Virus genomes reveal factors that spread and sustained the Ebola epidemic.
Identifieur interne : 000E38 ( PubMed/Corpus ); précédent : 000E37; suivant : 000E39Virus genomes reveal factors that spread and sustained the Ebola epidemic.
Auteurs : Gytis Dudas ; Luiz Max Carvalho ; Trevor Bedford ; Andrew J. Tatem ; Guy Baele ; Nuno R. Faria ; Daniel J. Park ; Jason T. Ladner ; Armando Arias ; Danny Asogun ; Filip Bielejec ; Sarah L. Caddy ; Matthew Cotten ; Jonathan D'Ambrozio ; Simon Dellicour ; Antonino Di Caro ; Joseph W. Diclaro ; Sophie Duraffour ; Michael J. Elmore ; Lawrence S. Fakoli ; Ousmane Faye ; Merle L. Gilbert ; Sahr M. Gevao ; Stephen Gire ; Adrianne Gladden-Young ; Andreas Gnirke ; Augustine Goba ; Donald S. Grant ; Bart L. Haagmans ; Julian A. Hiscox ; Umaru Jah ; Jeffrey R. Kugelman ; Di Liu ; Jia Lu ; Christine M. Malboeuf ; Suzanne Mate ; David A. Matthews ; Christian B. Matranga ; Luke W. Meredith ; James Qu ; Joshua Quick ; Suzan D. Pas ; My V T. Phan ; Georgios Pollakis ; Chantal B. Reusken ; Mariano Sanchez-Lockhart ; Stephen F. Schaffner ; John S. Schieffelin ; Rachel S. Sealfon ; Etienne Simon-Loriere ; Saskia L. Smits ; Kilian Stoecker ; Lucy Thorne ; Ekaete Alice Tobin ; Mohamed A. Vandi ; Simon J. Watson ; Kendra West ; Shannon Whitmer ; Michael R. Wiley ; Sarah M. Winnicki ; Shirlee Wohl ; Roman Wölfel ; Nathan L. Yozwiak ; Kristian G. Andersen ; Sylvia O. Blyden ; Fatorma Bolay ; Miles W. Carroll ; Bernice Dahn ; Boubacar Diallo ; Pierre Formenty ; Christophe Fraser ; George F. Gao ; Robert F. Garry ; Ian Goodfellow ; Stephan Günther ; Christian T. Happi ; Edward C. Holmes ; Brima Kargbo ; Sakoba Keïta ; Paul Kellam ; Marion P G. Koopmans ; Jens H. Kuhn ; Nicholas J. Loman ; N'Faly Magassouba ; Dhamari Naidoo ; Stuart T. Nichol ; Tolbert Nyenswah ; Gustavo Palacios ; Oliver G. Pybus ; Pardis C. Sabeti ; Amadou Sall ; Ute Ströher ; Isatta Wurie ; Marc A. Suchard ; Philippe Lemey ; Andrew RambautSource :
- Nature [ 1476-4687 ] ; 2017.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Climate, Disease Outbreaks (statistics & numerical data), Ebolavirus (genetics), Ebolavirus (isolation & purification), Ebolavirus (physiology), Genome, Viral (genetics), Geography, Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola (epidemiology), Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola (transmission), Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola (virology), Humans, Internationality, Linear Models, Molecular Epidemiology, Phylogeny, Travel (legislation & jurisprudence), Travel (statistics & numerical data).
- MESH :
- epidemiology : Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola.
- genetics : Ebolavirus, Genome, Viral.
- isolation & purification : Ebolavirus.
- legislation & jurisprudence : Travel.
- physiology : Ebolavirus.
- statistics & numerical data : Disease Outbreaks, Travel.
- transmission : Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola.
- virology : Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola.
- Climate, Geography, Humans, Internationality, Linear Models, Molecular Epidemiology, Phylogeny.
Abstract
The 2013-2016 West African epidemic caused by the Ebola virus was of unprecedented magnitude, duration and impact. Here we reconstruct the dispersal, proliferation and decline of Ebola virus throughout the region by analysing 1,610 Ebola virus genomes, which represent over 5% of the known cases. We test the association of geography, climate and demography with viral movement among administrative regions, inferring a classic 'gravity' model, with intense dispersal between larger and closer populations. Despite attenuation of international dispersal after border closures, cross-border transmission had already sown the seeds for an international epidemic, rendering these measures ineffective at curbing the epidemic. We address why the epidemic did not spread into neighbouring countries, showing that these countries were susceptible to substantial outbreaks but at lower risk of introductions. Finally, we reveal that this large epidemic was a heterogeneous and spatially dissociated collection of transmission clusters of varying size, duration and connectivity. These insights will help to inform interventions in future epidemics.
DOI: 10.1038/nature22040
PubMed: 28405027
Links to Exploration step
pubmed:28405027Le document en format XML
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Tatem</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>WorldPop, Department of Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baele, Guy" sort="Baele, Guy" uniqKey="Baele G" first="Guy" last="Baele">Guy Baele</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Faria, Nuno R" sort="Faria, Nuno R" uniqKey="Faria N" first="Nuno R" last="Faria">Nuno R. Faria</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Park, Daniel J" sort="Park, Daniel J" uniqKey="Park D" first="Daniel J" last="Park">Daniel J. Park</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ladner, Jason T" sort="Ladner, Jason T" uniqKey="Ladner J" first="Jason T" last="Ladner">Jason T. Ladner</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Arias, Armando" sort="Arias, Armando" uniqKey="Arias A" first="Armando" last="Arias">Armando Arias</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Asogun, Danny" sort="Asogun, Danny" uniqKey="Asogun D" first="Danny" last="Asogun">Danny Asogun</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bielejec, Filip" sort="Bielejec, Filip" uniqKey="Bielejec F" first="Filip" last="Bielejec">Filip Bielejec</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Caddy, Sarah L" sort="Caddy, Sarah L" uniqKey="Caddy S" first="Sarah L" last="Caddy">Sarah L. Caddy</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cotten, Matthew" sort="Cotten, Matthew" uniqKey="Cotten M" first="Matthew" last="Cotten">Matthew Cotten</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Virus Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="D Ambrozio, Jonathan" sort="D Ambrozio, Jonathan" uniqKey="D Ambrozio J" first="Jonathan" last="D'Ambrozio">Jonathan D'Ambrozio</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dellicour, Simon" sort="Dellicour, Simon" uniqKey="Dellicour S" first="Simon" last="Dellicour">Simon Dellicour</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Di Caro, Antonino" sort="Di Caro, Antonino" uniqKey="Di Caro A" first="Antonino" last="Di Caro">Antonino Di Caro</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Diclaro, Joseph W" sort="Diclaro, Joseph W" uniqKey="Diclaro J" first="Joseph W" last="Diclaro">Joseph W. Diclaro</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Naval Medical Research Unit 3, 3A Imtidad Ramses Street, Cairo 11517, Egypt.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Duraffour, Sophie" sort="Duraffour, Sophie" uniqKey="Duraffour S" first="Sophie" last="Duraffour">Sophie Duraffour</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Elmore, Michael J" sort="Elmore, Michael J" uniqKey="Elmore M" first="Michael J" last="Elmore">Michael J. Elmore</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>National Infections Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wilts SP4 0JG, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fakoli, Lawrence S" sort="Fakoli, Lawrence S" uniqKey="Fakoli L" first="Lawrence S" last="Fakoli">Lawrence S. Fakoli</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Liberian Institute for Biomedical Research, Charlesville, Liberia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Faye, Ousmane" sort="Faye, Ousmane" uniqKey="Faye O" first="Ousmane" last="Faye">Ousmane Faye</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Arbovirus and Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Unit, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Sénégal.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gilbert, Merle L" sort="Gilbert, Merle L" uniqKey="Gilbert M" first="Merle L" last="Gilbert">Merle L. Gilbert</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gevao, Sahr M" sort="Gevao, Sahr M" uniqKey="Gevao S" first="Sahr M" last="Gevao">Sahr M. Gevao</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gire, Stephen" sort="Gire, Stephen" uniqKey="Gire S" first="Stephen" last="Gire">Stephen Gire</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gladden Young, Adrianne" sort="Gladden Young, Adrianne" uniqKey="Gladden Young A" first="Adrianne" last="Gladden-Young">Adrianne Gladden-Young</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gnirke, Andreas" sort="Gnirke, Andreas" uniqKey="Gnirke A" first="Andreas" last="Gnirke">Andreas Gnirke</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goba, Augustine" sort="Goba, Augustine" uniqKey="Goba A" first="Augustine" last="Goba">Augustine Goba</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, 1 Combema Road, Kenema, Sierra Leone.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grant, Donald S" sort="Grant, Donald S" uniqKey="Grant D" first="Donald S" last="Grant">Donald S. Grant</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, 1 Combema Road, Kenema, Sierra Leone.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haagmans, Bart L" sort="Haagmans, Bart L" uniqKey="Haagmans B" first="Bart L" last="Haagmans">Bart L. Haagmans</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 300 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hiscox, Julian A" sort="Hiscox, Julian A" uniqKey="Hiscox J" first="Julian A" last="Hiscox">Julian A. Hiscox</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 2BE, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jah, Umaru" sort="Jah, Umaru" uniqKey="Jah U" first="Umaru" last="Jah">Umaru Jah</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Makeni, Makeni, Sierra Leone.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kugelman, Jeffrey R" sort="Kugelman, Jeffrey R" uniqKey="Kugelman J" first="Jeffrey R" last="Kugelman">Jeffrey R. Kugelman</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Di" sort="Liu, Di" uniqKey="Liu D" first="Di" last="Liu">Di Liu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lu, Jia" sort="Lu, Jia" uniqKey="Lu J" first="Jia" last="Lu">Jia Lu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Malboeuf, Christine M" sort="Malboeuf, Christine M" uniqKey="Malboeuf C" first="Christine M" last="Malboeuf">Christine M. Malboeuf</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mate, Suzanne" sort="Mate, Suzanne" uniqKey="Mate S" first="Suzanne" last="Mate">Suzanne Mate</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Matthews, David A" sort="Matthews, David A" uniqKey="Matthews D" first="David A" last="Matthews">David A. Matthews</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Matranga, Christian B" sort="Matranga, Christian B" uniqKey="Matranga C" first="Christian B" last="Matranga">Christian B. Matranga</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meredith, Luke W" sort="Meredith, Luke W" uniqKey="Meredith L" first="Luke W" last="Meredith">Luke W. Meredith</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Qu, James" sort="Qu, James" uniqKey="Qu J" first="James" last="Qu">James Qu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Quick, Joshua" sort="Quick, Joshua" uniqKey="Quick J" first="Joshua" last="Quick">Joshua Quick</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pas, Suzan D" sort="Pas, Suzan D" uniqKey="Pas S" first="Suzan D" last="Pas">Suzan D. Pas</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 300 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Phan, My V T" sort="Phan, My V T" uniqKey="Phan M" first="My V T" last="Phan">My V T. Phan</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Virus Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pollakis, Georgios" sort="Pollakis, Georgios" uniqKey="Pollakis G" first="Georgios" last="Pollakis">Georgios Pollakis</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 2BE, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reusken, Chantal B" sort="Reusken, Chantal B" uniqKey="Reusken C" first="Chantal B" last="Reusken">Chantal B. Reusken</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 300 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sanchez Lockhart, Mariano" sort="Sanchez Lockhart, Mariano" uniqKey="Sanchez Lockhart M" first="Mariano" last="Sanchez-Lockhart">Mariano Sanchez-Lockhart</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schaffner, Stephen F" sort="Schaffner, Stephen F" uniqKey="Schaffner S" first="Stephen F" last="Schaffner">Stephen F. Schaffner</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schieffelin, John S" sort="Schieffelin, John S" uniqKey="Schieffelin J" first="John S" last="Schieffelin">John S. Schieffelin</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious Diseases, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sealfon, Rachel S" sort="Sealfon, Rachel S" uniqKey="Sealfon R" first="Rachel S" last="Sealfon">Rachel S. Sealfon</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Simon Loriere, Etienne" sort="Simon Loriere, Etienne" uniqKey="Simon Loriere E" first="Etienne" last="Simon-Loriere">Etienne Simon-Loriere</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur, Functional Genetics of Infectious Diseases Unit, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smits, Saskia L" sort="Smits, Saskia L" uniqKey="Smits S" first="Saskia L" last="Smits">Saskia L. Smits</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 300 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stoecker, Kilian" sort="Stoecker, Kilian" uniqKey="Stoecker K" first="Kilian" last="Stoecker">Kilian Stoecker</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thorne, Lucy" sort="Thorne, Lucy" uniqKey="Thorne L" first="Lucy" last="Thorne">Lucy Thorne</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tobin, Ekaete Alice" sort="Tobin, Ekaete Alice" uniqKey="Tobin E" first="Ekaete Alice" last="Tobin">Ekaete Alice Tobin</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vandi, Mohamed A" sort="Vandi, Mohamed A" uniqKey="Vandi M" first="Mohamed A" last="Vandi">Mohamed A. Vandi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, 1 Combema Road, Kenema, Sierra Leone.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Watson, Simon J" sort="Watson, Simon J" uniqKey="Watson S" first="Simon J" last="Watson">Simon J. Watson</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Virus Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="West, Kendra" sort="West, Kendra" uniqKey="West K" first="Kendra" last="West">Kendra West</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Whitmer, Shannon" sort="Whitmer, Shannon" uniqKey="Whitmer S" first="Shannon" last="Whitmer">Shannon Whitmer</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wiley, Michael R" sort="Wiley, Michael R" uniqKey="Wiley M" first="Michael R" last="Wiley">Michael R. Wiley</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Winnicki, Sarah M" sort="Winnicki, Sarah M" uniqKey="Winnicki S" first="Sarah M" last="Winnicki">Sarah M. Winnicki</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wohl, Shirlee" sort="Wohl, Shirlee" uniqKey="Wohl S" first="Shirlee" last="Wohl">Shirlee Wohl</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wolfel, Roman" sort="Wolfel, Roman" uniqKey="Wolfel R" first="Roman" last="Wölfel">Roman Wölfel</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yozwiak, Nathan L" sort="Yozwiak, Nathan L" uniqKey="Yozwiak N" first="Nathan L" last="Yozwiak">Nathan L. Yozwiak</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Andersen, Kristian G" sort="Andersen, Kristian G" uniqKey="Andersen K" first="Kristian G" last="Andersen">Kristian G. Andersen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Blyden, Sylvia O" sort="Blyden, Sylvia O" uniqKey="Blyden S" first="Sylvia O" last="Blyden">Sylvia O. Blyden</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender and Children's Affairs, New Englandville, Freetown, Sierra Leone.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bolay, Fatorma" sort="Bolay, Fatorma" uniqKey="Bolay F" first="Fatorma" last="Bolay">Fatorma Bolay</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Liberian Institute for Biomedical Research, Charlesville, Liberia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carroll, Miles W" sort="Carroll, Miles W" uniqKey="Carroll M" first="Miles W" last="Carroll">Miles W. Carroll</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dahn, Bernice" sort="Dahn, Bernice" uniqKey="Dahn B" first="Bernice" last="Dahn">Bernice Dahn</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Minstry of Health Liberia, Monrovia, Liberia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Diallo, Boubacar" sort="Diallo, Boubacar" uniqKey="Diallo B" first="Boubacar" last="Diallo">Boubacar Diallo</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>World Health Organization, Conakry, Guinea.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Formenty, Pierre" sort="Formenty, Pierre" uniqKey="Formenty P" first="Pierre" last="Formenty">Pierre Formenty</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fraser, Christophe" sort="Fraser, Christophe" uniqKey="Fraser C" first="Christophe" last="Fraser">Christophe Fraser</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Oxford Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gao, George F" sort="Gao, George F" uniqKey="Gao G" first="George F" last="Gao">George F. Gao</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garry, Robert F" sort="Garry, Robert F" uniqKey="Garry R" first="Robert F" last="Garry">Robert F. Garry</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goodfellow, Ian" sort="Goodfellow, Ian" uniqKey="Goodfellow I" first="Ian" last="Goodfellow">Ian Goodfellow</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gunther, Stephan" sort="Gunther, Stephan" uniqKey="Gunther S" first="Stephan" last="Günther">Stephan Günther</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Happi, Christian T" sort="Happi, Christian T" uniqKey="Happi C" first="Christian T" last="Happi">Christian T. Happi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biological Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Holmes, Edward C" sort="Holmes, Edward C" uniqKey="Holmes E" first="Edward C" last="Holmes">Edward C. Holmes</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kargbo, Brima" sort="Kargbo, Brima" uniqKey="Kargbo B" first="Brima" last="Kargbo">Brima Kargbo</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Ministry of Health and Sanitation, 4th Floor Youyi Building, Freetown, Sierra Leone.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Keita, Sakoba" sort="Keita, Sakoba" uniqKey="Keita S" first="Sakoba" last="Keïta">Sakoba Keïta</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Ministry of Health Guinea, Conakry, Guinea.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kellam, Paul" sort="Kellam, Paul" uniqKey="Kellam P" first="Paul" last="Kellam">Paul Kellam</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Virus Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koopmans, Marion P G" sort="Koopmans, Marion P G" uniqKey="Koopmans M" first="Marion P G" last="Koopmans">Marion P G. Koopmans</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 300 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kuhn, Jens H" sort="Kuhn, Jens H" uniqKey="Kuhn J" first="Jens H" last="Kuhn">Jens H. Kuhn</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Loman, Nicholas J" sort="Loman, Nicholas J" uniqKey="Loman N" first="Nicholas J" last="Loman">Nicholas J. Loman</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Magassouba, N Faly" sort="Magassouba, N Faly" uniqKey="Magassouba N" first="N'Faly" last="Magassouba">N'Faly Magassouba</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Laboratoire des Fièvres Hémorragiques en Guinée, Conakry, Guinea.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Naidoo, Dhamari" sort="Naidoo, Dhamari" uniqKey="Naidoo D" first="Dhamari" last="Naidoo">Dhamari Naidoo</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nichol, Stuart T" sort="Nichol, Stuart T" uniqKey="Nichol S" first="Stuart T" last="Nichol">Stuart T. Nichol</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nyenswah, Tolbert" sort="Nyenswah, Tolbert" uniqKey="Nyenswah T" first="Tolbert" last="Nyenswah">Tolbert Nyenswah</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Minstry of Health Liberia, Monrovia, Liberia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Palacios, Gustavo" sort="Palacios, Gustavo" uniqKey="Palacios G" first="Gustavo" last="Palacios">Gustavo Palacios</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pybus, Oliver G" sort="Pybus, Oliver G" uniqKey="Pybus O" first="Oliver G" last="Pybus">Oliver G. Pybus</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sabeti, Pardis C" sort="Sabeti, Pardis C" uniqKey="Sabeti P" first="Pardis C" last="Sabeti">Pardis C. Sabeti</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sall, Amadou" sort="Sall, Amadou" uniqKey="Sall A" first="Amadou" last="Sall">Amadou Sall</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Arbovirus and Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Unit, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Sénégal.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stroher, Ute" sort="Stroher, Ute" uniqKey="Stroher U" first="Ute" last="Ströher">Ute Ströher</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wurie, Isatta" sort="Wurie, Isatta" uniqKey="Wurie I" first="Isatta" last="Wurie">Isatta Wurie</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Suchard, Marc A" sort="Suchard, Marc A" uniqKey="Suchard M" first="Marc A" last="Suchard">Marc A. Suchard</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biostatistics, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lemey, Philippe" sort="Lemey, Philippe" uniqKey="Lemey P" first="Philippe" last="Lemey">Philippe Lemey</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rambaut, Andrew" sort="Rambaut, Andrew" uniqKey="Rambaut A" first="Andrew" last="Rambaut">Andrew Rambaut</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2017">2017</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:28405027</idno><idno type="pmid">28405027</idno><idno type="doi">10.1038/nature22040</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">000E38</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000E38</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Virus genomes reveal factors that spread and sustained the Ebola epidemic.</title><author><name sortKey="Dudas, Gytis" sort="Dudas, Gytis" uniqKey="Dudas G" first="Gytis" last="Dudas">Gytis Dudas</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carvalho, Luiz Max" sort="Carvalho, Luiz Max" uniqKey="Carvalho L" first="Luiz Max" last="Carvalho">Luiz Max Carvalho</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bedford, Trevor" sort="Bedford, Trevor" uniqKey="Bedford T" first="Trevor" last="Bedford">Trevor Bedford</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tatem, Andrew J" sort="Tatem, Andrew J" uniqKey="Tatem A" first="Andrew J" last="Tatem">Andrew J. Tatem</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>WorldPop, Department of Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baele, Guy" sort="Baele, Guy" uniqKey="Baele G" first="Guy" last="Baele">Guy Baele</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Faria, Nuno R" sort="Faria, Nuno R" uniqKey="Faria N" first="Nuno R" last="Faria">Nuno R. Faria</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Park, Daniel J" sort="Park, Daniel J" uniqKey="Park D" first="Daniel J" last="Park">Daniel J. Park</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ladner, Jason T" sort="Ladner, Jason T" uniqKey="Ladner J" first="Jason T" last="Ladner">Jason T. Ladner</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Arias, Armando" sort="Arias, Armando" uniqKey="Arias A" first="Armando" last="Arias">Armando Arias</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Asogun, Danny" sort="Asogun, Danny" uniqKey="Asogun D" first="Danny" last="Asogun">Danny Asogun</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bielejec, Filip" sort="Bielejec, Filip" uniqKey="Bielejec F" first="Filip" last="Bielejec">Filip Bielejec</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Caddy, Sarah L" sort="Caddy, Sarah L" uniqKey="Caddy S" first="Sarah L" last="Caddy">Sarah L. Caddy</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cotten, Matthew" sort="Cotten, Matthew" uniqKey="Cotten M" first="Matthew" last="Cotten">Matthew Cotten</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Virus Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="D Ambrozio, Jonathan" sort="D Ambrozio, Jonathan" uniqKey="D Ambrozio J" first="Jonathan" last="D'Ambrozio">Jonathan D'Ambrozio</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dellicour, Simon" sort="Dellicour, Simon" uniqKey="Dellicour S" first="Simon" last="Dellicour">Simon Dellicour</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Di Caro, Antonino" sort="Di Caro, Antonino" uniqKey="Di Caro A" first="Antonino" last="Di Caro">Antonino Di Caro</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Diclaro, Joseph W" sort="Diclaro, Joseph W" uniqKey="Diclaro J" first="Joseph W" last="Diclaro">Joseph W. Diclaro</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Naval Medical Research Unit 3, 3A Imtidad Ramses Street, Cairo 11517, Egypt.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Duraffour, Sophie" sort="Duraffour, Sophie" uniqKey="Duraffour S" first="Sophie" last="Duraffour">Sophie Duraffour</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Elmore, Michael J" sort="Elmore, Michael J" uniqKey="Elmore M" first="Michael J" last="Elmore">Michael J. Elmore</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>National Infections Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wilts SP4 0JG, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fakoli, Lawrence S" sort="Fakoli, Lawrence S" uniqKey="Fakoli L" first="Lawrence S" last="Fakoli">Lawrence S. Fakoli</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Liberian Institute for Biomedical Research, Charlesville, Liberia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Faye, Ousmane" sort="Faye, Ousmane" uniqKey="Faye O" first="Ousmane" last="Faye">Ousmane Faye</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Arbovirus and Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Unit, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Sénégal.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gilbert, Merle L" sort="Gilbert, Merle L" uniqKey="Gilbert M" first="Merle L" last="Gilbert">Merle L. Gilbert</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gevao, Sahr M" sort="Gevao, Sahr M" uniqKey="Gevao S" first="Sahr M" last="Gevao">Sahr M. Gevao</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gire, Stephen" sort="Gire, Stephen" uniqKey="Gire S" first="Stephen" last="Gire">Stephen Gire</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gladden Young, Adrianne" sort="Gladden Young, Adrianne" uniqKey="Gladden Young A" first="Adrianne" last="Gladden-Young">Adrianne Gladden-Young</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gnirke, Andreas" sort="Gnirke, Andreas" uniqKey="Gnirke A" first="Andreas" last="Gnirke">Andreas Gnirke</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goba, Augustine" sort="Goba, Augustine" uniqKey="Goba A" first="Augustine" last="Goba">Augustine Goba</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, 1 Combema Road, Kenema, Sierra Leone.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grant, Donald S" sort="Grant, Donald S" uniqKey="Grant D" first="Donald S" last="Grant">Donald S. Grant</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, 1 Combema Road, Kenema, Sierra Leone.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haagmans, Bart L" sort="Haagmans, Bart L" uniqKey="Haagmans B" first="Bart L" last="Haagmans">Bart L. Haagmans</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 300 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hiscox, Julian A" sort="Hiscox, Julian A" uniqKey="Hiscox J" first="Julian A" last="Hiscox">Julian A. Hiscox</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 2BE, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jah, Umaru" sort="Jah, Umaru" uniqKey="Jah U" first="Umaru" last="Jah">Umaru Jah</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Makeni, Makeni, Sierra Leone.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kugelman, Jeffrey R" sort="Kugelman, Jeffrey R" uniqKey="Kugelman J" first="Jeffrey R" last="Kugelman">Jeffrey R. Kugelman</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Di" sort="Liu, Di" uniqKey="Liu D" first="Di" last="Liu">Di Liu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lu, Jia" sort="Lu, Jia" uniqKey="Lu J" first="Jia" last="Lu">Jia Lu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Malboeuf, Christine M" sort="Malboeuf, Christine M" uniqKey="Malboeuf C" first="Christine M" last="Malboeuf">Christine M. Malboeuf</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mate, Suzanne" sort="Mate, Suzanne" uniqKey="Mate S" first="Suzanne" last="Mate">Suzanne Mate</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Matthews, David A" sort="Matthews, David A" uniqKey="Matthews D" first="David A" last="Matthews">David A. Matthews</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Matranga, Christian B" sort="Matranga, Christian B" uniqKey="Matranga C" first="Christian B" last="Matranga">Christian B. Matranga</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meredith, Luke W" sort="Meredith, Luke W" uniqKey="Meredith L" first="Luke W" last="Meredith">Luke W. Meredith</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Qu, James" sort="Qu, James" uniqKey="Qu J" first="James" last="Qu">James Qu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Quick, Joshua" sort="Quick, Joshua" uniqKey="Quick J" first="Joshua" last="Quick">Joshua Quick</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pas, Suzan D" sort="Pas, Suzan D" uniqKey="Pas S" first="Suzan D" last="Pas">Suzan D. Pas</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 300 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Phan, My V T" sort="Phan, My V T" uniqKey="Phan M" first="My V T" last="Phan">My V T. Phan</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Virus Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pollakis, Georgios" sort="Pollakis, Georgios" uniqKey="Pollakis G" first="Georgios" last="Pollakis">Georgios Pollakis</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 2BE, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reusken, Chantal B" sort="Reusken, Chantal B" uniqKey="Reusken C" first="Chantal B" last="Reusken">Chantal B. Reusken</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 300 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sanchez Lockhart, Mariano" sort="Sanchez Lockhart, Mariano" uniqKey="Sanchez Lockhart M" first="Mariano" last="Sanchez-Lockhart">Mariano Sanchez-Lockhart</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schaffner, Stephen F" sort="Schaffner, Stephen F" uniqKey="Schaffner S" first="Stephen F" last="Schaffner">Stephen F. Schaffner</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schieffelin, John S" sort="Schieffelin, John S" uniqKey="Schieffelin J" first="John S" last="Schieffelin">John S. Schieffelin</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious Diseases, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sealfon, Rachel S" sort="Sealfon, Rachel S" uniqKey="Sealfon R" first="Rachel S" last="Sealfon">Rachel S. Sealfon</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Simon Loriere, Etienne" sort="Simon Loriere, Etienne" uniqKey="Simon Loriere E" first="Etienne" last="Simon-Loriere">Etienne Simon-Loriere</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur, Functional Genetics of Infectious Diseases Unit, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smits, Saskia L" sort="Smits, Saskia L" uniqKey="Smits S" first="Saskia L" last="Smits">Saskia L. Smits</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 300 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stoecker, Kilian" sort="Stoecker, Kilian" uniqKey="Stoecker K" first="Kilian" last="Stoecker">Kilian Stoecker</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thorne, Lucy" sort="Thorne, Lucy" uniqKey="Thorne L" first="Lucy" last="Thorne">Lucy Thorne</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tobin, Ekaete Alice" sort="Tobin, Ekaete Alice" uniqKey="Tobin E" first="Ekaete Alice" last="Tobin">Ekaete Alice Tobin</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vandi, Mohamed A" sort="Vandi, Mohamed A" uniqKey="Vandi M" first="Mohamed A" last="Vandi">Mohamed A. Vandi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, 1 Combema Road, Kenema, Sierra Leone.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Watson, Simon J" sort="Watson, Simon J" uniqKey="Watson S" first="Simon J" last="Watson">Simon J. Watson</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Virus Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="West, Kendra" sort="West, Kendra" uniqKey="West K" first="Kendra" last="West">Kendra West</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Whitmer, Shannon" sort="Whitmer, Shannon" uniqKey="Whitmer S" first="Shannon" last="Whitmer">Shannon Whitmer</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wiley, Michael R" sort="Wiley, Michael R" uniqKey="Wiley M" first="Michael R" last="Wiley">Michael R. Wiley</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Winnicki, Sarah M" sort="Winnicki, Sarah M" uniqKey="Winnicki S" first="Sarah M" last="Winnicki">Sarah M. Winnicki</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wohl, Shirlee" sort="Wohl, Shirlee" uniqKey="Wohl S" first="Shirlee" last="Wohl">Shirlee Wohl</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wolfel, Roman" sort="Wolfel, Roman" uniqKey="Wolfel R" first="Roman" last="Wölfel">Roman Wölfel</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yozwiak, Nathan L" sort="Yozwiak, Nathan L" uniqKey="Yozwiak N" first="Nathan L" last="Yozwiak">Nathan L. Yozwiak</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Andersen, Kristian G" sort="Andersen, Kristian G" uniqKey="Andersen K" first="Kristian G" last="Andersen">Kristian G. Andersen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Blyden, Sylvia O" sort="Blyden, Sylvia O" uniqKey="Blyden S" first="Sylvia O" last="Blyden">Sylvia O. Blyden</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender and Children's Affairs, New Englandville, Freetown, Sierra Leone.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bolay, Fatorma" sort="Bolay, Fatorma" uniqKey="Bolay F" first="Fatorma" last="Bolay">Fatorma Bolay</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Liberian Institute for Biomedical Research, Charlesville, Liberia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carroll, Miles W" sort="Carroll, Miles W" uniqKey="Carroll M" first="Miles W" last="Carroll">Miles W. Carroll</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dahn, Bernice" sort="Dahn, Bernice" uniqKey="Dahn B" first="Bernice" last="Dahn">Bernice Dahn</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Minstry of Health Liberia, Monrovia, Liberia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Diallo, Boubacar" sort="Diallo, Boubacar" uniqKey="Diallo B" first="Boubacar" last="Diallo">Boubacar Diallo</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>World Health Organization, Conakry, Guinea.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Formenty, Pierre" sort="Formenty, Pierre" uniqKey="Formenty P" first="Pierre" last="Formenty">Pierre Formenty</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fraser, Christophe" sort="Fraser, Christophe" uniqKey="Fraser C" first="Christophe" last="Fraser">Christophe Fraser</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Oxford Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gao, George F" sort="Gao, George F" uniqKey="Gao G" first="George F" last="Gao">George F. Gao</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garry, Robert F" sort="Garry, Robert F" uniqKey="Garry R" first="Robert F" last="Garry">Robert F. Garry</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goodfellow, Ian" sort="Goodfellow, Ian" uniqKey="Goodfellow I" first="Ian" last="Goodfellow">Ian Goodfellow</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gunther, Stephan" sort="Gunther, Stephan" uniqKey="Gunther S" first="Stephan" last="Günther">Stephan Günther</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Happi, Christian T" sort="Happi, Christian T" uniqKey="Happi C" first="Christian T" last="Happi">Christian T. Happi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biological Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Holmes, Edward C" sort="Holmes, Edward C" uniqKey="Holmes E" first="Edward C" last="Holmes">Edward C. Holmes</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kargbo, Brima" sort="Kargbo, Brima" uniqKey="Kargbo B" first="Brima" last="Kargbo">Brima Kargbo</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Ministry of Health and Sanitation, 4th Floor Youyi Building, Freetown, Sierra Leone.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Keita, Sakoba" sort="Keita, Sakoba" uniqKey="Keita S" first="Sakoba" last="Keïta">Sakoba Keïta</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Ministry of Health Guinea, Conakry, Guinea.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kellam, Paul" sort="Kellam, Paul" uniqKey="Kellam P" first="Paul" last="Kellam">Paul Kellam</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Virus Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koopmans, Marion P G" sort="Koopmans, Marion P G" uniqKey="Koopmans M" first="Marion P G" last="Koopmans">Marion P G. Koopmans</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 300 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kuhn, Jens H" sort="Kuhn, Jens H" uniqKey="Kuhn J" first="Jens H" last="Kuhn">Jens H. Kuhn</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Loman, Nicholas J" sort="Loman, Nicholas J" uniqKey="Loman N" first="Nicholas J" last="Loman">Nicholas J. Loman</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Magassouba, N Faly" sort="Magassouba, N Faly" uniqKey="Magassouba N" first="N'Faly" last="Magassouba">N'Faly Magassouba</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Laboratoire des Fièvres Hémorragiques en Guinée, Conakry, Guinea.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Naidoo, Dhamari" sort="Naidoo, Dhamari" uniqKey="Naidoo D" first="Dhamari" last="Naidoo">Dhamari Naidoo</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nichol, Stuart T" sort="Nichol, Stuart T" uniqKey="Nichol S" first="Stuart T" last="Nichol">Stuart T. Nichol</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nyenswah, Tolbert" sort="Nyenswah, Tolbert" uniqKey="Nyenswah T" first="Tolbert" last="Nyenswah">Tolbert Nyenswah</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Minstry of Health Liberia, Monrovia, Liberia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Palacios, Gustavo" sort="Palacios, Gustavo" uniqKey="Palacios G" first="Gustavo" last="Palacios">Gustavo Palacios</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pybus, Oliver G" sort="Pybus, Oliver G" uniqKey="Pybus O" first="Oliver G" last="Pybus">Oliver G. Pybus</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sabeti, Pardis C" sort="Sabeti, Pardis C" uniqKey="Sabeti P" first="Pardis C" last="Sabeti">Pardis C. Sabeti</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sall, Amadou" sort="Sall, Amadou" uniqKey="Sall A" first="Amadou" last="Sall">Amadou Sall</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Arbovirus and Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Unit, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Sénégal.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stroher, Ute" sort="Stroher, Ute" uniqKey="Stroher U" first="Ute" last="Ströher">Ute Ströher</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wurie, Isatta" sort="Wurie, Isatta" uniqKey="Wurie I" first="Isatta" last="Wurie">Isatta Wurie</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Suchard, Marc A" sort="Suchard, Marc A" uniqKey="Suchard M" first="Marc A" last="Suchard">Marc A. Suchard</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biostatistics, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lemey, Philippe" sort="Lemey, Philippe" uniqKey="Lemey P" first="Philippe" last="Lemey">Philippe Lemey</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rambaut, Andrew" sort="Rambaut, Andrew" uniqKey="Rambaut A" first="Andrew" last="Rambaut">Andrew Rambaut</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Nature</title><idno type="eISSN">1476-4687</idno><imprint><date when="2017" type="published">2017</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Climate</term><term>Disease Outbreaks (statistics & numerical data)</term><term>Ebolavirus (genetics)</term><term>Ebolavirus (isolation & purification)</term><term>Ebolavirus (physiology)</term><term>Genome, Viral (genetics)</term><term>Geography</term><term>Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola (epidemiology)</term><term>Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola (transmission)</term><term>Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola (virology)</term><term>Humans</term><term>Internationality</term><term>Linear Models</term><term>Molecular Epidemiology</term><term>Phylogeny</term><term>Travel (legislation & jurisprudence)</term><term>Travel (statistics & numerical data)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="epidemiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Ebolavirus</term><term>Genome, Viral</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="isolation & purification" xml:lang="en"><term>Ebolavirus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="legislation & jurisprudence" xml:lang="en"><term>Travel</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Ebolavirus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="statistics & numerical data" xml:lang="en"><term>Disease Outbreaks</term><term>Travel</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="transmission" xml:lang="en"><term>Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="virology" xml:lang="en"><term>Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Climate</term><term>Geography</term><term>Humans</term><term>Internationality</term><term>Linear Models</term><term>Molecular Epidemiology</term><term>Phylogeny</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">The 2013-2016 West African epidemic caused by the Ebola virus was of unprecedented magnitude, duration and impact. Here we reconstruct the dispersal, proliferation and decline of Ebola virus throughout the region by analysing 1,610 Ebola virus genomes, which represent over 5% of the known cases. We test the association of geography, climate and demography with viral movement among administrative regions, inferring a classic 'gravity' model, with intense dispersal between larger and closer populations. Despite attenuation of international dispersal after border closures, cross-border transmission had already sown the seeds for an international epidemic, rendering these measures ineffective at curbing the epidemic. We address why the epidemic did not spread into neighbouring countries, showing that these countries were susceptible to substantial outbreaks but at lower risk of introductions. Finally, we reveal that this large epidemic was a heterogeneous and spatially dissociated collection of transmission clusters of varying size, duration and connectivity. These insights will help to inform interventions in future epidemics.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">28405027</PMID><DateCreated><Year>2017</Year><Month>04</Month><Day>13</Day></DateCreated><DateCompleted><Year>2017</Year><Month>08</Month><Day>22</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2017</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>20</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1476-4687</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>544</Volume><Issue>7650</Issue><PubDate><Year>2017</Year><Month>04</Month><Day>20</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Nature</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Nature</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Virus genomes reveal factors that spread and sustained the Ebola epidemic.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>309-315</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1038/nature22040</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>The 2013-2016 West African epidemic caused by the Ebola virus was of unprecedented magnitude, duration and impact. Here we reconstruct the dispersal, proliferation and decline of Ebola virus throughout the region by analysing 1,610 Ebola virus genomes, which represent over 5% of the known cases. We test the association of geography, climate and demography with viral movement among administrative regions, inferring a classic 'gravity' model, with intense dispersal between larger and closer populations. Despite attenuation of international dispersal after border closures, cross-border transmission had already sown the seeds for an international epidemic, rendering these measures ineffective at curbing the epidemic. We address why the epidemic did not spread into neighbouring countries, showing that these countries were susceptible to substantial outbreaks but at lower risk of introductions. Finally, we reveal that this large epidemic was a heterogeneous and spatially dissociated collection of transmission clusters of varying size, duration and connectivity. These insights will help to inform interventions in future epidemics.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Dudas</LastName><ForeName>Gytis</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Carvalho</LastName><ForeName>Luiz Max</ForeName><Initials>LM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bedford</LastName><ForeName>Trevor</ForeName><Initials>T</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Tatem</LastName><ForeName>Andrew J</ForeName><Initials>AJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>WorldPop, Department of Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Flowminder Foundation, Stockholm, Sweden.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Baele</LastName><ForeName>Guy</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Faria</LastName><ForeName>Nuno R</ForeName><Initials>NR</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Park</LastName><ForeName>Daniel J</ForeName><Initials>DJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ladner</LastName><ForeName>Jason T</ForeName><Initials>JT</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Arias</LastName><ForeName>Armando</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Asogun</LastName><ForeName>Danny</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bielejec</LastName><ForeName>Filip</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Caddy</LastName><ForeName>Sarah L</ForeName><Initials>SL</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Cotten</LastName><ForeName>Matthew</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Virus Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 300 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>D'Ambrozio</LastName><ForeName>Jonathan</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Dellicour</LastName><ForeName>Simon</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Di Caro</LastName><ForeName>Antonino</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Institute for Infectious Diseases 'L. Spallanzani'-IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Diclaro</LastName><ForeName>Joseph W</ForeName><Initials>JW</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Naval Medical Research Unit 3, 3A Imtidad Ramses Street, Cairo 11517, Egypt.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Duraffour</LastName><ForeName>Sophie</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Elmore</LastName><ForeName>Michael J</ForeName><Initials>MJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Infections Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wilts SP4 0JG, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Fakoli</LastName><ForeName>Lawrence S</ForeName><Initials>LS</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Liberian Institute for Biomedical Research, Charlesville, Liberia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Faye</LastName><ForeName>Ousmane</ForeName><Initials>O</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Arbovirus and Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Unit, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Sénégal.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gilbert</LastName><ForeName>Merle L</ForeName><Initials>ML</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gevao</LastName><ForeName>Sahr M</ForeName><Initials>SM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gire</LastName><ForeName>Stephen</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gladden-Young</LastName><ForeName>Adrianne</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gnirke</LastName><ForeName>Andreas</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Goba</LastName><ForeName>Augustine</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, 1 Combema Road, Kenema, Sierra Leone.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Ministry of Health and Sanitation, 4th Floor Youyi Building, Freetown, Sierra Leone.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Grant</LastName><ForeName>Donald S</ForeName><Initials>DS</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, 1 Combema Road, Kenema, Sierra Leone.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Ministry of Health and Sanitation, 4th Floor Youyi Building, Freetown, Sierra Leone.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Haagmans</LastName><ForeName>Bart L</ForeName><Initials>BL</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 300 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hiscox</LastName><ForeName>Julian A</ForeName><Initials>JA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 2BE, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GL, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Jah</LastName><ForeName>Umaru</ForeName><Initials>U</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Makeni, Makeni, Sierra Leone.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kugelman</LastName><ForeName>Jeffrey R</ForeName><Initials>JR</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Liu</LastName><ForeName>Di</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lu</LastName><ForeName>Jia</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Malboeuf</LastName><ForeName>Christine M</ForeName><Initials>CM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mate</LastName><ForeName>Suzanne</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Matthews</LastName><ForeName>David A</ForeName><Initials>DA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Matranga</LastName><ForeName>Christian B</ForeName><Initials>CB</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Meredith</LastName><ForeName>Luke W</ForeName><Initials>LW</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Makeni, Makeni, Sierra Leone.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Qu</LastName><ForeName>James</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Quick</LastName><ForeName>Joshua</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Pas</LastName><ForeName>Suzan D</ForeName><Initials>SD</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 300 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Phan</LastName><ForeName>My V T</ForeName><Initials>MVT</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Virus Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, 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L</ForeName><Initials>NL</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Andersen</LastName><ForeName>Kristian G</ForeName><Initials>KG</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Blyden</LastName><ForeName>Sylvia O</ForeName><Initials>SO</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender and Children's Affairs, New 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DateType="Electronic"><Year>2017</Year><Month>04</Month><Day>12</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>England</Country><MedlineTA>Nature</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>0410462</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0028-0836</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D002980" MajorTopicYN="N">Climate</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D004196" MajorTopicYN="N">Disease Outbreaks</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000706" MajorTopicYN="N">statistics & numerical data</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D029043" MajorTopicYN="N">Ebolavirus</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="Y">genetics</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000302" MajorTopicYN="N">isolation & purification</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000502" MajorTopicYN="Y">physiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D016679" MajorTopicYN="N">Genome, 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