Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Nitrous Oxide.
- geographic : Asia.
- chemistry : Atmosphere.
- prevention & control : Global Warming, Greenhouse Effect.
- statistics & numerical data : Agriculture, Global Warming, Greenhouse Effect, Human Activities.
- Ecosystem.
Abstract
The terrestrial biosphere can release or absorb the greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), and therefore has an important role in regulating atmospheric composition and climate. Anthropogenic activities such as land-use change, agriculture and waste management have altered terrestrial biogenic greenhouse gas fluxes, and the resulting increases in methane and nitrous oxide emissions in particular can contribute to climate change. The terrestrial biogenic fluxes of individual greenhouse gases have been studied extensively, but the net biogenic greenhouse gas balance resulting from anthropogenic activities and its effect on the climate system remains uncertain. Here we use bottom-up (inventory, statistical extrapolation of local flux measurements, and process-based modelling) and top-down (atmospheric inversions) approaches to quantify the global net biogenic greenhouse gas balance between 1981 and 2010 resulting from anthropogenic activities and its effect on the climate system. We find that the cumulative warming capacity of concurrent biogenic methane and nitrous oxide emissions is a factor of about two larger than the cooling effect resulting from the global land carbon dioxide uptake from 2001 to 2010. This results in a net positive cumulative impact of the three greenhouse gases on the planetary energy budget, with a best estimate (in petagrams of CO2 equivalent per year) of 3.9 ± 3.8 (top down) and 5.4 ± 4.8 (bottom up) based on the GWP100 metric (global warming potential on a 100-year time horizon). Our findings suggest that a reduction in agricultural methane and nitrous oxide emissions, particularly in Southern Asia, may help mitigate climate change.
DOI: 10.1038/nature16946
PubMed: 26961656
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Michalak</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Canadell, Josep G" sort="Canadell, Josep G" uniqKey="Canadell J" first="Josep G" last="Canadell">Josep G. Canadell</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Global Carbon Project, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere Research, GPO Box 3023, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Global Carbon Project, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere Research, GPO Box 3023, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Saikawa, Eri" sort="Saikawa, Eri" uniqKey="Saikawa E" first="Eri" last="Saikawa">Eri Saikawa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Huntzinger, Deborah N" sort="Huntzinger, Deborah N" uniqKey="Huntzinger D" first="Deborah N" last="Huntzinger">Deborah N. Huntzinger</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gurney, Kevin R" sort="Gurney, Kevin R" uniqKey="Gurney K" first="Kevin R" last="Gurney">Kevin R. Gurney</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sitch, Stephen" sort="Sitch, Stephen" uniqKey="Sitch S" first="Stephen" last="Sitch">Stephen Sitch</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Bowen" sort="Zhang, Bowen" uniqKey="Zhang B" first="Bowen" last="Zhang">Bowen Zhang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, Jia" sort="Yang, Jia" uniqKey="Yang J" first="Jia" last="Yang">Jia Yang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bousquet, Philippe" sort="Bousquet, Philippe" uniqKey="Bousquet P" first="Philippe" last="Bousquet">Philippe Bousquet</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, 91191 Gif sur Yvette</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bruhwiler, Lori" sort="Bruhwiler, Lori" uniqKey="Bruhwiler L" first="Lori" last="Bruhwiler">Lori Bruhwiler</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Global Monitoring Division, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Global Monitoring Division, Boulder, Colorado 80305</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Guangsheng" sort="Chen, Guangsheng" uniqKey="Chen G" first="Guangsheng" last="Chen">Guangsheng Chen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Environmental Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Environmental Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dlugokencky, Edward" sort="Dlugokencky, Edward" uniqKey="Dlugokencky E" first="Edward" last="Dlugokencky">Edward Dlugokencky</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Global Monitoring Division, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Global Monitoring Division, Boulder, Colorado 80305</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Friedlingstein, Pierre" sort="Friedlingstein, Pierre" uniqKey="Friedlingstein P" first="Pierre" last="Friedlingstein">Pierre Friedlingstein</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Melillo, Jerry" sort="Melillo, Jerry" uniqKey="Melillo J" first="Jerry" last="Melillo">Jerry Melillo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pan, Shufen" sort="Pan, Shufen" uniqKey="Pan S" first="Shufen" last="Pan">Shufen Pan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Poulter, Benjamin" sort="Poulter, Benjamin" uniqKey="Poulter B" first="Benjamin" last="Poulter">Benjamin Poulter</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Ecosystems and Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Ecosystems and Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Prinn, Ronald" sort="Prinn, Ronald" uniqKey="Prinn R" first="Ronald" last="Prinn">Ronald Prinn</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Saunois, Marielle" sort="Saunois, Marielle" uniqKey="Saunois M" first="Marielle" last="Saunois">Marielle Saunois</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, 91191 Gif sur Yvette</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schwalm, Christopher R" sort="Schwalm, Christopher R" uniqKey="Schwalm C" first="Christopher R" last="Schwalm">Christopher R. Schwalm</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wofsy, Steven C" sort="Wofsy, Steven C" uniqKey="Wofsy S" first="Steven C" last="Wofsy">Steven C. Wofsy</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Nature</title><idno type="eISSN">1476-4687</idno><imprint><date when="2016" type="published">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Agriculture (statistics & numerical data)</term><term>Asia</term><term>Atmosphere (chemistry)</term><term>Carbon Dioxide (analysis)</term><term>Carbon Dioxide (metabolism)</term><term>Ecosystem</term><term>Global Warming (prevention & control)</term><term>Global Warming (statistics & numerical data)</term><term>Greenhouse Effect (prevention & control)</term><term>Greenhouse Effect (statistics & numerical data)</term><term>Human Activities (statistics & numerical data)</term><term>Methane (analysis)</term><term>Methane (metabolism)</term><term>Nitrous Oxide (analysis)</term><term>Nitrous Oxide (metabolism)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Activités humaines ()</term><term>Agriculture ()</term><term>Asie</term><term>Atmosphère ()</term><term>Dioxyde de carbone (analyse)</term><term>Dioxyde de carbone (métabolisme)</term><term>Effet de serre ()</term><term>Méthane (analyse)</term><term>Méthane (métabolisme)</term><term>Protoxyde d'azote (analyse)</term><term>Protoxyde d'azote (métabolisme)</term><term>Réchauffement de la planète ()</term><term>Écosystème</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="analysis" xml:lang="en"><term>Carbon Dioxide</term><term>Methane</term><term>Nitrous Oxide</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="metabolism" xml:lang="en"><term>Carbon Dioxide</term><term>Methane</term><term>Nitrous Oxide</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="geographic" xml:lang="en"><term>Asia</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="analyse" xml:lang="fr"><term>Dioxyde de carbone</term><term>Méthane</term><term>Protoxyde d'azote</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="chemistry" xml:lang="en"><term>Atmosphere</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="métabolisme" xml:lang="fr"><term>Dioxyde de carbone</term><term>Méthane</term><term>Protoxyde d'azote</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="prevention & control" xml:lang="en"><term>Global Warming</term><term>Greenhouse Effect</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="statistics & numerical data" xml:lang="en"><term>Agriculture</term><term>Global Warming</term><term>Greenhouse Effect</term><term>Human Activities</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Ecosystem</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Activités humaines</term><term>Agriculture</term><term>Asie</term><term>Atmosphère</term><term>Effet de serre</term><term>Réchauffement de la planète</term><term>Écosystème</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">The terrestrial biosphere can release or absorb the greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), and therefore has an important role in regulating atmospheric composition and climate. Anthropogenic activities such as land-use change, agriculture and waste management have altered terrestrial biogenic greenhouse gas fluxes, and the resulting increases in methane and nitrous oxide emissions in particular can contribute to climate change. The terrestrial biogenic fluxes of individual greenhouse gases have been studied extensively, but the net biogenic greenhouse gas balance resulting from anthropogenic activities and its effect on the climate system remains uncertain. Here we use bottom-up (inventory, statistical extrapolation of local flux measurements, and process-based modelling) and top-down (atmospheric inversions) approaches to quantify the global net biogenic greenhouse gas balance between 1981 and 2010 resulting from anthropogenic activities and its effect on the climate system. We find that the cumulative warming capacity of concurrent biogenic methane and nitrous oxide emissions is a factor of about two larger than the cooling effect resulting from the global land carbon dioxide uptake from 2001 to 2010. This results in a net positive cumulative impact of the three greenhouse gases on the planetary energy budget, with a best estimate (in petagrams of CO2 equivalent per year) of 3.9 ± 3.8 (top down) and 5.4 ± 4.8 (bottom up) based on the GWP100 metric (global warming potential on a 100-year time horizon). Our findings suggest that a reduction in agricultural methane and nitrous oxide emissions, particularly in Southern Asia, may help mitigate climate change.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">26961656</PMID><DateCreated><Year>2016</Year><Month>03</Month><Day>10</Day></DateCreated><DateCompleted><Year>2016</Year><Month>04</Month><Day>05</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2017</Year><Month>02</Month><Day>20</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1476-4687</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>531</Volume><Issue>7593</Issue><PubDate><Year>2016</Year><Month>Mar</Month><Day>10</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Nature</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Nature</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>The terrestrial biosphere as a net source of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>225-8</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1038/nature16946</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>The terrestrial biosphere can release or absorb the greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), and therefore has an important role in regulating atmospheric composition and climate. Anthropogenic activities such as land-use change, agriculture and waste management have altered terrestrial biogenic greenhouse gas fluxes, and the resulting increases in methane and nitrous oxide emissions in particular can contribute to climate change. The terrestrial biogenic fluxes of individual greenhouse gases have been studied extensively, but the net biogenic greenhouse gas balance resulting from anthropogenic activities and its effect on the climate system remains uncertain. Here we use bottom-up (inventory, statistical extrapolation of local flux measurements, and process-based modelling) and top-down (atmospheric inversions) approaches to quantify the global net biogenic greenhouse gas balance between 1981 and 2010 resulting from anthropogenic activities and its effect on the climate system. We find that the cumulative warming capacity of concurrent biogenic methane and nitrous oxide emissions is a factor of about two larger than the cooling effect resulting from the global land carbon dioxide uptake from 2001 to 2010. This results in a net positive cumulative impact of the three greenhouse gases on the planetary energy budget, with a best estimate (in petagrams of CO2 equivalent per year) of 3.9 ± 3.8 (top down) and 5.4 ± 4.8 (bottom up) based on the GWP100 metric (global warming potential on a 100-year time horizon). Our findings suggest that a reduction in agricultural methane and nitrous oxide emissions, particularly in Southern Asia, may help mitigate climate change.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Tian</LastName><ForeName>Hanqin</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lu</LastName><ForeName>Chaoqun</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Iowa 50011, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ciais</LastName><ForeName>Philippe</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Michalak</LastName><ForeName>Anna M</ForeName><Initials>AM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Canadell</LastName><ForeName>Josep G</ForeName><Initials>JG</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Global Carbon Project, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere Research, GPO Box 3023, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Saikawa</LastName><ForeName>Eri</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Huntzinger</LastName><ForeName>Deborah N</ForeName><Initials>DN</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gurney</LastName><ForeName>Kevin R</ForeName><Initials>KR</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sitch</LastName><ForeName>Stephen</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zhang</LastName><ForeName>Bowen</ForeName><Initials>B</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Yang</LastName><ForeName>Jia</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bousquet</LastName><ForeName>Philippe</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bruhwiler</LastName><ForeName>Lori</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Global Monitoring Division, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Chen</LastName><ForeName>Guangsheng</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Environmental Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Dlugokencky</LastName><ForeName>Edward</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Global Monitoring Division, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Friedlingstein</LastName><ForeName>Pierre</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Melillo</LastName><ForeName>Jerry</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Pan</LastName><ForeName>Shufen</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Poulter</LastName><ForeName>Benjamin</ForeName><Initials>B</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Ecosystems and Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Prinn</LastName><ForeName>Ronald</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Saunois</LastName><ForeName>Marielle</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Schwalm</LastName><ForeName>Christopher R</ForeName><Initials>CR</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, Massachusetts 02540, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wofsy</LastName><ForeName>Steven C</ForeName><Initials>SC</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013485">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013486">Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>England</Country><MedlineTA>Nature</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>0410462</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0028-0836</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>142M471B3J</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D002245">Carbon Dioxide</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>K50XQU1029</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D009609">Nitrous Oxide</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>OP0UW79H66</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D008697">Methane</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><CommentsCorrectionsList><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>Science. 2009 Dec 4;326(5958):1397-9</RefSource><PMID Version="1">19933101</PMID></CommentsCorrections><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Dec 13;108(50):20260-4</RefSource><PMID Version="1">22106295</PMID></CommentsCorrections><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>Science. 2011 Aug 19;333(6045):988-93</RefSource><PMID Version="1">21764754</PMID></CommentsCorrections><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2013 May 27;368(1621):20130112</RefSource><PMID Version="1">23713114</PMID></CommentsCorrections><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>Science. 2012 Jun 22;336(6088):1573-6</RefSource><PMID 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data</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D001208" MajorTopicYN="N" Type="Geographic">Asia</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D001272" MajorTopicYN="N">Atmosphere</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000737" MajorTopicYN="Y">chemistry</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D002245" MajorTopicYN="N">Carbon Dioxide</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000032" MajorTopicYN="N">analysis</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="Y">metabolism</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D017753" MajorTopicYN="Y">Ecosystem</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D057232" MajorTopicYN="N">Global Warming</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000517" MajorTopicYN="N">prevention & control</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000706" MajorTopicYN="Y">statistics & numerical data</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D017752" MajorTopicYN="N">Greenhouse Effect</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000517" MajorTopicYN="N">prevention & control</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000706" MajorTopicYN="Y">statistics & numerical data</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006802" MajorTopicYN="N">Human Activities</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000706" MajorTopicYN="N">statistics & numerical data</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008697" MajorTopicYN="N">Methane</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000032" MajorTopicYN="N">analysis</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="Y">metabolism</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D009609" MajorTopicYN="N">Nitrous Oxide</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000032" MajorTopicYN="N">analysis</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="Y">metabolism</QualifierName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2015</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>19</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2015</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>09</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2016</Year><Month>3</Month><Day>11</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2016</Year><Month>3</Month><Day>11</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2016</Year><Month>4</Month><Day>6</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">26961656</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">nature16946</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1038/nature16946</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></PubmedData></pubmed></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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