Long-range evolutionary constraints reveal cis-regulatory interactions on the human X chromosome.
Identifieur interne : 002E68 ( PubMed/Corpus ); précédent : 002E67; suivant : 002E69Long-range evolutionary constraints reveal cis-regulatory interactions on the human X chromosome.
Auteurs : Magali Naville ; Minaka Ishibashi ; Marco Ferg ; Hemant Bengani ; Silke Rinkwitz ; Monika Krecsmarik ; Thomas A. Hawkins ; Stephen W. Wilson ; Elizabeth Manning ; Chandra S R. Chilamakuri ; David I. Wilson ; Alexandra Louis ; F. Lucy Raymond ; Sepand Rastegar ; Uwe Str Hle ; Boris Lenhard ; Laure Bally-Cuif ; Veronica Van Heyningen ; David R. Fitzpatrick ; Thomas S. Becker ; Hugues Roest CrolliusSource :
- Nature communications [ 2041-1723 ] ; 2015.
English descriptors
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- MESH :
Abstract
Enhancers can regulate the transcription of genes over long genomic distances. This is thought to lead to selection against genomic rearrangements within such regions that may disrupt this functional linkage. Here we test this concept experimentally using the human X chromosome. We describe a scoring method to identify evolutionary maintenance of linkage between conserved noncoding elements and neighbouring genes. Chromatin marks associated with enhancer function are strongly correlated with this linkage score. We test >1,000 putative enhancers by transgenesis assays in zebrafish to ascertain the identity of the target gene. The majority of active enhancers drive a transgenic expression in a pattern consistent with the known expression of a linked gene. These results show that evolutionary maintenance of linkage is a reliable predictor of an enhancer's function, and provide new information to discover the genetic basis of diseases caused by the mis-regulation of gene expression.
DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7904
PubMed: 25908307
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Long-range evolutionary constraints reveal cis-regulatory interactions on the human X chromosome.</title><author><name sortKey="Naville, Magali" sort="Naville, Magali" uniqKey="Naville M" first="Magali" last="Naville">Magali Naville</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS, IBENS, 46 rue d'Ulm, Paris F-75005, France [2] CNRS, UMR 8197, Paris F-75005, France [3] Inserm, U1024, Paris F-75005, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ishibashi, Minaka" sort="Ishibashi, Minaka" uniqKey="Ishibashi M" first="Minaka" last="Ishibashi">Minaka Ishibashi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Brain and Mind Research Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ferg, Marco" sort="Ferg, Marco" uniqKey="Ferg M" first="Marco" last="Ferg">Marco Ferg</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Toxicology and Genetics and European Zebrafish Resource Centre, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bengani, Hemant" sort="Bengani, Hemant" uniqKey="Bengani H" first="Hemant" last="Bengani">Hemant Bengani</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Medical Genetic and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rinkwitz, Silke" sort="Rinkwitz, Silke" uniqKey="Rinkwitz S" first="Silke" last="Rinkwitz">Silke Rinkwitz</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Brain and Mind Research Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Krecsmarik, Monika" sort="Krecsmarik, Monika" uniqKey="Krecsmarik M" first="Monika" last="Krecsmarik">Monika Krecsmarik</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Paris-Saclay Institute for Neuroscience (Neuro-PSI), UMR9197 CNRS-Université Paris Sud, Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette 91190, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hawkins, Thomas A" sort="Hawkins, Thomas A" uniqKey="Hawkins T" first="Thomas A" last="Hawkins">Thomas A. Hawkins</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>C.D.B. Division of Biosciences, Anatomy building, UCL, Gower street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wilson, Stephen W" sort="Wilson, Stephen W" uniqKey="Wilson S" first="Stephen W" last="Wilson">Stephen W. Wilson</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>C.D.B. Division of Biosciences, Anatomy building, UCL, Gower street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Manning, Elizabeth" sort="Manning, Elizabeth" uniqKey="Manning E" first="Elizabeth" last="Manning">Elizabeth Manning</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Brain and Mind Research Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chilamakuri, Chandra S R" sort="Chilamakuri, Chandra S R" uniqKey="Chilamakuri C" first="Chandra S R" last="Chilamakuri">Chandra S R. Chilamakuri</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Tumor Biology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0310 Oslo, Norway.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wilson, David I" sort="Wilson, David I" uniqKey="Wilson D" first="David I" last="Wilson">David I. Wilson</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, MP808, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton 16 6YD, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Louis, Alexandra" sort="Louis, Alexandra" uniqKey="Louis A" first="Alexandra" last="Louis">Alexandra Louis</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS, IBENS, 46 rue d'Ulm, Paris F-75005, France [2] CNRS, UMR 8197, Paris F-75005, France [3] Inserm, U1024, Paris F-75005, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lucy Raymond, F" sort="Lucy Raymond, F" uniqKey="Lucy Raymond F" first="F" last="Lucy Raymond">F. Lucy Raymond</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 OXY, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rastegar, Sepand" sort="Rastegar, Sepand" uniqKey="Rastegar S" first="Sepand" last="Rastegar">Sepand Rastegar</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Toxicology and Genetics and European Zebrafish Resource Centre, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Str Hle, Uwe" sort="Str Hle, Uwe" uniqKey="Str Hle U" first="Uwe" last="Str Hle">Uwe Str Hle</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Toxicology and Genetics and European Zebrafish Resource Centre, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lenhard, Boris" sort="Lenhard, Boris" uniqKey="Lenhard B" first="Boris" last="Lenhard">Boris Lenhard</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Clinical Sciences, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bally Cuif, Laure" sort="Bally Cuif, Laure" uniqKey="Bally Cuif L" first="Laure" last="Bally-Cuif">Laure Bally-Cuif</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Paris-Saclay Institute for Neuroscience (Neuro-PSI), UMR9197 CNRS-Université Paris Sud, Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette 91190, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Heyningen, Veronica" sort="Van Heyningen, Veronica" uniqKey="Van Heyningen V" first="Veronica" last="Van Heyningen">Veronica Van Heyningen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Medical Genetic and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fitzpatrick, David R" sort="Fitzpatrick, David R" uniqKey="Fitzpatrick D" first="David R" last="Fitzpatrick">David R. Fitzpatrick</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Medical Genetic and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Becker, Thomas S" sort="Becker, Thomas S" uniqKey="Becker T" first="Thomas S" last="Becker">Thomas S. Becker</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Brain and Mind Research Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia [2] Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen 5009, Norway.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roest Crollius, Hugues" sort="Roest Crollius, Hugues" uniqKey="Roest Crollius H" first="Hugues" last="Roest Crollius">Hugues Roest Crollius</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS, IBENS, 46 rue d'Ulm, Paris F-75005, France [2] CNRS, UMR 8197, Paris F-75005, France [3] Inserm, U1024, Paris F-75005, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:25908307</idno><idno type="pmid">25908307</idno><idno type="doi">10.1038/ncomms7904</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">002E68</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">002E68</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Long-range evolutionary constraints reveal cis-regulatory interactions on the human X chromosome.</title><author><name sortKey="Naville, Magali" sort="Naville, Magali" uniqKey="Naville M" first="Magali" last="Naville">Magali Naville</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS, IBENS, 46 rue d'Ulm, Paris F-75005, France [2] CNRS, UMR 8197, Paris F-75005, France [3] Inserm, U1024, Paris F-75005, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ishibashi, Minaka" sort="Ishibashi, Minaka" uniqKey="Ishibashi M" first="Minaka" last="Ishibashi">Minaka Ishibashi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Brain and Mind Research Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ferg, Marco" sort="Ferg, Marco" uniqKey="Ferg M" first="Marco" last="Ferg">Marco Ferg</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Toxicology and Genetics and European Zebrafish Resource Centre, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bengani, Hemant" sort="Bengani, Hemant" uniqKey="Bengani H" first="Hemant" last="Bengani">Hemant Bengani</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Medical Genetic and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rinkwitz, Silke" sort="Rinkwitz, Silke" uniqKey="Rinkwitz S" first="Silke" last="Rinkwitz">Silke Rinkwitz</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Brain and Mind Research Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Krecsmarik, Monika" sort="Krecsmarik, Monika" uniqKey="Krecsmarik M" first="Monika" last="Krecsmarik">Monika Krecsmarik</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Paris-Saclay Institute for Neuroscience (Neuro-PSI), UMR9197 CNRS-Université Paris Sud, Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette 91190, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hawkins, Thomas A" sort="Hawkins, Thomas A" uniqKey="Hawkins T" first="Thomas A" last="Hawkins">Thomas A. Hawkins</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>C.D.B. Division of Biosciences, Anatomy building, UCL, Gower street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wilson, Stephen W" sort="Wilson, Stephen W" uniqKey="Wilson S" first="Stephen W" last="Wilson">Stephen W. Wilson</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>C.D.B. Division of Biosciences, Anatomy building, UCL, Gower street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Manning, Elizabeth" sort="Manning, Elizabeth" uniqKey="Manning E" first="Elizabeth" last="Manning">Elizabeth Manning</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Brain and Mind Research Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chilamakuri, Chandra S R" sort="Chilamakuri, Chandra S R" uniqKey="Chilamakuri C" first="Chandra S R" last="Chilamakuri">Chandra S R. Chilamakuri</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Tumor Biology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0310 Oslo, Norway.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wilson, David I" sort="Wilson, David I" uniqKey="Wilson D" first="David I" last="Wilson">David I. Wilson</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, MP808, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton 16 6YD, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Louis, Alexandra" sort="Louis, Alexandra" uniqKey="Louis A" first="Alexandra" last="Louis">Alexandra Louis</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS, IBENS, 46 rue d'Ulm, Paris F-75005, France [2] CNRS, UMR 8197, Paris F-75005, France [3] Inserm, U1024, Paris F-75005, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lucy Raymond, F" sort="Lucy Raymond, F" uniqKey="Lucy Raymond F" first="F" last="Lucy Raymond">F. Lucy Raymond</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 OXY, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rastegar, Sepand" sort="Rastegar, Sepand" uniqKey="Rastegar S" first="Sepand" last="Rastegar">Sepand Rastegar</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Toxicology and Genetics and European Zebrafish Resource Centre, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Str Hle, Uwe" sort="Str Hle, Uwe" uniqKey="Str Hle U" first="Uwe" last="Str Hle">Uwe Str Hle</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Toxicology and Genetics and European Zebrafish Resource Centre, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lenhard, Boris" sort="Lenhard, Boris" uniqKey="Lenhard B" first="Boris" last="Lenhard">Boris Lenhard</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Clinical Sciences, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bally Cuif, Laure" sort="Bally Cuif, Laure" uniqKey="Bally Cuif L" first="Laure" last="Bally-Cuif">Laure Bally-Cuif</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Paris-Saclay Institute for Neuroscience (Neuro-PSI), UMR9197 CNRS-Université Paris Sud, Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette 91190, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Heyningen, Veronica" sort="Van Heyningen, Veronica" uniqKey="Van Heyningen V" first="Veronica" last="Van Heyningen">Veronica Van Heyningen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Medical Genetic and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fitzpatrick, David R" sort="Fitzpatrick, David R" uniqKey="Fitzpatrick D" first="David R" last="Fitzpatrick">David R. Fitzpatrick</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Medical Genetic and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Becker, Thomas S" sort="Becker, Thomas S" uniqKey="Becker T" first="Thomas S" last="Becker">Thomas S. Becker</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Brain and Mind Research Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia [2] Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen 5009, Norway.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roest Crollius, Hugues" sort="Roest Crollius, Hugues" uniqKey="Roest Crollius H" first="Hugues" last="Roest Crollius">Hugues Roest Crollius</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS, IBENS, 46 rue d'Ulm, Paris F-75005, France [2] CNRS, UMR 8197, Paris F-75005, France [3] Inserm, U1024, Paris F-75005, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Nature communications</title><idno type="eISSN">2041-1723</idno><imprint><date when="2015" type="published">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term><term>Animals, Genetically Modified</term><term>Chromosomes, Human, X (genetics)</term><term>Enhancer Elements, Genetic (genetics)</term><term>Evolution, Molecular</term><term>Gene Expression (genetics)</term><term>Gene Rearrangement (genetics)</term><term>Genetic Linkage (genetics)</term><term>Humans</term><term>Selection, Genetic (genetics)</term><term>Zebrafish</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Chromosomes, Human, X</term><term>Enhancer Elements, Genetic</term><term>Gene Expression</term><term>Gene Rearrangement</term><term>Genetic Linkage</term><term>Selection, Genetic</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term><term>Animals, Genetically Modified</term><term>Evolution, Molecular</term><term>Humans</term><term>Zebrafish</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Enhancers can regulate the transcription of genes over long genomic distances. This is thought to lead to selection against genomic rearrangements within such regions that may disrupt this functional linkage. Here we test this concept experimentally using the human X chromosome. We describe a scoring method to identify evolutionary maintenance of linkage between conserved noncoding elements and neighbouring genes. Chromatin marks associated with enhancer function are strongly correlated with this linkage score. We test >1,000 putative enhancers by transgenesis assays in zebrafish to ascertain the identity of the target gene. The majority of active enhancers drive a transgenic expression in a pattern consistent with the known expression of a linked gene. These results show that evolutionary maintenance of linkage is a reliable predictor of an enhancer's function, and provide new information to discover the genetic basis of diseases caused by the mis-regulation of gene expression.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">25908307</PMID><DateCreated><Year>2015</Year><Month>04</Month><Day>24</Day></DateCreated><DateCompleted><Year>2016</Year><Month>04</Month><Day>05</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2017</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>22</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">2041-1723</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>6</Volume><PubDate><Year>2015</Year><Month>Apr</Month><Day>24</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Nature communications</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Nat Commun</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Long-range evolutionary constraints reveal cis-regulatory interactions on the human X chromosome.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>6904</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1038/ncomms7904</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Enhancers can regulate the transcription of genes over long genomic distances. This is thought to lead to selection against genomic rearrangements within such regions that may disrupt this functional linkage. Here we test this concept experimentally using the human X chromosome. We describe a scoring method to identify evolutionary maintenance of linkage between conserved noncoding elements and neighbouring genes. Chromatin marks associated with enhancer function are strongly correlated with this linkage score. We test >1,000 putative enhancers by transgenesis assays in zebrafish to ascertain the identity of the target gene. The majority of active enhancers drive a transgenic expression in a pattern consistent with the known expression of a linked gene. These results show that evolutionary maintenance of linkage is a reliable predictor of an enhancer's function, and provide new information to discover the genetic basis of diseases caused by the mis-regulation of gene expression.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Naville</LastName><ForeName>Magali</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>1] Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS, IBENS, 46 rue d'Ulm, Paris F-75005, France [2] CNRS, UMR 8197, Paris F-75005, France [3] Inserm, U1024, Paris F-75005, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ishibashi</LastName><ForeName>Minaka</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Brain and Mind Research Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ferg</LastName><ForeName>Marco</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Toxicology and Genetics and European Zebrafish Resource Centre, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bengani</LastName><ForeName>Hemant</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Medical Genetic and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rinkwitz</LastName><ForeName>Silke</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Brain and Mind Research Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Krecsmarik</LastName><ForeName>Monika</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Paris-Saclay Institute for Neuroscience (Neuro-PSI), UMR9197 CNRS-Université Paris Sud, Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette 91190, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hawkins</LastName><ForeName>Thomas A</ForeName><Initials>TA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>C.D.B. Division of Biosciences, Anatomy building, UCL, Gower street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wilson</LastName><ForeName>Stephen W</ForeName><Initials>SW</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000000285575940</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>C.D.B. Division of Biosciences, Anatomy building, UCL, Gower street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Manning</LastName><ForeName>Elizabeth</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Brain and Mind Research Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Chilamakuri</LastName><ForeName>Chandra S R</ForeName><Initials>CS</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Tumor Biology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0310 Oslo, Norway.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wilson</LastName><ForeName>David I</ForeName><Initials>DI</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, MP808, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton 16 6YD, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Louis</LastName><ForeName>Alexandra</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>1] Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS, IBENS, 46 rue d'Ulm, Paris F-75005, France [2] CNRS, UMR 8197, Paris F-75005, France [3] Inserm, U1024, Paris F-75005, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lucy Raymond</LastName><ForeName>F</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 OXY, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rastegar</LastName><ForeName>Sepand</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Toxicology and Genetics and European Zebrafish Resource Centre, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Strähle</LastName><ForeName>Uwe</ForeName><Initials>U</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Toxicology and Genetics and European Zebrafish Resource Centre, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lenhard</LastName><ForeName>Boris</ForeName><Initials>B</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000000211141509</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Clinical Sciences, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bally-Cuif</LastName><ForeName>Laure</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Paris-Saclay Institute for Neuroscience (Neuro-PSI), UMR9197 CNRS-Université Paris Sud, Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette 91190, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>van Heyningen</LastName><ForeName>Veronica</ForeName><Initials>V</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Medical Genetic and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>FitzPatrick</LastName><ForeName>David R</ForeName><Initials>DR</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Medical Genetic and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Becker</LastName><ForeName>Thomas S</ForeName><Initials>TS</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>1] Brain and Mind Research Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia [2] 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Modified</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D041321" MajorTopicYN="N">Chromosomes, Human, X</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="Y">genetics</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D004742" MajorTopicYN="N">Enhancer Elements, Genetic</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="Y">genetics</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D019143" MajorTopicYN="N">Evolution, Molecular</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D015870" MajorTopicYN="N">Gene Expression</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="Y">genetics</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D015321" MajorTopicYN="N">Gene Rearrangement</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="N">genetics</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008040" MajorTopicYN="N">Genetic Linkage</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" 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PubStatus="medline"><Year>2016</Year><Month>4</Month><Day>6</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>epublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">25908307</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">ncomms7904</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1038/ncomms7904</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC4423230</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></PubmedData></pubmed></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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