Monitoring quality and coverage of harm reduction services for people who use drugs: a consensus study.
Identifieur interne : 000D52 ( PubMed/Curation ); précédent : 000D51; suivant : 000D53Monitoring quality and coverage of harm reduction services for people who use drugs: a consensus study.
Auteurs : Lucas Wiessing [Portugal] ; Marica Ferri [Portugal] ; Vendula B Lá Ková [République tchèque] ; Patrizia Carrieri [France] ; Samuel R. Friedman [États-Unis] ; Cinta Folch [Espagne] ; Kate Dolan [Australie] ; Brian Galvin [Irlande (pays)] ; Peter Vickerman [Royaume-Uni] ; Jeffrey V. Lazarus [Danemark] ; Viktor Mrav K [République tchèque] ; Mirjam Kretzschmar [Pays-Bas] ; Vana Sypsa [Grèce] ; Ana Sarasa-Renedo [Espagne] ; Anneli Uusküla [Estonie] ; Dimitrios Paraskevis [Grèce] ; Luis Mendão [Portugal] ; Diana Rossi [Argentine] ; Nadine Van Gelder [Portugal] ; Luke Mitcheson [Royaume-Uni] ; Letizia Paoli [Belgique] ; Cristina Diaz Gomez [France] ; Maitena Milhet [France] ; Nicoleta Dascalu [Roumanie] ; Jonathan Knight [Royaume-Uni] ; Gordon Hay [Royaume-Uni] ; Eleni Kalamara [Portugal] ; Roland Simon [Portugal] ; Catherine Comiskey [Irlande (pays)] ; Carla Rossi [Italie] ; Paul Griffiths [Portugal]Source :
- Harm reduction journal [ 1477-7517 ] ; 2017.
Abstract
Despite advances in our knowledge of effective services for people who use drugs over the last decades globally, coverage remains poor in most countries, while quality is often unknown. This paper aims to discuss the historical development of successful epidemiological indicators and to present a framework for extending them with additional indicators of coverage and quality of harm reduction services, for monitoring and evaluation at international, national or subnational levels. The ultimate aim is to improve these services in order to reduce health and social problems among people who use drugs, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, crime and legal problems, overdose (death) and other morbidity and mortality.
DOI: 10.1186/s12954-017-0141-6
PubMed: 28431584
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Romanian Association Against AIDS (ARAS), Bucharest, Romania.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Roumanie</country><wicri:regionArea>The Romanian Association Against AIDS (ARAS), Bucharest</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Knight, Jonathan" sort="Knight, Jonathan" uniqKey="Knight J" first="Jonathan" last="Knight">Jonathan Knight</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Health, Wellington House, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Health, Wellington House, London</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hay, Gordon" sort="Hay, Gordon" uniqKey="Hay G" first="Gordon" last="Hay">Gordon Hay</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Public Health Institute, Faculty of Education, Health and Community, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Public Health Institute, Faculty of Education, Health and Community, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kalamara, Eleni" sort="Kalamara, Eleni" uniqKey="Kalamara E" first="Eleni" last="Kalamara">Eleni Kalamara</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), Praça Europa 1, Cais do Sodré, 1249-289, Lisbon, Portugal.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Portugal</country><wicri:regionArea>European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), Praça Europa 1, Cais do Sodré, 1249-289, Lisbon</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Simon, Roland" sort="Simon, Roland" uniqKey="Simon R" first="Roland" last="Simon">Roland Simon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), Praça Europa 1, Cais do Sodré, 1249-289, Lisbon, Portugal.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Portugal</country><wicri:regionArea>European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), Praça Europa 1, Cais do Sodré, 1249-289, Lisbon</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Comiskey, Catherine" sort="Comiskey, Catherine" uniqKey="Comiskey C" first="Catherine" last="Comiskey">Catherine Comiskey</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Irlande (pays)</country><wicri:regionArea>Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rossi, Carla" sort="Rossi, Carla" uniqKey="Rossi C" first="Carla" last="Rossi">Carla Rossi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centro Studi Statistici e Sociali CE3S, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Centro Studi Statistici e Sociali CE3S, Rome</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Griffiths, Paul" sort="Griffiths, Paul" uniqKey="Griffiths P" first="Paul" last="Griffiths">Paul Griffiths</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), Praça Europa 1, Cais do Sodré, 1249-289, Lisbon, Portugal.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Portugal</country><wicri:regionArea>European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), Praça Europa 1, Cais do Sodré, 1249-289, Lisbon</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2017">2017</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:28431584</idno><idno type="pmid">28431584</idno><idno type="doi">10.1186/s12954-017-0141-6</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">000D55</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000D55</idno><idno 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Lucas.Wiessing@emcdda.europa.eu.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Portugal</country><wicri:regionArea>European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), Praça Europa 1, Cais do Sodré, 1249-289, Lisbon</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ferri, Marica" sort="Ferri, Marica" uniqKey="Ferri M" first="Marica" last="Ferri">Marica Ferri</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), Praça Europa 1, Cais do Sodré, 1249-289, Lisbon, Portugal.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Portugal</country><wicri:regionArea>European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), Praça Europa 1, Cais do Sodré, 1249-289, Lisbon</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="B La Kova, Vendula" sort="B La Kova, Vendula" uniqKey="B La Kova V" first="Vendula" last="B Lá Ková">Vendula B Lá Ková</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Addictology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République tchèque</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Addictology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carrieri, Patrizia" sort="Carrieri, Patrizia" uniqKey="Carrieri P" first="Patrizia" last="Carrieri">Patrizia Carrieri</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Marseille Univ, INSERM, IRD, SESSTIM, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Marseille Univ, INSERM, IRD, SESSTIM, Marseille</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Friedman, Samuel R" sort="Friedman, Samuel R" uniqKey="Friedman S" first="Samuel R" last="Friedman">Samuel R. 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Lazarus</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>CHIP, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country><wicri:regionArea>CHIP, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mrav K, Viktor" sort="Mrav K, Viktor" uniqKey="Mrav K V" first="Viktor" last="Mrav K">Viktor Mrav K</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Addictology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République tchèque</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Addictology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kretzschmar, Mirjam" sort="Kretzschmar, Mirjam" uniqKey="Kretzschmar M" first="Mirjam" last="Kretzschmar">Mirjam Kretzschmar</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sypsa, Vana" sort="Sypsa, Vana" uniqKey="Sypsa V" first="Vana" last="Sypsa">Vana Sypsa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Hygiene Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Hygiene Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sarasa Renedo, Ana" sort="Sarasa Renedo, Ana" uniqKey="Sarasa Renedo A" first="Ana" last="Sarasa-Renedo">Ana Sarasa-Renedo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Uuskula, Anneli" sort="Uuskula, Anneli" uniqKey="Uuskula A" first="Anneli" last="Uusküla">Anneli Uusküla</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Estonie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Paraskevis, Dimitrios" sort="Paraskevis, Dimitrios" uniqKey="Paraskevis D" first="Dimitrios" last="Paraskevis">Dimitrios Paraskevis</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Hygiene Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Hygiene Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mendao, Luis" sort="Mendao, Luis" uniqKey="Mendao L" first="Luis" last="Mendão">Luis Mendão</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Group of Activists on Treatments (GAT), Lisbon, Portugal.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Portugal</country><wicri:regionArea>Group of Activists on Treatments (GAT), Lisbon</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rossi, Diana" sort="Rossi, Diana" uniqKey="Rossi D" first="Diana" last="Rossi">Diana Rossi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Intercambios Civil Association and University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Argentine</country><wicri:regionArea>Intercambios Civil Association and University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Gelder, Nadine" sort="Van Gelder, Nadine" uniqKey="Van Gelder N" first="Nadine" last="Van Gelder">Nadine Van Gelder</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), Praça Europa 1, Cais do Sodré, 1249-289, Lisbon, Portugal.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Portugal</country><wicri:regionArea>European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), Praça Europa 1, Cais do Sodré, 1249-289, Lisbon</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mitcheson, Luke" sort="Mitcheson, Luke" uniqKey="Mitcheson L" first="Luke" last="Mitcheson">Luke Mitcheson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Alcohol, Drug, and Tobacco Division, Health and Wellbeing Directorate, Public Health England, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Alcohol, Drug, and Tobacco Division, Health and Wellbeing Directorate, Public Health England, London</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Paoli, Letizia" sort="Paoli, Letizia" uniqKey="Paoli L" first="Letizia" last="Paoli">Letizia Paoli</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Leuven Institute of Criminology (LINC), Faculty of Law, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Leuven Institute of Criminology (LINC), Faculty of Law, University of Leuven, Leuven</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gomez, Cristina Diaz" sort="Gomez, Cristina Diaz" uniqKey="Gomez C" first="Cristina Diaz" last="Gomez">Cristina Diaz Gomez</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>French Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (OFDT), Saint-Denis, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>French Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (OFDT), Saint-Denis</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Milhet, Maitena" sort="Milhet, Maitena" uniqKey="Milhet M" first="Maitena" last="Milhet">Maitena Milhet</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>French Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (OFDT), Saint-Denis, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>French Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (OFDT), Saint-Denis</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dascalu, Nicoleta" sort="Dascalu, Nicoleta" uniqKey="Dascalu N" first="Nicoleta" last="Dascalu">Nicoleta Dascalu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>The Romanian Association Against AIDS (ARAS), Bucharest, Romania.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Roumanie</country><wicri:regionArea>The Romanian Association Against AIDS (ARAS), Bucharest</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Knight, Jonathan" sort="Knight, Jonathan" uniqKey="Knight J" first="Jonathan" last="Knight">Jonathan Knight</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Health, Wellington House, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Health, Wellington House, London</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hay, Gordon" sort="Hay, Gordon" uniqKey="Hay G" first="Gordon" last="Hay">Gordon Hay</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Public Health Institute, Faculty of Education, Health and Community, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Public Health Institute, Faculty of Education, Health and Community, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kalamara, Eleni" sort="Kalamara, Eleni" uniqKey="Kalamara E" first="Eleni" last="Kalamara">Eleni Kalamara</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), Praça Europa 1, Cais do Sodré, 1249-289, Lisbon, Portugal.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Portugal</country><wicri:regionArea>European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), Praça Europa 1, Cais do Sodré, 1249-289, Lisbon</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Simon, Roland" sort="Simon, Roland" uniqKey="Simon R" first="Roland" last="Simon">Roland Simon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), Praça Europa 1, Cais do Sodré, 1249-289, Lisbon, Portugal.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Portugal</country><wicri:regionArea>European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), Praça Europa 1, Cais do Sodré, 1249-289, Lisbon</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Comiskey, Catherine" sort="Comiskey, Catherine" uniqKey="Comiskey C" first="Catherine" last="Comiskey">Catherine Comiskey</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Irlande (pays)</country><wicri:regionArea>Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rossi, Carla" sort="Rossi, Carla" uniqKey="Rossi C" first="Carla" last="Rossi">Carla Rossi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centro Studi Statistici e Sociali CE3S, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Centro Studi Statistici e Sociali CE3S, Rome</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Griffiths, Paul" sort="Griffiths, Paul" uniqKey="Griffiths P" first="Paul" last="Griffiths">Paul Griffiths</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), Praça Europa 1, Cais do Sodré, 1249-289, Lisbon, Portugal.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Portugal</country><wicri:regionArea>European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), Praça Europa 1, Cais do Sodré, 1249-289, Lisbon</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Harm reduction journal</title><idno type="eISSN">1477-7517</idno><imprint><date when="2017" type="published">2017</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Despite advances in our knowledge of effective services for people who use drugs over the last decades globally, coverage remains poor in most countries, while quality is often unknown. This paper aims to discuss the historical development of successful epidemiological indicators and to present a framework for extending them with additional indicators of coverage and quality of harm reduction services, for monitoring and evaluation at international, national or subnational levels. The ultimate aim is to improve these services in order to reduce health and social problems among people who use drugs, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, crime and legal problems, overdose (death) and other morbidity and mortality.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="In-Process" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">28431584</PMID><DateCreated><Year>2017</Year><Month>04</Month><Day>22</Day></DateCreated><DateRevised><Year>2017</Year><Month>04</Month><Day>26</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1477-7517</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>14</Volume><Issue>1</Issue><PubDate><Year>2017</Year><Month>Apr</Month><Day>22</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Harm reduction journal</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Harm Reduct J</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Monitoring quality and coverage of harm reduction services for people who use drugs: a consensus study.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>19</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1186/s12954-017-0141-6</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText Label="BACKGROUND AND AIMS" NlmCategory="OBJECTIVE">Despite advances in our knowledge of effective services for people who use drugs over the last decades globally, coverage remains poor in most countries, while quality is often unknown. This paper aims to discuss the historical development of successful epidemiological indicators and to present a framework for extending them with additional indicators of coverage and quality of harm reduction services, for monitoring and evaluation at international, national or subnational levels. The ultimate aim is to improve these services in order to reduce health and social problems among people who use drugs, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, crime and legal problems, overdose (death) and other morbidity and mortality.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="METHODS AND RESULTS" NlmCategory="RESULTS">The framework was developed collaboratively using consensus methods involving nominal group meetings, review of existing quality standards, repeated email commenting rounds and qualitative analysis of opinions/experiences from a broad range of professionals/experts, including members of civil society and organisations representing people who use drugs. Twelve priority candidate indicators are proposed for opioid agonist therapy (OAT), needle and syringe programmes (NSP) and generic cross-cutting aspects of harm reduction (and potentially other drug) services. Under the specific OAT indicators, priority indicators included 'coverage', 'waiting list time', 'dosage' and 'availability in prisons'. For the specific NSP indicators, the priority indicators included 'coverage', 'number of needles/syringes distributed/collected', 'provision of other drug use paraphernalia' and 'availability in prisons'. Among the generic or cross-cutting indicators the priority indicators were 'infectious diseases counselling and care', 'take away naloxone', 'information on safe use/sex' and 'condoms'. We discuss conditions for the successful development of the suggested indicators and constraints (e.g. funding, ideology). We propose conducting a pilot study to test the feasibility and applicability of the proposed indicators before their scaling up and routine implementation, to evaluate their effectiveness in comparing service coverage and quality across countries.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="CONCLUSIONS" NlmCategory="CONCLUSIONS">The establishment of an improved set of validated and internationally agreed upon best practice indicators for monitoring harm reduction service will provide a structural basis for public health and epidemiological studies and support evidence and human rights-based health policies, services and interventions.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wiessing</LastName><ForeName>Lucas</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2078-2826</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), Praça Europa 1, Cais do Sodré, 1249-289, Lisbon, Portugal. Lucas.Wiessing@emcdda.europa.eu.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ferri</LastName><ForeName>Marica</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), Praça Europa 1, Cais do Sodré, 1249-289, Lisbon, Portugal.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Běláčková</LastName><ForeName>Vendula</ForeName><Initials>V</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Addictology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Institute for Mental Health, Prague, Czech Republic.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Uniting Medically Supervised Injecting Centre, Sydney, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Carrieri</LastName><ForeName>Patrizia</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Marseille Univ, INSERM, IRD, SESSTIM, Marseille, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ORS PACA, Marseille, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Friedman</LastName><ForeName>Samuel R</ForeName><Initials>SR</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Infectious Disease Research, National Development and Research Institutes, New York, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Folch</LastName><ForeName>Cinta</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centre d'Estudis Epidemiològics sobre les Infeccions de Transmissió Sexual i Sida de Catalunya (CEEISCAT), Agència de Salut Pública de Catalunya (ASPC), Barcelona, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Dolan</LastName><ForeName>Kate</ForeName><Initials>K</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Program of International Research and Training, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, The University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Galvin</LastName><ForeName>Brian</ForeName><Initials>B</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Health Research Board, Dublin, Ireland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Vickerman</LastName><ForeName>Peter</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lazarus</LastName><ForeName>Jeffrey V</ForeName><Initials>JV</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>CHIP, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Barcelona Institute of Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mravčík</LastName><ForeName>Viktor</ForeName><Initials>V</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Addictology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Institute for Mental Health, Prague, Czech Republic.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Addiction, Prague, Czech Republic.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kretzschmar</LastName><ForeName>Mirjam</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sypsa</LastName><ForeName>Vana</ForeName><Initials>V</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Hygiene Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sarasa-Renedo</LastName><ForeName>Ana</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Spanish Field Epidemiology Training Program (PEAC), National Centre of Epidemiology, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Uusküla</LastName><ForeName>Anneli</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Paraskevis</LastName><ForeName>Dimitrios</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Hygiene Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mendão</LastName><ForeName>Luis</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Group of Activists on Treatments (GAT), Lisbon, Portugal.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rossi</LastName><ForeName>Diana</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Intercambios Civil Association and University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>van Gelder</LastName><ForeName>Nadine</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), Praça Europa 1, Cais do Sodré, 1249-289, Lisbon, Portugal.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mitcheson</LastName><ForeName>Luke</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Alcohol, Drug, and Tobacco Division, Health and Wellbeing Directorate, Public Health England, London, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Paoli</LastName><ForeName>Letizia</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Leuven Institute of Criminology (LINC), Faculty of Law, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centre for Global Governance Studies (GSS), Leuven, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gomez</LastName><ForeName>Cristina Diaz</ForeName><Initials>CD</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>French Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (OFDT), Saint-Denis, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Milhet</LastName><ForeName>Maitena</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>French Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (OFDT), Saint-Denis, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Dascalu</LastName><ForeName>Nicoleta</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>The Romanian Association Against AIDS (ARAS), Bucharest, Romania.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Knight</LastName><ForeName>Jonathan</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Health, Wellington House, London, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hay</LastName><ForeName>Gordon</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Public Health Institute, Faculty of Education, Health and Community, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kalamara</LastName><ForeName>Eleni</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), Praça Europa 1, Cais do Sodré, 1249-289, Lisbon, Portugal.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Simon</LastName><ForeName>Roland</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), Praça Europa 1, Cais do Sodré, 1249-289, Lisbon, Portugal.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><CollectiveName>EUBEST working group</CollectiveName></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Comiskey</LastName><ForeName>Catherine</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rossi</LastName><ForeName>Carla</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centro Studi Statistici e Sociali CE3S, Rome, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Griffiths</LastName><ForeName>Paul</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), Praça Europa 1, Cais do Sodré, 1249-289, Lisbon, Portugal.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><GrantList CompleteYN="Y"><Grant><GrantID>DP1 DA034989</GrantID><Acronym>DA</Acronym><Agency>NIDA NIH HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>P30 DA011041</GrantID><Acronym>DA</Acronym><Agency>NIDA NIH HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>R01 DA013336</GrantID><Acronym>DA</Acronym><Agency>NIDA NIH HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant></GrantList><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2017</Year><Month>04</Month><Day>22</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>England</Country><MedlineTA>Harm Reduct J</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101153624</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>1477-7517</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><CommentsCorrectionsList><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>Lancet. 2015 Jan 3;385(9962):55-71</RefSource><PMID Version="1">25059947</PMID></CommentsCorrections><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>AIDS. 2006 Jan 2;20(1):93-9</RefSource><PMID Version="1">16327324</PMID></CommentsCorrections><CommentsCorrections 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MajorTopicYN="N">Interventions</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Knowledge exchange</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Monitoring</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">People who inject drugs/PWID</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">People who use drugs/PWUD</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Substance abuse</Keyword></KeywordList><InvestigatorList><Investigator ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Molinaro</LastName><ForeName>Sabrina</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials></Investigator><Investigator ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Franchini</LastName><ForeName>Michela</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials></Investigator><Investigator ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Siciliano</LastName><ForeName>Valeria</ForeName><Initials>V</Initials></Investigator><Investigator ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Benedetti</LastName><ForeName>Elisa</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials></Investigator><Investigator ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Perduca</LastName><ForeName>Marco</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials></Investigator><Investigator ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ylli</LastName><ForeName>Alban</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials></Investigator><Investigator ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Anta</LastName><ForeName>Gregorio Barrio</ForeName><Initials>GB</Initials></Investigator><Investigator ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Portela</LastName><ForeName>Maria José Bravo</ForeName><Initials>MJB</Initials></Investigator><Investigator ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Indave</LastName><ForeName>Iciar</ForeName><Initials>I</Initials></Investigator><Investigator ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rácz</LastName><ForeName>József</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials></Investigator><Investigator ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zábranský</LastName><ForeName>Tomáš</ForeName><Initials>T</Initials></Investigator><Investigator ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Štefunková</LastName><ForeName>Michaela</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials></Investigator><Investigator ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Dávila</LastName><ForeName>Percy Fernandez</ForeName><Initials>PF</Initials></Investigator><Investigator ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Salekesin</LastName><ForeName>Maris</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials></Investigator><Investigator ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Vorobjov</LastName><ForeName>Sigrid</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials></Investigator><Investigator ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Dan</LastName><ForeName>Monica</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials></Investigator><Investigator ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Fierbinteanu</LastName><ForeName>Cristina</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials></Investigator><Investigator ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Popescu</LastName><ForeName>Dan</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials></Investigator><Investigator ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Verdes</LastName><ForeName>Ludmila</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials></Investigator><Investigator ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Abagiu</LastName><ForeName>Adrian-Octavian</ForeName><Initials>AO</Initials></Investigator><Investigator ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hatzakis</LastName><ForeName>Angelos</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials></Investigator><Investigator ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Moudatsou</LastName><ForeName>Maria</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials></Investigator><Investigator ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Antypas</LastName><ForeName>Tzanetos</ForeName><Initials>T</Initials></Investigator><Investigator ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Cadet-Tairou</LastName><ForeName>Agnes</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials></Investigator><Investigator ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Collins</LastName><ForeName>Anne Marie</ForeName><Initials>AM</Initials></Investigator><Investigator ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Liddell</LastName><ForeName>David</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials></Investigator></InvestigatorList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2016</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>01</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2017</Year><Month>03</Month><Day>04</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2017</Year><Month>4</Month><Day>23</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate 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