Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineage 4 comprises globally distributed and geographically restricted sublineages.
Identifieur interne : 001415 ( PubMed/Curation ); précédent : 001414; suivant : 001416Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineage 4 comprises globally distributed and geographically restricted sublineages.
Auteurs : David Stucki [Suisse] ; Daniela Brites [Suisse] ; Leïla Jeljeli [Allemagne] ; Mireia Coscolla [Suisse] ; Qingyun Liu [République populaire de Chine] ; Andrej Trauner [Suisse] ; Lukas Fenner [Suisse] ; Liliana Rutaihwa [Suisse] ; Sonia Borrell [Suisse] ; Tao Luo [République populaire de Chine] ; Qian Gao [République populaire de Chine] ; Midori Kato-Maeda [États-Unis] ; Marie Ballif [Suisse] ; Matthias Egger [Suisse] ; Rita Macedo [Portugal] ; Helmi Mardassi [Tunisie] ; Milagros Moreno [Angola] ; Griselda Tudo Vilanova [Espagne] ; Janet Fyfe [Australie] ; Maria Globan [Australie] ; Jackson Thomas [Tanzanie] ; Frances Jamieson [Canada] ; Jennifer L. Guthrie [Canada] ; Adwoa Asante-Poku [Ghana] ; Dorothy Yeboah-Manu [Ghana] ; Eddie Wampande [Ouganda] ; Willy Ssengooba [Ouganda] ; Moses Joloba [Ouganda] ; W. Henry Boom [États-Unis] ; Indira Basu [Nouvelle-Zélande] ; James Bower [Nouvelle-Zélande] ; Margarida Saraiva [Portugal] ; Sidra E G. Vaconcellos [Brésil] ; Philip Suffys [Brésil] ; Anastasia Koch [Afrique du Sud] ; Robert Wilkinson [Afrique du Sud] ; Linda Gail-Bekker [Afrique du Sud] ; Bijaya Malla [Suisse] ; Serej D. Ley [Suisse] ; Hans-Peter Beck [Suisse] ; Bouke C. De Jong [Belgique] ; Kadri Toit [Estonie] ; Elisabeth Sanchez-Padilla [France] ; Maryline Bonnet [France] ; Ana Gil-Brusola [Espagne] ; Matthias Frank [Allemagne] ; Veronique N. Penlap Beng [Cameroun] ; Kathleen Eisenach [États-Unis] ; Issam Alani [Iraq] ; Perpetual Wangui Ndung'U [Kenya] ; Gunturu Revathi [Kenya] ; Florian Gehre [Belgique] ; Suriya Akter [Belgique] ; Francine Ntoumi [Allemagne] ; Lynsey Stewart-Isherwood [Afrique du Sud] ; Nyanda E. Ntinginya [Tanzanie] ; Andrea Rachow [Allemagne] ; Michael Hoelscher [Allemagne] ; Daniela Maria Cirillo [Italie] ; Girts Skenders [Lettonie] ; Sven Hoffner [Suède] ; Daiva Bakonyte [Lituanie] ; Petras Stakenas [Lituanie] ; Roland Diel [Allemagne] ; Valeriu Crudu ; Olga Moldovan [Roumanie] ; Sahal Al-Hajoj [Arabie saoudite] ; Larissa Otero [Pérou] ; Francesca Barletta [Pérou] ; E. Jane Carter [États-Unis] ; Lameck Diero [Kenya] ; Philip Supply [France] ; I Aki Comas [Espagne] ; Stefan Niemann [Allemagne] ; Sebastien Gagneux [Suisse]Source :
- Nature genetics [ 1546-1718 ] ; 2016.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- ADN bactérien (analyse), Génomique (), Génotype, Humains, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (génétique), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (isolement et purification), Phylogéographie, Polymorphisme génétique (génétique), Santé mondiale, Tuberculose (génétique), Tuberculose (microbiologie).
- MESH :
- analyse : ADN bactérien.
- génétique : Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Polymorphisme génétique, Tuberculose.
- isolement et purification : Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
- microbiologie : Tuberculose.
- Génomique, Génotype, Humains, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Phylogéographie, Santé mondiale.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- DNA, Bacterial (analysis), Genomics (methods), Genotype, Global Health, Humans, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (classification), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (genetics), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (isolation & purification), Phylogeography, Polymorphism, Genetic (genetics), Tuberculosis (genetics), Tuberculosis (microbiology).
- MESH :
- chemical , analysis : DNA, Bacterial.
- classification : Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
- genetics : Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Polymorphism, Genetic, Tuberculosis.
- isolation & purification : Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
- methods : Genomics.
- microbiology : Tuberculosis.
- Genotype, Global Health, Humans, Phylogeography.
Abstract
Generalist and specialist species differ in the breadth of their ecological niches. Little is known about the niche width of obligate human pathogens. Here we analyzed a global collection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineage 4 clinical isolates, the most geographically widespread cause of human tuberculosis. We show that lineage 4 comprises globally distributed and geographically restricted sublineages, suggesting a distinction between generalists and specialists. Population genomic analyses showed that, whereas the majority of human T cell epitopes were conserved in all sublineages, the proportion of variable epitopes was higher in generalists. Our data further support a European origin for the most common generalist sublineage. Hence, the global success of lineage 4 reflects distinct strategies adopted by different sublineages and the influence of human migration.
DOI: 10.1038/ng.3704
PubMed: 27798628
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Valeriu Crudu<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Phthysiopneumology Institute, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Republic of Moldova</wicri:noCountry></affiliation>Le document en format XML
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sortKey="Fenner, Lukas" sort="Fenner, Lukas" uniqKey="Fenner L" first="Lukas" last="Fenner">Lukas Fenner</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rutaihwa, Liliana" sort="Rutaihwa, Liliana" uniqKey="Rutaihwa L" first="Liliana" last="Rutaihwa">Liliana Rutaihwa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Borrell, Sonia" sort="Borrell, Sonia" uniqKey="Borrell S" first="Sonia" last="Borrell">Sonia Borrell</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Luo, Tao" sort="Luo, Tao" uniqKey="Luo T" first="Tao" last="Luo">Tao Luo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, School of Basic Medical Science, West China Center of Medical Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, School of Basic Medical Science, West China Center of Medical Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gao, Qian" sort="Gao, Qian" uniqKey="Gao Q" first="Qian" last="Gao">Qian Gao</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>The Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>The Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science of Fudan University, Shanghai</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kato Maeda, Midori" sort="Kato Maeda, Midori" uniqKey="Kato Maeda M" first="Midori" last="Kato-Maeda">Midori Kato-Maeda</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ballif, Marie" sort="Ballif, Marie" uniqKey="Ballif M" first="Marie" last="Ballif">Marie Ballif</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Egger, Matthias" sort="Egger, Matthias" uniqKey="Egger M" first="Matthias" last="Egger">Matthias Egger</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute for Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Macedo, Rita" sort="Macedo, Rita" uniqKey="Macedo R" first="Rita" last="Macedo">Rita Macedo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratòrio de Saùde Publica, Lisbon, Portugal.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Portugal</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratòrio de Saùde Publica, Lisbon</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mardassi, Helmi" sort="Mardassi, Helmi" uniqKey="Mardassi H" first="Helmi" last="Mardassi">Helmi Mardassi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Tunisie</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moreno, Milagros" sort="Moreno, Milagros" uniqKey="Moreno M" first="Milagros" last="Moreno">Milagros Moreno</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Hospital Nossa Senhora Da Paz, Cubal, Benguela, Angola.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Angola</country><wicri:regionArea>Hospital Nossa Senhora Da Paz, Cubal, Benguela</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tudo Vilanova, Griselda" sort="Tudo Vilanova, Griselda" uniqKey="Tudo Vilanova G" first="Griselda" last="Tudo Vilanova">Griselda Tudo Vilanova</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Servei de Microbiologia, Hospital Clínic-ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Servei de Microbiologia, Hospital Clínic-ISGlobal, Barcelona</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fyfe, Janet" sort="Fyfe, Janet" uniqKey="Fyfe J" first="Janet" last="Fyfe">Janet Fyfe</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Victoria, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Victoria</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Globan, Maria" sort="Globan, Maria" uniqKey="Globan M" first="Maria" last="Globan">Maria Globan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Victoria, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Victoria</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thomas, Jackson" sort="Thomas, Jackson" uniqKey="Thomas J" first="Jackson" last="Thomas">Jackson Thomas</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Tanzanie</country><wicri:regionArea>Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jamieson, Frances" sort="Jamieson, Frances" uniqKey="Jamieson F" first="Frances" last="Jamieson">Frances Jamieson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Public Health Ontario, Toronto</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guthrie, Jennifer L" sort="Guthrie, Jennifer L" uniqKey="Guthrie J" first="Jennifer L" last="Guthrie">Jennifer L. Guthrie</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Public Health Ontario, Toronto</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Asante Poku, Adwoa" sort="Asante Poku, Adwoa" uniqKey="Asante Poku A" first="Adwoa" last="Asante-Poku">Adwoa Asante-Poku</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country><wicri:regionArea>Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yeboah Manu, Dorothy" sort="Yeboah Manu, Dorothy" uniqKey="Yeboah Manu D" first="Dorothy" last="Yeboah-Manu">Dorothy Yeboah-Manu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country><wicri:regionArea>Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wampande, Eddie" sort="Wampande, Eddie" uniqKey="Wampande E" first="Eddie" last="Wampande">Eddie Wampande</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Ouganda</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University, Kampala</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ssengooba, Willy" sort="Ssengooba, Willy" uniqKey="Ssengooba W" first="Willy" last="Ssengooba">Willy Ssengooba</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Ouganda</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University, Kampala</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Joloba, Moses" sort="Joloba, Moses" uniqKey="Joloba M" first="Moses" last="Joloba">Moses Joloba</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Ouganda</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University, Kampala</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Henry Boom, W" sort="Henry Boom, W" uniqKey="Henry Boom W" first="W" last="Henry Boom">W. Henry Boom</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Basu, Indira" sort="Basu, Indira" uniqKey="Basu I" first="Indira" last="Basu">Indira Basu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>LabPlus, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Nouvelle-Zélande</country><wicri:regionArea>LabPlus, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bower, James" sort="Bower, James" uniqKey="Bower J" first="James" last="Bower">James Bower</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>LabPlus, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Nouvelle-Zélande</country><wicri:regionArea>LabPlus, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Saraiva, Margarida" sort="Saraiva, Margarida" uniqKey="Saraiva M" first="Margarida" last="Saraiva">Margarida Saraiva</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Portugal</country><wicri:regionArea>Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vaconcellos, Sidra E G" sort="Vaconcellos, Sidra E G" uniqKey="Vaconcellos S" first="Sidra E G" last="Vaconcellos">Sidra E G. Vaconcellos</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Oswaldo Cruz Institute</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Suffys, Philip" sort="Suffys, Philip" uniqKey="Suffys P" first="Philip" last="Suffys">Philip Suffys</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Oswaldo Cruz Institute</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koch, Anastasia" sort="Koch, Anastasia" uniqKey="Koch A" first="Anastasia" last="Koch">Anastasia Koch</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wilkinson, Robert" sort="Wilkinson, Robert" uniqKey="Wilkinson R" first="Robert" last="Wilkinson">Robert Wilkinson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gail Bekker, Linda" sort="Gail Bekker, Linda" uniqKey="Gail Bekker L" first="Linda" last="Gail-Bekker">Linda Gail-Bekker</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Malla, Bijaya" sort="Malla, Bijaya" uniqKey="Malla B" first="Bijaya" last="Malla">Bijaya Malla</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ley, Serej D" sort="Ley, Serej D" uniqKey="Ley S" first="Serej D" last="Ley">Serej D. Ley</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Beck, Hans Peter" sort="Beck, Hans Peter" uniqKey="Beck H" first="Hans-Peter" last="Beck">Hans-Peter Beck</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Jong, Bouke C" sort="De Jong, Bouke C" uniqKey="De Jong B" first="Bouke C" last="De Jong">Bouke C. De Jong</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Insitute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Insitute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Toit, Kadri" sort="Toit, Kadri" uniqKey="Toit K" first="Kadri" last="Toit">Kadri Toit</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Tartu University Hospital United Laboratories, Mycobacteriology, Tartu, Estonia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Estonie</country><wicri:regionArea>Tartu University Hospital United Laboratories, Mycobacteriology, Tartu</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sanchez Padilla, Elisabeth" sort="Sanchez Padilla, Elisabeth" uniqKey="Sanchez Padilla E" first="Elisabeth" last="Sanchez-Padilla">Elisabeth Sanchez-Padilla</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Clinical Research Department, Epicentre, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Clinical Research Department, Epicentre, Paris</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bonnet, Maryline" sort="Bonnet, Maryline" uniqKey="Bonnet M" first="Maryline" last="Bonnet">Maryline Bonnet</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Clinical Research Department, Epicentre, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Clinical Research Department, Epicentre, Paris</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gil Brusola, Ana" sort="Gil Brusola, Ana" uniqKey="Gil Brusola A" first="Ana" last="Gil-Brusola">Ana Gil-Brusola</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, University Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology, University Hospital La Fe, Valencia</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Frank, Matthias" sort="Frank, Matthias" uniqKey="Frank M" first="Matthias" last="Frank">Matthias Frank</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Penlap Beng, Veronique N" sort="Penlap Beng, Veronique N" uniqKey="Penlap Beng V" first="Veronique N" last="Penlap Beng">Veronique N. Penlap Beng</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute Laboratory for Tuberculosis Research (LTR), Biotechnology Center (BTC), University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute Laboratory for Tuberculosis Research (LTR), Biotechnology Center (BTC), University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Eisenach, Kathleen" sort="Eisenach, Kathleen" uniqKey="Eisenach K" first="Kathleen" last="Eisenach">Kathleen Eisenach</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alani, Issam" sort="Alani, Issam" uniqKey="Alani I" first="Issam" last="Alani">Issam Alani</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Baghdad, Iraq.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Iraq</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Baghdad</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wangui Ndung U, Perpetual" sort="Wangui Ndung U, Perpetual" uniqKey="Wangui Ndung U P" first="Perpetual" last="Wangui Ndung'U">Perpetual Wangui Ndung'U</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases (ITROMID), Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), Nairobi, Kenya.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases (ITROMID), Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), Nairobi</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Revathi, Gunturu" sort="Revathi, Gunturu" uniqKey="Revathi G" first="Gunturu" last="Revathi">Gunturu Revathi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pathology, Aga Khan University Hospital (AKUH), Nairobi, Kenya.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathology, Aga Khan University Hospital (AKUH), Nairobi</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gehre, Florian" sort="Gehre, Florian" uniqKey="Gehre F" first="Florian" last="Gehre">Florian Gehre</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Insitute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Insitute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Akter, Suriya" sort="Akter, Suriya" uniqKey="Akter S" first="Suriya" last="Akter">Suriya Akter</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Insitute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Insitute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ntoumi, Francine" sort="Ntoumi, Francine" uniqKey="Ntoumi F" first="Francine" last="Ntoumi">Francine Ntoumi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stewart Isherwood, Lynsey" sort="Stewart Isherwood, Lynsey" uniqKey="Stewart Isherwood L" first="Lynsey" last="Stewart-Isherwood">Lynsey Stewart-Isherwood</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Right to Care and the Clinical HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Right to Care and the Clinical HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ntinginya, Nyanda E" sort="Ntinginya, Nyanda E" uniqKey="Ntinginya N" first="Nyanda E" last="Ntinginya">Nyanda E. Ntinginya</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>National Institute of Medical Research, Mbeya Medical Research Centre (NIMR-MMRC), Mbeya, Tanzania.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Tanzanie</country><wicri:regionArea>National Institute of Medical Research, Mbeya Medical Research Centre (NIMR-MMRC), Mbeya</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rachow, Andrea" sort="Rachow, Andrea" uniqKey="Rachow A" first="Andrea" last="Rachow">Andrea Rachow</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Centre of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Centre of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hoelscher, Michael" sort="Hoelscher, Michael" uniqKey="Hoelscher M" first="Michael" last="Hoelscher">Michael Hoelscher</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Centre of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Centre of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cirillo, Daniela Maria" sort="Cirillo, Daniela Maria" uniqKey="Cirillo D" first="Daniela Maria" last="Cirillo">Daniela Maria Cirillo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Emerging Bacterial Pathogens Unit, IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Emerging Bacterial Pathogens Unit, IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Skenders, Girts" sort="Skenders, Girts" uniqKey="Skenders G" first="Girts" last="Skenders">Girts Skenders</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Riga East University Hospital, Centre of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Riga, Latvia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Lettonie</country><wicri:regionArea>Riga East University Hospital, Centre of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Riga</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hoffner, Sven" sort="Hoffner, Sven" uniqKey="Hoffner S" first="Sven" last="Hoffner">Sven Hoffner</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>WHO Supranational TB Reference Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, The Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>WHO Supranational TB Reference Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, The Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bakonyte, Daiva" sort="Bakonyte, Daiva" uniqKey="Bakonyte D" first="Daiva" last="Bakonyte">Daiva Bakonyte</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Lituanie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Vilnius</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stakenas, Petras" sort="Stakenas, Petras" uniqKey="Stakenas P" first="Petras" last="Stakenas">Petras Stakenas</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Lituanie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Vilnius</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Diel, Roland" sort="Diel, Roland" uniqKey="Diel R" first="Roland" last="Diel">Roland Diel</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Epidemiology, Schleswig-Holstein University Hospital, Kiel, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute for Epidemiology, Schleswig-Holstein University Hospital, Kiel</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Crudu, Valeriu" sort="Crudu, Valeriu" uniqKey="Crudu V" first="Valeriu" last="Crudu">Valeriu Crudu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Phthysiopneumology Institute, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Republic of Moldova</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moldovan, Olga" sort="Moldovan, Olga" uniqKey="Moldovan O" first="Olga" last="Moldovan">Olga Moldovan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>'Marius Nasta' Pneumophtisiology Institute, Bucharest, Romania.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Roumanie</country><wicri:regionArea>'Marius Nasta' Pneumophtisiology Institute, Bucharest</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Al Hajoj, Sahal" sort="Al Hajoj, Sahal" uniqKey="Al Hajoj S" first="Sahal" last="Al-Hajoj">Sahal Al-Hajoj</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Otero, Larissa" sort="Otero, Larissa" uniqKey="Otero L" first="Larissa" last="Otero">Larissa Otero</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Molecular Epidemiology Unit-Tuberculosis, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pérou</country><wicri:regionArea>Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Molecular Epidemiology Unit-Tuberculosis, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barletta, Francesca" sort="Barletta, Francesca" uniqKey="Barletta F" first="Francesca" last="Barletta">Francesca Barletta</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Molecular Epidemiology Unit-Tuberculosis, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pérou</country><wicri:regionArea>Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Molecular Epidemiology Unit-Tuberculosis, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jane Carter, E" sort="Jane Carter, E" uniqKey="Jane Carter E" first="E" last="Jane Carter">E. Jane Carter</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Diero, Lameck" sort="Diero, Lameck" uniqKey="Diero L" first="Lameck" last="Diero">Lameck Diero</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Moi University School of Medicine, Eldoret, Kenya.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country><wicri:regionArea>Moi University School of Medicine, Eldoret</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Supply, Philip" sort="Supply, Philip" uniqKey="Supply P" first="Philip" last="Supply">Philip Supply</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59000 Lille</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Comas, I Aki" sort="Comas, I Aki" uniqKey="Comas I" first="I Aki" last="Comas">I Aki Comas</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Biomedicine of Valencia (IBV-CSIC), 46010, Valencia, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Biomedicine of Valencia (IBV-CSIC), 46010, Valencia</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Niemann, Stefan" sort="Niemann, Stefan" uniqKey="Niemann S" first="Stefan" last="Niemann">Stefan Niemann</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Forschungszentrum Borstel, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Forschungszentrum Borstel</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gagneux, Sebastien" sort="Gagneux, Sebastien" uniqKey="Gagneux S" first="Sebastien" last="Gagneux">Sebastien Gagneux</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:27798628</idno><idno type="pmid">27798628</idno><idno type="doi">10.1038/ng.3704</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">001437</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">001437</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Curation">001415</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Curation">001415</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineage 4 comprises globally distributed and geographically restricted sublineages.</title><author><name sortKey="Stucki, David" sort="Stucki, David" uniqKey="Stucki D" first="David" last="Stucki">David Stucki</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brites, Daniela" sort="Brites, Daniela" uniqKey="Brites D" first="Daniela" last="Brites">Daniela Brites</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jeljeli, Leila" sort="Jeljeli, Leila" uniqKey="Jeljeli L" first="Leïla" last="Jeljeli">Leïla Jeljeli</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Forschungszentrum Borstel, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Forschungszentrum Borstel</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Coscolla, Mireia" sort="Coscolla, Mireia" uniqKey="Coscolla M" first="Mireia" last="Coscolla">Mireia Coscolla</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Qingyun" sort="Liu, Qingyun" uniqKey="Liu Q" first="Qingyun" last="Liu">Qingyun Liu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>The Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>The Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science of Fudan University, Shanghai</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Trauner, Andrej" sort="Trauner, Andrej" uniqKey="Trauner A" first="Andrej" last="Trauner">Andrej Trauner</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fenner, Lukas" sort="Fenner, Lukas" uniqKey="Fenner L" first="Lukas" last="Fenner">Lukas Fenner</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rutaihwa, Liliana" sort="Rutaihwa, Liliana" uniqKey="Rutaihwa L" first="Liliana" last="Rutaihwa">Liliana Rutaihwa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Borrell, Sonia" sort="Borrell, Sonia" uniqKey="Borrell S" first="Sonia" last="Borrell">Sonia Borrell</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Luo, Tao" sort="Luo, Tao" uniqKey="Luo T" first="Tao" last="Luo">Tao Luo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, School of Basic Medical Science, West China Center of Medical Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, School of Basic Medical Science, West China Center of Medical Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gao, Qian" sort="Gao, Qian" uniqKey="Gao Q" first="Qian" last="Gao">Qian Gao</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>The Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>The Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science of Fudan University, Shanghai</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kato Maeda, Midori" sort="Kato Maeda, Midori" uniqKey="Kato Maeda M" first="Midori" last="Kato-Maeda">Midori Kato-Maeda</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ballif, Marie" sort="Ballif, Marie" uniqKey="Ballif M" first="Marie" last="Ballif">Marie Ballif</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Egger, Matthias" sort="Egger, Matthias" uniqKey="Egger M" first="Matthias" last="Egger">Matthias Egger</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute for Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Macedo, Rita" sort="Macedo, Rita" uniqKey="Macedo R" first="Rita" last="Macedo">Rita Macedo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratòrio de Saùde Publica, Lisbon, Portugal.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Portugal</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratòrio de Saùde Publica, Lisbon</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mardassi, Helmi" sort="Mardassi, Helmi" uniqKey="Mardassi H" first="Helmi" last="Mardassi">Helmi Mardassi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Tunisie</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moreno, Milagros" sort="Moreno, Milagros" uniqKey="Moreno M" first="Milagros" last="Moreno">Milagros Moreno</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Hospital Nossa Senhora Da Paz, Cubal, Benguela, Angola.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Angola</country><wicri:regionArea>Hospital Nossa Senhora Da Paz, Cubal, Benguela</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tudo Vilanova, Griselda" sort="Tudo Vilanova, Griselda" uniqKey="Tudo Vilanova G" first="Griselda" last="Tudo Vilanova">Griselda Tudo Vilanova</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Servei de Microbiologia, Hospital Clínic-ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Servei de Microbiologia, Hospital Clínic-ISGlobal, Barcelona</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fyfe, Janet" sort="Fyfe, Janet" uniqKey="Fyfe J" first="Janet" last="Fyfe">Janet Fyfe</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Victoria, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Victoria</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Globan, Maria" sort="Globan, Maria" uniqKey="Globan M" first="Maria" last="Globan">Maria Globan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Victoria, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Victoria</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thomas, Jackson" sort="Thomas, Jackson" uniqKey="Thomas J" first="Jackson" last="Thomas">Jackson Thomas</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Tanzanie</country><wicri:regionArea>Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jamieson, Frances" sort="Jamieson, Frances" uniqKey="Jamieson F" first="Frances" last="Jamieson">Frances Jamieson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Public Health Ontario, Toronto</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guthrie, Jennifer L" sort="Guthrie, Jennifer L" uniqKey="Guthrie J" first="Jennifer L" last="Guthrie">Jennifer L. Guthrie</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Public Health Ontario, Toronto</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Asante Poku, Adwoa" sort="Asante Poku, Adwoa" uniqKey="Asante Poku A" first="Adwoa" last="Asante-Poku">Adwoa Asante-Poku</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country><wicri:regionArea>Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yeboah Manu, Dorothy" sort="Yeboah Manu, Dorothy" uniqKey="Yeboah Manu D" first="Dorothy" last="Yeboah-Manu">Dorothy Yeboah-Manu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country><wicri:regionArea>Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wampande, Eddie" sort="Wampande, Eddie" uniqKey="Wampande E" first="Eddie" last="Wampande">Eddie Wampande</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Ouganda</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University, Kampala</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ssengooba, Willy" sort="Ssengooba, Willy" uniqKey="Ssengooba W" first="Willy" last="Ssengooba">Willy Ssengooba</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Ouganda</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University, Kampala</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Joloba, Moses" sort="Joloba, Moses" uniqKey="Joloba M" first="Moses" last="Joloba">Moses Joloba</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Ouganda</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University, Kampala</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Henry Boom, W" sort="Henry Boom, W" uniqKey="Henry Boom W" first="W" last="Henry Boom">W. Henry Boom</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Basu, Indira" sort="Basu, Indira" uniqKey="Basu I" first="Indira" last="Basu">Indira Basu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>LabPlus, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Nouvelle-Zélande</country><wicri:regionArea>LabPlus, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bower, James" sort="Bower, James" uniqKey="Bower J" first="James" last="Bower">James Bower</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>LabPlus, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Nouvelle-Zélande</country><wicri:regionArea>LabPlus, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Saraiva, Margarida" sort="Saraiva, Margarida" uniqKey="Saraiva M" first="Margarida" last="Saraiva">Margarida Saraiva</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Portugal</country><wicri:regionArea>Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vaconcellos, Sidra E G" sort="Vaconcellos, Sidra E G" uniqKey="Vaconcellos S" first="Sidra E G" last="Vaconcellos">Sidra E G. Vaconcellos</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Oswaldo Cruz Institute</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Suffys, Philip" sort="Suffys, Philip" uniqKey="Suffys P" first="Philip" last="Suffys">Philip Suffys</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Oswaldo Cruz Institute</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koch, Anastasia" sort="Koch, Anastasia" uniqKey="Koch A" first="Anastasia" last="Koch">Anastasia Koch</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wilkinson, Robert" sort="Wilkinson, Robert" uniqKey="Wilkinson R" first="Robert" last="Wilkinson">Robert Wilkinson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gail Bekker, Linda" sort="Gail Bekker, Linda" uniqKey="Gail Bekker L" first="Linda" last="Gail-Bekker">Linda Gail-Bekker</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Malla, Bijaya" sort="Malla, Bijaya" uniqKey="Malla B" first="Bijaya" last="Malla">Bijaya Malla</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ley, Serej D" sort="Ley, Serej D" uniqKey="Ley S" first="Serej D" last="Ley">Serej D. Ley</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Beck, Hans Peter" sort="Beck, Hans Peter" uniqKey="Beck H" first="Hans-Peter" last="Beck">Hans-Peter Beck</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Jong, Bouke C" sort="De Jong, Bouke C" uniqKey="De Jong B" first="Bouke C" last="De Jong">Bouke C. De Jong</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Insitute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Insitute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Toit, Kadri" sort="Toit, Kadri" uniqKey="Toit K" first="Kadri" last="Toit">Kadri Toit</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Tartu University Hospital United Laboratories, Mycobacteriology, Tartu, Estonia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Estonie</country><wicri:regionArea>Tartu University Hospital United Laboratories, Mycobacteriology, Tartu</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sanchez Padilla, Elisabeth" sort="Sanchez Padilla, Elisabeth" uniqKey="Sanchez Padilla E" first="Elisabeth" last="Sanchez-Padilla">Elisabeth Sanchez-Padilla</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Clinical Research Department, Epicentre, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Clinical Research Department, Epicentre, Paris</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bonnet, Maryline" sort="Bonnet, Maryline" uniqKey="Bonnet M" first="Maryline" last="Bonnet">Maryline Bonnet</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Clinical Research Department, Epicentre, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Clinical Research Department, Epicentre, Paris</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gil Brusola, Ana" sort="Gil Brusola, Ana" uniqKey="Gil Brusola A" first="Ana" last="Gil-Brusola">Ana Gil-Brusola</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, University Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology, University Hospital La Fe, Valencia</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Frank, Matthias" sort="Frank, Matthias" uniqKey="Frank M" first="Matthias" last="Frank">Matthias Frank</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Penlap Beng, Veronique N" sort="Penlap Beng, Veronique N" uniqKey="Penlap Beng V" first="Veronique N" last="Penlap Beng">Veronique N. Penlap Beng</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute Laboratory for Tuberculosis Research (LTR), Biotechnology Center (BTC), University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute Laboratory for Tuberculosis Research (LTR), Biotechnology Center (BTC), University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Eisenach, Kathleen" sort="Eisenach, Kathleen" uniqKey="Eisenach K" first="Kathleen" last="Eisenach">Kathleen Eisenach</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alani, Issam" sort="Alani, Issam" uniqKey="Alani I" first="Issam" last="Alani">Issam Alani</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Baghdad, Iraq.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Iraq</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Baghdad</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wangui Ndung U, Perpetual" sort="Wangui Ndung U, Perpetual" uniqKey="Wangui Ndung U P" first="Perpetual" last="Wangui Ndung'U">Perpetual Wangui Ndung'U</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases (ITROMID), Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), Nairobi, Kenya.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases (ITROMID), Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), Nairobi</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Revathi, Gunturu" sort="Revathi, Gunturu" uniqKey="Revathi G" first="Gunturu" last="Revathi">Gunturu Revathi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pathology, Aga Khan University Hospital (AKUH), Nairobi, Kenya.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathology, Aga Khan University Hospital (AKUH), Nairobi</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gehre, Florian" sort="Gehre, Florian" uniqKey="Gehre F" first="Florian" last="Gehre">Florian Gehre</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Insitute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Insitute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Akter, Suriya" sort="Akter, Suriya" uniqKey="Akter S" first="Suriya" last="Akter">Suriya Akter</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Insitute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Insitute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ntoumi, Francine" sort="Ntoumi, Francine" uniqKey="Ntoumi F" first="Francine" last="Ntoumi">Francine Ntoumi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stewart Isherwood, Lynsey" sort="Stewart Isherwood, Lynsey" uniqKey="Stewart Isherwood L" first="Lynsey" last="Stewart-Isherwood">Lynsey Stewart-Isherwood</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Right to Care and the Clinical HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Right to Care and the Clinical HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ntinginya, Nyanda E" sort="Ntinginya, Nyanda E" uniqKey="Ntinginya N" first="Nyanda E" last="Ntinginya">Nyanda E. Ntinginya</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>National Institute of Medical Research, Mbeya Medical Research Centre (NIMR-MMRC), Mbeya, Tanzania.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Tanzanie</country><wicri:regionArea>National Institute of Medical Research, Mbeya Medical Research Centre (NIMR-MMRC), Mbeya</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rachow, Andrea" sort="Rachow, Andrea" uniqKey="Rachow A" first="Andrea" last="Rachow">Andrea Rachow</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Centre of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Centre of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hoelscher, Michael" sort="Hoelscher, Michael" uniqKey="Hoelscher M" first="Michael" last="Hoelscher">Michael Hoelscher</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Centre of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Centre of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cirillo, Daniela Maria" sort="Cirillo, Daniela Maria" uniqKey="Cirillo D" first="Daniela Maria" last="Cirillo">Daniela Maria Cirillo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Emerging Bacterial Pathogens Unit, IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Emerging Bacterial Pathogens Unit, IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Skenders, Girts" sort="Skenders, Girts" uniqKey="Skenders G" first="Girts" last="Skenders">Girts Skenders</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Riga East University Hospital, Centre of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Riga, Latvia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Lettonie</country><wicri:regionArea>Riga East University Hospital, Centre of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Riga</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hoffner, Sven" sort="Hoffner, Sven" uniqKey="Hoffner S" first="Sven" last="Hoffner">Sven Hoffner</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>WHO Supranational TB Reference Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, The Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>WHO Supranational TB Reference Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, The Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bakonyte, Daiva" sort="Bakonyte, Daiva" uniqKey="Bakonyte D" first="Daiva" last="Bakonyte">Daiva Bakonyte</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Lituanie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Vilnius</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stakenas, Petras" sort="Stakenas, Petras" uniqKey="Stakenas P" first="Petras" last="Stakenas">Petras Stakenas</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Lituanie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Vilnius</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Diel, Roland" sort="Diel, Roland" uniqKey="Diel R" first="Roland" last="Diel">Roland Diel</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Epidemiology, Schleswig-Holstein University Hospital, Kiel, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute for Epidemiology, Schleswig-Holstein University Hospital, Kiel</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Crudu, Valeriu" sort="Crudu, Valeriu" uniqKey="Crudu V" first="Valeriu" last="Crudu">Valeriu Crudu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Phthysiopneumology Institute, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Republic of Moldova</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moldovan, Olga" sort="Moldovan, Olga" uniqKey="Moldovan O" first="Olga" last="Moldovan">Olga Moldovan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>'Marius Nasta' Pneumophtisiology Institute, Bucharest, Romania.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Roumanie</country><wicri:regionArea>'Marius Nasta' Pneumophtisiology Institute, Bucharest</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Al Hajoj, Sahal" sort="Al Hajoj, Sahal" uniqKey="Al Hajoj S" first="Sahal" last="Al-Hajoj">Sahal Al-Hajoj</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Otero, Larissa" sort="Otero, Larissa" uniqKey="Otero L" first="Larissa" last="Otero">Larissa Otero</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Molecular Epidemiology Unit-Tuberculosis, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pérou</country><wicri:regionArea>Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Molecular Epidemiology Unit-Tuberculosis, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barletta, Francesca" sort="Barletta, Francesca" uniqKey="Barletta F" first="Francesca" last="Barletta">Francesca Barletta</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Molecular Epidemiology Unit-Tuberculosis, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pérou</country><wicri:regionArea>Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Molecular Epidemiology Unit-Tuberculosis, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jane Carter, E" sort="Jane Carter, E" uniqKey="Jane Carter E" first="E" last="Jane Carter">E. Jane Carter</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Diero, Lameck" sort="Diero, Lameck" uniqKey="Diero L" first="Lameck" last="Diero">Lameck Diero</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Moi University School of Medicine, Eldoret, Kenya.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country><wicri:regionArea>Moi University School of Medicine, Eldoret</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Supply, Philip" sort="Supply, Philip" uniqKey="Supply P" first="Philip" last="Supply">Philip Supply</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59000 Lille</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Comas, I Aki" sort="Comas, I Aki" uniqKey="Comas I" first="I Aki" last="Comas">I Aki Comas</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Biomedicine of Valencia (IBV-CSIC), 46010, Valencia, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Biomedicine of Valencia (IBV-CSIC), 46010, Valencia</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Niemann, Stefan" sort="Niemann, Stefan" uniqKey="Niemann S" first="Stefan" last="Niemann">Stefan Niemann</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Forschungszentrum Borstel, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Forschungszentrum Borstel</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gagneux, Sebastien" sort="Gagneux, Sebastien" uniqKey="Gagneux S" first="Sebastien" last="Gagneux">Sebastien Gagneux</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Nature genetics</title><idno type="eISSN">1546-1718</idno><imprint><date when="2016" type="published">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>DNA, Bacterial (analysis)</term><term>Genomics (methods)</term><term>Genotype</term><term>Global Health</term><term>Humans</term><term>Mycobacterium tuberculosis (classification)</term><term>Mycobacterium tuberculosis (genetics)</term><term>Mycobacterium tuberculosis (isolation & purification)</term><term>Phylogeography</term><term>Polymorphism, Genetic (genetics)</term><term>Tuberculosis (genetics)</term><term>Tuberculosis (microbiology)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>ADN bactérien (analyse)</term><term>Génomique ()</term><term>Génotype</term><term>Humains</term><term>Mycobacterium tuberculosis ()</term><term>Mycobacterium tuberculosis (génétique)</term><term>Mycobacterium tuberculosis (isolement et purification)</term><term>Phylogéographie</term><term>Polymorphisme génétique (génétique)</term><term>Santé mondiale</term><term>Tuberculose (génétique)</term><term>Tuberculose (microbiologie)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="analysis" xml:lang="en"><term>DNA, Bacterial</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="analyse" xml:lang="fr"><term>ADN bactérien</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="classification" xml:lang="en"><term>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</term><term>Polymorphism, Genetic</term><term>Tuberculosis</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="génétique" xml:lang="fr"><term>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</term><term>Polymorphisme génétique</term><term>Tuberculose</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="isolation & purification" xml:lang="en"><term>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="isolement et purification" xml:lang="fr"><term>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="methods" xml:lang="en"><term>Genomics</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="microbiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Tuberculose</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="microbiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Tuberculosis</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Genotype</term><term>Global Health</term><term>Humans</term><term>Phylogeography</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Génomique</term><term>Génotype</term><term>Humains</term><term>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</term><term>Phylogéographie</term><term>Santé mondiale</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Generalist and specialist species differ in the breadth of their ecological niches. Little is known about the niche width of obligate human pathogens. Here we analyzed a global collection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineage 4 clinical isolates, the most geographically widespread cause of human tuberculosis. We show that lineage 4 comprises globally distributed and geographically restricted sublineages, suggesting a distinction between generalists and specialists. Population genomic analyses showed that, whereas the majority of human T cell epitopes were conserved in all sublineages, the proportion of variable epitopes was higher in generalists. Our data further support a European origin for the most common generalist sublineage. Hence, the global success of lineage 4 reflects distinct strategies adopted by different sublineages and the influence of human migration.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">27798628</PMID><DateCreated><Year>2016</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>31</Day></DateCreated><DateCompleted><Year>2017</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>07</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2017</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>22</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1546-1718</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>48</Volume><Issue>12</Issue><PubDate><Year>2016</Year><Month>Dec</Month></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Nature genetics</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Nat. Genet.</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineage 4 comprises globally distributed and geographically restricted sublineages.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>1535-1543</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1038/ng.3704</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Generalist and specialist species differ in the breadth of their ecological niches. Little is known about the niche width of obligate human pathogens. Here we analyzed a global collection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineage 4 clinical isolates, the most geographically widespread cause of human tuberculosis. We show that lineage 4 comprises globally distributed and geographically restricted sublineages, suggesting a distinction between generalists and specialists. Population genomic analyses showed that, whereas the majority of human T cell epitopes were conserved in all sublineages, the proportion of variable epitopes was higher in generalists. Our data further support a European origin for the most common generalist sublineage. Hence, the global success of lineage 4 reflects distinct strategies adopted by different sublineages and the influence of human migration.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y" EqualContrib="Y"><LastName>Stucki</LastName><ForeName>David</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Basel, Switzerland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y" EqualContrib="Y"><LastName>Brites</LastName><ForeName>Daniela</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Basel, Switzerland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y" EqualContrib="Y"><LastName>Jeljeli</LastName><ForeName>Leïla</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Forschungszentrum Borstel, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Coscolla</LastName><ForeName>Mireia</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Basel, Switzerland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Liu</LastName><ForeName>Qingyun</ForeName><Initials>Q</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>The Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Trauner</LastName><ForeName>Andrej</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Basel, Switzerland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Fenner</LastName><ForeName>Lukas</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Basel, Switzerland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute for Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rutaihwa</LastName><ForeName>Liliana</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Basel, Switzerland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Borrell</LastName><ForeName>Sonia</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Basel, Switzerland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Luo</LastName><ForeName>Tao</ForeName><Initials>T</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, School of Basic Medical Science, West China Center of Medical Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gao</LastName><ForeName>Qian</ForeName><Initials>Q</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>The Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kato-Maeda</LastName><ForeName>Midori</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ballif</LastName><ForeName>Marie</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Basel, Switzerland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute for Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Egger</LastName><ForeName>Matthias</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute for Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Macedo</LastName><ForeName>Rita</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratòrio de Saùde Publica, Lisbon, Portugal.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mardassi</LastName><ForeName>Helmi</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Moreno</LastName><ForeName>Milagros</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Hospital Nossa Senhora Da Paz, Cubal, Benguela, Angola.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Tudo Vilanova</LastName><ForeName>Griselda</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Servei de Microbiologia, Hospital Clínic-ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Fyfe</LastName><ForeName>Janet</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Victoria, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Globan</LastName><ForeName>Maria</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Victoria, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Thomas</LastName><ForeName>Jackson</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Jamieson</LastName><ForeName>Frances</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Guthrie</LastName><ForeName>Jennifer L</ForeName><Initials>JL</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Asante-Poku</LastName><ForeName>Adwoa</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Yeboah-Manu</LastName><ForeName>Dorothy</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wampande</LastName><ForeName>Eddie</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ssengooba</LastName><ForeName>Willy</ForeName><Initials>W</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Global Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Joloba</LastName><ForeName>Moses</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Henry Boom</LastName><ForeName>W</ForeName><Initials>W</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Basu</LastName><ForeName>Indira</ForeName><Initials>I</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>LabPlus, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bower</LastName><ForeName>James</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>LabPlus, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Saraiva</LastName><ForeName>Margarida</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Vaconcellos</LastName><ForeName>Sidra E G</ForeName><Initials>SEG</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Brazil.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Suffys</LastName><ForeName>Philip</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Brazil.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Koch</LastName><ForeName>Anastasia</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wilkinson</LastName><ForeName>Robert</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>The Francis Crick Institute Mill Hill Laboratory, London, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gail-Bekker</LastName><ForeName>Linda</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Malla</LastName><ForeName>Bijaya</ForeName><Initials>B</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Basel, Switzerland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ley</LastName><ForeName>Serej D</ForeName><Initials>SD</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Basel, Switzerland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, PNG.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Beck</LastName><ForeName>Hans-Peter</ForeName><Initials>HP</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Basel, Switzerland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>de Jong</LastName><ForeName>Bouke C</ForeName><Initials>BC</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Insitute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Toit</LastName><ForeName>Kadri</ForeName><Initials>K</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Tartu University Hospital United Laboratories, Mycobacteriology, Tartu, Estonia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sanchez-Padilla</LastName><ForeName>Elisabeth</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Clinical Research Department, Epicentre, Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bonnet</LastName><ForeName>Maryline</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Clinical Research Department, Epicentre, Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gil-Brusola</LastName><ForeName>Ana</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Microbiology, University Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Frank</LastName><ForeName>Matthias</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Penlap Beng</LastName><ForeName>Veronique N</ForeName><Initials>VN</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute Laboratory for Tuberculosis Research (LTR), Biotechnology Center (BTC), University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Eisenach</LastName><ForeName>Kathleen</ForeName><Initials>K</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Alani</LastName><ForeName>Issam</ForeName><Initials>I</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Baghdad, Iraq.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wangui Ndung'u</LastName><ForeName>Perpetual</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases (ITROMID), Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), Nairobi, Kenya.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Revathi</LastName><ForeName>Gunturu</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pathology, Aga Khan University Hospital (AKUH), Nairobi, Kenya.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gehre</LastName><ForeName>Florian</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Insitute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Medical Research Council, Fajara, the Gambia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Akter</LastName><ForeName>Suriya</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Insitute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ntoumi</LastName><ForeName>Francine</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale, Université Marien Gouabi, Brazzaville, Congo.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Stewart-Isherwood</LastName><ForeName>Lynsey</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Right to Care and the Clinical HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ntinginya</LastName><ForeName>Nyanda E</ForeName><Initials>NE</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Institute of Medical Research, Mbeya Medical Research Centre (NIMR-MMRC), Mbeya, Tanzania.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rachow</LastName><ForeName>Andrea</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Centre of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hoelscher</LastName><ForeName>Michael</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Centre of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Cirillo</LastName><ForeName>Daniela Maria</ForeName><Initials>DM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Emerging Bacterial Pathogens Unit, IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Skenders</LastName><ForeName>Girts</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Riga East University Hospital, Centre of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Riga, Latvia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hoffner</LastName><ForeName>Sven</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>WHO Supranational TB Reference Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, The Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bakonyte</LastName><ForeName>Daiva</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Stakenas</LastName><ForeName>Petras</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Diel</LastName><ForeName>Roland</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute for Epidemiology, Schleswig-Holstein University Hospital, Kiel, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Crudu</LastName><ForeName>Valeriu</ForeName><Initials>V</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Phthysiopneumology Institute, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Moldovan</LastName><ForeName>Olga</ForeName><Initials>O</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>'Marius Nasta' Pneumophtisiology Institute, Bucharest, Romania.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Al-Hajoj</LastName><ForeName>Sahal</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Otero</LastName><ForeName>Larissa</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Molecular Epidemiology Unit-Tuberculosis, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Barletta</LastName><ForeName>Francesca</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Molecular Epidemiology Unit-Tuberculosis, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Jane Carter</LastName><ForeName>E</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Moi University School of Medicine, Eldoret, Kenya.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Diero</LastName><ForeName>Lameck</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Moi University School of Medicine, Eldoret, Kenya.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Supply</LastName><ForeName>Philip</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Comas</LastName><ForeName>Iñaki</ForeName><Initials>I</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Biomedicine of Valencia (IBV-CSIC), 46010, Valencia, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health, Madrid, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Niemann</LastName><ForeName>Stefan</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Forschungszentrum Borstel, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>German Center for Infection Research, Borstel Site, Borstel, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gagneux</LastName><ForeName>Sebastien</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Basel, Switzerland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><GrantList CompleteYN="Y"><Grant><GrantID>309540</GrantID><Agency>European Research Council</Agency><Country>International</Country></Grant></GrantList><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2016</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>31</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>United States</Country><MedlineTA>Nat Genet</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>9216904</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>1061-4036</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D004269">DNA, 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Health</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D009169" MajorTopicYN="N">Mycobacterium tuberculosis</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000145" MajorTopicYN="Y">classification</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="Y">genetics</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000302" MajorTopicYN="N">isolation & purification</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D058974" MajorTopicYN="N">Phylogeography</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D011110" MajorTopicYN="N">Polymorphism, Genetic</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="Y">genetics</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D014376" MajorTopicYN="N">Tuberculosis</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="N">genetics</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000382" MajorTopicYN="Y">microbiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><CoiStatement>Statement The authors have no competing interests as defined by Springer Nature, or other interests that might be perceived to influence the results and/or discussion reported in this paper.</CoiStatement></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2016</Year><Month>08</Month><Day>03</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2016</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>27</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2016</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>1</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2017</Year><Month>9</Month><Day>8</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2016</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>8</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">27798628</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1038/ng.3704</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC5238942</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="mid">EMS70062</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></PubmedData></pubmed></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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