Defining Planktonic Protist Functional Groups on Mechanisms for Energy and Nutrient Acquisition: Incorporation of Diverse Mixotrophic Strategies.
Identifieur interne : 002053 ( PubMed/Corpus ); précédent : 002052; suivant : 002054Defining Planktonic Protist Functional Groups on Mechanisms for Energy and Nutrient Acquisition: Incorporation of Diverse Mixotrophic Strategies.
Auteurs : Aditee Mitra ; Kevin J. Flynn ; Urban Tillmann ; John A. Raven ; David Caron ; Diane K. Stoecker ; Fabrice Not ; Per J. Hansen ; Gustaaf Hallegraeff ; Robert Sanders ; Susanne Wilken ; George Mcmanus ; Mathew Johnson ; Paraskevi Pitta ; Selina V Ge ; Terje Berge ; Albert Calbet ; Frede Thingstad ; Hae Jin Jeong ; Joann Burkholder ; Patricia M. Glibert ; Edna Granéli ; Veronica LundgrenSource :
- Protist [ 1618-0941 ] ; 2016.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Animals, Energy Metabolism (physiology), Eukaryota (classification), Eukaryota (metabolism), Eukaryota (physiology), Food Chain, Phototrophic Processes, Phylogeny, Phytoplankton (classification), Phytoplankton (metabolism), Phytoplankton (physiology), Zooplankton (classification), Zooplankton (metabolism), Zooplankton (physiology).
- MESH :
- classification : Eukaryota, Phytoplankton, Zooplankton.
- metabolism : Eukaryota, Phytoplankton, Zooplankton.
- physiology : Energy Metabolism, Eukaryota, Phytoplankton, Zooplankton.
- Animals, Food Chain, Phototrophic Processes, Phylogeny.
Abstract
Arranging organisms into functional groups aids ecological research by grouping organisms (irrespective of phylogenetic origin) that interact with environmental factors in similar ways. Planktonic protists traditionally have been split between photoautotrophic "phytoplankton" and phagotrophic "microzooplankton". However, there is a growing recognition of the importance of mixotrophy in euphotic aquatic systems, where many protists often combine photoautotrophic and phagotrophic modes of nutrition. Such organisms do not align with the traditional dichotomy of phytoplankton and microzooplankton. To reflect this understanding, we propose a new functional grouping of planktonic protists in an eco-physiological context: (i) phagoheterotrophs lacking phototrophic capacity, (ii) photoautotrophs lacking phagotrophic capacity, (iii) constitutive mixotrophs (CMs) as phagotrophs with an inherent capacity for phototrophy, and (iv) non-constitutive mixotrophs (NCMs) that acquire their phototrophic capacity by ingesting specific (SNCM) or general non-specific (GNCM) prey. For the first time, we incorporate these functional groups within a foodweb structure and show, using model outputs, that there is scope for significant changes in trophic dynamics depending on the protist functional type description. Accordingly, to better reflect the role of mixotrophy, we recommend that as important tools for explanatory and predictive research, aquatic food-web and biogeochemical models need to redefine the protist groups within their frameworks.
DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2016.01.003
PubMed: 26927496
Links to Exploration step
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Flynn</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tillmann, Urban" sort="Tillmann, Urban" uniqKey="Tillmann U" first="Urban" last="Tillmann">Urban Tillmann</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Alfred Wegener Institute, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Raven, John A" sort="Raven, John A" uniqKey="Raven J" first="John A" last="Raven">John A. Raven</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (permanent address) and Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Caron, David" sort="Caron, David" uniqKey="Caron D" first="David" last="Caron">David Caron</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0371.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stoecker, Diane K" sort="Stoecker, Diane K" uniqKey="Stoecker D" first="Diane K" last="Stoecker">Diane K. Stoecker</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Horn Point Laboratory, P.O. Box 775, Cambridge MD 21613, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Not, Fabrice" sort="Not, Fabrice" uniqKey="Not F" first="Fabrice" last="Not">Fabrice Not</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 06, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS90074, 29688 Roscoff Cedex, France and also CNRS, UMR 7144, Laboratoire Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Place Georges Teissier, CS90074, 29688 Roscoff cedex, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hansen, Per J" sort="Hansen, Per J" uniqKey="Hansen P" first="Per J" last="Hansen">Per J. Hansen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Ocean Life, Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, DK-3000 Helsingør, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hallegraeff, Gustaaf" sort="Hallegraeff, Gustaaf" uniqKey="Hallegraeff G" first="Gustaaf" last="Hallegraeff">Gustaaf Hallegraeff</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sanders, Robert" sort="Sanders, Robert" uniqKey="Sanders R" first="Robert" last="Sanders">Robert Sanders</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia PA 19122 USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wilken, Susanne" sort="Wilken, Susanne" uniqKey="Wilken S" first="Susanne" last="Wilken">Susanne Wilken</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mcmanus, George" sort="Mcmanus, George" uniqKey="Mcmanus G" first="George" last="Mcmanus">George Mcmanus</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, 1080 Shennecossett Rd, Groton CT USA 06340.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Johnson, Mathew" sort="Johnson, Mathew" uniqKey="Johnson M" first="Mathew" last="Johnson">Mathew Johnson</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole MA 02543 USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pitta, Paraskevi" sort="Pitta, Paraskevi" uniqKey="Pitta P" first="Paraskevi" last="Pitta">Paraskevi Pitta</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, P.O. Box 2214, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="V Ge, Selina" sort="V Ge, Selina" uniqKey="V Ge S" first="Selina" last="V Ge">Selina V Ge</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biology and Hjort Centre for Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7803, 5020 Bergen, Norway.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Berge, Terje" sort="Berge, Terje" uniqKey="Berge T" first="Terje" last="Berge">Terje Berge</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Ocean Life, Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, DK-3000 Helsingør, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Calbet, Albert" sort="Calbet, Albert" uniqKey="Calbet A" first="Albert" last="Calbet">Albert Calbet</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Ps. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thingstad, Frede" sort="Thingstad, Frede" uniqKey="Thingstad F" first="Frede" last="Thingstad">Frede Thingstad</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biology and Hjort Centre for Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7803, 5020 Bergen, Norway.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jeong, Hae Jin" sort="Jeong, Hae Jin" uniqKey="Jeong H" first="Hae Jin" last="Jeong">Hae Jin Jeong</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Burkholder, Joann" sort="Burkholder, Joann" uniqKey="Burkholder J" first="Joann" last="Burkholder">Joann Burkholder</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Applied Aquatic Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Glibert, Patricia M" sort="Glibert, Patricia M" uniqKey="Glibert P" first="Patricia M" last="Glibert">Patricia M. Glibert</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Horn Point Laboratory, P.O. Box 775, Cambridge MD 21613, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Graneli, Edna" sort="Graneli, Edna" uniqKey="Graneli E" first="Edna" last="Granéli">Edna Granéli</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Aquatic Ecology, Biology Institute, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden, and also at Florida Gulf Coast University, Kapnick Center, Naples, Florida 34112 USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lundgren, Veronica" sort="Lundgren, Veronica" uniqKey="Lundgren V" first="Veronica" last="Lundgren">Veronica Lundgren</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, SE-39231 Kalmar, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:26927496</idno><idno type="pmid">26927496</idno><idno type="doi">10.1016/j.protis.2016.01.003</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">002053</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">002053</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Defining Planktonic Protist Functional Groups on Mechanisms for Energy and Nutrient Acquisition: Incorporation of Diverse Mixotrophic Strategies.</title><author><name sortKey="Mitra, Aditee" sort="Mitra, Aditee" uniqKey="Mitra A" first="Aditee" last="Mitra">Aditee Mitra</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom. Electronic address: A.Mitra@swansea.ac.uk.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Flynn, Kevin J" sort="Flynn, Kevin J" uniqKey="Flynn K" first="Kevin J" last="Flynn">Kevin J. Flynn</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tillmann, Urban" sort="Tillmann, Urban" uniqKey="Tillmann U" first="Urban" last="Tillmann">Urban Tillmann</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Alfred Wegener Institute, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Raven, John A" sort="Raven, John A" uniqKey="Raven J" first="John A" last="Raven">John A. Raven</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (permanent address) and Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Caron, David" sort="Caron, David" uniqKey="Caron D" first="David" last="Caron">David Caron</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0371.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stoecker, Diane K" sort="Stoecker, Diane K" uniqKey="Stoecker D" first="Diane K" last="Stoecker">Diane K. Stoecker</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Horn Point Laboratory, P.O. Box 775, Cambridge MD 21613, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Not, Fabrice" sort="Not, Fabrice" uniqKey="Not F" first="Fabrice" last="Not">Fabrice Not</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 06, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS90074, 29688 Roscoff Cedex, France and also CNRS, UMR 7144, Laboratoire Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Place Georges Teissier, CS90074, 29688 Roscoff cedex, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hansen, Per J" sort="Hansen, Per J" uniqKey="Hansen P" first="Per J" last="Hansen">Per J. Hansen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Ocean Life, Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, DK-3000 Helsingør, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hallegraeff, Gustaaf" sort="Hallegraeff, Gustaaf" uniqKey="Hallegraeff G" first="Gustaaf" last="Hallegraeff">Gustaaf Hallegraeff</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sanders, Robert" sort="Sanders, Robert" uniqKey="Sanders R" first="Robert" last="Sanders">Robert Sanders</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia PA 19122 USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wilken, Susanne" sort="Wilken, Susanne" uniqKey="Wilken S" first="Susanne" last="Wilken">Susanne Wilken</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mcmanus, George" sort="Mcmanus, George" uniqKey="Mcmanus G" first="George" last="Mcmanus">George Mcmanus</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, 1080 Shennecossett Rd, Groton CT USA 06340.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Johnson, Mathew" sort="Johnson, Mathew" uniqKey="Johnson M" first="Mathew" last="Johnson">Mathew Johnson</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole MA 02543 USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pitta, Paraskevi" sort="Pitta, Paraskevi" uniqKey="Pitta P" first="Paraskevi" last="Pitta">Paraskevi Pitta</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, P.O. Box 2214, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="V Ge, Selina" sort="V Ge, Selina" uniqKey="V Ge S" first="Selina" last="V Ge">Selina V Ge</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biology and Hjort Centre for Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7803, 5020 Bergen, Norway.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Berge, Terje" sort="Berge, Terje" uniqKey="Berge T" first="Terje" last="Berge">Terje Berge</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Ocean Life, Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, DK-3000 Helsingør, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Calbet, Albert" sort="Calbet, Albert" uniqKey="Calbet A" first="Albert" last="Calbet">Albert Calbet</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Ps. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thingstad, Frede" sort="Thingstad, Frede" uniqKey="Thingstad F" first="Frede" last="Thingstad">Frede Thingstad</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biology and Hjort Centre for Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7803, 5020 Bergen, Norway.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jeong, Hae Jin" sort="Jeong, Hae Jin" uniqKey="Jeong H" first="Hae Jin" last="Jeong">Hae Jin Jeong</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Burkholder, Joann" sort="Burkholder, Joann" uniqKey="Burkholder J" first="Joann" last="Burkholder">Joann Burkholder</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Applied Aquatic Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Glibert, Patricia M" sort="Glibert, Patricia M" uniqKey="Glibert P" first="Patricia M" last="Glibert">Patricia M. Glibert</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Horn Point Laboratory, P.O. Box 775, Cambridge MD 21613, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Graneli, Edna" sort="Graneli, Edna" uniqKey="Graneli E" first="Edna" last="Granéli">Edna Granéli</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Aquatic Ecology, Biology Institute, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden, and also at Florida Gulf Coast University, Kapnick Center, Naples, Florida 34112 USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lundgren, Veronica" sort="Lundgren, Veronica" uniqKey="Lundgren V" first="Veronica" last="Lundgren">Veronica Lundgren</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, SE-39231 Kalmar, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Protist</title><idno type="eISSN">1618-0941</idno><imprint><date when="2016" type="published">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term><term>Energy Metabolism (physiology)</term><term>Eukaryota (classification)</term><term>Eukaryota (metabolism)</term><term>Eukaryota (physiology)</term><term>Food Chain</term><term>Phototrophic Processes</term><term>Phylogeny</term><term>Phytoplankton (classification)</term><term>Phytoplankton (metabolism)</term><term>Phytoplankton (physiology)</term><term>Zooplankton (classification)</term><term>Zooplankton (metabolism)</term><term>Zooplankton (physiology)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="classification" xml:lang="en"><term>Eukaryota</term><term>Phytoplankton</term><term>Zooplankton</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="metabolism" xml:lang="en"><term>Eukaryota</term><term>Phytoplankton</term><term>Zooplankton</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Energy Metabolism</term><term>Eukaryota</term><term>Phytoplankton</term><term>Zooplankton</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term><term>Food Chain</term><term>Phototrophic Processes</term><term>Phylogeny</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Arranging organisms into functional groups aids ecological research by grouping organisms (irrespective of phylogenetic origin) that interact with environmental factors in similar ways. Planktonic protists traditionally have been split between photoautotrophic "phytoplankton" and phagotrophic "microzooplankton". However, there is a growing recognition of the importance of mixotrophy in euphotic aquatic systems, where many protists often combine photoautotrophic and phagotrophic modes of nutrition. Such organisms do not align with the traditional dichotomy of phytoplankton and microzooplankton. To reflect this understanding, we propose a new functional grouping of planktonic protists in an eco-physiological context: (i) phagoheterotrophs lacking phototrophic capacity, (ii) photoautotrophs lacking phagotrophic capacity, (iii) constitutive mixotrophs (CMs) as phagotrophs with an inherent capacity for phototrophy, and (iv) non-constitutive mixotrophs (NCMs) that acquire their phototrophic capacity by ingesting specific (SNCM) or general non-specific (GNCM) prey. For the first time, we incorporate these functional groups within a foodweb structure and show, using model outputs, that there is scope for significant changes in trophic dynamics depending on the protist functional type description. Accordingly, to better reflect the role of mixotrophy, we recommend that as important tools for explanatory and predictive research, aquatic food-web and biogeochemical models need to redefine the protist groups within their frameworks.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">26927496</PMID><DateCreated><Year>2016</Year><Month>04</Month><Day>25</Day></DateCreated><DateCompleted><Year>2017</Year><Month>05</Month><Day>05</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2017</Year><Month>05</Month><Day>05</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1618-0941</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>167</Volume><Issue>2</Issue><PubDate><Year>2016</Year><Month>04</Month></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Protist</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Protist</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Defining Planktonic Protist Functional Groups on Mechanisms for Energy and Nutrient Acquisition: Incorporation of Diverse Mixotrophic Strategies.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>106-20</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1016/j.protis.2016.01.003</ELocationID><ELocationID EIdType="pii" ValidYN="Y">S1434-4610(16)00004-3</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Arranging organisms into functional groups aids ecological research by grouping organisms (irrespective of phylogenetic origin) that interact with environmental factors in similar ways. Planktonic protists traditionally have been split between photoautotrophic "phytoplankton" and phagotrophic "microzooplankton". However, there is a growing recognition of the importance of mixotrophy in euphotic aquatic systems, where many protists often combine photoautotrophic and phagotrophic modes of nutrition. Such organisms do not align with the traditional dichotomy of phytoplankton and microzooplankton. To reflect this understanding, we propose a new functional grouping of planktonic protists in an eco-physiological context: (i) phagoheterotrophs lacking phototrophic capacity, (ii) photoautotrophs lacking phagotrophic capacity, (iii) constitutive mixotrophs (CMs) as phagotrophs with an inherent capacity for phototrophy, and (iv) non-constitutive mixotrophs (NCMs) that acquire their phototrophic capacity by ingesting specific (SNCM) or general non-specific (GNCM) prey. For the first time, we incorporate these functional groups within a foodweb structure and show, using model outputs, that there is scope for significant changes in trophic dynamics depending on the protist functional type description. Accordingly, to better reflect the role of mixotrophy, we recommend that as important tools for explanatory and predictive research, aquatic food-web and biogeochemical models need to redefine the protist groups within their frameworks.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>Copyright © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier GmbH.. All rights reserved.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mitra</LastName><ForeName>Aditee</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom. Electronic address: A.Mitra@swansea.ac.uk.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Flynn</LastName><ForeName>Kevin J</ForeName><Initials>KJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Tillmann</LastName><ForeName>Urban</ForeName><Initials>U</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Alfred Wegener Institute, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Raven</LastName><ForeName>John A</ForeName><Initials>JA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (permanent address) and Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Caron</LastName><ForeName>David</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0371.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Stoecker</LastName><ForeName>Diane K</ForeName><Initials>DK</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Horn Point Laboratory, P.O. Box 775, Cambridge MD 21613, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Not</LastName><ForeName>Fabrice</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 06, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS90074, 29688 Roscoff Cedex, France and also CNRS, UMR 7144, Laboratoire Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Place Georges Teissier, CS90074, 29688 Roscoff cedex, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hansen</LastName><ForeName>Per J</ForeName><Initials>PJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centre for Ocean Life, Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, DK-3000 Helsingør, Denmark.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hallegraeff</LastName><ForeName>Gustaaf</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sanders</LastName><ForeName>Robert</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia PA 19122 USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wilken</LastName><ForeName>Susanne</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>McManus</LastName><ForeName>George</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, 1080 Shennecossett Rd, Groton CT USA 06340.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Johnson</LastName><ForeName>Mathew</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole MA 02543 USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Pitta</LastName><ForeName>Paraskevi</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, P.O. Box 2214, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Våge</LastName><ForeName>Selina</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biology and Hjort Centre for Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7803, 5020 Bergen, Norway.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Berge</LastName><ForeName>Terje</ForeName><Initials>T</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centre for Ocean Life, Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, DK-3000 Helsingør, Denmark.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Calbet</LastName><ForeName>Albert</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Ps. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Thingstad</LastName><ForeName>Frede</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biology and Hjort Centre for Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7803, 5020 Bergen, Norway.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Jeong</LastName><ForeName>Hae Jin</ForeName><Initials>HJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Burkholder</LastName><ForeName>JoAnn</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Center for Applied Aquatic Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Glibert</LastName><ForeName>Patricia M</ForeName><Initials>PM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Horn Point Laboratory, P.O. Box 775, Cambridge MD 21613, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Granéli</LastName><ForeName>Edna</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Aquatic Ecology, Biology Institute, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden, and also at Florida Gulf Coast University, Kapnick Center, Naples, Florida 34112 USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lundgren</LastName><ForeName>Veronica</ForeName><Initials>V</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, SE-39231 Kalmar, Sweden.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013485">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2016</Year><Month>02</Month><Day>03</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>Germany</Country><MedlineTA>Protist</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>9806488</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>1434-4610</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000818" MajorTopicYN="N">Animals</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D004734" MajorTopicYN="N">Energy Metabolism</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000502" MajorTopicYN="N">physiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D056890" MajorTopicYN="N">Eukaryota</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000145" MajorTopicYN="Y">classification</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000502" MajorTopicYN="N">physiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D020387" MajorTopicYN="Y">Food Chain</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D052817" MajorTopicYN="N">Phototrophic Processes</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D010802" MajorTopicYN="N">Phylogeny</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D010839" MajorTopicYN="N">Phytoplankton</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000145" MajorTopicYN="Y">classification</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000502" MajorTopicYN="N">physiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D015048" MajorTopicYN="N">Zooplankton</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000145" MajorTopicYN="Y">classification</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000502" MajorTopicYN="N">physiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">Plankton functional types (PFTs)</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">microzooplankton.</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">mixotroph</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">phagotroph</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">phototroph</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">phytoplankton</Keyword></KeywordList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2015</Year><Month>03</Month><Day>23</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="revised"><Year>2016</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>08</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2016</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>19</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2016</Year><Month>3</Month><Day>2</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2016</Year><Month>3</Month><Day>2</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2017</Year><Month>5</Month><Day>6</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">26927496</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">S1434-4610(16)00004-3</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1016/j.protis.2016.01.003</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></PubmedData></pubmed></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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