Evidence for an Ancestral Association of Human Coronavirus 229E with Bats.
Identifieur interne : 002621 ( PubMed/Corpus ); précédent : 002620; suivant : 002622Evidence for an Ancestral Association of Human Coronavirus 229E with Bats.
Auteurs : Victor Max Corman ; Heather J. Baldwin ; Adriana Fumie Tateno ; Rodrigo Melim Zerbinati ; Augustina Annan ; Michael Owusu ; Evans Ewald Nkrumah ; Gael Darren Maganga ; Samuel Oppong ; Yaw Adu-Sarkodie ; Peter Vallo ; Luiz Vicente Ribeiro Ferreira Da Silva Filho ; Eric M. Leroy ; Volker Thiel ; Lia Van Der Hoek ; Leo L M. Poon ; Marco Tschapka ; Christian Drosten ; Jan Felix DrexlerSource :
- Journal of virology [ 1098-5514 ] ; 2015.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Animals, Base Sequence, Bayes Theorem, Biological Evolution, Camelids, New World (virology), Chiroptera (virology), Coronavirus 229E, Human (genetics), DNA Primers (genetics), Feces (virology), Genetic Variation, Ghana, Humans, Models, Genetic, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, RNA Replicase (genetics), Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus (genetics).
- MESH :
- chemical , genetics : DNA Primers, RNA Replicase, Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus.
- geographic : Ghana.
- genetics : Coronavirus 229E, Human.
- virology : Camelids, New World, Chiroptera, Feces.
- Animals, Base Sequence, Bayes Theorem, Biological Evolution, Genetic Variation, Humans, Models, Genetic, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sequence Analysis, DNA.
Abstract
We previously showed that close relatives of human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) exist in African bats. The small sample and limited genomic characterizations have prevented further analyses so far. Here, we tested 2,087 fecal specimens from 11 bat species sampled in Ghana for HCoV-229E-related viruses by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR). Only hipposiderid bats tested positive. To compare the genetic diversity of bat viruses and HCoV-229E, we tested historical isolates and diagnostic specimens sampled globally over 10 years. Bat viruses were 5- and 6-fold more diversified than HCoV-229E in the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and spike genes. In phylogenetic analyses, HCoV-229E strains were monophyletic and not intermixed with animal viruses. Bat viruses formed three large clades in close and more distant sister relationships. A recently described 229E-related alpaca virus occupied an intermediate phylogenetic position between bat and human viruses. According to taxonomic criteria, human, alpaca, and bat viruses form a single CoV species showing evidence for multiple recombination events. HCoV-229E and the alpaca virus showed a major deletion in the spike S1 region compared to all bat viruses. Analyses of four full genomes from 229E-related bat CoVs revealed an eighth open reading frame (ORF8) located at the genomic 3' end. ORF8 also existed in the 229E-related alpaca virus. Reanalysis of HCoV-229E sequences showed a conserved transcription regulatory sequence preceding remnants of this ORF, suggesting its loss after acquisition of a 229E-related CoV by humans. These data suggested an evolutionary origin of 229E-related CoVs in hipposiderid bats, hypothetically with camelids as intermediate hosts preceding the establishment of HCoV-229E.
DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01755-15
PubMed: 26378164
Links to Exploration step
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Baldwin</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tateno, Adriana Fumie" sort="Tateno, Adriana Fumie" uniqKey="Tateno A" first="Adriana Fumie" last="Tateno">Adriana Fumie Tateno</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zerbinati, Rodrigo Melim" sort="Zerbinati, Rodrigo Melim" uniqKey="Zerbinati R" first="Rodrigo Melim" last="Zerbinati">Rodrigo Melim Zerbinati</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Annan, Augustina" sort="Annan, Augustina" uniqKey="Annan A" first="Augustina" last="Annan">Augustina Annan</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kumasi, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Owusu, Michael" sort="Owusu, Michael" uniqKey="Owusu M" first="Michael" last="Owusu">Michael Owusu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kumasi, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nkrumah, Evans Ewald" sort="Nkrumah, Evans Ewald" uniqKey="Nkrumah E" first="Evans Ewald" last="Nkrumah">Evans Ewald Nkrumah</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kumasi, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maganga, Gael Darren" sort="Maganga, Gael Darren" uniqKey="Maganga G" first="Gael Darren" last="Maganga">Gael Darren Maganga</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Oppong, Samuel" sort="Oppong, Samuel" uniqKey="Oppong S" first="Samuel" last="Oppong">Samuel Oppong</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Adu Sarkodie, Yaw" sort="Adu Sarkodie, Yaw" uniqKey="Adu Sarkodie Y" first="Yaw" last="Adu-Sarkodie">Yaw Adu-Sarkodie</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vallo, Peter" sort="Vallo, Peter" uniqKey="Vallo P" first="Peter" last="Vallo">Peter Vallo</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Da Silva Filho, Luiz Vicente Ribeiro Ferreira" sort="Da Silva Filho, Luiz Vicente Ribeiro Ferreira" uniqKey="Da Silva Filho L" first="Luiz Vicente Ribeiro Ferreira" last="Da Silva Filho">Luiz Vicente Ribeiro Ferreira Da Silva Filho</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil Instituto da Criança, Hospital das Clínicas da FMUSP, São Paulo, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Leroy, Eric M" sort="Leroy, Eric M" uniqKey="Leroy E" first="Eric M" last="Leroy">Eric M. Leroy</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 224 (MIVEGEC), IRD/CNRS/UM1, Montpellier, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thiel, Volker" sort="Thiel, Volker" uniqKey="Thiel V" first="Volker" last="Thiel">Volker Thiel</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland Federal Department of Home Affairs, Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern and Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Hoek, Lia" sort="Van Der Hoek, Lia" uniqKey="Van Der Hoek L" first="Lia" last="Van Der Hoek">Lia Van Der Hoek</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Poon, Leo L M" sort="Poon, Leo L M" uniqKey="Poon L" first="Leo L M" last="Poon">Leo L M. Poon</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tschapka, Marco" sort="Tschapka, Marco" uniqKey="Tschapka M" first="Marco" last="Tschapka">Marco Tschapka</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Drosten, Christian" sort="Drosten, Christian" uniqKey="Drosten C" first="Christian" last="Drosten">Christian Drosten</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany German Centre for Infection Research, (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany drosten@virology-bonn.de drexler@virology-bonn.de.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Drexler, Jan Felix" sort="Drexler, Jan Felix" uniqKey="Drexler J" first="Jan Felix" last="Drexler">Jan Felix Drexler</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany German Centre for Infection Research, (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany drosten@virology-bonn.de drexler@virology-bonn.de.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:26378164</idno><idno type="pmid">26378164</idno><idno type="doi">10.1128/JVI.01755-15</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">002621</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">002621</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Evidence for an Ancestral Association of Human Coronavirus 229E with Bats.</title><author><name sortKey="Corman, Victor Max" sort="Corman, Victor Max" uniqKey="Corman V" first="Victor Max" last="Corman">Victor Max Corman</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany German Centre for Infection Research, (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baldwin, Heather J" sort="Baldwin, Heather J" uniqKey="Baldwin H" first="Heather J" last="Baldwin">Heather J. Baldwin</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tateno, Adriana Fumie" sort="Tateno, Adriana Fumie" uniqKey="Tateno A" first="Adriana Fumie" last="Tateno">Adriana Fumie Tateno</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zerbinati, Rodrigo Melim" sort="Zerbinati, Rodrigo Melim" uniqKey="Zerbinati R" first="Rodrigo Melim" last="Zerbinati">Rodrigo Melim Zerbinati</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Annan, Augustina" sort="Annan, Augustina" uniqKey="Annan A" first="Augustina" last="Annan">Augustina Annan</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kumasi, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Owusu, Michael" sort="Owusu, Michael" uniqKey="Owusu M" first="Michael" last="Owusu">Michael Owusu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kumasi, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nkrumah, Evans Ewald" sort="Nkrumah, Evans Ewald" uniqKey="Nkrumah E" first="Evans Ewald" last="Nkrumah">Evans Ewald Nkrumah</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kumasi, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maganga, Gael Darren" sort="Maganga, Gael Darren" uniqKey="Maganga G" first="Gael Darren" last="Maganga">Gael Darren Maganga</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Oppong, Samuel" sort="Oppong, Samuel" uniqKey="Oppong S" first="Samuel" last="Oppong">Samuel Oppong</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Adu Sarkodie, Yaw" sort="Adu Sarkodie, Yaw" uniqKey="Adu Sarkodie Y" first="Yaw" last="Adu-Sarkodie">Yaw Adu-Sarkodie</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vallo, Peter" sort="Vallo, Peter" uniqKey="Vallo P" first="Peter" last="Vallo">Peter Vallo</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Da Silva Filho, Luiz Vicente Ribeiro Ferreira" sort="Da Silva Filho, Luiz Vicente Ribeiro Ferreira" uniqKey="Da Silva Filho L" first="Luiz Vicente Ribeiro Ferreira" last="Da Silva Filho">Luiz Vicente Ribeiro Ferreira Da Silva Filho</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil Instituto da Criança, Hospital das Clínicas da FMUSP, São Paulo, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Leroy, Eric M" sort="Leroy, Eric M" uniqKey="Leroy E" first="Eric M" last="Leroy">Eric M. Leroy</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 224 (MIVEGEC), IRD/CNRS/UM1, Montpellier, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thiel, Volker" sort="Thiel, Volker" uniqKey="Thiel V" first="Volker" last="Thiel">Volker Thiel</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland Federal Department of Home Affairs, Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern and Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Hoek, Lia" sort="Van Der Hoek, Lia" uniqKey="Van Der Hoek L" first="Lia" last="Van Der Hoek">Lia Van Der Hoek</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Poon, Leo L M" sort="Poon, Leo L M" uniqKey="Poon L" first="Leo L M" last="Poon">Leo L M. Poon</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tschapka, Marco" sort="Tschapka, Marco" uniqKey="Tschapka M" first="Marco" last="Tschapka">Marco Tschapka</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Drosten, Christian" sort="Drosten, Christian" uniqKey="Drosten C" first="Christian" last="Drosten">Christian Drosten</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany German Centre for Infection Research, (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany drosten@virology-bonn.de drexler@virology-bonn.de.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Drexler, Jan Felix" sort="Drexler, Jan Felix" uniqKey="Drexler J" first="Jan Felix" last="Drexler">Jan Felix Drexler</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany German Centre for Infection Research, (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany drosten@virology-bonn.de drexler@virology-bonn.de.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Journal of virology</title><idno type="eISSN">1098-5514</idno><imprint><date when="2015" type="published">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term><term>Base Sequence</term><term>Bayes Theorem</term><term>Biological Evolution</term><term>Camelids, New World (virology)</term><term>Chiroptera (virology)</term><term>Coronavirus 229E, Human (genetics)</term><term>DNA Primers (genetics)</term><term>Feces (virology)</term><term>Genetic Variation</term><term>Ghana</term><term>Humans</term><term>Models, Genetic</term><term>Molecular Sequence Data</term><term>Phylogeny</term><term>RNA Replicase (genetics)</term><term>Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction</term><term>Sequence Analysis, DNA</term><term>Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus (genetics)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>DNA Primers</term><term>RNA Replicase</term><term>Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="geographic" xml:lang="en"><term>Ghana</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Coronavirus 229E, Human</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="virology" xml:lang="en"><term>Camelids, New World</term><term>Chiroptera</term><term>Feces</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term><term>Base Sequence</term><term>Bayes Theorem</term><term>Biological Evolution</term><term>Genetic Variation</term><term>Humans</term><term>Models, Genetic</term><term>Molecular Sequence Data</term><term>Phylogeny</term><term>Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction</term><term>Sequence Analysis, DNA</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">We previously showed that close relatives of human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) exist in African bats. The small sample and limited genomic characterizations have prevented further analyses so far. Here, we tested 2,087 fecal specimens from 11 bat species sampled in Ghana for HCoV-229E-related viruses by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR). Only hipposiderid bats tested positive. To compare the genetic diversity of bat viruses and HCoV-229E, we tested historical isolates and diagnostic specimens sampled globally over 10 years. Bat viruses were 5- and 6-fold more diversified than HCoV-229E in the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and spike genes. In phylogenetic analyses, HCoV-229E strains were monophyletic and not intermixed with animal viruses. Bat viruses formed three large clades in close and more distant sister relationships. A recently described 229E-related alpaca virus occupied an intermediate phylogenetic position between bat and human viruses. According to taxonomic criteria, human, alpaca, and bat viruses form a single CoV species showing evidence for multiple recombination events. HCoV-229E and the alpaca virus showed a major deletion in the spike S1 region compared to all bat viruses. Analyses of four full genomes from 229E-related bat CoVs revealed an eighth open reading frame (ORF8) located at the genomic 3' end. ORF8 also existed in the 229E-related alpaca virus. Reanalysis of HCoV-229E sequences showed a conserved transcription regulatory sequence preceding remnants of this ORF, suggesting its loss after acquisition of a 229E-related CoV by humans. These data suggested an evolutionary origin of 229E-related CoVs in hipposiderid bats, hypothetically with camelids as intermediate hosts preceding the establishment of HCoV-229E.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">26378164</PMID><DateCreated><Year>2015</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>06</Day></DateCreated><DateCompleted><Year>2016</Year><Month>03</Month><Day>01</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2017</Year><Month>02</Month><Day>20</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1098-5514</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>89</Volume><Issue>23</Issue><PubDate><Year>2015</Year><Month>Dec</Month></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Journal of virology</Title><ISOAbbreviation>J. Virol.</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Evidence for an Ancestral Association of Human Coronavirus 229E with Bats.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>11858-70</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1128/JVI.01755-15</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText Label="UNLABELLED">We previously showed that close relatives of human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) exist in African bats. The small sample and limited genomic characterizations have prevented further analyses so far. Here, we tested 2,087 fecal specimens from 11 bat species sampled in Ghana for HCoV-229E-related viruses by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR). Only hipposiderid bats tested positive. To compare the genetic diversity of bat viruses and HCoV-229E, we tested historical isolates and diagnostic specimens sampled globally over 10 years. Bat viruses were 5- and 6-fold more diversified than HCoV-229E in the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and spike genes. In phylogenetic analyses, HCoV-229E strains were monophyletic and not intermixed with animal viruses. Bat viruses formed three large clades in close and more distant sister relationships. A recently described 229E-related alpaca virus occupied an intermediate phylogenetic position between bat and human viruses. According to taxonomic criteria, human, alpaca, and bat viruses form a single CoV species showing evidence for multiple recombination events. HCoV-229E and the alpaca virus showed a major deletion in the spike S1 region compared to all bat viruses. Analyses of four full genomes from 229E-related bat CoVs revealed an eighth open reading frame (ORF8) located at the genomic 3' end. ORF8 also existed in the 229E-related alpaca virus. Reanalysis of HCoV-229E sequences showed a conserved transcription regulatory sequence preceding remnants of this ORF, suggesting its loss after acquisition of a 229E-related CoV by humans. These data suggested an evolutionary origin of 229E-related CoVs in hipposiderid bats, hypothetically with camelids as intermediate hosts preceding the establishment of HCoV-229E.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="IMPORTANCE" NlmCategory="OBJECTIVE">The ancestral origins of major human coronaviruses (HCoVs) likely involve bat hosts. Here, we provide conclusive genetic evidence for an evolutionary origin of the common cold virus HCoV-229E in hipposiderid bats by analyzing a large sample of African bats and characterizing several bat viruses on a full-genome level. Our evolutionary analyses show that animal and human viruses are genetically closely related, can exchange genetic material, and form a single viral species. We show that the putative host switches leading to the formation of HCoV-229E were accompanied by major genomic changes, including deletions in the viral spike glycoprotein gene and loss of an open reading frame. We reanalyze a previously described genetically related alpaca virus and discuss the role of camelids as potential intermediate hosts between bat and human viruses. The evolutionary history of HCoV-229E likely shares important characteristics with that of the recently emerged highly pathogenic Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>Copyright © 2015, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Corman</LastName><ForeName>Victor Max</ForeName><Initials>VM</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3605-0136</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany German Centre for Infection Research, (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Baldwin</LastName><ForeName>Heather J</ForeName><Initials>HJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Tateno</LastName><ForeName>Adriana Fumie</ForeName><Initials>AF</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zerbinati</LastName><ForeName>Rodrigo Melim</ForeName><Initials>RM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Annan</LastName><ForeName>Augustina</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kumasi, Ghana.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Owusu</LastName><ForeName>Michael</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kumasi, Ghana.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Nkrumah</LastName><ForeName>Evans Ewald</ForeName><Initials>EE</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kumasi, Ghana.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Maganga</LastName><ForeName>Gael Darren</ForeName><Initials>GD</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Oppong</LastName><ForeName>Samuel</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Adu-Sarkodie</LastName><ForeName>Yaw</ForeName><Initials>Y</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Vallo</LastName><ForeName>Peter</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>da Silva Filho</LastName><ForeName>Luiz Vicente Ribeiro Ferreira</ForeName><Initials>LV</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil Instituto da Criança, Hospital das Clínicas da FMUSP, São Paulo, Brazil.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Leroy</LastName><ForeName>Eric M</ForeName><Initials>EM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 224 (MIVEGEC), IRD/CNRS/UM1, Montpellier, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Thiel</LastName><ForeName>Volker</ForeName><Initials>V</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland Federal Department of Home Affairs, Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern and Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>van der Hoek</LastName><ForeName>Lia</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Poon</LastName><ForeName>Leo L M</ForeName><Initials>LL</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Tschapka</LastName><ForeName>Marco</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Drosten</LastName><ForeName>Christian</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany German Centre for Infection Research, (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany drosten@virology-bonn.de drexler@virology-bonn.de.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Drexler</LastName><ForeName>Jan Felix</ForeName><Initials>JF</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany German Centre for Infection Research, (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany drosten@virology-bonn.de drexler@virology-bonn.de.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013485">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2015</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>16</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>United States</Country><MedlineTA>J Virol</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>0113724</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0022-538X</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D017931">DNA Primers</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D064370">Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>EC 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