Trauma and PTSD in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys.
Identifieur interne : 000347 ( PubMed/Curation ); précédent : 000346; suivant : 000348Trauma and PTSD in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys.
Auteurs : Ronald C. Kessler [États-Unis] ; Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola [États-Unis] ; Jordi Alonso [Espagne] ; Corina Benjet [Mexique] ; Evelyn J. Bromet [États-Unis] ; Graça Cardoso [Portugal] ; Louisa Degenhardt [Australie] ; Giovanni De Girolamo [Italie] ; Rumyana V. Dinolova [Bulgarie] ; Finola Ferry [Royaume-Uni] ; Silvia Florescu [Roumanie] ; Oye Gureje [Nigeria] ; Josep Maria Haro [Espagne] ; Yueqin Huang [République populaire de Chine] ; Elie G. Karam [Liban] ; Norito Kawakami [Japon] ; Sing Lee [Hong Kong] ; Jean-Pierre Lepine [France] ; Daphna Levinson [Israël] ; Fernando Navarro-Mateu [Espagne] ; Beth-Ellen Pennell [États-Unis] ; Marina Piazza [Pérou] ; José Posada-Villa [Colombie] ; Kate M. Scott [Nouvelle-Zélande] ; Dan J. Stein [Afrique du Sud] ; Margreet Ten Have [Pays-Bas] ; Yolanda Torres [Colombie] ; Maria Carmen Viana [Brésil] ; Maria V. Petukhova [États-Unis] ; Nancy A. Sampson [États-Unis] ; Alan M. Zaslavsky [États-Unis] ; Karestan C. Koenen [États-Unis]Source :
- European journal of psychotraumatology [ 2000-8066 ] ; 2017.
Abstract
Background: Although post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) onset-persistence is thought to vary significantly by trauma type, most epidemiological surveys are incapable of assessing this because they evaluate lifetime PTSD only for traumas nominated by respondents as their 'worst.' Objective: To review research on associations of trauma type with PTSD in the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) surveys, a series of epidemiological surveys that obtained representative data on trauma-specific PTSD. Method: WMH Surveys in 24 countries (n = 68,894) assessed 29 lifetime traumas and evaluated PTSD twice for each respondent: once for the 'worst' lifetime trauma and separately for a randomly-selected trauma with weighting to adjust for individual differences in trauma exposures. PTSD onset-persistence was evaluated with the WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Results: In total, 70.4% of respondents experienced lifetime traumas, with exposure averaging 3.2 traumas per capita. Substantial between-trauma differences were found in PTSD onset but less in persistence. Traumas involving interpersonal violence had highest risk. Burden of PTSD, determined by multiplying trauma prevalence by trauma-specific PTSD risk and persistence, was 77.7 person-years/100 respondents. The trauma types with highest proportions of this burden were rape (13.1%), other sexual assault (15.1%), being stalked (9.8%), and unexpected death of a loved one (11.6%). The first three of these four represent relatively uncommon traumas with high PTSD risk and the last a very common trauma with low PTSD risk. The broad category of intimate partner sexual violence accounted for nearly 42.7% of all person-years with PTSD. Prior trauma history predicted both future trauma exposure and future PTSD risk. Conclusions: Trauma exposure is common throughout the world, unequally distributed, and differential across trauma types with respect to PTSD risk. Although a substantial minority of PTSD cases remits within months after onset, mean symptom duration is considerably longer than previously recognized.
DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2017.1353383
PubMed: 29075426
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Karam</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Balamand University, Beirut, Lebanon.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Liban</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Balamand University, Beirut</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kawakami, Norito" sort="Kawakami, Norito" uniqKey="Kawakami N" first="Norito" last="Kawakami">Norito Kawakami</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Mental Health, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Mental Health, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Sing" sort="Lee, Sing" uniqKey="Lee S" first="Sing" last="Lee">Sing Lee</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Psychiatry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Hong Kong</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Tai Po</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lepine, Jean Pierre" sort="Lepine, Jean Pierre" uniqKey="Lepine J" first="Jean-Pierre" last="Lepine">Jean-Pierre Lepine</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Psychiatrie non sectorisée, Hôpital Lariboisière- Fernand Widal, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Psychiatrie non sectorisée, Hôpital Lariboisière- Fernand Widal, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Levinson, Daphna" sort="Levinson, Daphna" uniqKey="Levinson D" first="Daphna" last="Levinson">Daphna Levinson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Mental Health Services, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Israël</country><wicri:regionArea>Mental Health Services, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Navarro Mateu, Fernando" sort="Navarro Mateu, Fernando" uniqKey="Navarro Mateu F" first="Fernando" last="Navarro-Mateu">Fernando Navarro-Mateu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>UDIF-SM, Subdirección General de Planificación, Innovación y Cronicidad, Servicio Murciano de Salud, IMIB-Arrixaca, CIBERESP-Murcia, Murcia, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>UDIF-SM, Subdirección General de Planificación, Innovación y Cronicidad, Servicio Murciano de Salud, IMIB-Arrixaca, CIBERESP-Murcia, Murcia</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pennell, Beth Ellen" sort="Pennell, Beth Ellen" uniqKey="Pennell B" first="Beth-Ellen" last="Pennell">Beth-Ellen Pennell</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Piazza, Marina" sort="Piazza, Marina" uniqKey="Piazza M" first="Marina" last="Piazza">Marina Piazza</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Departamento Académico de Salud Pública, Administración y Ciencias Sociales, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pérou</country><wicri:regionArea>Departamento Académico de Salud Pública, Administración y Ciencias Sociales, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Posada Villa, Jose" sort="Posada Villa, Jose" uniqKey="Posada Villa J" first="José" last="Posada-Villa">José Posada-Villa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Bogotá, Colombia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Colombie</country><wicri:regionArea>Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Bogotá</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Scott, Kate M" sort="Scott, Kate M" uniqKey="Scott K" first="Kate M" last="Scott">Kate M. Scott</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Nouvelle-Zélande</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stein, Dan J" sort="Stein, Dan J" uniqKey="Stein D" first="Dan J" last="Stein">Dan J. Stein</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ten Have, Margreet" sort="Ten Have, Margreet" uniqKey="Ten Have M" first="Margreet" last="Ten Have">Margreet Ten Have</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Epidemiology, Trimbos-Instituut, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology, Trimbos-Instituut, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Torres, Yolanda" sort="Torres, Yolanda" uniqKey="Torres Y" first="Yolanda" last="Torres">Yolanda Torres</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Center for Excellence on Research in Mental Health, CES University, Medellin, Colombia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Colombie</country><wicri:regionArea>Center for Excellence on Research in Mental Health, CES University, Medellin</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Viana, Maria Carmen" sort="Viana, Maria Carmen" uniqKey="Viana M" first="Maria Carmen" last="Viana">Maria Carmen Viana</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitoria</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Petukhova, Maria V" sort="Petukhova, Maria V" uniqKey="Petukhova M" first="Maria V" last="Petukhova">Maria V. Petukhova</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sampson, Nancy A" sort="Sampson, Nancy A" uniqKey="Sampson N" first="Nancy A" last="Sampson">Nancy A. Sampson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zaslavsky, Alan M" sort="Zaslavsky, Alan M" uniqKey="Zaslavsky A" first="Alan M" last="Zaslavsky">Alan M. Zaslavsky</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koenen, Karestan C" sort="Koenen, Karestan C" uniqKey="Koenen K" first="Karestan C" last="Koenen">Karestan C. Koenen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2017">2017</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:29075426</idno><idno type="pmid">29075426</idno><idno type="doi">10.1080/20008198.2017.1353383</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">000349</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000349</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Curation">000347</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Curation">000347</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Trauma and PTSD in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys.</title><author><name sortKey="Kessler, Ronald C" sort="Kessler, Ronald C" uniqKey="Kessler R" first="Ronald C" last="Kessler">Ronald C. Kessler</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aguilar Gaxiola, Sergio" sort="Aguilar Gaxiola, Sergio" uniqKey="Aguilar Gaxiola S" first="Sergio" last="Aguilar-Gaxiola">Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Center for Reducing Health Disparities, UC Davis Health System, Sacramento, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Center for Reducing Health Disparities, UC Davis Health System, Sacramento, CA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alonso, Jordi" sort="Alonso, Jordi" uniqKey="Alonso J" first="Jordi" last="Alonso">Jordi Alonso</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Health Services Research Unit, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Health Services Research Unit, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Benjet, Corina" sort="Benjet, Corina" uniqKey="Benjet C" first="Corina" last="Benjet">Corina Benjet</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Epidemiologic and Psychosocial Research, National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente Muniz, Mexico City, Mexico.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiologic and Psychosocial Research, National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente Muniz, Mexico City</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bromet, Evelyn J" sort="Bromet, Evelyn J" uniqKey="Bromet E" first="Evelyn J" last="Bromet">Evelyn J. Bromet</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cardoso, Graca" sort="Cardoso, Graca" uniqKey="Cardoso G" first="Graça" last="Cardoso">Graça Cardoso</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Lisbon Institute of Global Mental Health and Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC), Nova Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Portugal</country><wicri:regionArea>Lisbon Institute of Global Mental Health and Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC), Nova Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Degenhardt, Louisa" sort="Degenhardt, Louisa" uniqKey="Degenhardt L" first="Louisa" last="Degenhardt">Louisa Degenhardt</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Girolamo, Giovanni" sort="De Girolamo, Giovanni" uniqKey="De Girolamo G" first="Giovanni" last="De Girolamo">Giovanni De Girolamo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Unit of Epidemiological and Evaluation Psychiatry, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)-St. John of God Clinical Research Centre, Brescia, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Unit of Epidemiological and Evaluation Psychiatry, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)-St. John of God Clinical Research Centre, Brescia</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dinolova, Rumyana V" sort="Dinolova, Rumyana V" uniqKey="Dinolova R" first="Rumyana V" last="Dinolova">Rumyana V. Dinolova</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Sector "Mental Health", National Center of Public Health and Analyses, Sofia, Bulgaria.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Bulgarie</country><wicri:regionArea>Sector "Mental Health", National Center of Public Health and Analyses, Sofia</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ferry, Finola" sort="Ferry, Finola" uniqKey="Ferry F" first="Finola" last="Ferry">Finola Ferry</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Bamford Centre for Mental Health and Wellbeing, Ulster University, Northern Ireland.</nlm:affiliation><country>Royaume-Uni</country><placeName><region type="country">Irlande du Nord</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Bamford Centre for Mental Health and Wellbeing, Ulster University</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Florescu, Silvia" sort="Florescu, Silvia" uniqKey="Florescu S" first="Silvia" last="Florescu">Silvia Florescu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>National School of Public Health, Management and Development, Bucharest, Romania.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Roumanie</country><wicri:regionArea>National School of Public Health, Management and Development, Bucharest</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gureje, Oye" sort="Gureje, Oye" uniqKey="Gureje O" first="Oye" last="Gureje">Oye Gureje</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Psychiatry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Nigeria</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, University College Hospital, Ibadan</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haro, Josep Maria" sort="Haro, Josep Maria" uniqKey="Haro J" first="Josep Maria" last="Haro">Josep Maria Haro</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Universitat de Barcelona, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Universitat de Barcelona, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Huang, Yueqin" sort="Huang, Yueqin" uniqKey="Huang Y" first="Yueqin" last="Huang">Yueqin Huang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Karam, Elie G" sort="Karam, Elie G" uniqKey="Karam E" first="Elie G" last="Karam">Elie G. Karam</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Balamand University, Beirut, Lebanon.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Liban</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Balamand University, Beirut</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kawakami, Norito" sort="Kawakami, Norito" uniqKey="Kawakami N" first="Norito" last="Kawakami">Norito Kawakami</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Mental Health, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Mental Health, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Sing" sort="Lee, Sing" uniqKey="Lee S" first="Sing" last="Lee">Sing Lee</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Psychiatry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Hong Kong</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Tai Po</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lepine, Jean Pierre" sort="Lepine, Jean Pierre" uniqKey="Lepine J" first="Jean-Pierre" last="Lepine">Jean-Pierre Lepine</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Psychiatrie non sectorisée, Hôpital Lariboisière- Fernand Widal, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Psychiatrie non sectorisée, Hôpital Lariboisière- Fernand Widal, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Levinson, Daphna" sort="Levinson, Daphna" uniqKey="Levinson D" first="Daphna" last="Levinson">Daphna Levinson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Mental Health Services, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Israël</country><wicri:regionArea>Mental Health Services, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Navarro Mateu, Fernando" sort="Navarro Mateu, Fernando" uniqKey="Navarro Mateu F" first="Fernando" last="Navarro-Mateu">Fernando Navarro-Mateu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>UDIF-SM, Subdirección General de Planificación, Innovación y Cronicidad, Servicio Murciano de Salud, IMIB-Arrixaca, CIBERESP-Murcia, Murcia, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>UDIF-SM, Subdirección General de Planificación, Innovación y Cronicidad, Servicio Murciano de Salud, IMIB-Arrixaca, CIBERESP-Murcia, Murcia</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pennell, Beth Ellen" sort="Pennell, Beth Ellen" uniqKey="Pennell B" first="Beth-Ellen" last="Pennell">Beth-Ellen Pennell</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Piazza, Marina" sort="Piazza, Marina" uniqKey="Piazza M" first="Marina" last="Piazza">Marina Piazza</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Departamento Académico de Salud Pública, Administración y Ciencias Sociales, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pérou</country><wicri:regionArea>Departamento Académico de Salud Pública, Administración y Ciencias Sociales, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Posada Villa, Jose" sort="Posada Villa, Jose" uniqKey="Posada Villa J" first="José" last="Posada-Villa">José Posada-Villa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Bogotá, Colombia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Colombie</country><wicri:regionArea>Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Bogotá</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Scott, Kate M" sort="Scott, Kate M" uniqKey="Scott K" first="Kate M" last="Scott">Kate M. Scott</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Nouvelle-Zélande</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stein, Dan J" sort="Stein, Dan J" uniqKey="Stein D" first="Dan J" last="Stein">Dan J. Stein</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ten Have, Margreet" sort="Ten Have, Margreet" uniqKey="Ten Have M" first="Margreet" last="Ten Have">Margreet Ten Have</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Epidemiology, Trimbos-Instituut, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology, Trimbos-Instituut, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Torres, Yolanda" sort="Torres, Yolanda" uniqKey="Torres Y" first="Yolanda" last="Torres">Yolanda Torres</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Center for Excellence on Research in Mental Health, CES University, Medellin, Colombia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Colombie</country><wicri:regionArea>Center for Excellence on Research in Mental Health, CES University, Medellin</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Viana, Maria Carmen" sort="Viana, Maria Carmen" uniqKey="Viana M" first="Maria Carmen" last="Viana">Maria Carmen Viana</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitoria</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Petukhova, Maria V" sort="Petukhova, Maria V" uniqKey="Petukhova M" first="Maria V" last="Petukhova">Maria V. Petukhova</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sampson, Nancy A" sort="Sampson, Nancy A" uniqKey="Sampson N" first="Nancy A" last="Sampson">Nancy A. Sampson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zaslavsky, Alan M" sort="Zaslavsky, Alan M" uniqKey="Zaslavsky A" first="Alan M" last="Zaslavsky">Alan M. Zaslavsky</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koenen, Karestan C" sort="Koenen, Karestan C" uniqKey="Koenen K" first="Karestan C" last="Koenen">Karestan C. Koenen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">European journal of psychotraumatology</title><idno type="ISSN">2000-8066</idno><imprint><date when="2017" type="published">2017</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Background: Although post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) onset-persistence is thought to vary significantly by trauma type, most epidemiological surveys are incapable of assessing this because they evaluate lifetime PTSD only for traumas nominated by respondents as their 'worst.' Objective: To review research on associations of trauma type with PTSD in the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) surveys, a series of epidemiological surveys that obtained representative data on trauma-specific PTSD. Method: WMH Surveys in 24 countries (n = 68,894) assessed 29 lifetime traumas and evaluated PTSD twice for each respondent: once for the 'worst' lifetime trauma and separately for a randomly-selected trauma with weighting to adjust for individual differences in trauma exposures. PTSD onset-persistence was evaluated with the WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Results: In total, 70.4% of respondents experienced lifetime traumas, with exposure averaging 3.2 traumas per capita. Substantial between-trauma differences were found in PTSD onset but less in persistence. Traumas involving interpersonal violence had highest risk. Burden of PTSD, determined by multiplying trauma prevalence by trauma-specific PTSD risk and persistence, was 77.7 person-years/100 respondents. The trauma types with highest proportions of this burden were rape (13.1%), other sexual assault (15.1%), being stalked (9.8%), and unexpected death of a loved one (11.6%). The first three of these four represent relatively uncommon traumas with high PTSD risk and the last a very common trauma with low PTSD risk. The broad category of intimate partner sexual violence accounted for nearly 42.7% of all person-years with PTSD. Prior trauma history predicted both future trauma exposure and future PTSD risk. Conclusions: Trauma exposure is common throughout the world, unequally distributed, and differential across trauma types with respect to PTSD risk. Although a substantial minority of PTSD cases remits within months after onset, mean symptom duration is considerably longer than previously recognized.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="PubMed-not-MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">29075426</PMID><DateCreated><Year>2017</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>27</Day></DateCreated><DateRevised><Year>2017</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>29</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic-eCollection"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Print">2000-8066</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Print"><Volume>8</Volume><Issue>sup5</Issue><PubDate><Year>2017</Year></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>European journal of psychotraumatology</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Eur J Psychotraumatol</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Trauma and PTSD in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>1353383</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1080/20008198.2017.1353383</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Background: Although post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) onset-persistence is thought to vary significantly by trauma type, most epidemiological surveys are incapable of assessing this because they evaluate lifetime PTSD only for traumas nominated by respondents as their 'worst.' Objective: To review research on associations of trauma type with PTSD in the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) surveys, a series of epidemiological surveys that obtained representative data on trauma-specific PTSD. Method: WMH Surveys in 24 countries (n = 68,894) assessed 29 lifetime traumas and evaluated PTSD twice for each respondent: once for the 'worst' lifetime trauma and separately for a randomly-selected trauma with weighting to adjust for individual differences in trauma exposures. PTSD onset-persistence was evaluated with the WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Results: In total, 70.4% of respondents experienced lifetime traumas, with exposure averaging 3.2 traumas per capita. Substantial between-trauma differences were found in PTSD onset but less in persistence. Traumas involving interpersonal violence had highest risk. Burden of PTSD, determined by multiplying trauma prevalence by trauma-specific PTSD risk and persistence, was 77.7 person-years/100 respondents. The trauma types with highest proportions of this burden were rape (13.1%), other sexual assault (15.1%), being stalked (9.8%), and unexpected death of a loved one (11.6%). The first three of these four represent relatively uncommon traumas with high PTSD risk and the last a very common trauma with low PTSD risk. The broad category of intimate partner sexual violence accounted for nearly 42.7% of all person-years with PTSD. Prior trauma history predicted both future trauma exposure and future PTSD risk. Conclusions: Trauma exposure is common throughout the world, unequally distributed, and differential across trauma types with respect to PTSD risk. Although a substantial minority of PTSD cases remits within months after onset, mean symptom duration is considerably longer than previously recognized.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kessler</LastName><ForeName>Ronald C</ForeName><Initials>RC</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Aguilar-Gaxiola</LastName><ForeName>Sergio</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Center for Reducing Health Disparities, UC Davis Health System, Sacramento, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Alonso</LastName><ForeName>Jordi</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Health Services Research Unit, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Benjet</LastName><ForeName>Corina</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-4569-6094</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Epidemiologic and Psychosocial Research, National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente Muniz, Mexico City, Mexico.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bromet</LastName><ForeName>Evelyn J</ForeName><Initials>EJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Cardoso</LastName><ForeName>Graça</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0003-1756-0197</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Lisbon Institute of Global Mental Health and Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC), Nova Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Degenhardt</LastName><ForeName>Louisa</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>de Girolamo</LastName><ForeName>Giovanni</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Unit of Epidemiological and Evaluation Psychiatry, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)-St. John of God Clinical Research Centre, Brescia, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Dinolova</LastName><ForeName>Rumyana V</ForeName><Initials>RV</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Sector "Mental Health", National Center of Public Health and Analyses, Sofia, Bulgaria.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ferry</LastName><ForeName>Finola</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Bamford Centre for Mental Health and Wellbeing, Ulster University, Northern Ireland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Florescu</LastName><ForeName>Silvia</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National School of Public Health, Management and Development, Bucharest, Romania.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gureje</LastName><ForeName>Oye</ForeName><Initials>O</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Psychiatry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Haro</LastName><ForeName>Josep Maria</ForeName><Initials>JM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Universitat de Barcelona, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Huang</LastName><ForeName>Yueqin</ForeName><Initials>Y</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Karam</LastName><ForeName>Elie G</ForeName><Initials>EG</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Balamand University, Beirut, Lebanon.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, St George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute for Development, Research, Advocacy and Applied Care (IDRAAC), Beirut, Lebanon.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kawakami</LastName><ForeName>Norito</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Mental Health, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lee</LastName><ForeName>Sing</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Psychiatry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lepine</LastName><ForeName>Jean-Pierre</ForeName><Initials>JP</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Psychiatrie non sectorisée, Hôpital Lariboisière- Fernand Widal, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>INSERM UMR-S 1144, Universités Paris Descartes-Paris Diderot, Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Levinson</LastName><ForeName>Daphna</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Mental Health Services, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Navarro-Mateu</LastName><ForeName>Fernando</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>UDIF-SM, Subdirección General de Planificación, Innovación y Cronicidad, Servicio Murciano de Salud, IMIB-Arrixaca, CIBERESP-Murcia, Murcia, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Pennell</LastName><ForeName>Beth-Ellen</ForeName><Initials>BE</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Piazza</LastName><ForeName>Marina</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Departamento Académico de Salud Pública, Administración y Ciencias Sociales, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>La Unidad de Análisis y Generación de Evidencias en Salud Pública - UNAGESP, National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Posada-Villa</LastName><ForeName>José</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Bogotá, Colombia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Scott</LastName><ForeName>Kate M</ForeName><Initials>KM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Stein</LastName><ForeName>Dan J</ForeName><Initials>DJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ten Have</LastName><ForeName>Margreet</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Epidemiology, Trimbos-Instituut, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Torres</LastName><ForeName>Yolanda</ForeName><Initials>Y</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Center for Excellence on Research in Mental Health, CES University, Medellin, Colombia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Viana</LastName><ForeName>Maria Carmen</ForeName><Initials>MC</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Petukhova</LastName><ForeName>Maria V</ForeName><Initials>MV</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sampson</LastName><ForeName>Nancy A</ForeName><Initials>NA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zaslavsky</LastName><ForeName>Alan M</ForeName><Initials>AM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Koenen</LastName><ForeName>Karestan C</ForeName><Initials>KC</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2017</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>27</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>United States</Country><MedlineTA>Eur J Psychotraumatol</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101559025</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>2000-8066</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><CommentsCorrectionsList><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Jul 08;(3):CD005043</RefSource><PMID Version="1">19588364</PMID></CommentsCorrections><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2013 Sep;38(9):1858-73</RefSource><PMID Version="1">23838101</PMID></CommentsCorrections><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2006;15(4):167-80</RefSource><PMID 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Jul;28(4):307-11</RefSource><PMID Version="1">26001922</PMID></CommentsCorrections></CommentsCorrectionsList><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Burden of illness</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">disorder prevalence and persistence</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">epidemiology</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">trauma exposure</Keyword></KeywordList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2017</Year><Month>03</Month><Day>23</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="revised"><Year>2017</Year><Month>06</Month><Day>16</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2017</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>06</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2017</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>28</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate 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