Genetics of rheumatoid arthritis contributes to biology and drug discovery.
Identifieur interne : 003940 ( PubMed/Corpus ); précédent : 003939; suivant : 003941Genetics of rheumatoid arthritis contributes to biology and drug discovery.
Auteurs : Yukinori Okada ; Di Wu ; Gosia Trynka ; Towfique Raj ; Chikashi Terao ; Katsunori Ikari ; Yuta Kochi ; Koichiro Ohmura ; Akari Suzuki ; Shinji Yoshida ; Robert R. Graham ; Arun Manoharan ; Ward Ortmann ; Tushar Bhangale ; Joshua C. Denny ; Robert J. Carroll ; Anne E. Eyler ; Jeffrey D. Greenberg ; Joel M. Kremer ; Dimitrios A. Pappas ; Lei Jiang ; Jian Yin ; Lingying Ye ; Ding-Feng Su ; Jian Yang ; Gang Xie ; Ed Keystone ; Harm-Jan Westra ; T Nu Esko ; Andres Metspalu ; Xuezhong Zhou ; Namrata Gupta ; Daniel Mirel ; Eli A. Stahl ; Dorothée Diogo ; Jing Cui ; Katherine Liao ; Michael H. Guo ; Keiko Myouzen ; Takahisa Kawaguchi ; Marieke J H. Coenen ; Piet L C M. Van Riel ; Mart A F J. Van De Laar ; Henk-Jan Guchelaar ; Tom W J. Huizinga ; Philippe Dieudé ; Xavier Mariette ; S Louis Bridges ; Alexandra Zhernakova ; Rene E M. Toes ; Paul P. Tak ; Corinne Miceli-Richard ; So-Young Bang ; Hye-Soon Lee ; Javier Martin ; Miguel A. Gonzalez-Gay ; Luis Rodriguez-Rodriguez ; Solbritt Rantap Dahlqvist ; Lisbeth Arlestig ; Hyon K. Choi ; Yoichiro Kamatani ; Pilar Galan ; Mark Lathrop ; Steve Eyre ; John Bowes ; Anne Barton ; Niek De Vries ; Larry W. Moreland ; Lindsey A. Criswell ; Elizabeth W. Karlson ; Atsuo Taniguchi ; Ryo Yamada ; Michiaki Kubo ; Jun S. Liu ; Sang-Cheol Bae ; Jane Worthington ; Leonid Padyukov ; Lars Klareskog ; Peter K. Gregersen ; Soumya Raychaudhuri ; Barbara E. Stranger ; Philip L. De Jager ; Lude Franke ; Peter M. Visscher ; Matthew A. Brown ; Hisashi Yamanaka ; Tsuneyo Mimori ; Atsushi Takahashi ; Huji Xu ; Timothy W. Behrens ; Katherine A. Siminovitch ; Shigeki Momohara ; Fumihiko Matsuda ; Kazuhiko Yamamoto ; Robert M. PlengeSource :
- Nature [ 1476-4687 ] ; 2014.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Alleles, Animals, Arthritis, Rheumatoid (drug therapy), Arthritis, Rheumatoid (genetics), Arthritis, Rheumatoid (metabolism), Arthritis, Rheumatoid (pathology), Asian Continental Ancestry Group (genetics), Case-Control Studies, Computational Biology, Drug Discovery, Drug Repositioning, European Continental Ancestry Group (genetics), Female, Genetic Predisposition to Disease (genetics), Genome-Wide Association Study, Hematologic Neoplasms (genetics), Hematologic Neoplasms (metabolism), Humans, Male, Mice, Mice, Knockout, Molecular Targeted Therapy, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide (genetics).
- MESH :
- drug therapy : Arthritis, Rheumatoid.
- genetics : Arthritis, Rheumatoid, Asian Continental Ancestry Group, European Continental Ancestry Group, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Hematologic Neoplasms, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide.
- metabolism : Arthritis, Rheumatoid, Hematologic Neoplasms.
- pathology : Arthritis, Rheumatoid.
- Alleles, Animals, Case-Control Studies, Computational Biology, Drug Discovery, Drug Repositioning, Female, Genome-Wide Association Study, Humans, Male, Mice, Mice, Knockout, Molecular Targeted Therapy.
Abstract
A major challenge in human genetics is to devise a systematic strategy to integrate disease-associated variants with diverse genomic and biological data sets to provide insight into disease pathogenesis and guide drug discovery for complex traits such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Here we performed a genome-wide association study meta-analysis in a total of >100,000 subjects of European and Asian ancestries (29,880 RA cases and 73,758 controls), by evaluating ∼10 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms. We discovered 42 novel RA risk loci at a genome-wide level of significance, bringing the total to 101 (refs 2 - 4). We devised an in silico pipeline using established bioinformatics methods based on functional annotation, cis-acting expression quantitative trait loci and pathway analyses--as well as novel methods based on genetic overlap with human primary immunodeficiency, haematological cancer somatic mutations and knockout mouse phenotypes--to identify 98 biological candidate genes at these 101 risk loci. We demonstrate that these genes are the targets of approved therapies for RA, and further suggest that drugs approved for other indications may be repurposed for the treatment of RA. Together, this comprehensive genetic study sheds light on fundamental genes, pathways and cell types that contribute to RA pathogenesis, and provides empirical evidence that the genetics of RA can provide important information for drug discovery.
DOI: 10.1038/nature12873
PubMed: 24390342
Links to Exploration step
pubmed:24390342Le document en format XML
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<author><name sortKey="Okada, Yukinori" sort="Okada, Yukinori" uniqKey="Okada Y" first="Yukinori" last="Okada">Yukinori Okada</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [3] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wu, Di" sort="Wu, Di" uniqKey="Wu D" first="Di" last="Wu">Di Wu</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [3] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. [4] Department of Statistics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA. [5] Centre for Cancer Research, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Trynka, Gosia" sort="Trynka, Gosia" uniqKey="Trynka G" first="Gosia" last="Trynka">Gosia Trynka</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [3] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Raj, Towfique" sort="Raj, Towfique" uniqKey="Raj T" first="Towfique" last="Raj">Towfique Raj</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. [3] Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Institute for the Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Terao, Chikashi" sort="Terao, Chikashi" uniqKey="Terao C" first="Chikashi" last="Terao">Chikashi Terao</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan. [2] Department of Rheumatology and Clinical immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ikari, Katsunori" sort="Ikari, Katsunori" uniqKey="Ikari K" first="Katsunori" last="Ikari">Katsunori Ikari</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Rheumatology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo 162-0054, Japan.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kochi, Yuta" sort="Kochi, Yuta" uniqKey="Kochi Y" first="Yuta" last="Kochi">Yuta Kochi</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Laboratory for Autoimmune Diseases, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ohmura, Koichiro" sort="Ohmura, Koichiro" uniqKey="Ohmura K" first="Koichiro" last="Ohmura">Koichiro Ohmura</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Rheumatology and Clinical immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Suzuki, Akari" sort="Suzuki, Akari" uniqKey="Suzuki A" first="Akari" last="Suzuki">Akari Suzuki</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Laboratory for Autoimmune Diseases, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yoshida, Shinji" sort="Yoshida, Shinji" uniqKey="Yoshida S" first="Shinji" last="Yoshida">Shinji Yoshida</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Rheumatology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo 162-0054, Japan.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Graham, Robert R" sort="Graham, Robert R" uniqKey="Graham R" first="Robert R" last="Graham">Robert R. Graham</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Immunology Biomarkers Group, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Manoharan, Arun" sort="Manoharan, Arun" uniqKey="Manoharan A" first="Arun" last="Manoharan">Arun Manoharan</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Immunology Biomarkers Group, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ortmann, Ward" sort="Ortmann, Ward" uniqKey="Ortmann W" first="Ward" last="Ortmann">Ward Ortmann</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Immunology Biomarkers Group, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bhangale, Tushar" sort="Bhangale, Tushar" uniqKey="Bhangale T" first="Tushar" last="Bhangale">Tushar Bhangale</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Immunology Biomarkers Group, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Denny, Joshua C" sort="Denny, Joshua C" uniqKey="Denny J" first="Joshua C" last="Denny">Joshua C. Denny</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA. [2] Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Carroll, Robert J" sort="Carroll, Robert J" uniqKey="Carroll R" first="Robert J" last="Carroll">Robert J. Carroll</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Eyler, Anne E" sort="Eyler, Anne E" uniqKey="Eyler A" first="Anne E" last="Eyler">Anne E. Eyler</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Greenberg, Jeffrey D" sort="Greenberg, Jeffrey D" uniqKey="Greenberg J" first="Jeffrey D" last="Greenberg">Jeffrey D. Greenberg</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>New York University Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, New York 10003, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kremer, Joel M" sort="Kremer, Joel M" uniqKey="Kremer J" first="Joel M" last="Kremer">Joel M. Kremer</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine, Albany Medical Center and The Center for Rheumatology, Albany, New York 12206, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pappas, Dimitrios A" sort="Pappas, Dimitrios A" uniqKey="Pappas D" first="Dimitrios A" last="Pappas">Dimitrios A. Pappas</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York, Presbyterian Hospital, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jiang, Lei" sort="Jiang, Lei" uniqKey="Jiang L" first="Lei" last="Jiang">Lei Jiang</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yin, Jian" sort="Yin, Jian" uniqKey="Yin J" first="Jian" last="Yin">Jian Yin</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ye, Lingying" sort="Ye, Lingying" uniqKey="Ye L" first="Lingying" last="Ye">Lingying Ye</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Su, Ding Feng" sort="Su, Ding Feng" uniqKey="Su D" first="Ding-Feng" last="Su">Ding-Feng Su</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yang, Jian" sort="Yang, Jian" uniqKey="Yang J" first="Jian" last="Yang">Jian Yang</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia. [2] Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Xie, Gang" sort="Xie, Gang" uniqKey="Xie G" first="Gang" last="Xie">Gang Xie</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada. [2] Toronto General Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada. [3] Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2J7, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Keystone, Ed" sort="Keystone, Ed" uniqKey="Keystone E" first="Ed" last="Keystone">Ed Keystone</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 2J7, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Westra, Harm Jan" sort="Westra, Harm Jan" uniqKey="Westra H" first="Harm-Jan" last="Westra">Harm-Jan Westra</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Esko, T Nu" sort="Esko, T Nu" uniqKey="Esko T" first="T Nu" last="Esko">T Nu Esko</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. [2] Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, Tartu 51010, Estonia. [3] Division of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Metspalu, Andres" sort="Metspalu, Andres" uniqKey="Metspalu A" first="Andres" last="Metspalu">Andres Metspalu</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, Tartu 51010, Estonia.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhou, Xuezhong" sort="Zhou, Xuezhong" uniqKey="Zhou X" first="Xuezhong" last="Zhou">Xuezhong Zhou</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Computer and Information Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gupta, Namrata" sort="Gupta, Namrata" uniqKey="Gupta N" first="Namrata" last="Gupta">Namrata Gupta</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mirel, Daniel" sort="Mirel, Daniel" uniqKey="Mirel D" first="Daniel" last="Mirel">Daniel Mirel</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stahl, Eli A" sort="Stahl, Eli A" uniqKey="Stahl E" first="Eli A" last="Stahl">Eli A. Stahl</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The Department of Psychiatry at Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Diogo, Dorothee" sort="Diogo, Dorothee" uniqKey="Diogo D" first="Dorothée" last="Diogo">Dorothée Diogo</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [3] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cui, Jing" sort="Cui, Jing" uniqKey="Cui J" first="Jing" last="Cui">Jing Cui</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [3] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Liao, Katherine" sort="Liao, Katherine" uniqKey="Liao K" first="Katherine" last="Liao">Katherine Liao</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [3] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Guo, Michael H" sort="Guo, Michael H" uniqKey="Guo M" first="Michael H" last="Guo">Michael H. Guo</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. [3] Division of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Myouzen, Keiko" sort="Myouzen, Keiko" uniqKey="Myouzen K" first="Keiko" last="Myouzen">Keiko Myouzen</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Laboratory for Autoimmune Diseases, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kawaguchi, Takahisa" sort="Kawaguchi, Takahisa" uniqKey="Kawaguchi T" first="Takahisa" last="Kawaguchi">Takahisa Kawaguchi</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Coenen, Marieke J H" sort="Coenen, Marieke J H" uniqKey="Coenen M" first="Marieke J H" last="Coenen">Marieke J H. Coenen</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen 6500 HB, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Van Riel, Piet L C M" sort="Van Riel, Piet L C M" uniqKey="Van Riel P" first="Piet L C M" last="Van Riel">Piet L C M. Van Riel</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen 6500 HB, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Van De Laar, Mart A F J" sort="Van De Laar, Mart A F J" uniqKey="Van De Laar M" first="Mart A F J" last="Van De Laar">Mart A F J. Van De Laar</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Arthritis Center Twente, University Twente & Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Guchelaar, Henk Jan" sort="Guchelaar, Henk Jan" uniqKey="Guchelaar H" first="Henk-Jan" last="Guchelaar">Henk-Jan Guchelaar</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Huizinga, Tom W J" sort="Huizinga, Tom W J" uniqKey="Huizinga T" first="Tom W J" last="Huizinga">Tom W J. Huizinga</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dieude, Philippe" sort="Dieude, Philippe" uniqKey="Dieude P" first="Philippe" last="Dieudé">Philippe Dieudé</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Service de Rhumatologie et INSERM U699 Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris 75018, France. [2] Université Paris 7-Diderot, Paris 75013, France.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mariette, Xavier" sort="Mariette, Xavier" uniqKey="Mariette X" first="Xavier" last="Mariette">Xavier Mariette</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1012, Université Paris-Sud, Rhumatologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Le Kremlin Bicêtre 94275, France.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bridges, S Louis" sort="Bridges, S Louis" uniqKey="Bridges S" first="S Louis" last="Bridges">S Louis Bridges</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhernakova, Alexandra" sort="Zhernakova, Alexandra" uniqKey="Zhernakova A" first="Alexandra" last="Zhernakova">Alexandra Zhernakova</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Toes, Rene E M" sort="Toes, Rene E M" uniqKey="Toes R" first="Rene E M" last="Toes">Rene E M. Toes</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tak, Paul P" sort="Tak, Paul P" uniqKey="Tak P" first="Paul P" last="Tak">Paul P. Tak</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] AMC/University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherlands. [2] GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK. [3] University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Miceli Richard, Corinne" sort="Miceli Richard, Corinne" uniqKey="Miceli Richard C" first="Corinne" last="Miceli-Richard">Corinne Miceli-Richard</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1012, Université Paris-Sud, Rhumatologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Le Kremlin Bicêtre 94275, France.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bang, So Young" sort="Bang, So Young" uniqKey="Bang S" first="So-Young" last="Bang">So-Young Bang</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul 133-792, South Korea.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lee, Hye Soon" sort="Lee, Hye Soon" uniqKey="Lee H" first="Hye-Soon" last="Lee">Hye-Soon Lee</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul 133-792, South Korea.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Martin, Javier" sort="Martin, Javier" uniqKey="Martin J" first="Javier" last="Martin">Javier Martin</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Instituto de Parasitologia y Biomedicina Lopez-Neyra, CSIC, Granada 18100, Spain.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gonzalez Gay, Miguel A" sort="Gonzalez Gay, Miguel A" uniqKey="Gonzalez Gay M" first="Miguel A" last="Gonzalez-Gay">Miguel A. Gonzalez-Gay</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, IFIMAV, Santander 39008, Spain.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rodriguez Rodriguez, Luis" sort="Rodriguez Rodriguez, Luis" uniqKey="Rodriguez Rodriguez L" first="Luis" last="Rodriguez-Rodriguez">Luis Rodriguez-Rodriguez</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Hospital Clinico San Carlos, Madrid 28040, Spain.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rantap Dahlqvist, Solbritt" sort="Rantap Dahlqvist, Solbritt" uniqKey="Rantap Dahlqvist S" first="Solbritt" last="Rantap Dahlqvist">Solbritt Rantap Dahlqvist</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå SE-901 87, Sweden. [2] Department of Rheumatology, Umeå University, Umeå SE-901 87, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Arlestig, Lisbeth" sort="Arlestig, Lisbeth" uniqKey="Arlestig L" first="Lisbeth" last="Arlestig">Lisbeth Arlestig</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå SE-901 87, Sweden. [2] Department of Rheumatology, Umeå University, Umeå SE-901 87, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Choi, Hyon K" sort="Choi, Hyon K" uniqKey="Choi H" first="Hyon K" last="Choi">Hyon K. Choi</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02115, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Section of Rheumatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA. [3] Clinical Epidemiology Research and Training Unit, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kamatani, Yoichiro" sort="Kamatani, Yoichiro" uniqKey="Kamatani Y" first="Yoichiro" last="Kamatani">Yoichiro Kamatani</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH), Paris 75010, France.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Galan, Pilar" sort="Galan, Pilar" uniqKey="Galan P" first="Pilar" last="Galan">Pilar Galan</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Université Paris 13 Sorbonne Paris Cité, UREN (Nutritional Epidemiology Research Unit), Inserm (U557), Inra (U1125), Cnam, Bobigny 93017, France.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lathrop, Mark" sort="Lathrop, Mark" uniqKey="Lathrop M" first="Mark" last="Lathrop">Mark Lathrop</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montréal, Québec H3A 0G1 Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Eyre, Steve" sort="Eyre, Steve" uniqKey="Eyre S" first="Steve" last="Eyre">Steve Eyre</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Arthritis Research UK Epidemiology Unit, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9NT, UK. [2] National Institute for Health Research, Manchester Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Central Manchester University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester M13 9NT, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bowes, John" sort="Bowes, John" uniqKey="Bowes J" first="John" last="Bowes">John Bowes</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Arthritis Research UK Epidemiology Unit, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9NT, UK. [2] National Institute for Health Research, Manchester Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Central Manchester University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester M13 9NT, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Barton, Anne" sort="Barton, Anne" uniqKey="Barton A" first="Anne" last="Barton">Anne Barton</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Arthritis Research UK Epidemiology Unit, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9NT, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="De Vries, Niek" sort="De Vries, Niek" uniqKey="De Vries N" first="Niek" last="De Vries">Niek De Vries</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology & Department of Genome Analysis, Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Moreland, Larry W" sort="Moreland, Larry W" uniqKey="Moreland L" first="Larry W" last="Moreland">Larry W. Moreland</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Criswell, Lindsey A" sort="Criswell, Lindsey A" uniqKey="Criswell L" first="Lindsey A" last="Criswell">Lindsey A. Criswell</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Rosalind Russell Medical Research Center for Arthritis, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94117, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Karlson, Elizabeth W" sort="Karlson, Elizabeth W" uniqKey="Karlson E" first="Elizabeth W" last="Karlson">Elizabeth W. Karlson</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Taniguchi, Atsuo" sort="Taniguchi, Atsuo" uniqKey="Taniguchi A" first="Atsuo" last="Taniguchi">Atsuo Taniguchi</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Rheumatology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo 162-0054, Japan.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yamada, Ryo" sort="Yamada, Ryo" uniqKey="Yamada R" first="Ryo" last="Yamada">Ryo Yamada</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Unit of Statistical Genetics, Center for Genomic Medicine Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kubo, Michiaki" sort="Kubo, Michiaki" uniqKey="Kubo M" first="Michiaki" last="Kubo">Michiaki Kubo</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Laboratory for Genotyping Development, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Liu, Jun S" sort="Liu, Jun S" uniqKey="Liu J" first="Jun S" last="Liu">Jun S. Liu</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Statistics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bae, Sang Cheol" sort="Bae, Sang Cheol" uniqKey="Bae S" first="Sang-Cheol" last="Bae">Sang-Cheol Bae</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul 133-792, South Korea.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Worthington, Jane" sort="Worthington, Jane" uniqKey="Worthington J" first="Jane" last="Worthington">Jane Worthington</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Arthritis Research UK Epidemiology Unit, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9NT, UK. [2] National Institute for Health Research, Manchester Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Central Manchester University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester M13 9NT, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Padyukov, Leonid" sort="Padyukov, Leonid" uniqKey="Padyukov L" first="Leonid" last="Padyukov">Leonid Padyukov</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine (Solna), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-171 76, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Klareskog, Lars" sort="Klareskog, Lars" uniqKey="Klareskog L" first="Lars" last="Klareskog">Lars Klareskog</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine (Solna), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-171 76, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gregersen, Peter K" sort="Gregersen, Peter K" uniqKey="Gregersen P" first="Peter K" last="Gregersen">Peter K. Gregersen</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, New York 11030, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Raychaudhuri, Soumya" sort="Raychaudhuri, Soumya" uniqKey="Raychaudhuri S" first="Soumya" last="Raychaudhuri">Soumya Raychaudhuri</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [3] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. [4] NIHR Manchester Musculoskeletal Biomedical, Research Unit, Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester M13 9NT, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stranger, Barbara E" sort="Stranger, Barbara E" uniqKey="Stranger B" first="Barbara E" last="Stranger">Barbara E. Stranger</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Section of Genetic Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA. [2] Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="De Jager, Philip L" sort="De Jager, Philip L" uniqKey="De Jager P" first="Philip L" last="De Jager">Philip L. De Jager</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. [3] Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Institute for the Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Franke, Lude" sort="Franke, Lude" uniqKey="Franke L" first="Lude" last="Franke">Lude Franke</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Visscher, Peter M" sort="Visscher, Peter M" uniqKey="Visscher P" first="Peter M" last="Visscher">Peter M. Visscher</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia. [2] Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Brown, Matthew A" sort="Brown, Matthew A" uniqKey="Brown M" first="Matthew A" last="Brown">Matthew A. Brown</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yamanaka, Hisashi" sort="Yamanaka, Hisashi" uniqKey="Yamanaka H" first="Hisashi" last="Yamanaka">Hisashi Yamanaka</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Rheumatology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo 162-0054, Japan.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mimori, Tsuneyo" sort="Mimori, Tsuneyo" uniqKey="Mimori T" first="Tsuneyo" last="Mimori">Tsuneyo Mimori</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Rheumatology and Clinical immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Takahashi, Atsushi" sort="Takahashi, Atsushi" uniqKey="Takahashi A" first="Atsushi" last="Takahashi">Atsushi Takahashi</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Xu, Huji" sort="Xu, Huji" uniqKey="Xu H" first="Huji" last="Xu">Huji Xu</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Behrens, Timothy W" sort="Behrens, Timothy W" uniqKey="Behrens T" first="Timothy W" last="Behrens">Timothy W. Behrens</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Immunology Biomarkers Group, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Siminovitch, Katherine A" sort="Siminovitch, Katherine A" uniqKey="Siminovitch K" first="Katherine A" last="Siminovitch">Katherine A. Siminovitch</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada. [2] Toronto General Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada. [3] Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2J7, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Momohara, Shigeki" sort="Momohara, Shigeki" uniqKey="Momohara S" first="Shigeki" last="Momohara">Shigeki Momohara</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Rheumatology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo 162-0054, Japan.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Matsuda, Fumihiko" sort="Matsuda, Fumihiko" uniqKey="Matsuda F" first="Fumihiko" last="Matsuda">Fumihiko Matsuda</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan. [2] Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) program, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan. [3] Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) Unite U852, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yamamoto, Kazuhiko" sort="Yamamoto, Kazuhiko" uniqKey="Yamamoto K" first="Kazuhiko" last="Yamamoto">Kazuhiko Yamamoto</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Laboratory for Autoimmune Diseases, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan. [2] Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Plenge, Robert M" sort="Plenge, Robert M" uniqKey="Plenge R" first="Robert M" last="Plenge">Robert M. Plenge</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [3] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
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</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno>
<date when="2014">2014</date>
<idno type="RBID">pubmed:24390342</idno>
<idno type="pmid">24390342</idno>
<idno type="doi">10.1038/nature12873</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">003940</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">003940</idno>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Genetics of rheumatoid arthritis contributes to biology and drug discovery.</title>
<author><name sortKey="Okada, Yukinori" sort="Okada, Yukinori" uniqKey="Okada Y" first="Yukinori" last="Okada">Yukinori Okada</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [3] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
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<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [3] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. [4] Department of Statistics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA. [5] Centre for Cancer Research, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.</nlm:affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Trynka, Gosia" sort="Trynka, Gosia" uniqKey="Trynka G" first="Gosia" last="Trynka">Gosia Trynka</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [3] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Raj, Towfique" sort="Raj, Towfique" uniqKey="Raj T" first="Towfique" last="Raj">Towfique Raj</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. [3] Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Institute for the Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Terao, Chikashi" sort="Terao, Chikashi" uniqKey="Terao C" first="Chikashi" last="Terao">Chikashi Terao</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan. [2] Department of Rheumatology and Clinical immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.</nlm:affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Ikari, Katsunori" sort="Ikari, Katsunori" uniqKey="Ikari K" first="Katsunori" last="Ikari">Katsunori Ikari</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Rheumatology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo 162-0054, Japan.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kochi, Yuta" sort="Kochi, Yuta" uniqKey="Kochi Y" first="Yuta" last="Kochi">Yuta Kochi</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Laboratory for Autoimmune Diseases, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ohmura, Koichiro" sort="Ohmura, Koichiro" uniqKey="Ohmura K" first="Koichiro" last="Ohmura">Koichiro Ohmura</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Rheumatology and Clinical immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Suzuki, Akari" sort="Suzuki, Akari" uniqKey="Suzuki A" first="Akari" last="Suzuki">Akari Suzuki</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Laboratory for Autoimmune Diseases, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yoshida, Shinji" sort="Yoshida, Shinji" uniqKey="Yoshida S" first="Shinji" last="Yoshida">Shinji Yoshida</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Rheumatology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo 162-0054, Japan.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Graham, Robert R" sort="Graham, Robert R" uniqKey="Graham R" first="Robert R" last="Graham">Robert R. Graham</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Immunology Biomarkers Group, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Manoharan, Arun" sort="Manoharan, Arun" uniqKey="Manoharan A" first="Arun" last="Manoharan">Arun Manoharan</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Immunology Biomarkers Group, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ortmann, Ward" sort="Ortmann, Ward" uniqKey="Ortmann W" first="Ward" last="Ortmann">Ward Ortmann</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Immunology Biomarkers Group, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Bhangale, Tushar" sort="Bhangale, Tushar" uniqKey="Bhangale T" first="Tushar" last="Bhangale">Tushar Bhangale</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Immunology Biomarkers Group, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Denny, Joshua C" sort="Denny, Joshua C" uniqKey="Denny J" first="Joshua C" last="Denny">Joshua C. Denny</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA. [2] Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Carroll, Robert J" sort="Carroll, Robert J" uniqKey="Carroll R" first="Robert J" last="Carroll">Robert J. Carroll</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Eyler, Anne E" sort="Eyler, Anne E" uniqKey="Eyler A" first="Anne E" last="Eyler">Anne E. Eyler</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Greenberg, Jeffrey D" sort="Greenberg, Jeffrey D" uniqKey="Greenberg J" first="Jeffrey D" last="Greenberg">Jeffrey D. Greenberg</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>New York University Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, New York 10003, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Kremer, Joel M" sort="Kremer, Joel M" uniqKey="Kremer J" first="Joel M" last="Kremer">Joel M. Kremer</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine, Albany Medical Center and The Center for Rheumatology, Albany, New York 12206, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pappas, Dimitrios A" sort="Pappas, Dimitrios A" uniqKey="Pappas D" first="Dimitrios A" last="Pappas">Dimitrios A. Pappas</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York, Presbyterian Hospital, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Jiang, Lei" sort="Jiang, Lei" uniqKey="Jiang L" first="Lei" last="Jiang">Lei Jiang</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yin, Jian" sort="Yin, Jian" uniqKey="Yin J" first="Jian" last="Yin">Jian Yin</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ye, Lingying" sort="Ye, Lingying" uniqKey="Ye L" first="Lingying" last="Ye">Lingying Ye</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Su, Ding Feng" sort="Su, Ding Feng" uniqKey="Su D" first="Ding-Feng" last="Su">Ding-Feng Su</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.</nlm:affiliation>
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</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yang, Jian" sort="Yang, Jian" uniqKey="Yang J" first="Jian" last="Yang">Jian Yang</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia. [2] Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Xie, Gang" sort="Xie, Gang" uniqKey="Xie G" first="Gang" last="Xie">Gang Xie</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada. [2] Toronto General Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada. [3] Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2J7, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Keystone, Ed" sort="Keystone, Ed" uniqKey="Keystone E" first="Ed" last="Keystone">Ed Keystone</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 2J7, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Westra, Harm Jan" sort="Westra, Harm Jan" uniqKey="Westra H" first="Harm-Jan" last="Westra">Harm-Jan Westra</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Esko, T Nu" sort="Esko, T Nu" uniqKey="Esko T" first="T Nu" last="Esko">T Nu Esko</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. [2] Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, Tartu 51010, Estonia. [3] Division of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Metspalu, Andres" sort="Metspalu, Andres" uniqKey="Metspalu A" first="Andres" last="Metspalu">Andres Metspalu</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, Tartu 51010, Estonia.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhou, Xuezhong" sort="Zhou, Xuezhong" uniqKey="Zhou X" first="Xuezhong" last="Zhou">Xuezhong Zhou</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Computer and Information Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gupta, Namrata" sort="Gupta, Namrata" uniqKey="Gupta N" first="Namrata" last="Gupta">Namrata Gupta</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mirel, Daniel" sort="Mirel, Daniel" uniqKey="Mirel D" first="Daniel" last="Mirel">Daniel Mirel</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stahl, Eli A" sort="Stahl, Eli A" uniqKey="Stahl E" first="Eli A" last="Stahl">Eli A. Stahl</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The Department of Psychiatry at Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Diogo, Dorothee" sort="Diogo, Dorothee" uniqKey="Diogo D" first="Dorothée" last="Diogo">Dorothée Diogo</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [3] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cui, Jing" sort="Cui, Jing" uniqKey="Cui J" first="Jing" last="Cui">Jing Cui</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [3] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Liao, Katherine" sort="Liao, Katherine" uniqKey="Liao K" first="Katherine" last="Liao">Katherine Liao</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [3] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Guo, Michael H" sort="Guo, Michael H" uniqKey="Guo M" first="Michael H" last="Guo">Michael H. Guo</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. [3] Division of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Myouzen, Keiko" sort="Myouzen, Keiko" uniqKey="Myouzen K" first="Keiko" last="Myouzen">Keiko Myouzen</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Laboratory for Autoimmune Diseases, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kawaguchi, Takahisa" sort="Kawaguchi, Takahisa" uniqKey="Kawaguchi T" first="Takahisa" last="Kawaguchi">Takahisa Kawaguchi</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Coenen, Marieke J H" sort="Coenen, Marieke J H" uniqKey="Coenen M" first="Marieke J H" last="Coenen">Marieke J H. Coenen</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen 6500 HB, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Van Riel, Piet L C M" sort="Van Riel, Piet L C M" uniqKey="Van Riel P" first="Piet L C M" last="Van Riel">Piet L C M. Van Riel</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen 6500 HB, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Van De Laar, Mart A F J" sort="Van De Laar, Mart A F J" uniqKey="Van De Laar M" first="Mart A F J" last="Van De Laar">Mart A F J. Van De Laar</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Arthritis Center Twente, University Twente & Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Guchelaar, Henk Jan" sort="Guchelaar, Henk Jan" uniqKey="Guchelaar H" first="Henk-Jan" last="Guchelaar">Henk-Jan Guchelaar</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Huizinga, Tom W J" sort="Huizinga, Tom W J" uniqKey="Huizinga T" first="Tom W J" last="Huizinga">Tom W J. Huizinga</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dieude, Philippe" sort="Dieude, Philippe" uniqKey="Dieude P" first="Philippe" last="Dieudé">Philippe Dieudé</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Service de Rhumatologie et INSERM U699 Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris 75018, France. [2] Université Paris 7-Diderot, Paris 75013, France.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mariette, Xavier" sort="Mariette, Xavier" uniqKey="Mariette X" first="Xavier" last="Mariette">Xavier Mariette</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1012, Université Paris-Sud, Rhumatologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Le Kremlin Bicêtre 94275, France.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bridges, S Louis" sort="Bridges, S Louis" uniqKey="Bridges S" first="S Louis" last="Bridges">S Louis Bridges</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhernakova, Alexandra" sort="Zhernakova, Alexandra" uniqKey="Zhernakova A" first="Alexandra" last="Zhernakova">Alexandra Zhernakova</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Toes, Rene E M" sort="Toes, Rene E M" uniqKey="Toes R" first="Rene E M" last="Toes">Rene E M. Toes</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tak, Paul P" sort="Tak, Paul P" uniqKey="Tak P" first="Paul P" last="Tak">Paul P. Tak</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] AMC/University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherlands. [2] GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK. [3] University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Miceli Richard, Corinne" sort="Miceli Richard, Corinne" uniqKey="Miceli Richard C" first="Corinne" last="Miceli-Richard">Corinne Miceli-Richard</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1012, Université Paris-Sud, Rhumatologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Le Kremlin Bicêtre 94275, France.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bang, So Young" sort="Bang, So Young" uniqKey="Bang S" first="So-Young" last="Bang">So-Young Bang</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul 133-792, South Korea.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lee, Hye Soon" sort="Lee, Hye Soon" uniqKey="Lee H" first="Hye-Soon" last="Lee">Hye-Soon Lee</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul 133-792, South Korea.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Martin, Javier" sort="Martin, Javier" uniqKey="Martin J" first="Javier" last="Martin">Javier Martin</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Instituto de Parasitologia y Biomedicina Lopez-Neyra, CSIC, Granada 18100, Spain.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gonzalez Gay, Miguel A" sort="Gonzalez Gay, Miguel A" uniqKey="Gonzalez Gay M" first="Miguel A" last="Gonzalez-Gay">Miguel A. Gonzalez-Gay</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, IFIMAV, Santander 39008, Spain.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rodriguez Rodriguez, Luis" sort="Rodriguez Rodriguez, Luis" uniqKey="Rodriguez Rodriguez L" first="Luis" last="Rodriguez-Rodriguez">Luis Rodriguez-Rodriguez</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Hospital Clinico San Carlos, Madrid 28040, Spain.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rantap Dahlqvist, Solbritt" sort="Rantap Dahlqvist, Solbritt" uniqKey="Rantap Dahlqvist S" first="Solbritt" last="Rantap Dahlqvist">Solbritt Rantap Dahlqvist</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå SE-901 87, Sweden. [2] Department of Rheumatology, Umeå University, Umeå SE-901 87, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Arlestig, Lisbeth" sort="Arlestig, Lisbeth" uniqKey="Arlestig L" first="Lisbeth" last="Arlestig">Lisbeth Arlestig</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå SE-901 87, Sweden. [2] Department of Rheumatology, Umeå University, Umeå SE-901 87, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Choi, Hyon K" sort="Choi, Hyon K" uniqKey="Choi H" first="Hyon K" last="Choi">Hyon K. Choi</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02115, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Section of Rheumatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA. [3] Clinical Epidemiology Research and Training Unit, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kamatani, Yoichiro" sort="Kamatani, Yoichiro" uniqKey="Kamatani Y" first="Yoichiro" last="Kamatani">Yoichiro Kamatani</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH), Paris 75010, France.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Galan, Pilar" sort="Galan, Pilar" uniqKey="Galan P" first="Pilar" last="Galan">Pilar Galan</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Université Paris 13 Sorbonne Paris Cité, UREN (Nutritional Epidemiology Research Unit), Inserm (U557), Inra (U1125), Cnam, Bobigny 93017, France.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lathrop, Mark" sort="Lathrop, Mark" uniqKey="Lathrop M" first="Mark" last="Lathrop">Mark Lathrop</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montréal, Québec H3A 0G1 Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Eyre, Steve" sort="Eyre, Steve" uniqKey="Eyre S" first="Steve" last="Eyre">Steve Eyre</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Arthritis Research UK Epidemiology Unit, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9NT, UK. [2] National Institute for Health Research, Manchester Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Central Manchester University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester M13 9NT, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bowes, John" sort="Bowes, John" uniqKey="Bowes J" first="John" last="Bowes">John Bowes</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Arthritis Research UK Epidemiology Unit, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9NT, UK. [2] National Institute for Health Research, Manchester Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Central Manchester University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester M13 9NT, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Barton, Anne" sort="Barton, Anne" uniqKey="Barton A" first="Anne" last="Barton">Anne Barton</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Arthritis Research UK Epidemiology Unit, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9NT, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="De Vries, Niek" sort="De Vries, Niek" uniqKey="De Vries N" first="Niek" last="De Vries">Niek De Vries</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology & Department of Genome Analysis, Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Moreland, Larry W" sort="Moreland, Larry W" uniqKey="Moreland L" first="Larry W" last="Moreland">Larry W. Moreland</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Criswell, Lindsey A" sort="Criswell, Lindsey A" uniqKey="Criswell L" first="Lindsey A" last="Criswell">Lindsey A. Criswell</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Rosalind Russell Medical Research Center for Arthritis, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94117, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Karlson, Elizabeth W" sort="Karlson, Elizabeth W" uniqKey="Karlson E" first="Elizabeth W" last="Karlson">Elizabeth W. Karlson</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Taniguchi, Atsuo" sort="Taniguchi, Atsuo" uniqKey="Taniguchi A" first="Atsuo" last="Taniguchi">Atsuo Taniguchi</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Rheumatology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo 162-0054, Japan.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yamada, Ryo" sort="Yamada, Ryo" uniqKey="Yamada R" first="Ryo" last="Yamada">Ryo Yamada</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Unit of Statistical Genetics, Center for Genomic Medicine Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kubo, Michiaki" sort="Kubo, Michiaki" uniqKey="Kubo M" first="Michiaki" last="Kubo">Michiaki Kubo</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Laboratory for Genotyping Development, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Liu, Jun S" sort="Liu, Jun S" uniqKey="Liu J" first="Jun S" last="Liu">Jun S. Liu</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Statistics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bae, Sang Cheol" sort="Bae, Sang Cheol" uniqKey="Bae S" first="Sang-Cheol" last="Bae">Sang-Cheol Bae</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul 133-792, South Korea.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Worthington, Jane" sort="Worthington, Jane" uniqKey="Worthington J" first="Jane" last="Worthington">Jane Worthington</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Arthritis Research UK Epidemiology Unit, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9NT, UK. [2] National Institute for Health Research, Manchester Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Central Manchester University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester M13 9NT, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Padyukov, Leonid" sort="Padyukov, Leonid" uniqKey="Padyukov L" first="Leonid" last="Padyukov">Leonid Padyukov</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine (Solna), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-171 76, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Klareskog, Lars" sort="Klareskog, Lars" uniqKey="Klareskog L" first="Lars" last="Klareskog">Lars Klareskog</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine (Solna), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-171 76, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gregersen, Peter K" sort="Gregersen, Peter K" uniqKey="Gregersen P" first="Peter K" last="Gregersen">Peter K. Gregersen</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, New York 11030, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Raychaudhuri, Soumya" sort="Raychaudhuri, Soumya" uniqKey="Raychaudhuri S" first="Soumya" last="Raychaudhuri">Soumya Raychaudhuri</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [3] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. [4] NIHR Manchester Musculoskeletal Biomedical, Research Unit, Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester M13 9NT, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stranger, Barbara E" sort="Stranger, Barbara E" uniqKey="Stranger B" first="Barbara E" last="Stranger">Barbara E. Stranger</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Section of Genetic Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA. [2] Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="De Jager, Philip L" sort="De Jager, Philip L" uniqKey="De Jager P" first="Philip L" last="De Jager">Philip L. De Jager</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. [3] Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Institute for the Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Franke, Lude" sort="Franke, Lude" uniqKey="Franke L" first="Lude" last="Franke">Lude Franke</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Visscher, Peter M" sort="Visscher, Peter M" uniqKey="Visscher P" first="Peter M" last="Visscher">Peter M. Visscher</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia. [2] Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Brown, Matthew A" sort="Brown, Matthew A" uniqKey="Brown M" first="Matthew A" last="Brown">Matthew A. Brown</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yamanaka, Hisashi" sort="Yamanaka, Hisashi" uniqKey="Yamanaka H" first="Hisashi" last="Yamanaka">Hisashi Yamanaka</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Rheumatology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo 162-0054, Japan.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mimori, Tsuneyo" sort="Mimori, Tsuneyo" uniqKey="Mimori T" first="Tsuneyo" last="Mimori">Tsuneyo Mimori</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Rheumatology and Clinical immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Takahashi, Atsushi" sort="Takahashi, Atsushi" uniqKey="Takahashi A" first="Atsushi" last="Takahashi">Atsushi Takahashi</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Xu, Huji" sort="Xu, Huji" uniqKey="Xu H" first="Huji" last="Xu">Huji Xu</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Behrens, Timothy W" sort="Behrens, Timothy W" uniqKey="Behrens T" first="Timothy W" last="Behrens">Timothy W. Behrens</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Immunology Biomarkers Group, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Siminovitch, Katherine A" sort="Siminovitch, Katherine A" uniqKey="Siminovitch K" first="Katherine A" last="Siminovitch">Katherine A. Siminovitch</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada. [2] Toronto General Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada. [3] Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2J7, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Momohara, Shigeki" sort="Momohara, Shigeki" uniqKey="Momohara S" first="Shigeki" last="Momohara">Shigeki Momohara</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Rheumatology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo 162-0054, Japan.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Matsuda, Fumihiko" sort="Matsuda, Fumihiko" uniqKey="Matsuda F" first="Fumihiko" last="Matsuda">Fumihiko Matsuda</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan. [2] Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) program, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan. [3] Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) Unite U852, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yamamoto, Kazuhiko" sort="Yamamoto, Kazuhiko" uniqKey="Yamamoto K" first="Kazuhiko" last="Yamamoto">Kazuhiko Yamamoto</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Laboratory for Autoimmune Diseases, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan. [2] Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.</nlm:affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Plenge, Robert M" sort="Plenge, Robert M" uniqKey="Plenge R" first="Robert M" last="Plenge">Robert M. Plenge</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [3] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
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<series><title level="j">Nature</title>
<idno type="eISSN">1476-4687</idno>
<imprint><date when="2014" type="published">2014</date>
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<term>Arthritis, Rheumatoid (pathology)</term>
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<term>Computational Biology</term>
<term>Drug Discovery</term>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">A major challenge in human genetics is to devise a systematic strategy to integrate disease-associated variants with diverse genomic and biological data sets to provide insight into disease pathogenesis and guide drug discovery for complex traits such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Here we performed a genome-wide association study meta-analysis in a total of >100,000 subjects of European and Asian ancestries (29,880 RA cases and 73,758 controls), by evaluating ∼10 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms. We discovered 42 novel RA risk loci at a genome-wide level of significance, bringing the total to 101 (refs 2 - 4). We devised an in silico pipeline using established bioinformatics methods based on functional annotation, cis-acting expression quantitative trait loci and pathway analyses--as well as novel methods based on genetic overlap with human primary immunodeficiency, haematological cancer somatic mutations and knockout mouse phenotypes--to identify 98 biological candidate genes at these 101 risk loci. We demonstrate that these genes are the targets of approved therapies for RA, and further suggest that drugs approved for other indications may be repurposed for the treatment of RA. Together, this comprehensive genetic study sheds light on fundamental genes, pathways and cell types that contribute to RA pathogenesis, and provides empirical evidence that the genetics of RA can provide important information for drug discovery.</div>
</front>
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<DateCreated><Year>2014</Year>
<Month>02</Month>
<Day>20</Day>
</DateCreated>
<DateCompleted><Year>2014</Year>
<Month>03</Month>
<Day>12</Day>
</DateCompleted>
<DateRevised><Year>2017</Year>
<Month>09</Month>
<Day>22</Day>
</DateRevised>
<Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1476-4687</ISSN>
<JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>506</Volume>
<Issue>7488</Issue>
<PubDate><Year>2014</Year>
<Month>Feb</Month>
<Day>20</Day>
</PubDate>
</JournalIssue>
<Title>Nature</Title>
<ISOAbbreviation>Nature</ISOAbbreviation>
</Journal>
<ArticleTitle>Genetics of rheumatoid arthritis contributes to biology and drug discovery.</ArticleTitle>
<Pagination><MedlinePgn>376-81</MedlinePgn>
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<ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1038/nature12873</ELocationID>
<Abstract><AbstractText>A major challenge in human genetics is to devise a systematic strategy to integrate disease-associated variants with diverse genomic and biological data sets to provide insight into disease pathogenesis and guide drug discovery for complex traits such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Here we performed a genome-wide association study meta-analysis in a total of >100,000 subjects of European and Asian ancestries (29,880 RA cases and 73,758 controls), by evaluating ∼10 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms. We discovered 42 novel RA risk loci at a genome-wide level of significance, bringing the total to 101 (refs 2 - 4). We devised an in silico pipeline using established bioinformatics methods based on functional annotation, cis-acting expression quantitative trait loci and pathway analyses--as well as novel methods based on genetic overlap with human primary immunodeficiency, haematological cancer somatic mutations and knockout mouse phenotypes--to identify 98 biological candidate genes at these 101 risk loci. We demonstrate that these genes are the targets of approved therapies for RA, and further suggest that drugs approved for other indications may be repurposed for the treatment of RA. Together, this comprehensive genetic study sheds light on fundamental genes, pathways and cell types that contribute to RA pathogenesis, and provides empirical evidence that the genetics of RA can provide important information for drug discovery.</AbstractText>
</Abstract>
<AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Okada</LastName>
<ForeName>Yukinori</ForeName>
<Initials>Y</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>1] Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [3] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>Di</ForeName>
<Initials>D</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>1] Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [3] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. [4] Department of Statistics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA. [5] Centre for Cancer Research, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.</Affiliation>
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<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>1] Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [3] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>Towfique</ForeName>
<Initials>T</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>1] Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. [3] Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Institute for the Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>Chikashi</ForeName>
<Initials>C</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>1] Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan. [2] Department of Rheumatology and Clinical immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.</Affiliation>
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<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ikari</LastName>
<ForeName>Katsunori</ForeName>
<Initials>K</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Rheumatology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo 162-0054, Japan.</Affiliation>
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<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kochi</LastName>
<ForeName>Yuta</ForeName>
<Initials>Y</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratory for Autoimmune Diseases, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>Koichiro</ForeName>
<Initials>K</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Rheumatology and Clinical immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.</Affiliation>
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<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Suzuki</LastName>
<ForeName>Akari</ForeName>
<Initials>A</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratory for Autoimmune Diseases, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.</Affiliation>
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<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Yoshida</LastName>
<ForeName>Shinji</ForeName>
<Initials>S</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Rheumatology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo 162-0054, Japan.</Affiliation>
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</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Graham</LastName>
<ForeName>Robert R</ForeName>
<Initials>RR</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Immunology Biomarkers Group, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA.</Affiliation>
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<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Manoharan</LastName>
<ForeName>Arun</ForeName>
<Initials>A</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Immunology Biomarkers Group, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>Ward</ForeName>
<Initials>W</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Immunology Biomarkers Group, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>Tushar</ForeName>
<Initials>T</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Immunology Biomarkers Group, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>Joshua C</ForeName>
<Initials>JC</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>1] Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA. [2] Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA.</Affiliation>
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<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Carroll</LastName>
<ForeName>Robert J</ForeName>
<Initials>RJ</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA.</Affiliation>
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<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Eyler</LastName>
<ForeName>Anne E</ForeName>
<Initials>AE</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>Jeffrey D</ForeName>
<Initials>JD</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>New York University Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, New York 10003, USA.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>Joel M</ForeName>
<Initials>JM</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medicine, Albany Medical Center and The Center for Rheumatology, Albany, New York 12206, USA.</Affiliation>
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<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Pappas</LastName>
<ForeName>Dimitrios A</ForeName>
<Initials>DA</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York, Presbyterian Hospital, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>Lei</ForeName>
<Initials>L</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>Jian</ForeName>
<Initials>J</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>Lingying</ForeName>
<Initials>L</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>Ding-Feng</ForeName>
<Initials>DF</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>Jian</ForeName>
<Initials>J</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>1] University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia. [2] Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>Gang</ForeName>
<Initials>G</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>1] Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada. [2] Toronto General Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada. [3] Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2J7, Canada.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>Ed</ForeName>
<Initials>E</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 2J7, Canada.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>Harm-Jan</ForeName>
<Initials>HJ</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands.</Affiliation>
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<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Esko</LastName>
<ForeName>Tõnu</ForeName>
<Initials>T</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>1] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. [2] Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, Tartu 51010, Estonia. [3] Division of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.</Affiliation>
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<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Metspalu</LastName>
<ForeName>Andres</ForeName>
<Initials>A</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, Tartu 51010, Estonia.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>Xuezhong</ForeName>
<Initials>X</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Computer and Information Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>Namrata</ForeName>
<Initials>N</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>Daniel</ForeName>
<Initials>D</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>Eli A</ForeName>
<Initials>EA</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>The Department of Psychiatry at Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>Dorothée</ForeName>
<Initials>D</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>1] Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [3] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</Affiliation>
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<Initials>J</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>1] Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [3] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>Katherine</ForeName>
<Initials>K</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>1] Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [3] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</Affiliation>
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<Initials>MH</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>1] Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. [3] Division of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>Keiko</ForeName>
<Initials>K</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratory for Autoimmune Diseases, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>Takahisa</ForeName>
<Initials>T</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>Marieke J H</ForeName>
<Initials>MJ</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen 6500 HB, the Netherlands.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>Piet L C M</ForeName>
<Initials>PL</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen 6500 HB, the Netherlands.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>Mart A F J</ForeName>
<Initials>MA</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Arthritis Center Twente, University Twente & Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, the Netherlands.</Affiliation>
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<Initials>HJ</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, the Netherlands.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>Tom W J</ForeName>
<Initials>TW</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, the Netherlands.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>Philippe</ForeName>
<Initials>P</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>1] Service de Rhumatologie et INSERM U699 Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris 75018, France. [2] Université Paris 7-Diderot, Paris 75013, France.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>Xavier</ForeName>
<Initials>X</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1012, Université Paris-Sud, Rhumatologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Le Kremlin Bicêtre 94275, France.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>S Louis</ForeName>
<Initials>SL</Initials>
<Suffix>Jr</Suffix>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>Rene E M</ForeName>
<Initials>RE</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, the Netherlands.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>Paul P</ForeName>
<Initials>PP</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>1] AMC/University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherlands. [2] GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK. [3] University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK.</Affiliation>
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<Initials>C</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1012, Université Paris-Sud, Rhumatologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Le Kremlin Bicêtre 94275, France.</Affiliation>
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<Initials>SY</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul 133-792, South Korea.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>Hye-Soon</ForeName>
<Initials>HS</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul 133-792, South Korea.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>Javier</ForeName>
<Initials>J</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Instituto de Parasitologia y Biomedicina Lopez-Neyra, CSIC, Granada 18100, Spain.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>Miguel A</ForeName>
<Initials>MA</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, IFIMAV, Santander 39008, Spain.</Affiliation>
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