ACTN3 R577X Gene Variant Is Associated With Muscle-Related Phenotypes in Elite Chinese Sprint/Power Athletes.
Identifieur interne : 000E93 ( PubMed/Curation ); précédent : 000E92; suivant : 000E94ACTN3 R577X Gene Variant Is Associated With Muscle-Related Phenotypes in Elite Chinese Sprint/Power Athletes.
Auteurs : Ruoyu Yang [Australie] ; Xunzhang Shen ; Yubin Wang ; Sarah Voisin ; Guang Cai ; Yongnan Fu ; Wangyu Xu ; Nir Eynon ; David J. Bishop ; Xu YanSource :
- Journal of strength and conditioning research [ 1533-4287 ] ; 2017.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- Actinine (génétique), Adulte, Athlètes, Athlétisme, Femelle, Fréquence d'allèle, Génotype, Humains, Jeune adulte, Membre inférieur (physiologie), Muscles squelettiques (physiologie), Mâle, Performance sportive (physiologie), Phénotype, Polymorphisme génétique, Population d'origine asiatique (génétique).
- MESH :
- génétique : Actinine, Population d'origine asiatique.
- physiologie : Membre inférieur, Muscles squelettiques, Performance sportive.
- Adulte, Athlètes, Athlétisme, Femelle, Fréquence d'allèle, Génotype, Humains, Jeune adulte, Mâle, Phénotype, Polymorphisme génétique.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- MESH :
- chemical , genetics : Actinin.
- genetics : Asian Continental Ancestry Group.
- physiology : Athletic Performance, Lower Extremity, Muscle, Skeletal.
- Adult, Athletes, Female, Gene Frequency, Genotype, Humans, Male, Phenotype, Polymorphism, Genetic, Track and Field, Young Adult.
Abstract
Yang, R, Shen, X, Wang, Y, Voisin, S, Cai, G, Fu, Y, Xu, W, Eynon, N, Bishop, DJ, and Yan, X. ACTN3 R577X gene variant is associated with muscle-related phenotypes in elite Chinese sprint/power athletes. J Strength Cond Res 31(4): 1107-1115, 2017-The ACTN3 R577X polymorphism (rs1815739) has been shown to influence athletic performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of this polymorphism in elite Chinese track and field athletes, and to explore its effects on athletes' level of competition and lower-extremity power. We compared the ACTN3 R577X genotypes and allele frequencies in 59 elite sprint/power athletes, 44 elite endurance athletes, and 50 healthy controls from Chinese Han origin. We then subcategorized the athletes into international level and national level and investigated the effects of ACTN3 genotype on lower-extremity power. Genotype distribution of the sprint/power athletes was significantly different from endurance athletes (p = 0.001) and controls (p < 0.001). The frequency of the RR genotype was significantly higher in international-level than that in the national-level sprint/power athletes (p = 0.004), with no international-level sprint/power athletes with XX genotype. The best standing long jump and standing vertical jump results of sprint/power athletes were better in the RR than those in the RX + XX genotypes (p = 0.004 and p = 0.001, respectively). In conclusion, the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism influences the level of competition and lower-extremity power of elite Chinese sprint/power athletes. Including relevant phenotypes such as muscle performance in future studies is important to further understand the effects of gene variants on elite athletic performance.
DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001558
PubMed: 27442335
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
- to stream PubMed, to step Corpus: Pour aller vers cette notice dans l'étape Curation :000E96
Links to Exploration step
pubmed:27442335Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">ACTN3 R577X Gene Variant Is Associated With Muscle-Related Phenotypes in Elite Chinese Sprint/Power Athletes.</title><author><name sortKey="Yang, Ruoyu" sort="Yang, Ruoyu" uniqKey="Yang R" first="Ruoyu" last="Yang">Ruoyu Yang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>1School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China; 2Huangpu Guidance Centre of Sport Developing (Research Station of Sport Science), Shanghai, China; 3Shanghai Research Institute of Sport Science, Shanghai, China; 4Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai, China; 5Developmental Biology and Reproduction Unit (BDR), French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Jouy-en-Josas, France; 6Dongdong Institute of Medical Research, Shanghai, China; and 7Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>1School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China; 2Huangpu Guidance Centre of Sport Developing (Research Station of Sport Science), Shanghai, China; 3Shanghai Research Institute of Sport Science, Shanghai, China; 4Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai, China; 5Developmental Biology and Reproduction Unit (BDR), French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Jouy-en-Josas, France; 6Dongdong Institute of Medical Research, Shanghai, China; and 7Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shen, Xunzhang" sort="Shen, Xunzhang" uniqKey="Shen X" first="Xunzhang" last="Shen">Xunzhang Shen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Yubin" sort="Wang, Yubin" uniqKey="Wang Y" first="Yubin" last="Wang">Yubin Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Voisin, Sarah" sort="Voisin, Sarah" uniqKey="Voisin S" first="Sarah" last="Voisin">Sarah Voisin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cai, Guang" sort="Cai, Guang" uniqKey="Cai G" first="Guang" last="Cai">Guang Cai</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fu, Yongnan" sort="Fu, Yongnan" uniqKey="Fu Y" first="Yongnan" last="Fu">Yongnan Fu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, Wangyu" sort="Xu, Wangyu" uniqKey="Xu W" first="Wangyu" last="Xu">Wangyu Xu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Eynon, Nir" sort="Eynon, Nir" uniqKey="Eynon N" first="Nir" last="Eynon">Nir Eynon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bishop, David J" sort="Bishop, David J" uniqKey="Bishop D" first="David J" last="Bishop">David J. Bishop</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yan, Xu" sort="Yan, Xu" uniqKey="Yan X" first="Xu" last="Yan">Xu Yan</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2017">2017</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:27442335</idno><idno type="pmid">27442335</idno><idno type="doi">10.1519/JSC.0000000000001558</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">000E96</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000E96</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Curation">000E93</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Curation">000E93</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">ACTN3 R577X Gene Variant Is Associated With Muscle-Related Phenotypes in Elite Chinese Sprint/Power Athletes.</title><author><name sortKey="Yang, Ruoyu" sort="Yang, Ruoyu" uniqKey="Yang R" first="Ruoyu" last="Yang">Ruoyu Yang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>1School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China; 2Huangpu Guidance Centre of Sport Developing (Research Station of Sport Science), Shanghai, China; 3Shanghai Research Institute of Sport Science, Shanghai, China; 4Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai, China; 5Developmental Biology and Reproduction Unit (BDR), French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Jouy-en-Josas, France; 6Dongdong Institute of Medical Research, Shanghai, China; and 7Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>1School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China; 2Huangpu Guidance Centre of Sport Developing (Research Station of Sport Science), Shanghai, China; 3Shanghai Research Institute of Sport Science, Shanghai, China; 4Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai, China; 5Developmental Biology and Reproduction Unit (BDR), French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Jouy-en-Josas, France; 6Dongdong Institute of Medical Research, Shanghai, China; and 7Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shen, Xunzhang" sort="Shen, Xunzhang" uniqKey="Shen X" first="Xunzhang" last="Shen">Xunzhang Shen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Yubin" sort="Wang, Yubin" uniqKey="Wang Y" first="Yubin" last="Wang">Yubin Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Voisin, Sarah" sort="Voisin, Sarah" uniqKey="Voisin S" first="Sarah" last="Voisin">Sarah Voisin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cai, Guang" sort="Cai, Guang" uniqKey="Cai G" first="Guang" last="Cai">Guang Cai</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fu, Yongnan" sort="Fu, Yongnan" uniqKey="Fu Y" first="Yongnan" last="Fu">Yongnan Fu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, Wangyu" sort="Xu, Wangyu" uniqKey="Xu W" first="Wangyu" last="Xu">Wangyu Xu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Eynon, Nir" sort="Eynon, Nir" uniqKey="Eynon N" first="Nir" last="Eynon">Nir Eynon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bishop, David J" sort="Bishop, David J" uniqKey="Bishop D" first="David J" last="Bishop">David J. Bishop</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yan, Xu" sort="Yan, Xu" uniqKey="Yan X" first="Xu" last="Yan">Xu Yan</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Journal of strength and conditioning research</title><idno type="eISSN">1533-4287</idno><imprint><date when="2017" type="published">2017</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Actinin (genetics)</term><term>Adult</term><term>Asian Continental Ancestry Group (genetics)</term><term>Athletes</term><term>Athletic Performance (physiology)</term><term>Female</term><term>Gene Frequency</term><term>Genotype</term><term>Humans</term><term>Lower Extremity (physiology)</term><term>Male</term><term>Muscle, Skeletal (physiology)</term><term>Phenotype</term><term>Polymorphism, Genetic</term><term>Track and Field</term><term>Young Adult</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Actinine (génétique)</term><term>Adulte</term><term>Athlètes</term><term>Athlétisme</term><term>Femelle</term><term>Fréquence d'allèle</term><term>Génotype</term><term>Humains</term><term>Jeune adulte</term><term>Membre inférieur (physiologie)</term><term>Muscles squelettiques (physiologie)</term><term>Mâle</term><term>Performance sportive (physiologie)</term><term>Phénotype</term><term>Polymorphisme génétique</term><term>Population d'origine asiatique (génétique)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Actinin</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Asian Continental Ancestry Group</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="génétique" xml:lang="fr"><term>Actinine</term><term>Population d'origine asiatique</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Membre inférieur</term><term>Muscles squelettiques</term><term>Performance sportive</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Athletic Performance</term><term>Lower Extremity</term><term>Muscle, Skeletal</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Adult</term><term>Athletes</term><term>Female</term><term>Gene Frequency</term><term>Genotype</term><term>Humans</term><term>Male</term><term>Phenotype</term><term>Polymorphism, Genetic</term><term>Track and Field</term><term>Young Adult</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Adulte</term><term>Athlètes</term><term>Athlétisme</term><term>Femelle</term><term>Fréquence d'allèle</term><term>Génotype</term><term>Humains</term><term>Jeune adulte</term><term>Mâle</term><term>Phénotype</term><term>Polymorphisme génétique</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Yang, R, Shen, X, Wang, Y, Voisin, S, Cai, G, Fu, Y, Xu, W, Eynon, N, Bishop, DJ, and Yan, X. ACTN3 R577X gene variant is associated with muscle-related phenotypes in elite Chinese sprint/power athletes. J Strength Cond Res 31(4): 1107-1115, 2017-The ACTN3 R577X polymorphism (rs1815739) has been shown to influence athletic performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of this polymorphism in elite Chinese track and field athletes, and to explore its effects on athletes' level of competition and lower-extremity power. We compared the ACTN3 R577X genotypes and allele frequencies in 59 elite sprint/power athletes, 44 elite endurance athletes, and 50 healthy controls from Chinese Han origin. We then subcategorized the athletes into international level and national level and investigated the effects of ACTN3 genotype on lower-extremity power. Genotype distribution of the sprint/power athletes was significantly different from endurance athletes (p = 0.001) and controls (p < 0.001). The frequency of the RR genotype was significantly higher in international-level than that in the national-level sprint/power athletes (p = 0.004), with no international-level sprint/power athletes with XX genotype. The best standing long jump and standing vertical jump results of sprint/power athletes were better in the RR than those in the RX + XX genotypes (p = 0.004 and p = 0.001, respectively). In conclusion, the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism influences the level of competition and lower-extremity power of elite Chinese sprint/power athletes. Including relevant phenotypes such as muscle performance in future studies is important to further understand the effects of gene variants on elite athletic performance.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">27442335</PMID><DateCreated><Year>2016</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>21</Day></DateCreated><DateCompleted><Year>2017</Year><Month>05</Month><Day>17</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2017</Year><Month>05</Month><Day>17</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1533-4287</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>31</Volume><Issue>4</Issue><PubDate><Year>2017</Year><Month>Apr</Month></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Journal of strength and conditioning research</Title><ISOAbbreviation>J Strength Cond Res</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>ACTN3 R577X Gene Variant Is Associated With Muscle-Related Phenotypes in Elite Chinese Sprint/Power Athletes.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>1107-1115</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1519/JSC.0000000000001558</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Yang, R, Shen, X, Wang, Y, Voisin, S, Cai, G, Fu, Y, Xu, W, Eynon, N, Bishop, DJ, and Yan, X. ACTN3 R577X gene variant is associated with muscle-related phenotypes in elite Chinese sprint/power athletes. J Strength Cond Res 31(4): 1107-1115, 2017-The ACTN3 R577X polymorphism (rs1815739) has been shown to influence athletic performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of this polymorphism in elite Chinese track and field athletes, and to explore its effects on athletes' level of competition and lower-extremity power. We compared the ACTN3 R577X genotypes and allele frequencies in 59 elite sprint/power athletes, 44 elite endurance athletes, and 50 healthy controls from Chinese Han origin. We then subcategorized the athletes into international level and national level and investigated the effects of ACTN3 genotype on lower-extremity power. Genotype distribution of the sprint/power athletes was significantly different from endurance athletes (p = 0.001) and controls (p < 0.001). The frequency of the RR genotype was significantly higher in international-level than that in the national-level sprint/power athletes (p = 0.004), with no international-level sprint/power athletes with XX genotype. The best standing long jump and standing vertical jump results of sprint/power athletes were better in the RR than those in the RX + XX genotypes (p = 0.004 and p = 0.001, respectively). In conclusion, the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism influences the level of competition and lower-extremity power of elite Chinese sprint/power athletes. Including relevant phenotypes such as muscle performance in future studies is important to further understand the effects of gene variants on elite athletic performance.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Yang</LastName><ForeName>Ruoyu</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>1School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China; 2Huangpu Guidance Centre of Sport Developing (Research Station of Sport Science), Shanghai, China; 3Shanghai Research Institute of Sport Science, Shanghai, China; 4Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai, China; 5Developmental Biology and Reproduction Unit (BDR), French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Jouy-en-Josas, France; 6Dongdong Institute of Medical Research, Shanghai, China; and 7Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Shen</LastName><ForeName>Xunzhang</ForeName><Initials>X</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wang</LastName><ForeName>Yubin</ForeName><Initials>Y</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Voisin</LastName><ForeName>Sarah</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Cai</LastName><ForeName>Guang</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Fu</LastName><ForeName>Yongnan</ForeName><Initials>Y</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Xu</LastName><ForeName>Wangyu</ForeName><Initials>W</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Eynon</LastName><ForeName>Nir</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bishop</LastName><ForeName>David J</ForeName><Initials>DJ</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Yan</LastName><ForeName>Xu</ForeName><Initials>X</Initials></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>United States</Country><MedlineTA>J Strength Cond Res</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>9415084</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>1064-8011</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="C118456">ACTN3 protein, human</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>11003-00-2</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D000185">Actinin</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000185" MajorTopicYN="N">Actinin</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="Y">genetics</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000328" MajorTopicYN="N">Adult</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D044466" MajorTopicYN="N">Asian Continental Ancestry Group</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="Y">genetics</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D056352" MajorTopicYN="Y">Athletes</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D054874" MajorTopicYN="N">Athletic Performance</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000502" MajorTopicYN="N">physiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005260" MajorTopicYN="N">Female</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005787" MajorTopicYN="N">Gene Frequency</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005838" MajorTopicYN="N">Genotype</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D035002" MajorTopicYN="N">Lower Extremity</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000502" MajorTopicYN="N">physiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008297" MajorTopicYN="N">Male</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D018482" MajorTopicYN="N">Muscle, Skeletal</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000502" MajorTopicYN="Y">physiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D010641" MajorTopicYN="N">Phenotype</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D011110" MajorTopicYN="N">Polymorphism, Genetic</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D014142" MajorTopicYN="Y">Track and Field</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D055815" MajorTopicYN="N">Young Adult</DescriptorName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2016</Year><Month>7</Month><Day>22</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2017</Year><Month>5</Month><Day>18</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2016</Year><Month>7</Month><Day>22</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">27442335</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1519/JSC.0000000000001558</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></PubmedData></pubmed></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Asie/explor/AustralieFrV1/Data/PubMed/Curation
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000E93 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/PubMed/Curation/biblio.hfd -nk 000E93 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Wicri/Asie
|area= AustralieFrV1
|flux= PubMed
|étape= Curation
|type= RBID
|clé= pubmed:27442335
|texte= ACTN3 R577X Gene Variant Is Associated With Muscle-Related Phenotypes in Elite Chinese Sprint/Power Athletes.
}}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/PubMed/Curation/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:27442335" \
| HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/PubMed/Curation/biblio.hfd \
| NlmPubMed2Wicri -a AustralieFrV1
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.33. |  |