One fungus, which genes? Development and assessment of universal primers for potential secondary fungal DNA barcodes.
Identifieur interne : 002630 ( PubMed/Corpus ); précédent : 002629; suivant : 002631One fungus, which genes? Development and assessment of universal primers for potential secondary fungal DNA barcodes.
Auteurs : J B Stielow ; C A Lévesque ; K A Seifert ; W. Meyer ; L. Iriny ; D. Smits ; R. Renfurm ; G J M. Verkley ; M. Groenewald ; D. Chaduli ; A. Lomascolo ; S. Welti ; L. Lesage-Meessen ; A. Favel ; A M S. Al-Hatmi ; U. Damm ; N. Yilmaz ; J. Houbraken ; L. Lombard ; W. Quaedvlieg ; M. Binder ; L A I. Vaas ; D. Vu ; A. Yurkov ; D. Begerow ; O. Roehl ; M. Guerreiro ; A. Fonseca ; K. Samerpitak ; A D Van Diepeningen ; S. Dolatabadi ; L F Moreno ; S. Casaregola ; S. Mallet ; N. Jacques ; L. Roscini ; E. Egidi ; C. Bizet ; D. Garcia-Hermoso ; M P Martín ; S. Deng ; J Z Groenewald ; T. Boekhout ; Z W De Beer ; I. Barnes ; T A Duong ; M J Wingfield ; G S De Hoog ; P W Crous ; C T Lewis ; S. Hambleton ; T A A. Moussa ; H S Al-Zahrani ; O A Almaghrabi ; G. Louis-Seize ; R. Assabgui ; W. Mccormick ; G. Omer ; K. Dukik ; G. Cardinali ; U. Eberhardt ; M. De Vries ; V. RobertSource :
- Persoonia [ 0031-5850 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess potential candidate gene regions and corresponding universal primer pairs as secondary DNA barcodes for the fungal kingdom, additional to ITS rDNA as primary barcode. Amplification efficiencies of 14 (partially) universal primer pairs targeting eight genetic markers were tested across > 1 500 species (1 931 strains or specimens) and the outcomes of almost twenty thousand (19 577) polymerase chain reactions were evaluated. We tested several well-known primer pairs that amplify: i) sections of the nuclear ribosomal RNA gene large subunit (D1-D2 domains of 26/28S); ii) the complete internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1/2); iii) partial β -tubulin II (TUB2); iv) γ-actin (ACT); v) translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1α); and vi) the second largest subunit of RNA-polymerase II (partial RPB2, section 5-6). Their PCR efficiencies were compared with novel candidate primers corresponding to: i) the fungal-specific translation elongation factor 3 (TEF3); ii) a small ribosomal protein necessary for t-RNA docking; iii) the 60S L10 (L1) RP; iv) DNA topoisomerase I (TOPI); v) phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK); vi) hypothetical protein LNS2; and vii) alternative sections of TEF1α. Results showed that several gene sections are accessible to universal primers (or primers universal for phyla) yielding a single PCR-product. Barcode gap and multi-dimensional scaling analyses revealed that some of the tested candidate markers have universal properties providing adequate infra- and inter-specific variation that make them attractive barcodes for species identification. Among these gene sections, a novel high fidelity primer pair for TEF1α, already widely used as a phylogenetic marker in mycology, has potential as a supplementary DNA barcode with superior resolution to ITS. Both TOPI and PGK show promise for the Ascomycota, while TOPI and LNS2 are attractive for the Pucciniomycotina, for which universal primers for ribosomal subunits often fail.
DOI: 10.3767/003158515X689135
PubMed: 26823635
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">One fungus, which genes? Development and assessment of universal primers for potential secondary fungal DNA barcodes.</title><author><name sortKey="Stielow, J B" sort="Stielow, J B" uniqKey="Stielow J" first="J B" last="Stielow">J B Stielow</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Levesque, C A" sort="Levesque, C A" uniqKey="Levesque C" first="C A" last="Lévesque">C A Lévesque</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Biodiversity (Mycology and Microbiology), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Seifert, K A" sort="Seifert, K A" uniqKey="Seifert K" first="K A" last="Seifert">K A Seifert</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Biodiversity (Mycology and Microbiology), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meyer, W" sort="Meyer, W" uniqKey="Meyer W" first="W" last="Meyer">W. Meyer</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Sydney, Australia; Medical School, Westmead Hospital, The University of Sydney, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, Sydney, Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Iriny, L" sort="Iriny, L" uniqKey="Iriny L" first="L" last="Iriny">L. Iriny</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Sydney, Australia; Medical School, Westmead Hospital, The University of Sydney, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, Sydney, Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smits, D" sort="Smits, D" uniqKey="Smits D" first="D" last="Smits">D. Smits</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Renfurm, R" sort="Renfurm, R" uniqKey="Renfurm R" first="R" last="Renfurm">R. Renfurm</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Verkley, G J M" sort="Verkley, G J M" uniqKey="Verkley G" first="G J M" last="Verkley">G J M. Verkley</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Groenewald, M" sort="Groenewald, M" uniqKey="Groenewald M" first="M" last="Groenewald">M. Groenewald</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chaduli, D" sort="Chaduli, D" uniqKey="Chaduli D" first="D" last="Chaduli">D. Chaduli</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CIRM-INRA, UMR 1163 BBF, F-13288 Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lomascolo, A" sort="Lomascolo, A" uniqKey="Lomascolo A" first="A" last="Lomascolo">A. Lomascolo</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CIRM-INRA, UMR 1163 BBF, F-13288 Marseille, France.; Aix-Marseille Université, Polytech, UMR 1163 BBF, F-13288 Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Welti, S" sort="Welti, S" uniqKey="Welti S" first="S" last="Welti">S. Welti</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Université Lille2, EA 4483, Laboratoire des Sciences Végétales et Fongiques, UFR Pharmacie, F-59006 Lille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lesage Meessen, L" sort="Lesage Meessen, L" uniqKey="Lesage Meessen L" first="L" last="Lesage-Meessen">L. Lesage-Meessen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CIRM-INRA, UMR 1163 BBF, F-13288 Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Favel, A" sort="Favel, A" uniqKey="Favel A" first="A" last="Favel">A. Favel</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CIRM-INRA, UMR 1163 BBF, F-13288 Marseille, France.; Aix-Marseille Université, Polytech, UMR 1163 BBF, F-13288 Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Al Hatmi, A M S" sort="Al Hatmi, A M S" uniqKey="Al Hatmi A" first="A M S" last="Al-Hatmi">A M S. Al-Hatmi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.; Directorate General of Health Services, Ibri Hospital, Ministry of Health Oman, Sultanate of Oman.; Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Damm, U" sort="Damm, U" uniqKey="Damm U" first="U" last="Damm">U. Damm</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.; Senckenberg Museum of Natural History, Görlitz, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yilmaz, N" sort="Yilmaz, N" uniqKey="Yilmaz N" first="N" last="Yilmaz">N. Yilmaz</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.; Biodiversity (Mycology and Microbiology), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Houbraken, J" sort="Houbraken, J" uniqKey="Houbraken J" first="J" last="Houbraken">J. Houbraken</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lombard, L" sort="Lombard, L" uniqKey="Lombard L" first="L" last="Lombard">L. Lombard</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Quaedvlieg, W" sort="Quaedvlieg, W" uniqKey="Quaedvlieg W" first="W" last="Quaedvlieg">W. Quaedvlieg</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Binder, M" sort="Binder, M" uniqKey="Binder M" first="M" last="Binder">M. Binder</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vaas, L A I" sort="Vaas, L A I" uniqKey="Vaas L" first="L A I" last="Vaas">L A I. Vaas</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.; Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Sydney, Australia; Medical School, Westmead Hospital, The University of Sydney, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, Sydney, Australia.; Frauenhofer Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, Hamburg, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vu, D" sort="Vu, D" uniqKey="Vu D" first="D" last="Vu">D. Vu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yurkov, A" sort="Yurkov, A" uniqKey="Yurkov A" first="A" last="Yurkov">A. Yurkov</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>DSMZ-Leibniz Institute German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Begerow, D" sort="Begerow, D" uniqKey="Begerow D" first="D" last="Begerow">D. Begerow</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Evolution and Biodiversity of Plants, Geobotany, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roehl, O" sort="Roehl, O" uniqKey="Roehl O" first="O" last="Roehl">O. Roehl</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Evolution and Biodiversity of Plants, Geobotany, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guerreiro, M" sort="Guerreiro, M" uniqKey="Guerreiro M" first="M" last="Guerreiro">M. Guerreiro</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centro de Recursos Microbiológicos, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fonseca, A" sort="Fonseca, A" uniqKey="Fonseca A" first="A" last="Fonseca">A. Fonseca</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centro de Recursos Microbiológicos, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Samerpitak, K" sort="Samerpitak, K" uniqKey="Samerpitak K" first="K" last="Samerpitak">K. Samerpitak</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand.; Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Diepeningen, A D" sort="Van Diepeningen, A D" uniqKey="Van Diepeningen A" first="A D" last="Van Diepeningen">A D Van Diepeningen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dolatabadi, S" sort="Dolatabadi, S" uniqKey="Dolatabadi S" first="S" last="Dolatabadi">S. Dolatabadi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.; Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moreno, L F" sort="Moreno, L F" uniqKey="Moreno L" first="L F" last="Moreno">L F Moreno</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.; Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.; Basic Pathology Department, Federal University of Paraná State, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Casaregola, S" sort="Casaregola, S" uniqKey="Casaregola S" first="S" last="Casaregola">S. Casaregola</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>INRA UMR 1319, Micalis, CIRM-Levures, AgroParisTech, Thiverval-Grignon, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mallet, S" sort="Mallet, S" uniqKey="Mallet S" first="S" last="Mallet">S. Mallet</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>INRA UMR 1319, Micalis, CIRM-Levures, AgroParisTech, Thiverval-Grignon, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jacques, N" sort="Jacques, N" uniqKey="Jacques N" first="N" last="Jacques">N. Jacques</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>INRA UMR 1319, Micalis, CIRM-Levures, AgroParisTech, Thiverval-Grignon, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roscini, L" sort="Roscini, L" uniqKey="Roscini L" first="L" last="Roscini">L. Roscini</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Microbiology, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Egidi, E" sort="Egidi, E" uniqKey="Egidi E" first="E" last="Egidi">E. Egidi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Dipartimento di Scienze Ecologiche e Biologiche, Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy.; Department of Physiology Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, 3083 Bundoora, Melbourne, Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bizet, C" sort="Bizet, C" uniqKey="Bizet C" first="C" last="Bizet">C. Bizet</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur, Unité de Mycologie Moléculaire, Centre National de Référence Mycoses Invasives et Antifongiques, Paris, France.; CNRS URA3012, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garcia Hermoso, D" sort="Garcia Hermoso, D" uniqKey="Garcia Hermoso D" first="D" last="Garcia-Hermoso">D. Garcia-Hermoso</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur, Unité de Mycologie Moléculaire, Centre National de Référence Mycoses Invasives et Antifongiques, Paris, France.; CNRS URA3012, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martin, M P" sort="Martin, M P" uniqKey="Martin M" first="M P" last="Martín">M P Martín</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Departamento de Micología, Real Jardín Botánico, RJB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Deng, S" sort="Deng, S" uniqKey="Deng S" first="S" last="Deng">S. Deng</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Shanghai Institute of Medical Mycology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Groenewald, J Z" sort="Groenewald, J Z" uniqKey="Groenewald J" first="J Z" last="Groenewald">J Z Groenewald</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boekhout, T" sort="Boekhout, T" uniqKey="Boekhout T" first="T" last="Boekhout">T. Boekhout</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.; Shanghai Institute of Medical Mycology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Beer, Z W" sort="De Beer, Z W" uniqKey="De Beer Z" first="Z W" last="De Beer">Z W De Beer</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barnes, I" sort="Barnes, I" uniqKey="Barnes I" first="I" last="Barnes">I. Barnes</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Genetics, Forestry Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Duong, T A" sort="Duong, T A" uniqKey="Duong T" first="T A" last="Duong">T A Duong</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Genetics, Forestry Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wingfield, M J" sort="Wingfield, M J" uniqKey="Wingfield M" first="M J" last="Wingfield">M J Wingfield</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Hoog, G S" sort="De Hoog, G S" uniqKey="De Hoog G" first="G S" last="De Hoog">G S De Hoog</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.; Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.; Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Crous, P W" sort="Crous, P W" uniqKey="Crous P" first="P W" last="Crous">P W Crous</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.; Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.; Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lewis, C T" sort="Lewis, C T" uniqKey="Lewis C" first="C T" last="Lewis">C T Lewis</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Biodiversity (Mycology and Microbiology), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hambleton, S" sort="Hambleton, S" uniqKey="Hambleton S" first="S" last="Hambleton">S. Hambleton</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Biodiversity (Mycology and Microbiology), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moussa, T A A" sort="Moussa, T A A" uniqKey="Moussa T" first="T A A" last="Moussa">T A A. Moussa</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.; Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Al Zahrani, H S" sort="Al Zahrani, H S" uniqKey="Al Zahrani H" first="H S" last="Al-Zahrani">H S Al-Zahrani</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Almaghrabi, O A" sort="Almaghrabi, O A" uniqKey="Almaghrabi O" first="O A" last="Almaghrabi">O A Almaghrabi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Louis Seize, G" sort="Louis Seize, G" uniqKey="Louis Seize G" first="G" last="Louis-Seize">G. Louis-Seize</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Biodiversity (Mycology and Microbiology), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Assabgui, R" sort="Assabgui, R" uniqKey="Assabgui R" first="R" last="Assabgui">R. Assabgui</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Biodiversity (Mycology and Microbiology), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mccormick, W" sort="Mccormick, W" uniqKey="Mccormick W" first="W" last="Mccormick">W. Mccormick</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Biodiversity (Mycology and Microbiology), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Omer, G" sort="Omer, G" uniqKey="Omer G" first="G" last="Omer">G. Omer</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dukik, K" sort="Dukik, K" uniqKey="Dukik K" first="K" last="Dukik">K. Dukik</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cardinali, G" sort="Cardinali, G" uniqKey="Cardinali G" first="G" last="Cardinali">G. Cardinali</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Microbiology, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Eberhardt, U" sort="Eberhardt, U" uniqKey="Eberhardt U" first="U" last="Eberhardt">U. Eberhardt</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Abteilung Botanik, Stuttgart, Germany.; Ghent University, WE11 Biology, Gent, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Vries, M" sort="De Vries, M" uniqKey="De Vries M" first="M" last="De Vries">M. De Vries</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Robert, V" sort="Robert, V" uniqKey="Robert V" first="V" last="Robert">V. Robert</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:26823635</idno><idno type="pmid">26823635</idno><idno type="doi">10.3767/003158515X689135</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">002630</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">002630</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">One fungus, which genes? Development and assessment of universal primers for potential secondary fungal DNA barcodes.</title><author><name sortKey="Stielow, J B" sort="Stielow, J B" uniqKey="Stielow J" first="J B" last="Stielow">J B Stielow</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Levesque, C A" sort="Levesque, C A" uniqKey="Levesque C" first="C A" last="Lévesque">C A Lévesque</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Biodiversity (Mycology and Microbiology), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Seifert, K A" sort="Seifert, K A" uniqKey="Seifert K" first="K A" last="Seifert">K A Seifert</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Biodiversity (Mycology and Microbiology), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meyer, W" sort="Meyer, W" uniqKey="Meyer W" first="W" last="Meyer">W. Meyer</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Sydney, Australia; Medical School, Westmead Hospital, The University of Sydney, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, Sydney, Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Iriny, L" sort="Iriny, L" uniqKey="Iriny L" first="L" last="Iriny">L. Iriny</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Sydney, Australia; Medical School, Westmead Hospital, The University of Sydney, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, Sydney, Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smits, D" sort="Smits, D" uniqKey="Smits D" first="D" last="Smits">D. Smits</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Renfurm, R" sort="Renfurm, R" uniqKey="Renfurm R" first="R" last="Renfurm">R. Renfurm</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Verkley, G J M" sort="Verkley, G J M" uniqKey="Verkley G" first="G J M" last="Verkley">G J M. Verkley</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Groenewald, M" sort="Groenewald, M" uniqKey="Groenewald M" first="M" last="Groenewald">M. Groenewald</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chaduli, D" sort="Chaduli, D" uniqKey="Chaduli D" first="D" last="Chaduli">D. Chaduli</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CIRM-INRA, UMR 1163 BBF, F-13288 Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lomascolo, A" sort="Lomascolo, A" uniqKey="Lomascolo A" first="A" last="Lomascolo">A. Lomascolo</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CIRM-INRA, UMR 1163 BBF, F-13288 Marseille, France.; Aix-Marseille Université, Polytech, UMR 1163 BBF, F-13288 Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Welti, S" sort="Welti, S" uniqKey="Welti S" first="S" last="Welti">S. Welti</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Université Lille2, EA 4483, Laboratoire des Sciences Végétales et Fongiques, UFR Pharmacie, F-59006 Lille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lesage Meessen, L" sort="Lesage Meessen, L" uniqKey="Lesage Meessen L" first="L" last="Lesage-Meessen">L. Lesage-Meessen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CIRM-INRA, UMR 1163 BBF, F-13288 Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Favel, A" sort="Favel, A" uniqKey="Favel A" first="A" last="Favel">A. Favel</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CIRM-INRA, UMR 1163 BBF, F-13288 Marseille, France.; Aix-Marseille Université, Polytech, UMR 1163 BBF, F-13288 Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Al Hatmi, A M S" sort="Al Hatmi, A M S" uniqKey="Al Hatmi A" first="A M S" last="Al-Hatmi">A M S. Al-Hatmi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.; Directorate General of Health Services, Ibri Hospital, Ministry of Health Oman, Sultanate of Oman.; Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Damm, U" sort="Damm, U" uniqKey="Damm U" first="U" last="Damm">U. Damm</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.; Senckenberg Museum of Natural History, Görlitz, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yilmaz, N" sort="Yilmaz, N" uniqKey="Yilmaz N" first="N" last="Yilmaz">N. Yilmaz</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.; Biodiversity (Mycology and Microbiology), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Houbraken, J" sort="Houbraken, J" uniqKey="Houbraken J" first="J" last="Houbraken">J. Houbraken</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lombard, L" sort="Lombard, L" uniqKey="Lombard L" first="L" last="Lombard">L. Lombard</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Quaedvlieg, W" sort="Quaedvlieg, W" uniqKey="Quaedvlieg W" first="W" last="Quaedvlieg">W. Quaedvlieg</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Binder, M" sort="Binder, M" uniqKey="Binder M" first="M" last="Binder">M. Binder</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vaas, L A I" sort="Vaas, L A I" uniqKey="Vaas L" first="L A I" last="Vaas">L A I. Vaas</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.; Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Sydney, Australia; Medical School, Westmead Hospital, The University of Sydney, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, Sydney, Australia.; Frauenhofer Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, Hamburg, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vu, D" sort="Vu, D" uniqKey="Vu D" first="D" last="Vu">D. Vu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yurkov, A" sort="Yurkov, A" uniqKey="Yurkov A" first="A" last="Yurkov">A. Yurkov</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>DSMZ-Leibniz Institute German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Begerow, D" sort="Begerow, D" uniqKey="Begerow D" first="D" last="Begerow">D. Begerow</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Evolution and Biodiversity of Plants, Geobotany, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roehl, O" sort="Roehl, O" uniqKey="Roehl O" first="O" last="Roehl">O. Roehl</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Evolution and Biodiversity of Plants, Geobotany, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guerreiro, M" sort="Guerreiro, M" uniqKey="Guerreiro M" first="M" last="Guerreiro">M. Guerreiro</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centro de Recursos Microbiológicos, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fonseca, A" sort="Fonseca, A" uniqKey="Fonseca A" first="A" last="Fonseca">A. Fonseca</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centro de Recursos Microbiológicos, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Samerpitak, K" sort="Samerpitak, K" uniqKey="Samerpitak K" first="K" last="Samerpitak">K. Samerpitak</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand.; Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Diepeningen, A D" sort="Van Diepeningen, A D" uniqKey="Van Diepeningen A" first="A D" last="Van Diepeningen">A D Van Diepeningen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dolatabadi, S" sort="Dolatabadi, S" uniqKey="Dolatabadi S" first="S" last="Dolatabadi">S. Dolatabadi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.; Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moreno, L F" sort="Moreno, L F" uniqKey="Moreno L" first="L F" last="Moreno">L F Moreno</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.; Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.; Basic Pathology Department, Federal University of Paraná State, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Casaregola, S" sort="Casaregola, S" uniqKey="Casaregola S" first="S" last="Casaregola">S. Casaregola</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>INRA UMR 1319, Micalis, CIRM-Levures, AgroParisTech, Thiverval-Grignon, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mallet, S" sort="Mallet, S" uniqKey="Mallet S" first="S" last="Mallet">S. Mallet</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>INRA UMR 1319, Micalis, CIRM-Levures, AgroParisTech, Thiverval-Grignon, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jacques, N" sort="Jacques, N" uniqKey="Jacques N" first="N" last="Jacques">N. Jacques</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>INRA UMR 1319, Micalis, CIRM-Levures, AgroParisTech, Thiverval-Grignon, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roscini, L" sort="Roscini, L" uniqKey="Roscini L" first="L" last="Roscini">L. Roscini</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Microbiology, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Egidi, E" sort="Egidi, E" uniqKey="Egidi E" first="E" last="Egidi">E. Egidi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Dipartimento di Scienze Ecologiche e Biologiche, Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy.; Department of Physiology Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, 3083 Bundoora, Melbourne, Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bizet, C" sort="Bizet, C" uniqKey="Bizet C" first="C" last="Bizet">C. Bizet</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur, Unité de Mycologie Moléculaire, Centre National de Référence Mycoses Invasives et Antifongiques, Paris, France.; CNRS URA3012, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garcia Hermoso, D" sort="Garcia Hermoso, D" uniqKey="Garcia Hermoso D" first="D" last="Garcia-Hermoso">D. Garcia-Hermoso</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur, Unité de Mycologie Moléculaire, Centre National de Référence Mycoses Invasives et Antifongiques, Paris, France.; CNRS URA3012, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martin, M P" sort="Martin, M P" uniqKey="Martin M" first="M P" last="Martín">M P Martín</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Departamento de Micología, Real Jardín Botánico, RJB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Deng, S" sort="Deng, S" uniqKey="Deng S" first="S" last="Deng">S. Deng</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Shanghai Institute of Medical Mycology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Groenewald, J Z" sort="Groenewald, J Z" uniqKey="Groenewald J" first="J Z" last="Groenewald">J Z Groenewald</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boekhout, T" sort="Boekhout, T" uniqKey="Boekhout T" first="T" last="Boekhout">T. Boekhout</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.; Shanghai Institute of Medical Mycology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Beer, Z W" sort="De Beer, Z W" uniqKey="De Beer Z" first="Z W" last="De Beer">Z W De Beer</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barnes, I" sort="Barnes, I" uniqKey="Barnes I" first="I" last="Barnes">I. Barnes</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Genetics, Forestry Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Duong, T A" sort="Duong, T A" uniqKey="Duong T" first="T A" last="Duong">T A Duong</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Genetics, Forestry Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wingfield, M J" sort="Wingfield, M J" uniqKey="Wingfield M" first="M J" last="Wingfield">M J Wingfield</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Hoog, G S" sort="De Hoog, G S" uniqKey="De Hoog G" first="G S" last="De Hoog">G S De Hoog</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.; Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.; Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Crous, P W" sort="Crous, P W" uniqKey="Crous P" first="P W" last="Crous">P W Crous</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.; Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.; Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lewis, C T" sort="Lewis, C T" uniqKey="Lewis C" first="C T" last="Lewis">C T Lewis</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Biodiversity (Mycology and Microbiology), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hambleton, S" sort="Hambleton, S" uniqKey="Hambleton S" first="S" last="Hambleton">S. Hambleton</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Biodiversity (Mycology and Microbiology), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moussa, T A A" sort="Moussa, T A A" uniqKey="Moussa T" first="T A A" last="Moussa">T A A. Moussa</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.; Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Al Zahrani, H S" sort="Al Zahrani, H S" uniqKey="Al Zahrani H" first="H S" last="Al-Zahrani">H S Al-Zahrani</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Almaghrabi, O A" sort="Almaghrabi, O A" uniqKey="Almaghrabi O" first="O A" last="Almaghrabi">O A Almaghrabi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Louis Seize, G" sort="Louis Seize, G" uniqKey="Louis Seize G" first="G" last="Louis-Seize">G. Louis-Seize</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Biodiversity (Mycology and Microbiology), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Assabgui, R" sort="Assabgui, R" uniqKey="Assabgui R" first="R" last="Assabgui">R. Assabgui</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Biodiversity (Mycology and Microbiology), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mccormick, W" sort="Mccormick, W" uniqKey="Mccormick W" first="W" last="Mccormick">W. Mccormick</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Biodiversity (Mycology and Microbiology), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Omer, G" sort="Omer, G" uniqKey="Omer G" first="G" last="Omer">G. Omer</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dukik, K" sort="Dukik, K" uniqKey="Dukik K" first="K" last="Dukik">K. Dukik</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cardinali, G" sort="Cardinali, G" uniqKey="Cardinali G" first="G" last="Cardinali">G. Cardinali</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Microbiology, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Eberhardt, U" sort="Eberhardt, U" uniqKey="Eberhardt U" first="U" last="Eberhardt">U. Eberhardt</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Abteilung Botanik, Stuttgart, Germany.; Ghent University, WE11 Biology, Gent, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Vries, M" sort="De Vries, M" uniqKey="De Vries M" first="M" last="De Vries">M. De Vries</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Robert, V" sort="Robert, V" uniqKey="Robert V" first="V" last="Robert">V. Robert</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Persoonia</title><idno type="ISSN">0031-5850</idno><imprint><date when="2015" type="published">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">The aim of this study was to assess potential candidate gene regions and corresponding universal primer pairs as secondary DNA barcodes for the fungal kingdom, additional to ITS rDNA as primary barcode. Amplification efficiencies of 14 (partially) universal primer pairs targeting eight genetic markers were tested across > 1 500 species (1 931 strains or specimens) and the outcomes of almost twenty thousand (19 577) polymerase chain reactions were evaluated. We tested several well-known primer pairs that amplify: i) sections of the nuclear ribosomal RNA gene large subunit (D1-D2 domains of 26/28S); ii) the complete internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1/2); iii) partial β -tubulin II (TUB2); iv) γ-actin (ACT); v) translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1α); and vi) the second largest subunit of RNA-polymerase II (partial RPB2, section 5-6). Their PCR efficiencies were compared with novel candidate primers corresponding to: i) the fungal-specific translation elongation factor 3 (TEF3); ii) a small ribosomal protein necessary for t-RNA docking; iii) the 60S L10 (L1) RP; iv) DNA topoisomerase I (TOPI); v) phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK); vi) hypothetical protein LNS2; and vii) alternative sections of TEF1α. Results showed that several gene sections are accessible to universal primers (or primers universal for phyla) yielding a single PCR-product. Barcode gap and multi-dimensional scaling analyses revealed that some of the tested candidate markers have universal properties providing adequate infra- and inter-specific variation that make them attractive barcodes for species identification. Among these gene sections, a novel high fidelity primer pair for TEF1α, already widely used as a phylogenetic marker in mycology, has potential as a supplementary DNA barcode with superior resolution to ITS. Both TOPI and PGK show promise for the Ascomycota, while TOPI and LNS2 are attractive for the Pucciniomycotina, for which universal primers for ribosomal subunits often fail.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="PubMed-not-MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">26823635</PMID><DateCreated><Year>2016</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>29</Day></DateCreated><DateCompleted><Year>2016</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>29</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2017</Year><Month>02</Month><Day>20</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Print">0031-5850</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Print"><Volume>35</Volume><PubDate><Year>2015</Year><Month>Dec</Month></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Persoonia</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Persoonia</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>One fungus, which genes? Development and assessment of universal primers for potential secondary fungal DNA barcodes.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>242-63</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.3767/003158515X689135</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>The aim of this study was to assess potential candidate gene regions and corresponding universal primer pairs as secondary DNA barcodes for the fungal kingdom, additional to ITS rDNA as primary barcode. Amplification efficiencies of 14 (partially) universal primer pairs targeting eight genetic markers were tested across > 1 500 species (1 931 strains or specimens) and the outcomes of almost twenty thousand (19 577) polymerase chain reactions were evaluated. We tested several well-known primer pairs that amplify: i) sections of the nuclear ribosomal RNA gene large subunit (D1-D2 domains of 26/28S); ii) the complete internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1/2); iii) partial β -tubulin II (TUB2); iv) γ-actin (ACT); v) translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1α); and vi) the second largest subunit of RNA-polymerase II (partial RPB2, section 5-6). Their PCR efficiencies were compared with novel candidate primers corresponding to: i) the fungal-specific translation elongation factor 3 (TEF3); ii) a small ribosomal protein necessary for t-RNA docking; iii) the 60S L10 (L1) RP; iv) DNA topoisomerase I (TOPI); v) phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK); vi) hypothetical protein LNS2; and vii) alternative sections of TEF1α. Results showed that several gene sections are accessible to universal primers (or primers universal for phyla) yielding a single PCR-product. Barcode gap and multi-dimensional scaling analyses revealed that some of the tested candidate markers have universal properties providing adequate infra- and inter-specific variation that make them attractive barcodes for species identification. Among these gene sections, a novel high fidelity primer pair for TEF1α, already widely used as a phylogenetic marker in mycology, has potential as a supplementary DNA barcode with superior resolution to ITS. Both TOPI and PGK show promise for the Ascomycota, while TOPI and LNS2 are attractive for the Pucciniomycotina, for which universal primers for ribosomal subunits often fail.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Stielow</LastName><ForeName>J B</ForeName><Initials>JB</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lévesque</LastName><ForeName>C A</ForeName><Initials>CA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Biodiversity (Mycology and Microbiology), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Seifert</LastName><ForeName>K A</ForeName><Initials>KA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Biodiversity (Mycology and Microbiology), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Meyer</LastName><ForeName>W</ForeName><Initials>W</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Sydney, Australia; Medical School, Westmead Hospital, The University of Sydney, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, Sydney, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Iriny</LastName><ForeName>L</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Sydney, Australia; Medical School, Westmead Hospital, The University of Sydney, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, Sydney, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Smits</LastName><ForeName>D</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Renfurm</LastName><ForeName>R</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Verkley</LastName><ForeName>G J M</ForeName><Initials>GJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Groenewald</LastName><ForeName>M</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Chaduli</LastName><ForeName>D</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>CIRM-INRA, UMR 1163 BBF, F-13288 Marseille, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lomascolo</LastName><ForeName>A</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>CIRM-INRA, UMR 1163 BBF, F-13288 Marseille, France.; Aix-Marseille Université, Polytech, UMR 1163 BBF, F-13288 Marseille, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Welti</LastName><ForeName>S</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Université Lille2, EA 4483, Laboratoire des Sciences Végétales et Fongiques, UFR Pharmacie, F-59006 Lille, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lesage-Meessen</LastName><ForeName>L</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>CIRM-INRA, UMR 1163 BBF, F-13288 Marseille, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Favel</LastName><ForeName>A</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>CIRM-INRA, UMR 1163 BBF, F-13288 Marseille, France.; Aix-Marseille Université, Polytech, UMR 1163 BBF, F-13288 Marseille, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Al-Hatmi</LastName><ForeName>A M S</ForeName><Initials>AM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.; Directorate General of Health Services, Ibri Hospital, Ministry of Health Oman, Sultanate of Oman.; Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Damm</LastName><ForeName>U</ForeName><Initials>U</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.; Senckenberg Museum of Natural History, Görlitz, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Yilmaz</LastName><ForeName>N</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.; Biodiversity (Mycology and Microbiology), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Houbraken</LastName><ForeName>J</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lombard</LastName><ForeName>L</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Quaedvlieg</LastName><ForeName>W</ForeName><Initials>W</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Binder</LastName><ForeName>M</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Vaas</LastName><ForeName>L A I</ForeName><Initials>LA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.; Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Sydney, Australia; Medical School, Westmead Hospital, The University of Sydney, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, Sydney, Australia.; Frauenhofer Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, Hamburg, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Vu</LastName><ForeName>D</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Yurkov</LastName><ForeName>A</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>DSMZ-Leibniz Institute German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Begerow</LastName><ForeName>D</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Evolution and Biodiversity of Plants, Geobotany, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Roehl</LastName><ForeName>O</ForeName><Initials>O</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Evolution and Biodiversity of Plants, Geobotany, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Guerreiro</LastName><ForeName>M</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centro de Recursos Microbiológicos, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Fonseca</LastName><ForeName>A</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centro de Recursos Microbiológicos, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Samerpitak</LastName><ForeName>K</ForeName><Initials>K</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand.; Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>van Diepeningen</LastName><ForeName>A D</ForeName><Initials>AD</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Dolatabadi</LastName><ForeName>S</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.; Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Moreno</LastName><ForeName>L F</ForeName><Initials>LF</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.; Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.; Basic Pathology Department, Federal University of Paraná State, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Casaregola</LastName><ForeName>S</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>INRA UMR 1319, Micalis, CIRM-Levures, AgroParisTech, Thiverval-Grignon, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mallet</LastName><ForeName>S</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>INRA UMR 1319, Micalis, CIRM-Levures, AgroParisTech, Thiverval-Grignon, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Jacques</LastName><ForeName>N</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>INRA UMR 1319, Micalis, CIRM-Levures, AgroParisTech, Thiverval-Grignon, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Roscini</LastName><ForeName>L</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Microbiology, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Egidi</LastName><ForeName>E</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Dipartimento di Scienze Ecologiche e Biologiche, Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy.; Department of Physiology Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, 3083 Bundoora, Melbourne, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bizet</LastName><ForeName>C</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institut Pasteur, Unité de Mycologie Moléculaire, Centre National de Référence Mycoses Invasives et Antifongiques, Paris, France.; CNRS URA3012, Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Garcia-Hermoso</LastName><ForeName>D</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institut Pasteur, Unité de Mycologie Moléculaire, Centre National de Référence Mycoses Invasives et Antifongiques, Paris, France.; CNRS URA3012, Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Martín</LastName><ForeName>M P</ForeName><Initials>MP</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Departamento de Micología, Real Jardín Botánico, RJB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Deng</LastName><ForeName>S</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Shanghai Institute of Medical Mycology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Groenewald</LastName><ForeName>J Z</ForeName><Initials>JZ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Boekhout</LastName><ForeName>T</ForeName><Initials>T</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.; Shanghai Institute of Medical Mycology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>de Beer</LastName><ForeName>Z W</ForeName><Initials>ZW</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Barnes</LastName><ForeName>I</ForeName><Initials>I</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Genetics, Forestry Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Duong</LastName><ForeName>T A</ForeName><Initials>TA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Genetics, Forestry Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wingfield</LastName><ForeName>M J</ForeName><Initials>MJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>de Hoog</LastName><ForeName>G S</ForeName><Initials>GS</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.; Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.; Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Crous</LastName><ForeName>P W</ForeName><Initials>PW</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.; Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.; Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lewis</LastName><ForeName>C T</ForeName><Initials>CT</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Biodiversity (Mycology and Microbiology), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hambleton</LastName><ForeName>S</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Biodiversity (Mycology and Microbiology), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Moussa</LastName><ForeName>T A A</ForeName><Initials>TA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.; Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Al-Zahrani</LastName><ForeName>H S</ForeName><Initials>HS</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Almaghrabi</LastName><ForeName>O A</ForeName><Initials>OA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Louis-Seize</LastName><ForeName>G</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Biodiversity (Mycology and Microbiology), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Assabgui</LastName><ForeName>R</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Biodiversity (Mycology and Microbiology), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>McCormick</LastName><ForeName>W</ForeName><Initials>W</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Biodiversity (Mycology and Microbiology), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Omer</LastName><ForeName>G</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Dukik</LastName><ForeName>K</ForeName><Initials>K</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Cardinali</LastName><ForeName>G</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Microbiology, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Eberhardt</LastName><ForeName>U</ForeName><Initials>U</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Abteilung Botanik, Stuttgart, Germany.; Ghent University, WE11 Biology, Gent, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>de Vries</LastName><ForeName>M</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Robert</LastName><ForeName>V</ForeName><Initials>V</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate 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