A large light-mass component of cosmic rays at 10(17)-10(17.5) electronvolts from radio observations.
Identifieur interne : 002187 ( PubMed/Corpus ); précédent : 002186; suivant : 002188A large light-mass component of cosmic rays at 10(17)-10(17.5) electronvolts from radio observations.
Auteurs : S. Buitink ; A. Corstanje ; H. Falcke ; J R Hörandel ; T. Huege ; A. Nelles ; J P Rachen ; L. Rossetto ; P. Schellart ; O. Scholten ; S. Ter Veen ; S. Thoudam ; T N G. Trinh ; J. Anderson ; A. Asgekar ; I M Avruch ; M E Bell ; M J Bentum ; G. Bernardi ; P. Best ; A. Bonafede ; F. Breitling ; J W Broderick ; W N Brouw ; M. Brüggen ; H R Butcher ; D. Carbone ; B. Ciardi ; J E Conway ; F. De Gasperin ; E. De Geus ; A. Deller ; R-J Dettmar ; G. Van Diepen ; S. Duscha ; J. Eislöffel ; D. Engels ; J E Enriquez ; R A Fallows ; R. Fender ; C. Ferrari ; W. Frieswijk ; M A Garrett ; J M Grie Meier ; A W Gunst ; M P Van Haarlem ; T E Hassall ; G. Heald ; J W T. Hessels ; M. Hoeft ; A. Horneffer ; M. Iacobelli ; H. Intema ; E. Juette ; A. Karastergiou ; V I Kondratiev ; M. Kramer ; M. Kuniyoshi ; G. Kuper ; J. Van Leeuwen ; G M Loose ; P. Maat ; G. Mann ; S. Markoff ; R. Mcfadden ; D. Mckay-Bukowski ; J P Mckean ; M. Mevius ; D D Mulcahy ; H. Munk ; M J Norden ; E. Orru ; H. Paas ; M. Pandey-Pommier ; V N Pandey ; M. Pietka ; R. Pizzo ; A G Polatidis ; W. Reich ; H J A. Röttgering ; A M M. Scaife ; D J Schwarz ; M. Serylak ; J. Sluman ; O. Smirnov ; B W Stappers ; M. Steinmetz ; A. Stewart ; J. Swinbank ; M. Tagger ; Y. Tang ; C. Tasse ; M C Toribio ; R. Vermeulen ; C. Vocks ; C. Vogt ; R J Van Weeren ; R A M J. Wijers ; S J Wijnholds ; M W Wise ; O. Wucknitz ; S. Yatawatta ; P. Zarka ; J A ZensusSource :
- Nature [ 1476-4687 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
Cosmic rays are the highest-energy particles found in nature. Measurements of the mass composition of cosmic rays with energies of 10(17)-10(18) electronvolts are essential to understanding whether they have galactic or extragalactic sources. It has also been proposed that the astrophysical neutrino signal comes from accelerators capable of producing cosmic rays of these energies. Cosmic rays initiate air showers--cascades of secondary particles in the atmosphere-and their masses can be inferred from measurements of the atmospheric depth of the shower maximum (Xmax; the depth of the air shower when it contains the most particles) or of the composition of shower particles reaching the ground. Current measurements have either high uncertainty, or a low duty cycle and a high energy threshold. Radio detection of cosmic rays is a rapidly developing technique for determining Xmax (refs 10, 11) with a duty cycle of, in principle, nearly 100 per cent. The radiation is generated by the separation of relativistic electrons and positrons in the geomagnetic field and a negative charge excess in the shower front. Here we report radio measurements of Xmax with a mean uncertainty of 16 grams per square centimetre for air showers initiated by cosmic rays with energies of 10(17)-10(17.5) electronvolts. This high resolution in Xmax enables us to determine the mass spectrum of the cosmic rays: we find a mixed composition, with a light-mass fraction (protons and helium nuclei) of about 80 per cent. Unless, contrary to current expectations, the extragalactic component of cosmic rays contributes substantially to the total flux below 10(17.5) electronvolts, our measurements indicate the existence of an additional galactic component, to account for the light composition that we measured in the 10(17)-10(17.5) electronvolt range.
DOI: 10.1038/nature16976
PubMed: 26935696
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pubmed:26935696Le document en format XML
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Falcke</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Horandel, J R" sort="Horandel, J R" uniqKey="Horandel J" first="J R" last="Hörandel">J R Hörandel</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Huege, T" sort="Huege, T" uniqKey="Huege T" first="T" last="Huege">T. Huege</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Nuclear Physics (IKP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Postfach 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nelles, A" sort="Nelles, A" uniqKey="Nelles A" first="A" last="Nelles">A. Nelles</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rachen, J P" sort="Rachen, J P" uniqKey="Rachen J" first="J P" last="Rachen">J P Rachen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rossetto, L" sort="Rossetto, L" uniqKey="Rossetto L" first="L" last="Rossetto">L. Rossetto</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schellart, P" sort="Schellart, P" uniqKey="Schellart P" first="P" last="Schellart">P. Schellart</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Scholten, O" sort="Scholten, O" uniqKey="Scholten O" first="O" last="Scholten">O. Scholten</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>KVI Center for Advanced Radiation Technology, University of Groningen, 9747 AA Groningen, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ter Veen, S" sort="Ter Veen, S" uniqKey="Ter Veen S" first="S" last="Ter Veen">S. Ter Veen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thoudam, S" sort="Thoudam, S" uniqKey="Thoudam S" first="S" last="Thoudam">S. Thoudam</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Trinh, T N G" sort="Trinh, T N G" uniqKey="Trinh T" first="T N G" last="Trinh">T N G. Trinh</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>KVI Center for Advanced Radiation Technology, University of Groningen, 9747 AA Groningen, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Anderson, J" sort="Anderson, J" uniqKey="Anderson J" first="J" last="Anderson">J. Anderson</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Helmholtz-Zentrum Potsdam, Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ, Department 1, Geodesy and Remote Sensing, Telegrafenberg A17, 14473 Potsdam, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Asgekar, A" sort="Asgekar, A" uniqKey="Asgekar A" first="A" last="Asgekar">A. Asgekar</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Avruch, I M" sort="Avruch, I M" uniqKey="Avruch I" first="I M" last="Avruch">I M Avruch</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bell, M E" sort="Bell, M E" uniqKey="Bell M" first="M E" last="Bell">M E Bell</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CSIRO Australia Telescope National Facility, PO Box 76, Epping, New South Wales 1710, Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bentum, M J" sort="Bentum, M J" uniqKey="Bentum M" first="M J" last="Bentum">M J Bentum</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bernardi, G" sort="Bernardi, G" uniqKey="Bernardi G" first="G" last="Bernardi">G. 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Horneffer</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, 53121 Bonn, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Iacobelli, M" sort="Iacobelli, M" uniqKey="Iacobelli M" first="M" last="Iacobelli">M. Iacobelli</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Intema, H" sort="Intema, H" uniqKey="Intema H" first="H" last="Intema">H. Intema</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Juette, E" sort="Juette, E" uniqKey="Juette E" first="E" last="Juette">E. Juette</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Astronomisches Institut der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitaetsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Karastergiou, A" sort="Karastergiou, A" uniqKey="Karastergiou A" first="A" last="Karastergiou">A. Karastergiou</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Astrophysics, University of Oxford, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kondratiev, V I" sort="Kondratiev, V I" uniqKey="Kondratiev V" first="V I" last="Kondratiev">V I Kondratiev</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kramer, M" sort="Kramer, M" uniqKey="Kramer M" first="M" last="Kramer">M. 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Mevius</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mulcahy, D D" sort="Mulcahy, D D" uniqKey="Mulcahy D" first="D D" last="Mulcahy">D D Mulcahy</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Munk, H" sort="Munk, H" uniqKey="Munk H" first="H" last="Munk">H. Munk</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Norden, M J" sort="Norden, M J" uniqKey="Norden M" first="M J" last="Norden">M J Norden</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Orru, E" sort="Orru, E" uniqKey="Orru E" first="E" last="Orru">E. Orru</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Paas, H" sort="Paas, H" uniqKey="Paas H" first="H" last="Paas">H. Paas</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Information Technology (CIT), University of Groningen, PO Box 72, 9700 AB Groningen, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pandey Pommier, M" sort="Pandey Pommier, M" uniqKey="Pandey Pommier M" first="M" last="Pandey-Pommier">M. Pandey-Pommier</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon, Observatoire de Lyon, 9 avenue Charles André, 69561 Saint Genis Laval Cedex, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pandey, V N" sort="Pandey, V N" uniqKey="Pandey V" first="V N" last="Pandey">V N Pandey</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pietka, M" sort="Pietka, M" uniqKey="Pietka M" first="M" last="Pietka">M. Pietka</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Astrophysics, University of Oxford, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pizzo, R" sort="Pizzo, R" uniqKey="Pizzo R" first="R" last="Pizzo">R. Pizzo</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Polatidis, A G" sort="Polatidis, A G" uniqKey="Polatidis A" first="A G" last="Polatidis">A G Polatidis</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reich, W" sort="Reich, W" uniqKey="Reich W" first="W" last="Reich">W. Reich</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, 53121 Bonn, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rottgering, H J A" sort="Rottgering, H J A" uniqKey="Rottgering H" first="H J A" last="Röttgering">H J A. Röttgering</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Scaife, A M M" sort="Scaife, A M M" uniqKey="Scaife A" first="A M M" last="Scaife">A M M. Scaife</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schwarz, D J" sort="Schwarz, D J" uniqKey="Schwarz D" first="D J" last="Schwarz">D J Schwarz</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Fakultät für Physik, Universität Bielefeld, Postfach 100131, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Serylak, M" sort="Serylak, M" uniqKey="Serylak M" first="M" last="Serylak">M. Serylak</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Astrophysics, University of Oxford, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sluman, J" sort="Sluman, J" uniqKey="Sluman J" first="J" last="Sluman">J. Sluman</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smirnov, O" sort="Smirnov, O" uniqKey="Smirnov O" first="O" last="Smirnov">O. Smirnov</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Square Kilometre Array (SKA) South Africa, 3rd Floor, The Park, Park Road, Pinelands 7405, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stappers, B W" sort="Stappers, B W" uniqKey="Stappers B" first="B W" last="Stappers">B W Stappers</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Steinmetz, M" sort="Steinmetz, M" uniqKey="Steinmetz M" first="M" last="Steinmetz">M. Steinmetz</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP), An der Sternwarte 16, 14482 Potsdam, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stewart, A" sort="Stewart, A" uniqKey="Stewart A" first="A" last="Stewart">A. Stewart</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Astrophysics, University of Oxford, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Swinbank, J" sort="Swinbank, J" uniqKey="Swinbank J" first="J" last="Swinbank">J. Swinbank</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tagger, M" sort="Tagger, M" uniqKey="Tagger M" first="M" last="Tagger">M. Tagger</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>LPC2E - Universite d'Orleans/CNRS, 45071 Orleans Cedex 2, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tang, Y" sort="Tang, Y" uniqKey="Tang Y" first="Y" last="Tang">Y. Tang</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tasse, C" sort="Tasse, C" uniqKey="Tasse C" first="C" last="Tasse">C. Tasse</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Physics and Electronics, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Toribio, M C" sort="Toribio, M C" uniqKey="Toribio M" first="M C" last="Toribio">M C Toribio</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vermeulen, R" sort="Vermeulen, R" uniqKey="Vermeulen R" first="R" last="Vermeulen">R. Vermeulen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vocks, C" sort="Vocks, C" uniqKey="Vocks C" first="C" last="Vocks">C. Vocks</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP), An der Sternwarte 16, 14482 Potsdam, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vogt, C" sort="Vogt, C" uniqKey="Vogt C" first="C" last="Vogt">C. Vogt</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Weeren, R J" sort="Van Weeren, R J" uniqKey="Van Weeren R" first="R J" last="Van Weeren">R J Van Weeren</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wijers, R A M J" sort="Wijers, R A M J" uniqKey="Wijers R" first="R A M J" last="Wijers">R A M J. Wijers</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wijnholds, S J" sort="Wijnholds, S J" uniqKey="Wijnholds S" first="S J" last="Wijnholds">S J Wijnholds</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wise, M W" sort="Wise, M W" uniqKey="Wise M" first="M W" last="Wise">M W Wise</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wucknitz, O" sort="Wucknitz, O" uniqKey="Wucknitz O" first="O" last="Wucknitz">O. Wucknitz</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, 53121 Bonn, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yatawatta, S" sort="Yatawatta, S" uniqKey="Yatawatta S" first="S" last="Yatawatta">S. Yatawatta</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zarka, P" sort="Zarka, P" uniqKey="Zarka P" first="P" last="Zarka">P. Zarka</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS, UPMC, Université Paris Diderot, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92190 Meudon, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zensus, J A" sort="Zensus, J A" uniqKey="Zensus J" first="J A" last="Zensus">J A Zensus</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, 53121 Bonn, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:26935696</idno><idno type="pmid">26935696</idno><idno type="doi">10.1038/nature16976</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">002187</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">002187</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">A large light-mass component of cosmic rays at 10(17)-10(17.5) electronvolts from radio observations.</title><author><name sortKey="Buitink, S" sort="Buitink, S" uniqKey="Buitink S" first="S" last="Buitink">S. Buitink</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Astrophysical Institute, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Corstanje, A" sort="Corstanje, A" uniqKey="Corstanje A" first="A" last="Corstanje">A. Corstanje</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Falcke, H" sort="Falcke, H" uniqKey="Falcke H" first="H" last="Falcke">H. Falcke</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Horandel, J R" sort="Horandel, J R" uniqKey="Horandel J" first="J R" last="Hörandel">J R Hörandel</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Huege, T" sort="Huege, T" uniqKey="Huege T" first="T" last="Huege">T. Huege</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Nuclear Physics (IKP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Postfach 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nelles, A" sort="Nelles, A" uniqKey="Nelles A" first="A" last="Nelles">A. Nelles</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rachen, J P" sort="Rachen, J P" uniqKey="Rachen J" first="J P" last="Rachen">J P Rachen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rossetto, L" sort="Rossetto, L" uniqKey="Rossetto L" first="L" last="Rossetto">L. Rossetto</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schellart, P" sort="Schellart, P" uniqKey="Schellart P" first="P" last="Schellart">P. Schellart</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Scholten, O" sort="Scholten, O" uniqKey="Scholten O" first="O" last="Scholten">O. Scholten</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>KVI Center for Advanced Radiation Technology, University of Groningen, 9747 AA Groningen, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ter Veen, S" sort="Ter Veen, S" uniqKey="Ter Veen S" first="S" last="Ter Veen">S. Ter Veen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thoudam, S" sort="Thoudam, S" uniqKey="Thoudam S" first="S" last="Thoudam">S. Thoudam</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Trinh, T N G" sort="Trinh, T N G" uniqKey="Trinh T" first="T N G" last="Trinh">T N G. Trinh</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>KVI Center for Advanced Radiation Technology, University of Groningen, 9747 AA Groningen, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Anderson, J" sort="Anderson, J" uniqKey="Anderson J" first="J" last="Anderson">J. Anderson</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Helmholtz-Zentrum Potsdam, Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ, Department 1, Geodesy and Remote Sensing, Telegrafenberg A17, 14473 Potsdam, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Asgekar, A" sort="Asgekar, A" uniqKey="Asgekar A" first="A" last="Asgekar">A. Asgekar</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Avruch, I M" sort="Avruch, I M" uniqKey="Avruch I" first="I M" last="Avruch">I M Avruch</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bell, M E" sort="Bell, M E" uniqKey="Bell M" first="M E" last="Bell">M E Bell</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CSIRO Australia Telescope National Facility, PO Box 76, Epping, New South Wales 1710, Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bentum, M J" sort="Bentum, M J" uniqKey="Bentum M" first="M J" last="Bentum">M J Bentum</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bernardi, G" sort="Bernardi, G" uniqKey="Bernardi G" first="G" last="Bernardi">G. Bernardi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Best, P" sort="Best, P" uniqKey="Best P" first="P" last="Best">P. Best</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory of Edinburgh, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bonafede, A" sort="Bonafede, A" uniqKey="Bonafede A" first="A" last="Bonafede">A. Bonafede</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Hamburg, Gojenbergsweg 112, 21029 Hamburg, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Breitling, F" sort="Breitling, F" uniqKey="Breitling F" first="F" last="Breitling">F. Breitling</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP), An der Sternwarte 16, 14482 Potsdam, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Broderick, J W" sort="Broderick, J W" uniqKey="Broderick J" first="J W" last="Broderick">J W Broderick</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brouw, W N" sort="Brouw, W N" uniqKey="Brouw W" first="W N" last="Brouw">W N Brouw</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bruggen, M" sort="Bruggen, M" uniqKey="Bruggen M" first="M" last="Brüggen">M. Brüggen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Hamburg, Gojenbergsweg 112, 21029 Hamburg, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Butcher, H R" sort="Butcher, H R" uniqKey="Butcher H" first="H R" last="Butcher">H R Butcher</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2611, Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carbone, D" sort="Carbone, D" uniqKey="Carbone D" first="D" last="Carbone">D. Carbone</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ciardi, B" sort="Ciardi, B" uniqKey="Ciardi B" first="B" last="Ciardi">B. Ciardi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Karl Schwarzschild Strasse 1, 85741 Garching, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Conway, J E" sort="Conway, J E" uniqKey="Conway J" first="J E" last="Conway">J E Conway</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Onsala Space Observatory, Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-43992 Onsala, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Gasperin, F" sort="De Gasperin, F" uniqKey="De Gasperin F" first="F" last="De Gasperin">F. De Gasperin</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Hamburg, Gojenbergsweg 112, 21029 Hamburg, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Geus, E" sort="De Geus, E" uniqKey="De Geus E" first="E" last="De Geus">E. De Geus</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Deller, A" sort="Deller, A" uniqKey="Deller A" first="A" last="Deller">A. Deller</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dettmar, R J" sort="Dettmar, R J" uniqKey="Dettmar R" first="R-J" last="Dettmar">R-J Dettmar</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Astronomisches Institut der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitaetsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Diepen, G" sort="Van Diepen, G" uniqKey="Van Diepen G" first="G" last="Van Diepen">G. Van Diepen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Duscha, S" sort="Duscha, S" uniqKey="Duscha S" first="S" last="Duscha">S. Duscha</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Eisloffel, J" sort="Eisloffel, J" uniqKey="Eisloffel J" first="J" last="Eislöffel">J. Eislöffel</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Thüringer Landessternwarte, Sternwarte 5, D-07778 Tautenburg, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Engels, D" sort="Engels, D" uniqKey="Engels D" first="D" last="Engels">D. Engels</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Hamburger Sternwarte, Gojenbergsweg 112, D-21029 Hamburg.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Enriquez, J E" sort="Enriquez, J E" uniqKey="Enriquez J" first="J E" last="Enriquez">J E Enriquez</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fallows, R A" sort="Fallows, R A" uniqKey="Fallows R" first="R A" last="Fallows">R A Fallows</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fender, R" sort="Fender, R" uniqKey="Fender R" first="R" last="Fender">R. Fender</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Astrophysics, University of Oxford, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ferrari, C" sort="Ferrari, C" uniqKey="Ferrari C" first="C" last="Ferrari">C. Ferrari</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire Lagrange, Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Boulevard de l'Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Frieswijk, W" sort="Frieswijk, W" uniqKey="Frieswijk W" first="W" last="Frieswijk">W. Frieswijk</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garrett, M A" sort="Garrett, M A" uniqKey="Garrett M" first="M A" last="Garrett">M A Garrett</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grie Meier, J M" sort="Grie Meier, J M" uniqKey="Grie Meier J" first="J M" last="Grie Meier">J M Grie Meier</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>LPC2E - Universite d'Orleans/CNRS, 45071 Orleans Cedex 2, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gunst, A W" sort="Gunst, A W" uniqKey="Gunst A" first="A W" last="Gunst">A W Gunst</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Haarlem, M P" sort="Van Haarlem, M P" uniqKey="Van Haarlem M" first="M P" last="Van Haarlem">M P Van Haarlem</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hassall, T E" sort="Hassall, T E" uniqKey="Hassall T" first="T E" last="Hassall">T E Hassall</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Heald, G" sort="Heald, G" uniqKey="Heald G" first="G" last="Heald">G. Heald</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hessels, J W T" sort="Hessels, J W T" uniqKey="Hessels J" first="J W T" last="Hessels">J W T. Hessels</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hoeft, M" sort="Hoeft, M" uniqKey="Hoeft M" first="M" last="Hoeft">M. Hoeft</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Thüringer Landessternwarte, Sternwarte 5, D-07778 Tautenburg, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Horneffer, A" sort="Horneffer, A" uniqKey="Horneffer A" first="A" last="Horneffer">A. Horneffer</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, 53121 Bonn, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Iacobelli, M" sort="Iacobelli, M" uniqKey="Iacobelli M" first="M" last="Iacobelli">M. Iacobelli</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Intema, H" sort="Intema, H" uniqKey="Intema H" first="H" last="Intema">H. Intema</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Juette, E" sort="Juette, E" uniqKey="Juette E" first="E" last="Juette">E. Juette</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Astronomisches Institut der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitaetsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Karastergiou, A" sort="Karastergiou, A" uniqKey="Karastergiou A" first="A" last="Karastergiou">A. Karastergiou</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Astrophysics, University of Oxford, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kondratiev, V I" sort="Kondratiev, V I" uniqKey="Kondratiev V" first="V I" last="Kondratiev">V I Kondratiev</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kramer, M" sort="Kramer, M" uniqKey="Kramer M" first="M" last="Kramer">M. Kramer</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, 53121 Bonn, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kuniyoshi, M" sort="Kuniyoshi, M" uniqKey="Kuniyoshi M" first="M" last="Kuniyoshi">M. Kuniyoshi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kuper, G" sort="Kuper, G" uniqKey="Kuper G" first="G" last="Kuper">G. Kuper</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Leeuwen, J" sort="Van Leeuwen, J" uniqKey="Van Leeuwen J" first="J" last="Van Leeuwen">J. Van Leeuwen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Loose, G M" sort="Loose, G M" uniqKey="Loose G" first="G M" last="Loose">G M Loose</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maat, P" sort="Maat, P" uniqKey="Maat P" first="P" last="Maat">P. Maat</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mann, G" sort="Mann, G" uniqKey="Mann G" first="G" last="Mann">G. Mann</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP), An der Sternwarte 16, 14482 Potsdam, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Markoff, S" sort="Markoff, S" uniqKey="Markoff S" first="S" last="Markoff">S. Markoff</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mcfadden, R" sort="Mcfadden, R" uniqKey="Mcfadden R" first="R" last="Mcfadden">R. Mcfadden</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mckay Bukowski, D" sort="Mckay Bukowski, D" uniqKey="Mckay Bukowski D" first="D" last="Mckay-Bukowski">D. Mckay-Bukowski</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory, University of Oulu, Tähteläntie 62, 99600 Sodankylä, Finland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mckean, J P" sort="Mckean, J P" uniqKey="Mckean J" first="J P" last="Mckean">J P Mckean</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mevius, M" sort="Mevius, M" uniqKey="Mevius M" first="M" last="Mevius">M. Mevius</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mulcahy, D D" sort="Mulcahy, D D" uniqKey="Mulcahy D" first="D D" last="Mulcahy">D D Mulcahy</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Munk, H" sort="Munk, H" uniqKey="Munk H" first="H" last="Munk">H. Munk</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Norden, M J" sort="Norden, M J" uniqKey="Norden M" first="M J" last="Norden">M J Norden</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Orru, E" sort="Orru, E" uniqKey="Orru E" first="E" last="Orru">E. Orru</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Paas, H" sort="Paas, H" uniqKey="Paas H" first="H" last="Paas">H. Paas</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Information Technology (CIT), University of Groningen, PO Box 72, 9700 AB Groningen, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pandey Pommier, M" sort="Pandey Pommier, M" uniqKey="Pandey Pommier M" first="M" last="Pandey-Pommier">M. Pandey-Pommier</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon, Observatoire de Lyon, 9 avenue Charles André, 69561 Saint Genis Laval Cedex, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pandey, V N" sort="Pandey, V N" uniqKey="Pandey V" first="V N" last="Pandey">V N Pandey</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pietka, M" sort="Pietka, M" uniqKey="Pietka M" first="M" last="Pietka">M. Pietka</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Astrophysics, University of Oxford, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pizzo, R" sort="Pizzo, R" uniqKey="Pizzo R" first="R" last="Pizzo">R. Pizzo</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Polatidis, A G" sort="Polatidis, A G" uniqKey="Polatidis A" first="A G" last="Polatidis">A G Polatidis</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reich, W" sort="Reich, W" uniqKey="Reich W" first="W" last="Reich">W. Reich</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, 53121 Bonn, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rottgering, H J A" sort="Rottgering, H J A" uniqKey="Rottgering H" first="H J A" last="Röttgering">H J A. Röttgering</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Scaife, A M M" sort="Scaife, A M M" uniqKey="Scaife A" first="A M M" last="Scaife">A M M. Scaife</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schwarz, D J" sort="Schwarz, D J" uniqKey="Schwarz D" first="D J" last="Schwarz">D J Schwarz</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Fakultät für Physik, Universität Bielefeld, Postfach 100131, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Serylak, M" sort="Serylak, M" uniqKey="Serylak M" first="M" last="Serylak">M. Serylak</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Astrophysics, University of Oxford, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sluman, J" sort="Sluman, J" uniqKey="Sluman J" first="J" last="Sluman">J. Sluman</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smirnov, O" sort="Smirnov, O" uniqKey="Smirnov O" first="O" last="Smirnov">O. Smirnov</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Square Kilometre Array (SKA) South Africa, 3rd Floor, The Park, Park Road, Pinelands 7405, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stappers, B W" sort="Stappers, B W" uniqKey="Stappers B" first="B W" last="Stappers">B W Stappers</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Steinmetz, M" sort="Steinmetz, M" uniqKey="Steinmetz M" first="M" last="Steinmetz">M. Steinmetz</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP), An der Sternwarte 16, 14482 Potsdam, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stewart, A" sort="Stewart, A" uniqKey="Stewart A" first="A" last="Stewart">A. Stewart</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Astrophysics, University of Oxford, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Swinbank, J" sort="Swinbank, J" uniqKey="Swinbank J" first="J" last="Swinbank">J. Swinbank</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tagger, M" sort="Tagger, M" uniqKey="Tagger M" first="M" last="Tagger">M. Tagger</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>LPC2E - Universite d'Orleans/CNRS, 45071 Orleans Cedex 2, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tang, Y" sort="Tang, Y" uniqKey="Tang Y" first="Y" last="Tang">Y. Tang</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tasse, C" sort="Tasse, C" uniqKey="Tasse C" first="C" last="Tasse">C. Tasse</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Physics and Electronics, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Toribio, M C" sort="Toribio, M C" uniqKey="Toribio M" first="M C" last="Toribio">M C Toribio</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vermeulen, R" sort="Vermeulen, R" uniqKey="Vermeulen R" first="R" last="Vermeulen">R. Vermeulen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vocks, C" sort="Vocks, C" uniqKey="Vocks C" first="C" last="Vocks">C. Vocks</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP), An der Sternwarte 16, 14482 Potsdam, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vogt, C" sort="Vogt, C" uniqKey="Vogt C" first="C" last="Vogt">C. Vogt</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Weeren, R J" sort="Van Weeren, R J" uniqKey="Van Weeren R" first="R J" last="Van Weeren">R J Van Weeren</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wijers, R A M J" sort="Wijers, R A M J" uniqKey="Wijers R" first="R A M J" last="Wijers">R A M J. Wijers</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wijnholds, S J" sort="Wijnholds, S J" uniqKey="Wijnholds S" first="S J" last="Wijnholds">S J Wijnholds</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wise, M W" sort="Wise, M W" uniqKey="Wise M" first="M W" last="Wise">M W Wise</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wucknitz, O" sort="Wucknitz, O" uniqKey="Wucknitz O" first="O" last="Wucknitz">O. Wucknitz</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, 53121 Bonn, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yatawatta, S" sort="Yatawatta, S" uniqKey="Yatawatta S" first="S" last="Yatawatta">S. Yatawatta</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zarka, P" sort="Zarka, P" uniqKey="Zarka P" first="P" last="Zarka">P. Zarka</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS, UPMC, Université Paris Diderot, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92190 Meudon, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zensus, J A" sort="Zensus, J A" uniqKey="Zensus J" first="J A" last="Zensus">J A Zensus</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, 53121 Bonn, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Nature</title><idno type="eISSN">1476-4687</idno><imprint><date when="2016" type="published">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Cosmic rays are the highest-energy particles found in nature. Measurements of the mass composition of cosmic rays with energies of 10(17)-10(18) electronvolts are essential to understanding whether they have galactic or extragalactic sources. It has also been proposed that the astrophysical neutrino signal comes from accelerators capable of producing cosmic rays of these energies. Cosmic rays initiate air showers--cascades of secondary particles in the atmosphere-and their masses can be inferred from measurements of the atmospheric depth of the shower maximum (Xmax; the depth of the air shower when it contains the most particles) or of the composition of shower particles reaching the ground. Current measurements have either high uncertainty, or a low duty cycle and a high energy threshold. Radio detection of cosmic rays is a rapidly developing technique for determining Xmax (refs 10, 11) with a duty cycle of, in principle, nearly 100 per cent. The radiation is generated by the separation of relativistic electrons and positrons in the geomagnetic field and a negative charge excess in the shower front. Here we report radio measurements of Xmax with a mean uncertainty of 16 grams per square centimetre for air showers initiated by cosmic rays with energies of 10(17)-10(17.5) electronvolts. This high resolution in Xmax enables us to determine the mass spectrum of the cosmic rays: we find a mixed composition, with a light-mass fraction (protons and helium nuclei) of about 80 per cent. Unless, contrary to current expectations, the extragalactic component of cosmic rays contributes substantially to the total flux below 10(17.5) electronvolts, our measurements indicate the existence of an additional galactic component, to account for the light composition that we measured in the 10(17)-10(17.5) electronvolt range.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="PubMed-not-MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">26935696</PMID><DateCreated><Year>2016</Year><Month>03</Month><Day>03</Day></DateCreated><DateCompleted><Year>2016</Year><Month>03</Month><Day>21</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2017</Year><Month>02</Month><Day>20</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1476-4687</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>531</Volume><Issue>7592</Issue><PubDate><Year>2016</Year><Month>Mar</Month><Day>03</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Nature</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Nature</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>A large light-mass component of cosmic rays at 10(17)-10(17.5) electronvolts from radio observations.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>70-3</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1038/nature16976</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Cosmic rays are the highest-energy particles found in nature. Measurements of the mass composition of cosmic rays with energies of 10(17)-10(18) electronvolts are essential to understanding whether they have galactic or extragalactic sources. It has also been proposed that the astrophysical neutrino signal comes from accelerators capable of producing cosmic rays of these energies. Cosmic rays initiate air showers--cascades of secondary particles in the atmosphere-and their masses can be inferred from measurements of the atmospheric depth of the shower maximum (Xmax; the depth of the air shower when it contains the most particles) or of the composition of shower particles reaching the ground. Current measurements have either high uncertainty, or a low duty cycle and a high energy threshold. Radio detection of cosmic rays is a rapidly developing technique for determining Xmax (refs 10, 11) with a duty cycle of, in principle, nearly 100 per cent. The radiation is generated by the separation of relativistic electrons and positrons in the geomagnetic field and a negative charge excess in the shower front. Here we report radio measurements of Xmax with a mean uncertainty of 16 grams per square centimetre for air showers initiated by cosmic rays with energies of 10(17)-10(17.5) electronvolts. This high resolution in Xmax enables us to determine the mass spectrum of the cosmic rays: we find a mixed composition, with a light-mass fraction (protons and helium nuclei) of about 80 per cent. Unless, contrary to current expectations, the extragalactic component of cosmic rays contributes substantially to the total flux below 10(17.5) electronvolts, our measurements indicate the existence of an additional galactic component, to account for the light composition that we measured in the 10(17)-10(17.5) electronvolt range.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Buitink</LastName><ForeName>S</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Astrophysical Institute, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Corstanje</LastName><ForeName>A</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Falcke</LastName><ForeName>H</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Nikhef, Science Park Amsterdam, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, 53121 Bonn, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hörandel</LastName><ForeName>J R</ForeName><Initials>JR</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Nikhef, Science Park Amsterdam, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Huege</LastName><ForeName>T</ForeName><Initials>T</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute for Nuclear Physics (IKP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Postfach 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Nelles</LastName><ForeName>A</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rachen</LastName><ForeName>J P</ForeName><Initials>JP</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rossetto</LastName><ForeName>L</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Schellart</LastName><ForeName>P</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Scholten</LastName><ForeName>O</ForeName><Initials>O</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>KVI Center for Advanced Radiation Technology, University of Groningen, 9747 AA Groningen, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>ter Veen</LastName><ForeName>S</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Thoudam</LastName><ForeName>S</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Trinh</LastName><ForeName>T N G</ForeName><Initials>TN</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>KVI Center for Advanced Radiation Technology, University of Groningen, 9747 AA Groningen, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Anderson</LastName><ForeName>J</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Helmholtz-Zentrum Potsdam, Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ, Department 1, Geodesy and Remote Sensing, Telegrafenberg A17, 14473 Potsdam, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Asgekar</LastName><ForeName>A</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Shell Technology Center, 560 048 Bangalore, India.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Avruch</LastName><ForeName>I M</ForeName><Initials>IM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bell</LastName><ForeName>M E</ForeName><Initials>ME</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>CSIRO Australia Telescope National Facility, PO Box 76, Epping, New South Wales 1710, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bentum</LastName><ForeName>M J</ForeName><Initials>MJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bernardi</LastName><ForeName>G</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Square Kilometre Array (SKA) South Africa, 3rd Floor, The Park, Park Road, Pinelands 7405, South Africa.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Best</LastName><ForeName>P</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory of Edinburgh, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bonafede</LastName><ForeName>A</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Hamburg, Gojenbergsweg 112, 21029 Hamburg, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Breitling</LastName><ForeName>F</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP), An der Sternwarte 16, 14482 Potsdam, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Broderick</LastName><ForeName>J W</ForeName><Initials>JW</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Brouw</LastName><ForeName>W N</ForeName><Initials>WN</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Brüggen</LastName><ForeName>M</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Hamburg, Gojenbergsweg 112, 21029 Hamburg, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Butcher</LastName><ForeName>H R</ForeName><Initials>HR</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2611, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Carbone</LastName><ForeName>D</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ciardi</LastName><ForeName>B</ForeName><Initials>B</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Karl Schwarzschild Strasse 1, 85741 Garching, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Conway</LastName><ForeName>J E</ForeName><Initials>JE</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Onsala Space Observatory, Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-43992 Onsala, Sweden.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>de Gasperin</LastName><ForeName>F</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Hamburg, Gojenbergsweg 112, 21029 Hamburg, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>de Geus</LastName><ForeName>E</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>SmarterVision BV, Oostersingel 5, 9401 JX Assen, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Deller</LastName><ForeName>A</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Dettmar</LastName><ForeName>R-J</ForeName><Initials>RJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Astronomisches Institut der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitaetsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>van Diepen</LastName><ForeName>G</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Duscha</LastName><ForeName>S</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Eislöffel</LastName><ForeName>J</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Thüringer Landessternwarte, Sternwarte 5, D-07778 Tautenburg, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Engels</LastName><ForeName>D</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Hamburger Sternwarte, Gojenbergsweg 112, D-21029 Hamburg.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Enriquez</LastName><ForeName>J E</ForeName><Initials>JE</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Fallows</LastName><ForeName>R A</ForeName><Initials>RA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Fender</LastName><ForeName>R</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Astrophysics, University of Oxford, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ferrari</LastName><ForeName>C</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratoire Lagrange, Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Boulevard de l'Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Frieswijk</LastName><ForeName>W</ForeName><Initials>W</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Garrett</LastName><ForeName>M A</ForeName><Initials>MA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Grießmeier</LastName><ForeName>J M</ForeName><Initials>JM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>LPC2E - Universite d'Orleans/CNRS, 45071 Orleans Cedex 2, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Station de Radioastronomie de Nancay, Observatoire de Paris - CNRS/INSU, USR 704 - Université Orleans, OSUC, route de Souesmes, 18330 Nançay, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gunst</LastName><ForeName>A W</ForeName><Initials>AW</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>van Haarlem</LastName><ForeName>M P</ForeName><Initials>MP</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hassall</LastName><ForeName>T E</ForeName><Initials>TE</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Heald</LastName><ForeName>G</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hessels</LastName><ForeName>J W T</ForeName><Initials>JW</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hoeft</LastName><ForeName>M</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Thüringer Landessternwarte, Sternwarte 5, D-07778 Tautenburg, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Horneffer</LastName><ForeName>A</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, 53121 Bonn, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Iacobelli</LastName><ForeName>M</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Intema</LastName><ForeName>H</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 1003 Lopezville Road, Socorro, New Mexico 87801-0387, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Juette</LastName><ForeName>E</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Astronomisches Institut der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitaetsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Karastergiou</LastName><ForeName>A</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Astrophysics, University of Oxford, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kondratiev</LastName><ForeName>V I</ForeName><Initials>VI</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Astro Space Center of the Lebedev Physical Institute, Profsoyuznaya street 84/32, Moscow 117997, Russia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kramer</LastName><ForeName>M</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, 53121 Bonn, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kuniyoshi</LastName><ForeName>M</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kuper</LastName><ForeName>G</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>van Leeuwen</LastName><ForeName>J</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Loose</LastName><ForeName>G M</ForeName><Initials>GM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Maat</LastName><ForeName>P</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mann</LastName><ForeName>G</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP), An der Sternwarte 16, 14482 Potsdam, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Markoff</LastName><ForeName>S</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>McFadden</LastName><ForeName>R</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>McKay-Bukowski</LastName><ForeName>D</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory, University of Oulu, Tähteläntie 62, 99600 Sodankylä, Finland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>McKean</LastName><ForeName>J P</ForeName><Initials>JP</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mevius</LastName><ForeName>M</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mulcahy</LastName><ForeName>D D</ForeName><Initials>DD</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Munk</LastName><ForeName>H</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Norden</LastName><ForeName>M J</ForeName><Initials>MJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Orru</LastName><ForeName>E</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Paas</LastName><ForeName>H</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Center for Information Technology (CIT), University of Groningen, PO Box 72, 9700 AB Groningen, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Pandey-Pommier</LastName><ForeName>M</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon, Observatoire de Lyon, 9 avenue Charles André, 69561 Saint Genis Laval Cedex, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Pandey</LastName><ForeName>V N</ForeName><Initials>VN</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Pietka</LastName><ForeName>M</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Astrophysics, University of Oxford, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Pizzo</LastName><ForeName>R</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Polatidis</LastName><ForeName>A G</ForeName><Initials>AG</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Reich</LastName><ForeName>W</ForeName><Initials>W</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, 53121 Bonn, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Röttgering</LastName><ForeName>H J A</ForeName><Initials>HJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Scaife</LastName><ForeName>A M M</ForeName><Initials>AM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Schwarz</LastName><ForeName>D J</ForeName><Initials>DJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Fakultät für Physik, Universität Bielefeld, Postfach 100131, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Serylak</LastName><ForeName>M</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Astrophysics, University of Oxford, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sluman</LastName><ForeName>J</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Smirnov</LastName><ForeName>O</ForeName><Initials>O</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Square Kilometre Array (SKA) South Africa, 3rd Floor, The Park, Park Road, Pinelands 7405, South Africa.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Physics and Electronics, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Stappers</LastName><ForeName>B W</ForeName><Initials>BW</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Steinmetz</LastName><ForeName>M</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP), An der Sternwarte 16, 14482 Potsdam, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Stewart</LastName><ForeName>A</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Astrophysics, University of Oxford, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Swinbank</LastName><ForeName>J</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Tagger</LastName><ForeName>M</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>LPC2E - Universite d'Orleans/CNRS, 45071 Orleans Cedex 2, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Tang</LastName><ForeName>Y</ForeName><Initials>Y</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Tasse</LastName><ForeName>C</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Physics and Electronics, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>GEPI, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92190 Meudon, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Toribio</LastName><ForeName>M C</ForeName><Initials>MC</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Vermeulen</LastName><ForeName>R</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Vocks</LastName><ForeName>C</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP), An der Sternwarte 16, 14482 Potsdam, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Vogt</LastName><ForeName>C</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>van Weeren</LastName><ForeName>R J</ForeName><Initials>RJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wijers</LastName><ForeName>R A M J</ForeName><Initials>RA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wijnholds</LastName><ForeName>S J</ForeName><Initials>SJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wise</LastName><ForeName>M W</ForeName><Initials>MW</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author 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Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013485">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>England</Country><MedlineTA>Nature</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>0410462</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0028-0836</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><CommentsCorrectionsList><CommentsCorrections RefType="CommentIn"><RefSource>Nature. 2016 Mar 3;531(7592):43-4</RefSource><PMID Version="1">26935694</PMID></CommentsCorrections><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>Phys Rev Lett. 2010 Aug 27;105(9):091101</RefSource><PMID Version="1">20868150</PMID></CommentsCorrections><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>Phys Rev Lett. 2015 Apr 24;114(16):165001</RefSource><PMID Version="1">25955053</PMID></CommentsCorrections><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>Phys Rev Lett. 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PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2015</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>29</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2016</Year><Month>3</Month><Day>4</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2016</Year><Month>3</Month><Day>5</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2016</Year><Month>3</Month><Day>5</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>1</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">26935696</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">nature16976</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1038/nature16976</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></PubmedData></pubmed></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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