Optimizing the phosphorus use in cotton by using CSM-CROPGRO-cotton model for semi-arid climate of Vehari-Punjab, Pakistan.
Identifieur interne : 001092 ( PubMed/Corpus ); précédent : 001091; suivant : 001093Optimizing the phosphorus use in cotton by using CSM-CROPGRO-cotton model for semi-arid climate of Vehari-Punjab, Pakistan.
Auteurs : Asad Amin ; Wajid Nasim ; Muhammad Mubeen ; Muhammad Nadeem ; Liaqat Ali ; Hafiz Mohkum Hammad ; Syeda Refat Sultana ; Khawar Jabran ; M Habib Ur Rehman ; Shakeel Ahmad ; Muhammad Awais ; Atta Rasool ; Shah Fahad ; Shah Saud ; Adnan Noor Shah ; Zahid Ihsan ; Shahzad Ali ; Ali Ahsan Bajwa ; Khalid Rehman Hakeem ; Asif Ameen ; Amanullah ; Hafeez Ur Rehman ; Fahad Alghabar ; Ghulam Hussain Jatoi ; Muhammad Akram ; Aziz Khan ; Faisal Islam ; Syed Tahir Ata-Ul-Karim ; Muhammad Ishaq Asif Rehmani ; Sajid Hussain ; Muhammad Razaq ; Amin FathiSource :
- Environmental science and pollution research international [ 1614-7499 ] ; 2017.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- MESH :
- chemical : Fertilizers, Phosphorus.
- methods : Agriculture.
- Crops, Agricultural, Desert Climate, Gossypium, Models, Theoretical, Pakistan.
Abstract
Crop nutrient management is an essential component of any cropping system. With increasing concerns over environmental protection, improvement in fertilizer use efficiencies has become a prime goal in global agriculture system. Phosphorus (P) is one of the most important nutrients, and strategies are required to optimize its use in important arable crops like cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) that has great significance. Sustainable P use in crop production could significantly avoid environmental hazards resulting from over-P fertilization. Crop growth modeling has emerged as an effective tool to assess and predict the optimal nutrient requirements for different crops. In present study, Decision Support System for Agro-technology Transfer (DSSAT) sub-model CSM-CROPGRO-Cotton-P was evaluated to estimate the observed and simulated P use in two cotton cultivars grown at three P application rates under the semi-arid climate of southern Punjab, Pakistan. The results revealed that both the cultivars performed best at medium rate of P application (57 kg ha(-1)) in terms of days to anthesis, days to maturity, seed cotton yield, total dry matter production, and harvest index during 2013 and 2014. Cultivar FH-142 performed better than MNH-886 in terms of different yield components. There was a good agreement between observed and simulated days to anthesis (0 to 1 day), days to maturity (0 to 2 days), seed cotton yield, total dry matter, and harvest index with an error of -4.4 to 15%, 12-7.5%, and 13-9.5% in MNH-886 and for FH-142, 4-16%, 19-11%, and 16-8.3% for growing years 2013 and 2014, respectively. CROPGRO-Cotton-P would be a useful tool to forecast cotton yield under different levels of P in cotton production system of the semi-arid climate of Southern Punjab.
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8311-8
PubMed: 28054268
Links to Exploration step
pubmed:28054268Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Optimizing the phosphorus use in cotton by using CSM-CROPGRO-cotton model for semi-arid climate of Vehari-Punjab, Pakistan.</title><author><name sortKey="Amin, Asad" sort="Amin, Asad" uniqKey="Amin A" first="Asad" last="Amin">Asad Amin</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Vehari, Pakistan.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nasim, Wajid" sort="Nasim, Wajid" uniqKey="Nasim W" first="Wajid" last="Nasim">Wajid Nasim</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Vehari, Pakistan. wajidnaseem2001@gmail.com.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mubeen, Muhammad" sort="Mubeen, Muhammad" uniqKey="Mubeen M" first="Muhammad" last="Mubeen">Muhammad Mubeen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Vehari, Pakistan.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nadeem, Muhammad" sort="Nadeem, Muhammad" uniqKey="Nadeem M" first="Muhammad" last="Nadeem">Muhammad Nadeem</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Vehari, Pakistan.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ali, Liaqat" sort="Ali, Liaqat" uniqKey="Ali L" first="Liaqat" last="Ali">Liaqat Ali</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Adaptive Research Farm, Punjab Agriculture Department, Vehari, Pakistan.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hammad, Hafiz Mohkum" sort="Hammad, Hafiz Mohkum" uniqKey="Hammad H" first="Hafiz Mohkum" last="Hammad">Hafiz Mohkum Hammad</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Vehari, Pakistan.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sultana, Syeda Refat" sort="Sultana, Syeda Refat" uniqKey="Sultana S" first="Syeda Refat" last="Sultana">Syeda Refat Sultana</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Vehari, Pakistan.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jabran, Khawar" sort="Jabran, Khawar" uniqKey="Jabran K" first="Khawar" last="Jabran">Khawar Jabran</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, Düzce University, Düzce, Turkey.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rehman, M Habib Ur" sort="Rehman, M Habib Ur" uniqKey="Rehman M" first="M Habib Ur" last="Rehman">M Habib Ur Rehman</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Agronomy, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ahmad, Shakeel" sort="Ahmad, Shakeel" uniqKey="Ahmad S" first="Shakeel" last="Ahmad">Shakeel Ahmad</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Agronomy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Awais, Muhammad" sort="Awais, Muhammad" uniqKey="Awais M" first="Muhammad" last="Awais">Muhammad Awais</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Agronomy, University College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahwalpur-Pakistan, Bahawalpur, Pakistan.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rasool, Atta" sort="Rasool, Atta" uniqKey="Rasool A" first="Atta" last="Rasool">Atta Rasool</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fahad, Shah" sort="Fahad, Shah" uniqKey="Fahad S" first="Shah" last="Fahad">Shah Fahad</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China. shah.fahad@mail.hzau.edu.cn.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Saud, Shah" sort="Saud, Shah" uniqKey="Saud S" first="Shah" last="Saud">Shah Saud</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shah, Adnan Noor" sort="Shah, Adnan Noor" uniqKey="Shah A" first="Adnan Noor" last="Shah">Adnan Noor Shah</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ihsan, Zahid" sort="Ihsan, Zahid" uniqKey="Ihsan Z" first="Zahid" last="Ihsan">Zahid Ihsan</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Arid Land Agriculture, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ali, Shahzad" sort="Ali, Shahzad" uniqKey="Ali S" first="Shahzad" last="Ali">Shahzad Ali</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The Chinese Institute of Water-saving Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bajwa, Ali Ahsan" sort="Bajwa, Ali Ahsan" uniqKey="Bajwa A" first="Ali Ahsan" last="Bajwa">Ali Ahsan Bajwa</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, QLD, Toowoomba, 4350, Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hakeem, Khalid Rehman" sort="Hakeem, Khalid Rehman" uniqKey="Hakeem K" first="Khalid Rehman" last="Hakeem">Khalid Rehman Hakeem</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ameen, Asif" sort="Ameen, Asif" uniqKey="Ameen A" first="Asif" last="Ameen">Asif Ameen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Amanullah" sort="Amanullah" uniqKey="Amanullah" last="Amanullah">Amanullah</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Crop Production, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, 25130, Pakistan.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rehman, Hafeez Ur" sort="Rehman, Hafeez Ur" uniqKey="Rehman H" first="Hafeez Ur" last="Rehman">Hafeez Ur Rehman</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alghabar, Fahad" sort="Alghabar, Fahad" uniqKey="Alghabar F" first="Fahad" last="Alghabar">Fahad Alghabar</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Arid Land Agriculture, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jatoi, Ghulam Hussain" sort="Jatoi, Ghulam Hussain" uniqKey="Jatoi G" first="Ghulam Hussain" last="Jatoi">Ghulam Hussain Jatoi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Plant Pathology, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Hydrabad, Sindh, Pakistan.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Akram, Muhammad" sort="Akram, Muhammad" uniqKey="Akram M" first="Muhammad" last="Akram">Muhammad Akram</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Vehari, Pakistan.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Khan, Aziz" sort="Khan, Aziz" uniqKey="Khan A" first="Aziz" last="Khan">Aziz Khan</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Islam, Faisal" sort="Islam, Faisal" uniqKey="Islam F" first="Faisal" last="Islam">Faisal Islam</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Crop Science and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germpalsm, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ata Ul Karim, Syed Tahir" sort="Ata Ul Karim, Syed Tahir" uniqKey="Ata Ul Karim S" first="Syed Tahir" last="Ata-Ul-Karim">Syed Tahir Ata-Ul-Karim</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, People's Republic of China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rehmani, Muhammad Ishaq Asif" sort="Rehmani, Muhammad Ishaq Asif" uniqKey="Rehmani M" first="Muhammad Ishaq Asif" last="Rehmani">Muhammad Ishaq Asif Rehmani</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Agronomy, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hussain, Sajid" sort="Hussain, Sajid" uniqKey="Hussain S" first="Sajid" last="Hussain">Sajid Hussain</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Razaq, Muhammad" sort="Razaq, Muhammad" uniqKey="Razaq M" first="Muhammad" last="Razaq">Muhammad Razaq</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Forestry, Northeast Forest University, Harbin, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fathi, Amin" sort="Fathi, Amin" uniqKey="Fathi A" first="Amin" last="Fathi">Amin Fathi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2017">2017</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:28054268</idno><idno type="pmid">28054268</idno><idno type="doi">10.1007/s11356-016-8311-8</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">001092</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">001092</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Optimizing the phosphorus use in cotton by using CSM-CROPGRO-cotton model for semi-arid climate of Vehari-Punjab, Pakistan.</title><author><name sortKey="Amin, Asad" sort="Amin, Asad" uniqKey="Amin A" first="Asad" last="Amin">Asad Amin</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Vehari, Pakistan.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nasim, Wajid" sort="Nasim, Wajid" uniqKey="Nasim W" first="Wajid" last="Nasim">Wajid Nasim</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Vehari, Pakistan. wajidnaseem2001@gmail.com.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mubeen, Muhammad" sort="Mubeen, Muhammad" uniqKey="Mubeen M" first="Muhammad" last="Mubeen">Muhammad Mubeen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Vehari, Pakistan.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nadeem, Muhammad" sort="Nadeem, Muhammad" uniqKey="Nadeem M" first="Muhammad" last="Nadeem">Muhammad Nadeem</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Vehari, Pakistan.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ali, Liaqat" sort="Ali, Liaqat" uniqKey="Ali L" first="Liaqat" last="Ali">Liaqat Ali</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Adaptive Research Farm, Punjab Agriculture Department, Vehari, Pakistan.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hammad, Hafiz Mohkum" sort="Hammad, Hafiz Mohkum" uniqKey="Hammad H" first="Hafiz Mohkum" last="Hammad">Hafiz Mohkum Hammad</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Vehari, Pakistan.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sultana, Syeda Refat" sort="Sultana, Syeda Refat" uniqKey="Sultana S" first="Syeda Refat" last="Sultana">Syeda Refat Sultana</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Vehari, Pakistan.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jabran, Khawar" sort="Jabran, Khawar" uniqKey="Jabran K" first="Khawar" last="Jabran">Khawar Jabran</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, Düzce University, Düzce, Turkey.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rehman, M Habib Ur" sort="Rehman, M Habib Ur" uniqKey="Rehman M" first="M Habib Ur" last="Rehman">M Habib Ur Rehman</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Agronomy, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ahmad, Shakeel" sort="Ahmad, Shakeel" uniqKey="Ahmad S" first="Shakeel" last="Ahmad">Shakeel Ahmad</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Agronomy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Awais, Muhammad" sort="Awais, Muhammad" uniqKey="Awais M" first="Muhammad" last="Awais">Muhammad Awais</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Agronomy, University College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahwalpur-Pakistan, Bahawalpur, Pakistan.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rasool, Atta" sort="Rasool, Atta" uniqKey="Rasool A" first="Atta" last="Rasool">Atta Rasool</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fahad, Shah" sort="Fahad, Shah" uniqKey="Fahad S" first="Shah" last="Fahad">Shah Fahad</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China. shah.fahad@mail.hzau.edu.cn.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Saud, Shah" sort="Saud, Shah" uniqKey="Saud S" first="Shah" last="Saud">Shah Saud</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shah, Adnan Noor" sort="Shah, Adnan Noor" uniqKey="Shah A" first="Adnan Noor" last="Shah">Adnan Noor Shah</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ihsan, Zahid" sort="Ihsan, Zahid" uniqKey="Ihsan Z" first="Zahid" last="Ihsan">Zahid Ihsan</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Arid Land Agriculture, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ali, Shahzad" sort="Ali, Shahzad" uniqKey="Ali S" first="Shahzad" last="Ali">Shahzad Ali</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The Chinese Institute of Water-saving Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bajwa, Ali Ahsan" sort="Bajwa, Ali Ahsan" uniqKey="Bajwa A" first="Ali Ahsan" last="Bajwa">Ali Ahsan Bajwa</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, QLD, Toowoomba, 4350, Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hakeem, Khalid Rehman" sort="Hakeem, Khalid Rehman" uniqKey="Hakeem K" first="Khalid Rehman" last="Hakeem">Khalid Rehman Hakeem</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ameen, Asif" sort="Ameen, Asif" uniqKey="Ameen A" first="Asif" last="Ameen">Asif Ameen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Amanullah" sort="Amanullah" uniqKey="Amanullah" last="Amanullah">Amanullah</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Crop Production, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, 25130, Pakistan.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rehman, Hafeez Ur" sort="Rehman, Hafeez Ur" uniqKey="Rehman H" first="Hafeez Ur" last="Rehman">Hafeez Ur Rehman</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alghabar, Fahad" sort="Alghabar, Fahad" uniqKey="Alghabar F" first="Fahad" last="Alghabar">Fahad Alghabar</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Arid Land Agriculture, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jatoi, Ghulam Hussain" sort="Jatoi, Ghulam Hussain" uniqKey="Jatoi G" first="Ghulam Hussain" last="Jatoi">Ghulam Hussain Jatoi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Plant Pathology, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Hydrabad, Sindh, Pakistan.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Akram, Muhammad" sort="Akram, Muhammad" uniqKey="Akram M" first="Muhammad" last="Akram">Muhammad Akram</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Vehari, Pakistan.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Khan, Aziz" sort="Khan, Aziz" uniqKey="Khan A" first="Aziz" last="Khan">Aziz Khan</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Islam, Faisal" sort="Islam, Faisal" uniqKey="Islam F" first="Faisal" last="Islam">Faisal Islam</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Crop Science and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germpalsm, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ata Ul Karim, Syed Tahir" sort="Ata Ul Karim, Syed Tahir" uniqKey="Ata Ul Karim S" first="Syed Tahir" last="Ata-Ul-Karim">Syed Tahir Ata-Ul-Karim</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, People's Republic of China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rehmani, Muhammad Ishaq Asif" sort="Rehmani, Muhammad Ishaq Asif" uniqKey="Rehmani M" first="Muhammad Ishaq Asif" last="Rehmani">Muhammad Ishaq Asif Rehmani</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Agronomy, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hussain, Sajid" sort="Hussain, Sajid" uniqKey="Hussain S" first="Sajid" last="Hussain">Sajid Hussain</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Razaq, Muhammad" sort="Razaq, Muhammad" uniqKey="Razaq M" first="Muhammad" last="Razaq">Muhammad Razaq</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Forestry, Northeast Forest University, Harbin, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fathi, Amin" sort="Fathi, Amin" uniqKey="Fathi A" first="Amin" last="Fathi">Amin Fathi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Environmental science and pollution research international</title><idno type="eISSN">1614-7499</idno><imprint><date when="2017" type="published">2017</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Agriculture (methods)</term><term>Crops, Agricultural</term><term>Desert Climate</term><term>Fertilizers</term><term>Gossypium</term><term>Models, Theoretical</term><term>Pakistan</term><term>Phosphorus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" xml:lang="en"><term>Fertilizers</term><term>Phosphorus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="methods" xml:lang="en"><term>Agriculture</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Crops, Agricultural</term><term>Desert Climate</term><term>Gossypium</term><term>Models, Theoretical</term><term>Pakistan</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Crop nutrient management is an essential component of any cropping system. With increasing concerns over environmental protection, improvement in fertilizer use efficiencies has become a prime goal in global agriculture system. Phosphorus (P) is one of the most important nutrients, and strategies are required to optimize its use in important arable crops like cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) that has great significance. Sustainable P use in crop production could significantly avoid environmental hazards resulting from over-P fertilization. Crop growth modeling has emerged as an effective tool to assess and predict the optimal nutrient requirements for different crops. In present study, Decision Support System for Agro-technology Transfer (DSSAT) sub-model CSM-CROPGRO-Cotton-P was evaluated to estimate the observed and simulated P use in two cotton cultivars grown at three P application rates under the semi-arid climate of southern Punjab, Pakistan. The results revealed that both the cultivars performed best at medium rate of P application (57 kg ha(-1)) in terms of days to anthesis, days to maturity, seed cotton yield, total dry matter production, and harvest index during 2013 and 2014. Cultivar FH-142 performed better than MNH-886 in terms of different yield components. There was a good agreement between observed and simulated days to anthesis (0 to 1 day), days to maturity (0 to 2 days), seed cotton yield, total dry matter, and harvest index with an error of -4.4 to 15%, 12-7.5%, and 13-9.5% in MNH-886 and for FH-142, 4-16%, 19-11%, and 16-8.3% for growing years 2013 and 2014, respectively. CROPGRO-Cotton-P would be a useful tool to forecast cotton yield under different levels of P in cotton production system of the semi-arid climate of Southern Punjab.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">28054268</PMID><DateCreated><Year>2017</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>05</Day></DateCreated><DateCompleted><Year>2017</Year><Month>08</Month><Day>07</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2017</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>04</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1614-7499</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>24</Volume><Issue>6</Issue><PubDate><Year>2017</Year><Month>Feb</Month></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Environmental science and pollution research international</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Environ Sci Pollut Res Int</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Optimizing the phosphorus use in cotton by using CSM-CROPGRO-cotton model for semi-arid climate of Vehari-Punjab, Pakistan.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>5811-5823</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1007/s11356-016-8311-8</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Crop nutrient management is an essential component of any cropping system. With increasing concerns over environmental protection, improvement in fertilizer use efficiencies has become a prime goal in global agriculture system. Phosphorus (P) is one of the most important nutrients, and strategies are required to optimize its use in important arable crops like cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) that has great significance. Sustainable P use in crop production could significantly avoid environmental hazards resulting from over-P fertilization. Crop growth modeling has emerged as an effective tool to assess and predict the optimal nutrient requirements for different crops. In present study, Decision Support System for Agro-technology Transfer (DSSAT) sub-model CSM-CROPGRO-Cotton-P was evaluated to estimate the observed and simulated P use in two cotton cultivars grown at three P application rates under the semi-arid climate of southern Punjab, Pakistan. The results revealed that both the cultivars performed best at medium rate of P application (57 kg ha(-1)) in terms of days to anthesis, days to maturity, seed cotton yield, total dry matter production, and harvest index during 2013 and 2014. Cultivar FH-142 performed better than MNH-886 in terms of different yield components. There was a good agreement between observed and simulated days to anthesis (0 to 1 day), days to maturity (0 to 2 days), seed cotton yield, total dry matter, and harvest index with an error of -4.4 to 15%, 12-7.5%, and 13-9.5% in MNH-886 and for FH-142, 4-16%, 19-11%, and 16-8.3% for growing years 2013 and 2014, respectively. CROPGRO-Cotton-P would be a useful tool to forecast cotton yield under different levels of P in cotton production system of the semi-arid climate of Southern Punjab.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Amin</LastName><ForeName>Asad</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Vehari, Pakistan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Nasim</LastName><ForeName>Wajid</ForeName><Initials>W</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Vehari, Pakistan. wajidnaseem2001@gmail.com.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>CIHEAM-Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (IAMM), 3191 route de Mende, Montpellier, France. wajidnaseem2001@gmail.com.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, National Research Flagship, Toowoomba, Qld 4350, Australia. wajidnaseem2001@gmail.com.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mubeen</LastName><ForeName>Muhammad</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Vehari, Pakistan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Nadeem</LastName><ForeName>Muhammad</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Vehari, Pakistan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ali</LastName><ForeName>Liaqat</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Adaptive Research Farm, Punjab Agriculture Department, Vehari, Pakistan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hammad</LastName><ForeName>Hafiz Mohkum</ForeName><Initials>HM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Vehari, Pakistan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sultana</LastName><ForeName>Syeda Refat</ForeName><Initials>SR</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Vehari, Pakistan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Jabran</LastName><ForeName>Khawar</ForeName><Initials>K</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, Düzce University, Düzce, Turkey.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rehman</LastName><ForeName>M Habib Ur</ForeName><Initials>MHU</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Agronomy, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>AgWeatherNet Program, Washington State University, Prosser, WA, 99350-8694, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ahmad</LastName><ForeName>Shakeel</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Agronomy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Awais</LastName><ForeName>Muhammad</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Agronomy, University College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahwalpur-Pakistan, Bahawalpur, Pakistan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rasool</LastName><ForeName>Atta</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Fahad</LastName><ForeName>Shah</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China. shah.fahad@mail.hzau.edu.cn.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Saud</LastName><ForeName>Shah</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Shah</LastName><ForeName>Adnan Noor</ForeName><Initials>AN</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ihsan</LastName><ForeName>Zahid</ForeName><Initials>Z</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Arid Land Agriculture, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ali</LastName><ForeName>Shahzad</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>The Chinese Institute of Water-saving Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bajwa</LastName><ForeName>Ali Ahsan</ForeName><Initials>AA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, QLD, Toowoomba, 4350, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hakeem</LastName><ForeName>Khalid Rehman</ForeName><Initials>KR</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ameen</LastName><ForeName>Asif</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Amanullah</LastName><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Crop Production, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, 25130, Pakistan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rehman</LastName><ForeName>Hafeez Ur</ForeName><Initials>HU</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Alghabar</LastName><ForeName>Fahad</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Arid Land Agriculture, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Jatoi</LastName><ForeName>Ghulam Hussain</ForeName><Initials>GH</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Plant Pathology, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Hydrabad, Sindh, Pakistan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Akram</LastName><ForeName>Muhammad</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Vehari, Pakistan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Khan</LastName><ForeName>Aziz</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Islam</LastName><ForeName>Faisal</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Crop Science and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germpalsm, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ata-Ul-Karim</LastName><ForeName>Syed Tahir</ForeName><Initials>ST</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, People's Republic of China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rehmani</LastName><ForeName>Muhammad Ishaq Asif</ForeName><Initials>MIA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Agronomy, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hussain</LastName><ForeName>Sajid</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Razaq</LastName><ForeName>Muhammad</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Forestry, Northeast Forest University, Harbin, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Fathi</LastName><ForeName>Amin</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2017</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>04</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>Germany</Country><MedlineTA>Environ Sci Pollut Res Int</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>9441769</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0944-1344</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D005308">Fertilizers</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>27YLU75U4W</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D010758">Phosphorus</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><CommentsCorrectionsList><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>PLoS One. 2016 Jul 29;11(7):e0159590</RefSource><PMID Version="1">27472200</PMID></CommentsCorrections><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2016 Feb;23 (4):3658-70</RefSource><PMID Version="1">26498803</PMID></CommentsCorrections><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>Plant Physiol Biochem. 2015 Nov;96:281-7</RefSource><PMID Version="1">26318145</PMID></CommentsCorrections><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>Plant Physiol Biochem. 2016 Jun;103:191-8</RefSource><PMID Version="1">26995314</PMID></CommentsCorrections><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>Front Plant Sci. 2016 Aug 30;7:1250</RefSource><PMID Version="1">27625658</PMID></CommentsCorrections></CommentsCorrectionsList><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000383" MajorTopicYN="N">Agriculture</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000379" MajorTopicYN="N">methods</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D018556" MajorTopicYN="N">Crops, Agricultural</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D003889" MajorTopicYN="Y">Desert Climate</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005308" MajorTopicYN="N">Fertilizers</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D003368" MajorTopicYN="Y">Gossypium</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008962" MajorTopicYN="Y">Models, Theoretical</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D010154" MajorTopicYN="N">Pakistan</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D010758" MajorTopicYN="Y">Phosphorus</DescriptorName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Cotton cultivars</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Crop modeling</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">DSSAT</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Environmental protection</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Phosphorus</Keyword></KeywordList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2016</Year><Month>06</Month><Day>28</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2016</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>20</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2017</Year><Month>1</Month><Day>6</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2017</Year><Month>8</Month><Day>8</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2017</Year><Month>1</Month><Day>6</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">28054268</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1007/s11356-016-8311-8</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">10.1007/s11356-016-8311-8</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></PubmedData></pubmed></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Asie/explor/AustralieFrV1/Data/PubMed/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 001092 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/PubMed/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 001092 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Wicri/Asie
|area= AustralieFrV1
|flux= PubMed
|étape= Corpus
|type= RBID
|clé= pubmed:28054268
|texte= Optimizing the phosphorus use in cotton by using CSM-CROPGRO-cotton model for semi-arid climate of Vehari-Punjab, Pakistan.
}}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/PubMed/Corpus/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:28054268" \
| HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/PubMed/Corpus/biblio.hfd \
| NlmPubMed2Wicri -a AustralieFrV1
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.33. |  |