Fine-Scale Structure Analysis Shows Epidemic Patterns of Clonal Complex 95, a Cosmopolitan Escherichia coli Lineage Responsible for Extraintestinal Infection.
Identifieur interne : 000B73 ( PubMed/Curation ); précédent : 000B72; suivant : 000B74Fine-Scale Structure Analysis Shows Epidemic Patterns of Clonal Complex 95, a Cosmopolitan Escherichia coli Lineage Responsible for Extraintestinal Infection.
Auteurs : David M. Gordon [Australie] ; Sarah Geyik [Australie] ; Olivier Clermont [France] ; Claire L. O'Brien [Australie] ; Shiwei Huang [Australie] ; Charmalie Abayasekara [Australie] ; Ashwin Rajesh [Australie] ; Karina Kennedy [Australie] ; Peter Collignon [Australie] ; Paul Pavli [Australie] ; Christophe Rodriguez [France] ; Brian D. Johnston [États-Unis] ; James R. Johnson [États-Unis] ; Jean-Winoc Decousser [France] ; Erick Denamur [France]Source :
- mSphere [ 2379-5042 ]
Abstract
The Escherichia coli lineage known as clonal complex 95 (CC95) is a cosmopolitan human-associated lineage responsible for a significant fraction of extraintestinal infections of humans. Whole-genome sequence data of 200 CC95 strains from various origins enabled determination of the CC95 pangenome. The pangenome analysis revealed that strains of the complex could be assigned to one of five subgroups that vary in their serotype, extraintestinal virulence, virulence gene content, and antibiotic resistance gene profile. A total of 511 CC95 strains isolated from humans living in France, Australia, and the United States were screened for their subgroup membership using a PCR-based method. The CC95 subgroups are nonrandomly distributed with respect to their geographic origin. The relative frequency of the subgroups was shown to change through time, although the nature of the changes varies with continent. Strains of the subgroups are also nonrandomly distributed with respect to source of isolation (blood, urine, or feces) and host sex. Collectively, the evidence indicates that although strains belonging to CC95 may be cosmopolitan, human movement patterns have been insufficient to homogenize the distribution of the CC95 subgroups. Rather, the manner in which CC95 strains evolve appears to vary both spatially and temporally. Although CC95 strains appeared globally as pandemic, fine-scale structure analysis shows epidemic patterns of the CC95 subgroups. Furthermore, the observation that the relative frequency of CC95 subgroups at a single locality has changed over time indicates that the relative fitness of the subgroups has changed. IMPORTANCEEscherichia coli clonal complex 95 represents a cosmopolitan, genetically diverse lineage, and the extensive substructure observed in this lineage is epidemiologically and clinically relevant. The frequency with which CC95 strains are responsible for extraintestinal infection appears to have been stable over the past 15 years. However, the different subgroups identified within this lineage have an epidemic structure depending on the host, sample, continent, and time. Thus, the evolution and spread of strains belonging to CC95 are very different from those of another cosmopolitan human-associated clonal complex, CC131, which has increased significantly in frequency as a cause of extraintestinal infection over the past 15 years due to the evolution and spread of two very closely related, nearly monomorphic lineages.
DOI: 10.1128/mSphere.00168-17
PubMed: 28593194
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Gordon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, the Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, the Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Geyik, Sarah" sort="Geyik, Sarah" uniqKey="Geyik S" first="Sarah" last="Geyik">Sarah Geyik</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, the Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, the Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Clermont, Olivier" sort="Clermont, Olivier" uniqKey="Clermont O" first="Olivier" last="Clermont">Olivier Clermont</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>UMR 1137 INSERM and Université Paris Diderot, IAME, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>UMR 1137 INSERM and Université Paris Diderot, IAME, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="O Brien, Claire L" sort="O Brien, Claire L" uniqKey="O Brien C" first="Claire L" last="O'Brien">Claire L. 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Johnston</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>VA Medical Center and Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Infectious Diseases, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>VA Medical Center and Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Infectious Diseases, Minneapolis, Minnesota</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Johnson, James R" sort="Johnson, James R" uniqKey="Johnson J" first="James R" last="Johnson">James R. 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Gordon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, the Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, the Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Geyik, Sarah" sort="Geyik, Sarah" uniqKey="Geyik S" first="Sarah" last="Geyik">Sarah Geyik</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, the Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, the Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Clermont, Olivier" sort="Clermont, Olivier" uniqKey="Clermont O" first="Olivier" last="Clermont">Olivier Clermont</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>UMR 1137 INSERM and Université Paris Diderot, IAME, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>UMR 1137 INSERM and Université Paris Diderot, IAME, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="O Brien, Claire L" sort="O Brien, Claire L" uniqKey="O Brien C" first="Claire L" last="O'Brien">Claire L. O'Brien</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Medical School, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Medical School, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Huang, Shiwei" sort="Huang, Shiwei" uniqKey="Huang S" first="Shiwei" last="Huang">Shiwei Huang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Medical School, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Medical School, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Abayasekara, Charmalie" sort="Abayasekara, Charmalie" uniqKey="Abayasekara C" first="Charmalie" last="Abayasekara">Charmalie Abayasekara</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, the Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, the Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rajesh, Ashwin" sort="Rajesh, Ashwin" uniqKey="Rajesh A" first="Ashwin" last="Rajesh">Ashwin Rajesh</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, the Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, the Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kennedy, Karina" sort="Kennedy, Karina" uniqKey="Kennedy K" first="Karina" last="Kennedy">Karina Kennedy</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Medical School, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Medical School, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Collignon, Peter" sort="Collignon, Peter" uniqKey="Collignon P" first="Peter" last="Collignon">Peter Collignon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Medical School, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Medical School, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pavli, Paul" sort="Pavli, Paul" uniqKey="Pavli P" first="Paul" last="Pavli">Paul Pavli</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Medical School, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Medical School, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rodriguez, Christophe" sort="Rodriguez, Christophe" uniqKey="Rodriguez C" first="Christophe" last="Rodriguez">Christophe Rodriguez</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>UMR 955 INSERM and Université Paris-Est, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>UMR 955 INSERM and Université Paris-Est, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Johnston, Brian D" sort="Johnston, Brian D" uniqKey="Johnston B" first="Brian D" last="Johnston">Brian D. Johnston</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>VA Medical Center and Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Infectious Diseases, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>VA Medical Center and Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Infectious Diseases, Minneapolis, Minnesota</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Johnson, James R" sort="Johnson, James R" uniqKey="Johnson J" first="James R" last="Johnson">James R. Johnson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>VA Medical Center and Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Infectious Diseases, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>VA Medical Center and Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Infectious Diseases, Minneapolis, Minnesota</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Decousser, Jean Winoc" sort="Decousser, Jean Winoc" uniqKey="Decousser J" first="Jean-Winoc" last="Decousser">Jean-Winoc Decousser</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>UMR 1137, INSERM, IAME, Paris and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>UMR 1137, INSERM, IAME, Paris and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Denamur, Erick" sort="Denamur, Erick" uniqKey="Denamur E" first="Erick" last="Denamur">Erick Denamur</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>UMR 1137 INSERM and Université Paris Diderot, IAME, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>UMR 1137 INSERM and Université Paris Diderot, IAME, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">mSphere</title><idno type="ISSN">2379-5042</idno></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">The Escherichia coli lineage known as clonal complex 95 (CC95) is a cosmopolitan human-associated lineage responsible for a significant fraction of extraintestinal infections of humans. Whole-genome sequence data of 200 CC95 strains from various origins enabled determination of the CC95 pangenome. The pangenome analysis revealed that strains of the complex could be assigned to one of five subgroups that vary in their serotype, extraintestinal virulence, virulence gene content, and antibiotic resistance gene profile. A total of 511 CC95 strains isolated from humans living in France, Australia, and the United States were screened for their subgroup membership using a PCR-based method. The CC95 subgroups are nonrandomly distributed with respect to their geographic origin. The relative frequency of the subgroups was shown to change through time, although the nature of the changes varies with continent. Strains of the subgroups are also nonrandomly distributed with respect to source of isolation (blood, urine, or feces) and host sex. Collectively, the evidence indicates that although strains belonging to CC95 may be cosmopolitan, human movement patterns have been insufficient to homogenize the distribution of the CC95 subgroups. Rather, the manner in which CC95 strains evolve appears to vary both spatially and temporally. Although CC95 strains appeared globally as pandemic, fine-scale structure analysis shows epidemic patterns of the CC95 subgroups. Furthermore, the observation that the relative frequency of CC95 subgroups at a single locality has changed over time indicates that the relative fitness of the subgroups has changed. IMPORTANCEEscherichia coli clonal complex 95 represents a cosmopolitan, genetically diverse lineage, and the extensive substructure observed in this lineage is epidemiologically and clinically relevant. The frequency with which CC95 strains are responsible for extraintestinal infection appears to have been stable over the past 15 years. However, the different subgroups identified within this lineage have an epidemic structure depending on the host, sample, continent, and time. Thus, the evolution and spread of strains belonging to CC95 are very different from those of another cosmopolitan human-associated clonal complex, CC131, which has increased significantly in frequency as a cause of extraintestinal infection over the past 15 years due to the evolution and spread of two very closely related, nearly monomorphic lineages.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="PubMed-not-MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">28593194</PMID><DateCreated><Year>2017</Year><Month>06</Month><Day>08</Day></DateCreated><DateRevised><Year>2017</Year><Month>08</Month><Day>16</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic-eCollection"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Print">2379-5042</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Print"><Volume>2</Volume><Issue>3</Issue><PubDate><MedlineDate>2017 May-Jun</MedlineDate></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>mSphere</Title><ISOAbbreviation>mSphere</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Fine-Scale Structure Analysis Shows Epidemic Patterns of Clonal Complex 95, a Cosmopolitan Escherichia coli Lineage Responsible for Extraintestinal Infection.</ArticleTitle><ELocationID EIdType="pii" ValidYN="Y">e00168-17</ELocationID><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1128/mSphere.00168-17</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>The Escherichia coli lineage known as clonal complex 95 (CC95) is a cosmopolitan human-associated lineage responsible for a significant fraction of extraintestinal infections of humans. Whole-genome sequence data of 200 CC95 strains from various origins enabled determination of the CC95 pangenome. The pangenome analysis revealed that strains of the complex could be assigned to one of five subgroups that vary in their serotype, extraintestinal virulence, virulence gene content, and antibiotic resistance gene profile. A total of 511 CC95 strains isolated from humans living in France, Australia, and the United States were screened for their subgroup membership using a PCR-based method. The CC95 subgroups are nonrandomly distributed with respect to their geographic origin. The relative frequency of the subgroups was shown to change through time, although the nature of the changes varies with continent. Strains of the subgroups are also nonrandomly distributed with respect to source of isolation (blood, urine, or feces) and host sex. Collectively, the evidence indicates that although strains belonging to CC95 may be cosmopolitan, human movement patterns have been insufficient to homogenize the distribution of the CC95 subgroups. Rather, the manner in which CC95 strains evolve appears to vary both spatially and temporally. Although CC95 strains appeared globally as pandemic, fine-scale structure analysis shows epidemic patterns of the CC95 subgroups. Furthermore, the observation that the relative frequency of CC95 subgroups at a single locality has changed over time indicates that the relative fitness of the subgroups has changed. IMPORTANCEEscherichia coli clonal complex 95 represents a cosmopolitan, genetically diverse lineage, and the extensive substructure observed in this lineage is epidemiologically and clinically relevant. The frequency with which CC95 strains are responsible for extraintestinal infection appears to have been stable over the past 15 years. However, the different subgroups identified within this lineage have an epidemic structure depending on the host, sample, continent, and time. Thus, the evolution and spread of strains belonging to CC95 are very different from those of another cosmopolitan human-associated clonal complex, CC131, which has increased significantly in frequency as a cause of extraintestinal infection over the past 15 years due to the evolution and spread of two very closely related, nearly monomorphic lineages.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gordon</LastName><ForeName>David M</ForeName><Initials>DM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, the Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Geyik</LastName><ForeName>Sarah</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, the Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Clermont</LastName><ForeName>Olivier</ForeName><Initials>O</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>UMR 1137 INSERM and Université Paris Diderot, IAME, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>O'Brien</LastName><ForeName>Claire L</ForeName><Initials>CL</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Medical School, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Huang</LastName><ForeName>Shiwei</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Medical School, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Abayasekara</LastName><ForeName>Charmalie</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, the Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rajesh</LastName><ForeName>Ashwin</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, the Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kennedy</LastName><ForeName>Karina</ForeName><Initials>K</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Medical School, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Infectious Disease and Microbiology, Canberra Hospital, Woden, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Collignon</LastName><ForeName>Peter</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Medical School, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Infectious Disease and Microbiology, Canberra Hospital, Woden, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ACT Pathology, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Pavli</LastName><ForeName>Paul</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Medical School, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rodriguez</LastName><ForeName>Christophe</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>UMR 955 INSERM and Université Paris-Est, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Johnston</LastName><ForeName>Brian D</ForeName><Initials>BD</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>VA Medical Center and Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Infectious Diseases, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Johnson</LastName><ForeName>James R</ForeName><Initials>JR</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>VA Medical Center and Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Infectious Diseases, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Decousser</LastName><ForeName>Jean-Winoc</ForeName><Initials>JW</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>UMR 1137, INSERM, IAME, Paris and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Denamur</LastName><ForeName>Erick</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>UMR 1137 INSERM and Université Paris Diderot, IAME, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Assistance Publique: Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate 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coli</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">clonal complex 95</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">epidemiology</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">population genetics</Keyword></KeywordList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2017</Year><Month>04</Month><Day>12</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2017</Year><Month>05</Month><Day>17</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2017</Year><Month>6</Month><Day>9</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2017</Year><Month>6</Month><Day>9</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2017</Year><Month>6</Month><Day>9</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>1</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>epublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">28593194</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1128/mSphere.00168-17</ArticleId><ArticleId 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