ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions.
Identifieur interne : 001797 ( PubMed/Corpus ); précédent : 001796; suivant : 001798ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions.
Auteurs : Jonathan Ac Sterne ; Miguel A. Hernán ; Barnaby C. Reeves ; Jelena Savovi ; Nancy D. Berkman ; Meera Viswanathan ; David Henry ; Douglas G. Altman ; Mohammed T. Ansari ; Isabelle Boutron ; James R. Carpenter ; An-Wen Chan ; Rachel Churchill ; Jonathan J. Deeks ; Asbj Rn Hr Bjartsson ; Jamie Kirkham ; Peter Jüni ; Yoon K. Loke ; Theresa D. Pigott ; Craig R. Ramsay ; Deborah Regidor ; Hannah R. Rothstein ; Lakhbir Sandhu ; Pasqualina L. Santaguida ; Holger J. Schünemann ; Beverly Shea ; Ian Shrier ; Peter Tugwell ; Lucy Turner ; Jeffrey C. Valentine ; Hugh Waddington ; Elizabeth Waters ; George A. Wells ; Penny F. Whiting ; Julian Pt HigginsSource :
- BMJ (Clinical research ed.) [ 1756-1833 ] ; 2016.
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PubMed: 27733354
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions.</title>
<author><name sortKey="Sterne, Jonathan Ac" sort="Sterne, Jonathan Ac" uniqKey="Sterne J" first="Jonathan Ac" last="Sterne">Jonathan Ac Sterne</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK jonathan.sterne@bristol.ac.uk.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hernan, Miguel A" sort="Hernan, Miguel A" uniqKey="Hernan M" first="Miguel A" last="Hernán">Miguel A. Hernán</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; and Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; and Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Reeves, Barnaby C" sort="Reeves, Barnaby C" uniqKey="Reeves B" first="Barnaby C" last="Reeves">Barnaby C. Reeves</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS2 8HW, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Savovi, Jelena" sort="Savovi, Jelena" uniqKey="Savovi J" first="Jelena" last="Savovi">Jelena Savovi</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK National Institute for Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care West (NIHR CLAHRC West) at University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol BS1 2NT, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Berkman, Nancy D" sort="Berkman, Nancy D" uniqKey="Berkman N" first="Nancy D" last="Berkman">Nancy D. Berkman</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Program on Health Care Quality and Outcomes, Division of Health Services and Social Policy Research, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Viswanathan, Meera" sort="Viswanathan, Meera" uniqKey="Viswanathan M" first="Meera" last="Viswanathan">Meera Viswanathan</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>RTI-UNC Evidence-based Practice Center, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Henry, David" sort="Henry, David" uniqKey="Henry D" first="David" last="Henry">David Henry</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Altman, Douglas G" sort="Altman, Douglas G" uniqKey="Altman D" first="Douglas G" last="Altman">Douglas G. Altman</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology & Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ansari, Mohammed T" sort="Ansari, Mohammed T" uniqKey="Ansari M" first="Mohammed T" last="Ansari">Mohammed T. Ansari</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8M5, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Boutron, Isabelle" sort="Boutron, Isabelle" uniqKey="Boutron I" first="Isabelle" last="Boutron">Isabelle Boutron</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>METHODS Team, Centre of Epidemiology and Statistics Sorbonne Paris Cité Research, INSERM UMR 1153, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Carpenter, James R" sort="Carpenter, James R" uniqKey="Carpenter J" first="James R" last="Carpenter">James R. Carpenter</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chan, An Wen" sort="Chan, An Wen" uniqKey="Chan A" first="An-Wen" last="Chan">An-Wen Chan</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Women's College Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Churchill, Rachel" sort="Churchill, Rachel" uniqKey="Churchill R" first="Rachel" last="Churchill">Rachel Churchill</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Deeks, Jonathan J" sort="Deeks, Jonathan J" uniqKey="Deeks J" first="Jonathan J" last="Deeks">Jonathan J. Deeks</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hr Bjartsson, Asbj Rn" sort="Hr Bjartsson, Asbj Rn" uniqKey="Hr Bjartsson A" first="Asbj Rn" last="Hr Bjartsson">Asbj Rn Hr Bjartsson</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, University of Southern Denmark & Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense C, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kirkham, Jamie" sort="Kirkham, Jamie" uniqKey="Kirkham J" first="Jamie" last="Kirkham">Jamie Kirkham</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GL, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Juni, Peter" sort="Juni, Peter" uniqKey="Juni P" first="Peter" last="Jüni">Peter Jüni</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Applied Health Research Centre (AHRC), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St Michael's Hospital, and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Loke, Yoon K" sort="Loke, Yoon K" uniqKey="Loke Y" first="Yoon K" last="Loke">Yoon K. Loke</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pigott, Theresa D" sort="Pigott, Theresa D" uniqKey="Pigott T" first="Theresa D" last="Pigott">Theresa D. Pigott</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Education, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ramsay, Craig R" sort="Ramsay, Craig R" uniqKey="Ramsay C" first="Craig R" last="Ramsay">Craig R. Ramsay</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Regidor, Deborah" sort="Regidor, Deborah" uniqKey="Regidor D" first="Deborah" last="Regidor">Deborah Regidor</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Evidence Services, Kaiser Permanente, Care Management Institute, Oakland, CA 94612, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rothstein, Hannah R" sort="Rothstein, Hannah R" uniqKey="Rothstein H" first="Hannah R" last="Rothstein">Hannah R. Rothstein</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Management, Zicklin School of Business, Baruch College-CUNY, New York, NY 10010, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sandhu, Lakhbir" sort="Sandhu, Lakhbir" uniqKey="Sandhu L" first="Lakhbir" last="Sandhu">Lakhbir Sandhu</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of General Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Santaguida, Pasqualina L" sort="Santaguida, Pasqualina L" uniqKey="Santaguida P" first="Pasqualina L" last="Santaguida">Pasqualina L. Santaguida</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schunemann, Holger J" sort="Schunemann, Holger J" uniqKey="Schunemann H" first="Holger J" last="Schünemann">Holger J. Schünemann</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Departments of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics and of Medicine, Cochrane Applicability and Recommendations Methods (GRADEing) Group, MacGRADE center, Ontario, L8N 4K1, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Shea, Beverly" sort="Shea, Beverly" uniqKey="Shea B" first="Beverly" last="Shea">Beverly Shea</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Center for Practice Changing Research and School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8M5, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Shrier, Ian" sort="Shrier, Ian" uniqKey="Shrier I" first="Ian" last="Shrier">Ian Shrier</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tugwell, Peter" sort="Tugwell, Peter" uniqKey="Tugwell P" first="Peter" last="Tugwell">Peter Tugwell</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine and School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Turner, Lucy" sort="Turner, Lucy" uniqKey="Turner L" first="Lucy" last="Turner">Lucy Turner</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Valentine, Jeffrey C" sort="Valentine, Jeffrey C" uniqKey="Valentine J" first="Jeffrey C" last="Valentine">Jeffrey C. Valentine</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Waddington, Hugh" sort="Waddington, Hugh" uniqKey="Waddington H" first="Hugh" last="Waddington">Hugh Waddington</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>International Initiative for Impact Evaluation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and London International Development Centre, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Waters, Elizabeth" sort="Waters, Elizabeth" uniqKey="Waters E" first="Elizabeth" last="Waters">Elizabeth Waters</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Jack Brockhoff Child Health & Wellbeing Program, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wells, George A" sort="Wells, George A" uniqKey="Wells G" first="George A" last="Wells">George A. Wells</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine and Director, Cardiovascular Research Methods Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, K1Y 4W7, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Whiting, Penny F" sort="Whiting, Penny F" uniqKey="Whiting P" first="Penny F" last="Whiting">Penny F. Whiting</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK; and National Institute for Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care West (NIHR CLAHRC West) at University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol BS1 2NT, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Higgins, Julian Pt" sort="Higgins, Julian Pt" uniqKey="Higgins J" first="Julian Pt" last="Higgins">Julian Pt Higgins</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions.</title>
<author><name sortKey="Sterne, Jonathan Ac" sort="Sterne, Jonathan Ac" uniqKey="Sterne J" first="Jonathan Ac" last="Sterne">Jonathan Ac Sterne</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK jonathan.sterne@bristol.ac.uk.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hernan, Miguel A" sort="Hernan, Miguel A" uniqKey="Hernan M" first="Miguel A" last="Hernán">Miguel A. Hernán</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; and Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; and Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Reeves, Barnaby C" sort="Reeves, Barnaby C" uniqKey="Reeves B" first="Barnaby C" last="Reeves">Barnaby C. Reeves</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS2 8HW, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Savovi, Jelena" sort="Savovi, Jelena" uniqKey="Savovi J" first="Jelena" last="Savovi">Jelena Savovi</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK National Institute for Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care West (NIHR CLAHRC West) at University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol BS1 2NT, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Berkman, Nancy D" sort="Berkman, Nancy D" uniqKey="Berkman N" first="Nancy D" last="Berkman">Nancy D. Berkman</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Program on Health Care Quality and Outcomes, Division of Health Services and Social Policy Research, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Viswanathan, Meera" sort="Viswanathan, Meera" uniqKey="Viswanathan M" first="Meera" last="Viswanathan">Meera Viswanathan</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>RTI-UNC Evidence-based Practice Center, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Henry, David" sort="Henry, David" uniqKey="Henry D" first="David" last="Henry">David Henry</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Altman, Douglas G" sort="Altman, Douglas G" uniqKey="Altman D" first="Douglas G" last="Altman">Douglas G. Altman</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology & Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ansari, Mohammed T" sort="Ansari, Mohammed T" uniqKey="Ansari M" first="Mohammed T" last="Ansari">Mohammed T. Ansari</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8M5, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Boutron, Isabelle" sort="Boutron, Isabelle" uniqKey="Boutron I" first="Isabelle" last="Boutron">Isabelle Boutron</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>METHODS Team, Centre of Epidemiology and Statistics Sorbonne Paris Cité Research, INSERM UMR 1153, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Carpenter, James R" sort="Carpenter, James R" uniqKey="Carpenter J" first="James R" last="Carpenter">James R. Carpenter</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chan, An Wen" sort="Chan, An Wen" uniqKey="Chan A" first="An-Wen" last="Chan">An-Wen Chan</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Women's College Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Churchill, Rachel" sort="Churchill, Rachel" uniqKey="Churchill R" first="Rachel" last="Churchill">Rachel Churchill</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Deeks, Jonathan J" sort="Deeks, Jonathan J" uniqKey="Deeks J" first="Jonathan J" last="Deeks">Jonathan J. Deeks</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hr Bjartsson, Asbj Rn" sort="Hr Bjartsson, Asbj Rn" uniqKey="Hr Bjartsson A" first="Asbj Rn" last="Hr Bjartsson">Asbj Rn Hr Bjartsson</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, University of Southern Denmark & Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense C, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kirkham, Jamie" sort="Kirkham, Jamie" uniqKey="Kirkham J" first="Jamie" last="Kirkham">Jamie Kirkham</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GL, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Juni, Peter" sort="Juni, Peter" uniqKey="Juni P" first="Peter" last="Jüni">Peter Jüni</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Applied Health Research Centre (AHRC), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St Michael's Hospital, and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Loke, Yoon K" sort="Loke, Yoon K" uniqKey="Loke Y" first="Yoon K" last="Loke">Yoon K. Loke</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pigott, Theresa D" sort="Pigott, Theresa D" uniqKey="Pigott T" first="Theresa D" last="Pigott">Theresa D. Pigott</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Education, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ramsay, Craig R" sort="Ramsay, Craig R" uniqKey="Ramsay C" first="Craig R" last="Ramsay">Craig R. Ramsay</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Regidor, Deborah" sort="Regidor, Deborah" uniqKey="Regidor D" first="Deborah" last="Regidor">Deborah Regidor</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Evidence Services, Kaiser Permanente, Care Management Institute, Oakland, CA 94612, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rothstein, Hannah R" sort="Rothstein, Hannah R" uniqKey="Rothstein H" first="Hannah R" last="Rothstein">Hannah R. Rothstein</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Management, Zicklin School of Business, Baruch College-CUNY, New York, NY 10010, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sandhu, Lakhbir" sort="Sandhu, Lakhbir" uniqKey="Sandhu L" first="Lakhbir" last="Sandhu">Lakhbir Sandhu</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of General Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Santaguida, Pasqualina L" sort="Santaguida, Pasqualina L" uniqKey="Santaguida P" first="Pasqualina L" last="Santaguida">Pasqualina L. Santaguida</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schunemann, Holger J" sort="Schunemann, Holger J" uniqKey="Schunemann H" first="Holger J" last="Schünemann">Holger J. Schünemann</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Departments of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics and of Medicine, Cochrane Applicability and Recommendations Methods (GRADEing) Group, MacGRADE center, Ontario, L8N 4K1, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Shea, Beverly" sort="Shea, Beverly" uniqKey="Shea B" first="Beverly" last="Shea">Beverly Shea</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Center for Practice Changing Research and School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8M5, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Shrier, Ian" sort="Shrier, Ian" uniqKey="Shrier I" first="Ian" last="Shrier">Ian Shrier</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tugwell, Peter" sort="Tugwell, Peter" uniqKey="Tugwell P" first="Peter" last="Tugwell">Peter Tugwell</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine and School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Turner, Lucy" sort="Turner, Lucy" uniqKey="Turner L" first="Lucy" last="Turner">Lucy Turner</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Valentine, Jeffrey C" sort="Valentine, Jeffrey C" uniqKey="Valentine J" first="Jeffrey C" last="Valentine">Jeffrey C. Valentine</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Waddington, Hugh" sort="Waddington, Hugh" uniqKey="Waddington H" first="Hugh" last="Waddington">Hugh Waddington</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>International Initiative for Impact Evaluation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and London International Development Centre, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Waters, Elizabeth" sort="Waters, Elizabeth" uniqKey="Waters E" first="Elizabeth" last="Waters">Elizabeth Waters</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Jack Brockhoff Child Health & Wellbeing Program, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wells, George A" sort="Wells, George A" uniqKey="Wells G" first="George A" last="Wells">George A. Wells</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine and Director, Cardiovascular Research Methods Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, K1Y 4W7, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Whiting, Penny F" sort="Whiting, Penny F" uniqKey="Whiting P" first="Penny F" last="Whiting">Penny F. Whiting</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK; and National Institute for Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care West (NIHR CLAHRC West) at University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol BS1 2NT, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Higgins, Julian Pt" sort="Higgins, Julian Pt" uniqKey="Higgins J" first="Julian Pt" last="Higgins">Julian Pt Higgins</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">BMJ (Clinical research ed.)</title>
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<Title>BMJ (Clinical research ed.)</Title>
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<ForeName>Barnaby C</ForeName>
<Initials>BC</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS2 8HW, UK.</Affiliation>
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</Author>
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<Initials>J</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK National Institute for Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care West (NIHR CLAHRC West) at University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol BS1 2NT, UK.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>An-Wen</ForeName>
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<ForeName>Craig R</ForeName>
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<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK.</Affiliation>
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<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Regidor</LastName>
<ForeName>Deborah</ForeName>
<Initials>D</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Evidence Services, Kaiser Permanente, Care Management Institute, Oakland, CA 94612, USA.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>Hannah R</ForeName>
<Initials>HR</Initials>
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<ForeName>Lakhbir</ForeName>
<Initials>L</Initials>
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<ForeName>Holger J</ForeName>
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<ForeName>Ian</ForeName>
<Initials>I</Initials>
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<Initials>L</Initials>
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<Initials>JC</Initials>
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<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Waddington</LastName>
<ForeName>Hugh</ForeName>
<Initials>H</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>International Initiative for Impact Evaluation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and London International Development Centre, London, UK.</Affiliation>
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<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Waters</LastName>
<ForeName>Elizabeth</ForeName>
<Initials>E</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Jack Brockhoff Child Health & Wellbeing Program, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.</Affiliation>
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<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wells</LastName>
<ForeName>George A</ForeName>
<Initials>GA</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine and Director, Cardiovascular Research Methods Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, K1Y 4W7, Canada.</Affiliation>
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<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Whiting</LastName>
<ForeName>Penny F</ForeName>
<Initials>PF</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK; and National Institute for Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care West (NIHR CLAHRC West) at University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol BS1 2NT, UK.</Affiliation>
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<Initials>JP</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK.</Affiliation>
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<Language>eng</Language>
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<Acronym>CA</Acronym>
<Agency>NCI NIH HHS</Agency>
<Country>United States</Country>
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<MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D015982" MajorTopicYN="Y">Bias (Epidemiology)</DescriptorName>
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<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D064887" MajorTopicYN="Y">Observational Studies as Topic</DescriptorName>
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</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D012306" MajorTopicYN="N">Risk</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D013223" MajorTopicYN="N">Statistics as Topic</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000295" MajorTopicYN="Y">instrumentation</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
</MeshHeadingList>
<CoiStatement>All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form at http://www.icmje.org/coi_disclosure.pdf and declare: grants from Cochrane, MRC, and NIHR during the conduct of the study. Dr Carpenter reports personal fees from Pfizer, grants and non-financial support from GSK and grants from Novartis, outside the submitted work. Dr Reeves is a co-convenor of the Cochrane Non-Randomised Studies Methods Group. The authors report no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work.</CoiStatement>
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