Multiple Introductions and Recent Spread of the Emerging Human Pathogen Mycobacterium ulcerans across Africa.
Identifieur interne : 001025 ( PubMed/Corpus ); précédent : 001024; suivant : 001026Multiple Introductions and Recent Spread of the Emerging Human Pathogen Mycobacterium ulcerans across Africa.
Auteurs : Koen Vandelannoote ; Conor J. Meehan ; Miriam Eddyani ; Dissou Affolabi ; Delphin Mavinga Phanzu ; Sara Eyangoh ; Kurt Jordaens ; Françoise Portaels ; Kirstie Mangas ; Torsten Seemann ; Laurent Marsollier ; Estelle Marion ; Annick Chauty ; Jordi Landier ; Arnaud Fontanet ; Herwig Leirs ; Timothy P. Stinear ; Bouke C. De JongSource :
- Genome biology and evolution [ 1759-6653 ] ; 2017.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Africa, Buruli Ulcer (genetics), Buruli Ulcer (microbiology), Buruli Ulcer (transmission), Evolution, Molecular, Genetic Variation, Genetics, Population, Genome, Bacterial, Humans, Mycobacterium ulcerans (genetics), Mycobacterium ulcerans (pathogenicity), Phylogeny, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Sequence Analysis, DNA.
- MESH :
- genetics : Buruli Ulcer, Mycobacterium ulcerans.
- microbiology : Buruli Ulcer.
- pathogenicity : Mycobacterium ulcerans.
- transmission : Buruli Ulcer.
- Africa, Evolution, Molecular, Genetic Variation, Genetics, Population, Genome, Bacterial, Humans, Phylogeny, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Sequence Analysis, DNA.
Abstract
Buruli ulcer (BU) is an insidious neglected tropical disease. Cases are reported around the world but the rural regions of West and Central Africa are most affected. How BU is transmitted and spreads has remained a mystery, even though the causative agent, Mycobacterium ulcerans, has been known for more than 70 years. Here, using the tools of population genomics, we reconstruct the evolutionary history of M. ulcerans by comparing 165 isolates spanning 48 years and representing 11 endemic countries across Africa. The genetic diversity of African M. ulcerans was found to be restricted due to the bacterium's slow substitution rate coupled with its relatively recent origin. We identified two specific M. ulcerans lineages within the African continent, and inferred that M. ulcerans lineage Mu_A1 existed in Africa for several hundreds of years, unlike lineage Mu_A2, which was introduced much more recently, approximately during the 19th century. Additionally, we observed that specific M. ulcerans epidemic Mu_A1 clones were introduced during the same time period in the three hydrological basins that were well covered in our panel. The estimated time span of the introduction events coincides with the Neo-imperialism period, during which time the European colonial powers divided the African continent among themselves. Using this temporal association, and in the absence of a known BU reservoir or-vector on the continent, we postulate that the so-called "Scramble for Africa" played a significant role in the spread of the disease across the continent.
DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evx003
PubMed: 28137745
Links to Exploration step
pubmed:28137745Le document en format XML
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Meehan</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Eddyani, Miriam" sort="Eddyani, Miriam" uniqKey="Eddyani M" first="Miriam" last="Eddyani">Miriam Eddyani</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Affolabi, Dissou" sort="Affolabi, Dissou" uniqKey="Affolabi D" first="Dissou" last="Affolabi">Dissou Affolabi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire de Référence des Mycobactéries, Cotonou, Benin.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Phanzu, Delphin Mavinga" sort="Phanzu, Delphin Mavinga" uniqKey="Phanzu D" first="Delphin Mavinga" last="Phanzu">Delphin Mavinga Phanzu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institut Médical Evangélique, Kimpese, Republic, Democratic of Congo.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Eyangoh, Sara" sort="Eyangoh, Sara" uniqKey="Eyangoh S" first="Sara" last="Eyangoh">Sara Eyangoh</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Service de Mycobactériologie, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaoundé, Cameroun.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jordaens, Kurt" sort="Jordaens, Kurt" uniqKey="Jordaens K" first="Kurt" last="Jordaens">Kurt Jordaens</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Evolutionary Ecology Group University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Portaels, Francoise" sort="Portaels, Francoise" uniqKey="Portaels F" first="Françoise" last="Portaels">Françoise Portaels</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mangas, Kirstie" sort="Mangas, Kirstie" uniqKey="Mangas K" first="Kirstie" last="Mangas">Kirstie Mangas</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Seemann, Torsten" sort="Seemann, Torsten" uniqKey="Seemann T" first="Torsten" last="Seemann">Torsten Seemann</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marsollier, Laurent" sort="Marsollier, Laurent" uniqKey="Marsollier L" first="Laurent" last="Marsollier">Laurent Marsollier</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CRCNA Inserm U892 CNRS 6299, CHU & Université d'Angers, Angers, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marion, Estelle" sort="Marion, Estelle" uniqKey="Marion E" first="Estelle" last="Marion">Estelle Marion</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CRCNA Inserm U892 CNRS 6299, CHU & Université d'Angers, Angers, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chauty, Annick" sort="Chauty, Annick" uniqKey="Chauty A" first="Annick" last="Chauty">Annick Chauty</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CDTUB de Pobè, Pobè, Benin.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Landier, Jordi" sort="Landier, Jordi" uniqKey="Landier J" first="Jordi" last="Landier">Jordi Landier</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Service de Mycobactériologie, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaoundé, Cameroun.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fontanet, Arnaud" sort="Fontanet, Arnaud" uniqKey="Fontanet A" first="Arnaud" last="Fontanet">Arnaud Fontanet</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Emerging Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Leirs, Herwig" sort="Leirs, Herwig" uniqKey="Leirs H" first="Herwig" last="Leirs">Herwig Leirs</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Evolutionary Ecology Group University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stinear, Timothy P" sort="Stinear, Timothy P" uniqKey="Stinear T" first="Timothy P" last="Stinear">Timothy P. Stinear</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Jong, Bouke C" sort="De Jong, Bouke C" uniqKey="De Jong B" first="Bouke C" last="De Jong">Bouke C. De Jong</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2017">2017</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:28137745</idno><idno type="pmid">28137745</idno><idno type="doi">10.1093/gbe/evx003</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">001025</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">001025</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Multiple Introductions and Recent Spread of the Emerging Human Pathogen Mycobacterium ulcerans across Africa.</title><author><name sortKey="Vandelannoote, Koen" sort="Vandelannoote, Koen" uniqKey="Vandelannoote K" first="Koen" last="Vandelannoote">Koen Vandelannoote</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meehan, Conor J" sort="Meehan, Conor J" uniqKey="Meehan C" first="Conor J" last="Meehan">Conor J. Meehan</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Eddyani, Miriam" sort="Eddyani, Miriam" uniqKey="Eddyani M" first="Miriam" last="Eddyani">Miriam Eddyani</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Affolabi, Dissou" sort="Affolabi, Dissou" uniqKey="Affolabi D" first="Dissou" last="Affolabi">Dissou Affolabi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire de Référence des Mycobactéries, Cotonou, Benin.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Phanzu, Delphin Mavinga" sort="Phanzu, Delphin Mavinga" uniqKey="Phanzu D" first="Delphin Mavinga" last="Phanzu">Delphin Mavinga Phanzu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institut Médical Evangélique, Kimpese, Republic, Democratic of Congo.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Eyangoh, Sara" sort="Eyangoh, Sara" uniqKey="Eyangoh S" first="Sara" last="Eyangoh">Sara Eyangoh</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Service de Mycobactériologie, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaoundé, Cameroun.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jordaens, Kurt" sort="Jordaens, Kurt" uniqKey="Jordaens K" first="Kurt" last="Jordaens">Kurt Jordaens</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Evolutionary Ecology Group University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Portaels, Francoise" sort="Portaels, Francoise" uniqKey="Portaels F" first="Françoise" last="Portaels">Françoise Portaels</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mangas, Kirstie" sort="Mangas, Kirstie" uniqKey="Mangas K" first="Kirstie" last="Mangas">Kirstie Mangas</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Seemann, Torsten" sort="Seemann, Torsten" uniqKey="Seemann T" first="Torsten" last="Seemann">Torsten Seemann</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marsollier, Laurent" sort="Marsollier, Laurent" uniqKey="Marsollier L" first="Laurent" last="Marsollier">Laurent Marsollier</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CRCNA Inserm U892 CNRS 6299, CHU & Université d'Angers, Angers, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marion, Estelle" sort="Marion, Estelle" uniqKey="Marion E" first="Estelle" last="Marion">Estelle Marion</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CRCNA Inserm U892 CNRS 6299, CHU & Université d'Angers, Angers, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chauty, Annick" sort="Chauty, Annick" uniqKey="Chauty A" first="Annick" last="Chauty">Annick Chauty</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CDTUB de Pobè, Pobè, Benin.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Landier, Jordi" sort="Landier, Jordi" uniqKey="Landier J" first="Jordi" last="Landier">Jordi Landier</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Service de Mycobactériologie, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaoundé, Cameroun.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fontanet, Arnaud" sort="Fontanet, Arnaud" uniqKey="Fontanet A" first="Arnaud" last="Fontanet">Arnaud Fontanet</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Emerging Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Leirs, Herwig" sort="Leirs, Herwig" uniqKey="Leirs H" first="Herwig" last="Leirs">Herwig Leirs</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Evolutionary Ecology Group University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stinear, Timothy P" sort="Stinear, Timothy P" uniqKey="Stinear T" first="Timothy P" last="Stinear">Timothy P. Stinear</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Jong, Bouke C" sort="De Jong, Bouke C" uniqKey="De Jong B" first="Bouke C" last="De Jong">Bouke C. De Jong</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Genome biology and evolution</title><idno type="eISSN">1759-6653</idno><imprint><date when="2017" type="published">2017</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Africa</term><term>Buruli Ulcer (genetics)</term><term>Buruli Ulcer (microbiology)</term><term>Buruli Ulcer (transmission)</term><term>Evolution, Molecular</term><term>Genetic Variation</term><term>Genetics, Population</term><term>Genome, Bacterial</term><term>Humans</term><term>Mycobacterium ulcerans (genetics)</term><term>Mycobacterium ulcerans (pathogenicity)</term><term>Phylogeny</term><term>Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide</term><term>Sequence Analysis, DNA</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Buruli Ulcer</term><term>Mycobacterium ulcerans</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="microbiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Buruli Ulcer</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pathogenicity" xml:lang="en"><term>Mycobacterium ulcerans</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="transmission" xml:lang="en"><term>Buruli Ulcer</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Africa</term><term>Evolution, Molecular</term><term>Genetic Variation</term><term>Genetics, Population</term><term>Genome, Bacterial</term><term>Humans</term><term>Phylogeny</term><term>Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide</term><term>Sequence Analysis, DNA</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Buruli ulcer (BU) is an insidious neglected tropical disease. Cases are reported around the world but the rural regions of West and Central Africa are most affected. How BU is transmitted and spreads has remained a mystery, even though the causative agent, Mycobacterium ulcerans, has been known for more than 70 years. Here, using the tools of population genomics, we reconstruct the evolutionary history of M. ulcerans by comparing 165 isolates spanning 48 years and representing 11 endemic countries across Africa. The genetic diversity of African M. ulcerans was found to be restricted due to the bacterium's slow substitution rate coupled with its relatively recent origin. We identified two specific M. ulcerans lineages within the African continent, and inferred that M. ulcerans lineage Mu_A1 existed in Africa for several hundreds of years, unlike lineage Mu_A2, which was introduced much more recently, approximately during the 19th century. Additionally, we observed that specific M. ulcerans epidemic Mu_A1 clones were introduced during the same time period in the three hydrological basins that were well covered in our panel. The estimated time span of the introduction events coincides with the Neo-imperialism period, during which time the European colonial powers divided the African continent among themselves. Using this temporal association, and in the absence of a known BU reservoir or-vector on the continent, we postulate that the so-called "Scramble for Africa" played a significant role in the spread of the disease across the continent.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">28137745</PMID><DateCreated><Year>2017</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>31</Day></DateCreated><DateCompleted><Year>2017</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>26</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2017</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>26</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1759-6653</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>9</Volume><Issue>3</Issue><PubDate><Year>2017</Year><Month>Mar</Month><Day>01</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Genome biology and evolution</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Genome Biol Evol</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Multiple Introductions and Recent Spread of the Emerging Human Pathogen Mycobacterium ulcerans across Africa.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>414-426</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1093/gbe/evx003</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Buruli ulcer (BU) is an insidious neglected tropical disease. Cases are reported around the world but the rural regions of West and Central Africa are most affected. How BU is transmitted and spreads has remained a mystery, even though the causative agent, Mycobacterium ulcerans, has been known for more than 70 years. Here, using the tools of population genomics, we reconstruct the evolutionary history of M. ulcerans by comparing 165 isolates spanning 48 years and representing 11 endemic countries across Africa. The genetic diversity of African M. ulcerans was found to be restricted due to the bacterium's slow substitution rate coupled with its relatively recent origin. We identified two specific M. ulcerans lineages within the African continent, and inferred that M. ulcerans lineage Mu_A1 existed in Africa for several hundreds of years, unlike lineage Mu_A2, which was introduced much more recently, approximately during the 19th century. Additionally, we observed that specific M. ulcerans epidemic Mu_A1 clones were introduced during the same time period in the three hydrological basins that were well covered in our panel. The estimated time span of the introduction events coincides with the Neo-imperialism period, during which time the European colonial powers divided the African continent among themselves. Using this temporal association, and in the absence of a known BU reservoir or-vector on the continent, we postulate that the so-called "Scramble for Africa" played a significant role in the spread of the disease across the continent.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>© The Author(s) 2017. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Vandelannoote</LastName><ForeName>Koen</ForeName><Initials>K</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Evolutionary Ecology Group University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Meehan</LastName><ForeName>Conor J</ForeName><Initials>CJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Eddyani</LastName><ForeName>Miriam</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Affolabi</LastName><ForeName>Dissou</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratoire de Référence des Mycobactéries, Cotonou, Benin.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Phanzu</LastName><ForeName>Delphin Mavinga</ForeName><Initials>DM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institut Médical Evangélique, Kimpese, Republic, Democratic of Congo.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Eyangoh</LastName><ForeName>Sara</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Service de Mycobactériologie, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaoundé, Cameroun.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Jordaens</LastName><ForeName>Kurt</ForeName><Initials>K</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Evolutionary Ecology Group University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Invertebrates Section, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Portaels</LastName><ForeName>Françoise</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mangas</LastName><ForeName>Kirstie</ForeName><Initials>K</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Seemann</LastName><ForeName>Torsten</ForeName><Initials>T</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Marsollier</LastName><ForeName>Laurent</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>CRCNA Inserm U892 CNRS 6299, CHU & Université d'Angers, Angers, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Marion</LastName><ForeName>Estelle</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>CRCNA Inserm U892 CNRS 6299, CHU & Université d'Angers, Angers, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Chauty</LastName><ForeName>Annick</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>CDTUB de Pobè, Pobè, Benin.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Landier</LastName><ForeName>Jordi</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Service de Mycobactériologie, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaoundé, Cameroun.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Emerging Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Fontanet</LastName><ForeName>Arnaud</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Emerging Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Leirs</LastName><ForeName>Herwig</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Evolutionary Ecology Group University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Stinear</LastName><ForeName>Timothy P</ForeName><Initials>TP</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>de Jong</LastName><ForeName>Bouke C</ForeName><Initials>BC</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><GrantList CompleteYN="Y"><Grant><GrantID>311725</GrantID><Agency>European Research Council</Agency><Country>International</Country></Grant></GrantList><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>England</Country><MedlineTA>Genome Biol Evol</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101509707</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>1759-6653</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><CommentsCorrectionsList><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>Ecohealth. 2008 Mar;5(1):69-79</RefSource><PMID Version="1">18648799</PMID></CommentsCorrections><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>Nat Rev Microbiol. 2009 Jan;7(1):50-60</RefSource><PMID Version="1">19079352</PMID></CommentsCorrections><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Sep 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