Mutational Correlates of Virological Failure in Individuals Receiving a WHO-Recommended Tenofovir-Containing First-Line Regimen: An International Collaboration.
Identifieur interne : 000D74 ( PubMed/Corpus ); précédent : 000D73; suivant : 000D75Mutational Correlates of Virological Failure in Individuals Receiving a WHO-Recommended Tenofovir-Containing First-Line Regimen: An International Collaboration.
Auteurs : Soo-Yon Rhee ; Vici Varghese ; Susan P. Holmes ; Gert U. Van Zyl ; Kim Steegen ; Mark A. Boyd ; David A. Cooper ; Sabin Nsanzimana ; Shanmugam Saravanan ; Charlotte Charpentier ; Tulio De Oliveira ; Mary-Ann A. Etiebet ; Federico Garcia ; Dominique Goedhals ; Perpetua Gomes ; Huldrych F. Günthard ; Raph L. Hamers ; Christopher J. Hoffmann ; Gillian Hunt ; Awachana Jiamsakul ; Pontiano Kaleebu ; Phyllis Kanki ; Rami Kantor ; Bernhard Kerschberger ; Vincent C. Marconi ; Jean D'Amour Ndahimana ; Nicaise Ndembi ; Nicole Ngo-Giang-Huong ; Casper Rokx ; Maria M. Santoro ; Jonathan M. Schapiro ; Daniel Schmidt ; Lillian Seu ; Kim C E. Sigaloff ; Sunee Sirivichayakul ; Lindiwe Skhosana ; Henry Sunpath ; Michele Tang ; Chunfu Yang ; Sergio Carmona ; Ravindra K. Gupta ; Robert W. ShaferSource :
- EBioMedicine [ 2352-3964 ] ; 2017.
Abstract
Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) genotypic resistance defined by K65R/N and/or K70E/Q/G occurs in 20% to 60% of individuals with virological failure (VF) on a WHO-recommended TDF-containing first-line regimen. However, the full spectrum of reverse transcriptase (RT) mutations selected in individuals with VF on such a regimen is not known. To identify TDF regimen-associated mutations (TRAMs), we compared the proportion of each RT mutation in 2873 individuals with VF on a WHO-recommended first-line TDF-containing regimen to its proportion in a cohort of 50,803 antiretroviral-naïve individuals. To identify TRAMs specifically associated with TDF-selection pressure, we compared the proportion of each TRAM to its proportion in a cohort of 5805 individuals with VF on a first-line thymidine analog-containing regimen. We identified 83 TRAMs including 33 NRTI-associated, 40 NNRTI-associated, and 10 uncommon mutations of uncertain provenance. Of the 33 NRTI-associated TRAMs, 12 - A62V, K65R/N, S68G/N/D, K70E/Q/T, L74I, V75L, and Y115F - were more common among individuals receiving a first-line TDF-containing compared to a first-line thymidine analog-containing regimen. These 12 TDF-selected TRAMs will be important for monitoring TDF-associated transmitted drug-resistance and for determining the extent of reduced TDF susceptibility in individuals with VF on a TDF-containing regimen.
DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.03.024
PubMed: 28365230
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pubmed:28365230Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Mutational Correlates of Virological Failure in Individuals Receiving a WHO-Recommended Tenofovir-Containing First-Line Regimen: An International Collaboration.</title><author><name sortKey="Rhee, Soo Yon" sort="Rhee, Soo Yon" uniqKey="Rhee S" first="Soo-Yon" last="Rhee">Soo-Yon Rhee</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Electronic address: syrhee@stanford.edu.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Varghese, Vici" sort="Varghese, Vici" uniqKey="Varghese V" first="Vici" last="Varghese">Vici Varghese</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Holmes, Susan P" sort="Holmes, Susan P" uniqKey="Holmes S" first="Susan P" last="Holmes">Susan P. Holmes</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Zyl, Gert U" sort="Van Zyl, Gert U" uniqKey="Van Zyl G" first="Gert U" last="Van Zyl">Gert U. Van Zyl</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Medical Virology, Stellenbosch University, National Health Laboratory Service, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Steegen, Kim" sort="Steegen, Kim" uniqKey="Steegen K" first="Kim" last="Steegen">Kim Steegen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, WITS 2050, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boyd, Mark A" sort="Boyd, Mark A" uniqKey="Boyd M" first="Mark A" last="Boyd">Mark A. Boyd</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The Kirby Institute, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cooper, David A" sort="Cooper, David A" uniqKey="Cooper D" first="David A" last="Cooper">David A. Cooper</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The Kirby Institute, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nsanzimana, Sabin" sort="Nsanzimana, Sabin" uniqKey="Nsanzimana S" first="Sabin" last="Nsanzimana">Sabin Nsanzimana</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>HIV/AIDS Division, Rwanda Biomedical Center, Kigali, P.O. Box 87, Rwanda.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Saravanan, Shanmugam" sort="Saravanan, Shanmugam" uniqKey="Saravanan S" first="Shanmugam" last="Saravanan">Shanmugam Saravanan</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Y.R. Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education, Voluntary Health Services, Taramani, Chennai 600113, India.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Charpentier, Charlotte" sort="Charpentier, Charlotte" uniqKey="Charpentier C" first="Charlotte" last="Charpentier">Charlotte Charpentier</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, F-75018 Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Laboratoire de Virologie, F-75018 Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Oliveira, Tulio" sort="De Oliveira, Tulio" uniqKey="De Oliveira T" first="Tulio" last="De Oliveira">Tulio De Oliveira</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Etiebet, Mary Ann A" sort="Etiebet, Mary Ann A" uniqKey="Etiebet M" first="Mary-Ann A" last="Etiebet">Mary-Ann A. Etiebet</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, MD 21201, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garcia, Federico" sort="Garcia, Federico" uniqKey="Garcia F" first="Federico" last="Garcia">Federico Garcia</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, 18012 Granada, Spain.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goedhals, Dominique" sort="Goedhals, Dominique" uniqKey="Goedhals D" first="Dominique" last="Goedhals">Dominique Goedhals</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical Microbiology and Virology, National Health Laboratory Service/University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9301,South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gomes, Perpetua" sort="Gomes, Perpetua" uniqKey="Gomes P" first="Perpetua" last="Gomes">Perpetua Gomes</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Laboratorio de Virologia, Hospital de Egas Moniz, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Lisbon 1449-005, Portugal.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gunthard, Huldrych F" sort="Gunthard, Huldrych F" uniqKey="Gunthard H" first="Huldrych F" last="Günthard">Huldrych F. Günthard</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University Hospital Zurich, Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hamers, Raph L" sort="Hamers, Raph L" uniqKey="Hamers R" first="Raph L" last="Hamers">Raph L. Hamers</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Department of Global Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, P.O. Box 22700, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hoffmann, Christopher J" sort="Hoffmann, Christopher J" uniqKey="Hoffmann C" first="Christopher J" last="Hoffmann">Christopher J. Hoffmann</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hunt, Gillian" sort="Hunt, Gillian" uniqKey="Hunt G" first="Gillian" last="Hunt">Gillian Hunt</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Sandringham, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jiamsakul, Awachana" sort="Jiamsakul, Awachana" uniqKey="Jiamsakul A" first="Awachana" last="Jiamsakul">Awachana Jiamsakul</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The Kirby Institute, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kaleebu, Pontiano" sort="Kaleebu, Pontiano" uniqKey="Kaleebu P" first="Pontiano" last="Kaleebu">Pontiano Kaleebu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, P.O. Box 49, Uganda.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kanki, Phyllis" sort="Kanki, Phyllis" uniqKey="Kanki P" first="Phyllis" last="Kanki">Phyllis Kanki</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kantor, Rami" sort="Kantor, Rami" uniqKey="Kantor R" first="Rami" last="Kantor">Rami Kantor</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Infectious Diseases, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kerschberger, Bernhard" sort="Kerschberger, Bernhard" uniqKey="Kerschberger B" first="Bernhard" last="Kerschberger">Bernhard Kerschberger</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Médecins sans Frontières, Mbabane, H100, Swaziland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marconi, Vincent C" sort="Marconi, Vincent C" uniqKey="Marconi V" first="Vincent C" last="Marconi">Vincent C. Marconi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Emory University School of Medicine, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="D Amour Ndahimana, Jean" sort="D Amour Ndahimana, Jean" uniqKey="D Amour Ndahimana J" first="Jean" last="D'Amour Ndahimana">Jean D'Amour Ndahimana</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>HIV/AIDS Division, Rwanda Biomedical Center, Kigali, P.O. Box 87, Rwanda.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ndembi, Nicaise" sort="Ndembi, Nicaise" uniqKey="Ndembi N" first="Nicaise" last="Ndembi">Nicaise Ndembi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, P.O. Box 9396, Nigeria.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ngo Giang Huong, Nicole" sort="Ngo Giang Huong, Nicole" uniqKey="Ngo Giang Huong N" first="Nicole" last="Ngo-Giang-Huong">Nicole Ngo-Giang-Huong</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD), UMI 174 - PHPT, 13572 Marseilles, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rokx, Casper" sort="Rokx, Casper" uniqKey="Rokx C" first="Casper" last="Rokx">Casper Rokx</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Santoro, Maria M" sort="Santoro, Maria M" uniqKey="Santoro M" first="Maria M" last="Santoro">Maria M. Santoro</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00173 Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schapiro, Jonathan M" sort="Schapiro, Jonathan M" uniqKey="Schapiro J" first="Jonathan M" last="Schapiro">Jonathan M. Schapiro</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>National Hemophilia Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv 5262000, Israel.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schmidt, Daniel" sort="Schmidt, Daniel" uniqKey="Schmidt D" first="Daniel" last="Schmidt">Daniel Schmidt</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, HIV/AIDS, STI and Blood Born Infections, Robert Koch-Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Seu, Lillian" sort="Seu, Lillian" uniqKey="Seu L" first="Lillian" last="Seu">Lillian Seu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35210, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sigaloff, Kim C E" sort="Sigaloff, Kim C E" uniqKey="Sigaloff K" first="Kim C E" last="Sigaloff">Kim C E. Sigaloff</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Department of Global Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, P.O. Box 22700, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sirivichayakul, Sunee" sort="Sirivichayakul, Sunee" uniqKey="Sirivichayakul S" first="Sunee" last="Sirivichayakul">Sunee Sirivichayakul</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Skhosana, Lindiwe" sort="Skhosana, Lindiwe" uniqKey="Skhosana L" first="Lindiwe" last="Skhosana">Lindiwe Skhosana</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, WITS 2050, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sunpath, Henry" sort="Sunpath, Henry" uniqKey="Sunpath H" first="Henry" last="Sunpath">Henry Sunpath</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Clinical Sciences, University of KwaZulu- Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tang, Michele" sort="Tang, Michele" uniqKey="Tang M" first="Michele" last="Tang">Michele Tang</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, Chunfu" sort="Yang, Chunfu" uniqKey="Yang C" first="Chunfu" last="Yang">Chunfu Yang</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Global HIV/AIDS, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Port-au-Prince, Haiti.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carmona, Sergio" sort="Carmona, Sergio" uniqKey="Carmona S" first="Sergio" last="Carmona">Sergio Carmona</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, WITS 2050, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gupta, Ravindra K" sort="Gupta, Ravindra K" uniqKey="Gupta R" first="Ravindra K" last="Gupta">Ravindra K. Gupta</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>UCL, Department of Infection, London WC1E 6BT, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shafer, Robert W" sort="Shafer, Robert W" uniqKey="Shafer R" first="Robert W" last="Shafer">Robert W. Shafer</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2017">2017</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:28365230</idno><idno type="pmid">28365230</idno><idno type="doi">10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.03.024</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">000D74</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000D74</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Mutational Correlates of Virological Failure in Individuals Receiving a WHO-Recommended Tenofovir-Containing First-Line Regimen: An International Collaboration.</title><author><name sortKey="Rhee, Soo Yon" sort="Rhee, Soo Yon" uniqKey="Rhee S" first="Soo-Yon" last="Rhee">Soo-Yon Rhee</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Electronic address: syrhee@stanford.edu.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Varghese, Vici" sort="Varghese, Vici" uniqKey="Varghese V" first="Vici" last="Varghese">Vici Varghese</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Holmes, Susan P" sort="Holmes, Susan P" uniqKey="Holmes S" first="Susan P" last="Holmes">Susan P. Holmes</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Zyl, Gert U" sort="Van Zyl, Gert U" uniqKey="Van Zyl G" first="Gert U" last="Van Zyl">Gert U. Van Zyl</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Medical Virology, Stellenbosch University, National Health Laboratory Service, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Steegen, Kim" sort="Steegen, Kim" uniqKey="Steegen K" first="Kim" last="Steegen">Kim Steegen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, WITS 2050, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boyd, Mark A" sort="Boyd, Mark A" uniqKey="Boyd M" first="Mark A" last="Boyd">Mark A. Boyd</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The Kirby Institute, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cooper, David A" sort="Cooper, David A" uniqKey="Cooper D" first="David A" last="Cooper">David A. Cooper</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The Kirby Institute, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nsanzimana, Sabin" sort="Nsanzimana, Sabin" uniqKey="Nsanzimana S" first="Sabin" last="Nsanzimana">Sabin Nsanzimana</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>HIV/AIDS Division, Rwanda Biomedical Center, Kigali, P.O. Box 87, Rwanda.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Saravanan, Shanmugam" sort="Saravanan, Shanmugam" uniqKey="Saravanan S" first="Shanmugam" last="Saravanan">Shanmugam Saravanan</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Y.R. Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education, Voluntary Health Services, Taramani, Chennai 600113, India.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Charpentier, Charlotte" sort="Charpentier, Charlotte" uniqKey="Charpentier C" first="Charlotte" last="Charpentier">Charlotte Charpentier</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, F-75018 Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Laboratoire de Virologie, F-75018 Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Oliveira, Tulio" sort="De Oliveira, Tulio" uniqKey="De Oliveira T" first="Tulio" last="De Oliveira">Tulio De Oliveira</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Etiebet, Mary Ann A" sort="Etiebet, Mary Ann A" uniqKey="Etiebet M" first="Mary-Ann A" last="Etiebet">Mary-Ann A. Etiebet</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, MD 21201, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garcia, Federico" sort="Garcia, Federico" uniqKey="Garcia F" first="Federico" last="Garcia">Federico Garcia</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, 18012 Granada, Spain.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goedhals, Dominique" sort="Goedhals, Dominique" uniqKey="Goedhals D" first="Dominique" last="Goedhals">Dominique Goedhals</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical Microbiology and Virology, National Health Laboratory Service/University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9301,South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gomes, Perpetua" sort="Gomes, Perpetua" uniqKey="Gomes P" first="Perpetua" last="Gomes">Perpetua Gomes</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Laboratorio de Virologia, Hospital de Egas Moniz, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Lisbon 1449-005, Portugal.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gunthard, Huldrych F" sort="Gunthard, Huldrych F" uniqKey="Gunthard H" first="Huldrych F" last="Günthard">Huldrych F. Günthard</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University Hospital Zurich, Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hamers, Raph L" sort="Hamers, Raph L" uniqKey="Hamers R" first="Raph L" last="Hamers">Raph L. Hamers</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Department of Global Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, P.O. Box 22700, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hoffmann, Christopher J" sort="Hoffmann, Christopher J" uniqKey="Hoffmann C" first="Christopher J" last="Hoffmann">Christopher J. Hoffmann</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hunt, Gillian" sort="Hunt, Gillian" uniqKey="Hunt G" first="Gillian" last="Hunt">Gillian Hunt</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Sandringham, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jiamsakul, Awachana" sort="Jiamsakul, Awachana" uniqKey="Jiamsakul A" first="Awachana" last="Jiamsakul">Awachana Jiamsakul</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The Kirby Institute, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kaleebu, Pontiano" sort="Kaleebu, Pontiano" uniqKey="Kaleebu P" first="Pontiano" last="Kaleebu">Pontiano Kaleebu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, P.O. Box 49, Uganda.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kanki, Phyllis" sort="Kanki, Phyllis" uniqKey="Kanki P" first="Phyllis" last="Kanki">Phyllis Kanki</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kantor, Rami" sort="Kantor, Rami" uniqKey="Kantor R" first="Rami" last="Kantor">Rami Kantor</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Infectious Diseases, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kerschberger, Bernhard" sort="Kerschberger, Bernhard" uniqKey="Kerschberger B" first="Bernhard" last="Kerschberger">Bernhard Kerschberger</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Médecins sans Frontières, Mbabane, H100, Swaziland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marconi, Vincent C" sort="Marconi, Vincent C" uniqKey="Marconi V" first="Vincent C" last="Marconi">Vincent C. Marconi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Emory University School of Medicine, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="D Amour Ndahimana, Jean" sort="D Amour Ndahimana, Jean" uniqKey="D Amour Ndahimana J" first="Jean" last="D'Amour Ndahimana">Jean D'Amour Ndahimana</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>HIV/AIDS Division, Rwanda Biomedical Center, Kigali, P.O. Box 87, Rwanda.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ndembi, Nicaise" sort="Ndembi, Nicaise" uniqKey="Ndembi N" first="Nicaise" last="Ndembi">Nicaise Ndembi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, P.O. Box 9396, Nigeria.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ngo Giang Huong, Nicole" sort="Ngo Giang Huong, Nicole" uniqKey="Ngo Giang Huong N" first="Nicole" last="Ngo-Giang-Huong">Nicole Ngo-Giang-Huong</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD), UMI 174 - PHPT, 13572 Marseilles, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rokx, Casper" sort="Rokx, Casper" uniqKey="Rokx C" first="Casper" last="Rokx">Casper Rokx</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Santoro, Maria M" sort="Santoro, Maria M" uniqKey="Santoro M" first="Maria M" last="Santoro">Maria M. Santoro</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00173 Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schapiro, Jonathan M" sort="Schapiro, Jonathan M" uniqKey="Schapiro J" first="Jonathan M" last="Schapiro">Jonathan M. Schapiro</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>National Hemophilia Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv 5262000, Israel.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schmidt, Daniel" sort="Schmidt, Daniel" uniqKey="Schmidt D" first="Daniel" last="Schmidt">Daniel Schmidt</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, HIV/AIDS, STI and Blood Born Infections, Robert Koch-Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Seu, Lillian" sort="Seu, Lillian" uniqKey="Seu L" first="Lillian" last="Seu">Lillian Seu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35210, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sigaloff, Kim C E" sort="Sigaloff, Kim C E" uniqKey="Sigaloff K" first="Kim C E" last="Sigaloff">Kim C E. Sigaloff</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Department of Global Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, P.O. Box 22700, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sirivichayakul, Sunee" sort="Sirivichayakul, Sunee" uniqKey="Sirivichayakul S" first="Sunee" last="Sirivichayakul">Sunee Sirivichayakul</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Skhosana, Lindiwe" sort="Skhosana, Lindiwe" uniqKey="Skhosana L" first="Lindiwe" last="Skhosana">Lindiwe Skhosana</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, WITS 2050, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sunpath, Henry" sort="Sunpath, Henry" uniqKey="Sunpath H" first="Henry" last="Sunpath">Henry Sunpath</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Clinical Sciences, University of KwaZulu- Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tang, Michele" sort="Tang, Michele" uniqKey="Tang M" first="Michele" last="Tang">Michele Tang</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, Chunfu" sort="Yang, Chunfu" uniqKey="Yang C" first="Chunfu" last="Yang">Chunfu Yang</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Global HIV/AIDS, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Port-au-Prince, Haiti.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carmona, Sergio" sort="Carmona, Sergio" uniqKey="Carmona S" first="Sergio" last="Carmona">Sergio Carmona</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, WITS 2050, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gupta, Ravindra K" sort="Gupta, Ravindra K" uniqKey="Gupta R" first="Ravindra K" last="Gupta">Ravindra K. Gupta</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>UCL, Department of Infection, London WC1E 6BT, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shafer, Robert W" sort="Shafer, Robert W" uniqKey="Shafer R" first="Robert W" last="Shafer">Robert W. Shafer</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">EBioMedicine</title><idno type="eISSN">2352-3964</idno><imprint><date when="2017" type="published">2017</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) genotypic resistance defined by K65R/N and/or K70E/Q/G occurs in 20% to 60% of individuals with virological failure (VF) on a WHO-recommended TDF-containing first-line regimen. However, the full spectrum of reverse transcriptase (RT) mutations selected in individuals with VF on such a regimen is not known. To identify TDF regimen-associated mutations (TRAMs), we compared the proportion of each RT mutation in 2873 individuals with VF on a WHO-recommended first-line TDF-containing regimen to its proportion in a cohort of 50,803 antiretroviral-naïve individuals. To identify TRAMs specifically associated with TDF-selection pressure, we compared the proportion of each TRAM to its proportion in a cohort of 5805 individuals with VF on a first-line thymidine analog-containing regimen. We identified 83 TRAMs including 33 NRTI-associated, 40 NNRTI-associated, and 10 uncommon mutations of uncertain provenance. Of the 33 NRTI-associated TRAMs, 12 - A62V, K65R/N, S68G/N/D, K70E/Q/T, L74I, V75L, and Y115F - were more common among individuals receiving a first-line TDF-containing compared to a first-line thymidine analog-containing regimen. These 12 TDF-selected TRAMs will be important for monitoring TDF-associated transmitted drug-resistance and for determining the extent of reduced TDF susceptibility in individuals with VF on a TDF-containing regimen.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="In-Process" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">28365230</PMID><DateCreated><Year>2017</Year><Month>04</Month><Day>02</Day></DateCreated><DateRevised><Year>2017</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>27</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">2352-3964</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>18</Volume><PubDate><Year>2017</Year><Month>Apr</Month></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>EBioMedicine</Title><ISOAbbreviation>EBioMedicine</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Mutational Correlates of Virological Failure in Individuals Receiving a WHO-Recommended Tenofovir-Containing First-Line Regimen: An International Collaboration.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>225-235</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="pii" ValidYN="Y">S2352-3964(17)30120-2</ELocationID><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.03.024</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) genotypic resistance defined by K65R/N and/or K70E/Q/G occurs in 20% to 60% of individuals with virological failure (VF) on a WHO-recommended TDF-containing first-line regimen. However, the full spectrum of reverse transcriptase (RT) mutations selected in individuals with VF on such a regimen is not known. To identify TDF regimen-associated mutations (TRAMs), we compared the proportion of each RT mutation in 2873 individuals with VF on a WHO-recommended first-line TDF-containing regimen to its proportion in a cohort of 50,803 antiretroviral-naïve individuals. To identify TRAMs specifically associated with TDF-selection pressure, we compared the proportion of each TRAM to its proportion in a cohort of 5805 individuals with VF on a first-line thymidine analog-containing regimen. We identified 83 TRAMs including 33 NRTI-associated, 40 NNRTI-associated, and 10 uncommon mutations of uncertain provenance. Of the 33 NRTI-associated TRAMs, 12 - A62V, K65R/N, S68G/N/D, K70E/Q/T, L74I, V75L, and Y115F - were more common among individuals receiving a first-line TDF-containing compared to a first-line thymidine analog-containing regimen. These 12 TDF-selected TRAMs will be important for monitoring TDF-associated transmitted drug-resistance and for determining the extent of reduced TDF susceptibility in individuals with VF on a TDF-containing regimen.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rhee</LastName><ForeName>Soo-Yon</ForeName><Initials>SY</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Electronic address: syrhee@stanford.edu.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Varghese</LastName><ForeName>Vici</ForeName><Initials>V</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Holmes</LastName><ForeName>Susan P</ForeName><Initials>SP</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Van Zyl</LastName><ForeName>Gert U</ForeName><Initials>GU</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Medical Virology, Stellenbosch University, National Health Laboratory Service, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Steegen</LastName><ForeName>Kim</ForeName><Initials>K</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, WITS 2050, South Africa.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Boyd</LastName><ForeName>Mark A</ForeName><Initials>MA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>The Kirby Institute, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Cooper</LastName><ForeName>David A</ForeName><Initials>DA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>The Kirby Institute, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Nsanzimana</LastName><ForeName>Sabin</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>HIV/AIDS Division, Rwanda Biomedical Center, Kigali, P.O. Box 87, Rwanda.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Saravanan</LastName><ForeName>Shanmugam</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Y.R. Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education, Voluntary Health Services, Taramani, Chennai 600113, India.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Charpentier</LastName><ForeName>Charlotte</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, F-75018 Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Laboratoire de Virologie, F-75018 Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>de Oliveira</LastName><ForeName>Tulio</ForeName><Initials>T</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Etiebet</LastName><ForeName>Mary-Ann A</ForeName><Initials>MA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, MD 21201, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Garcia</LastName><ForeName>Federico</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, 18012 Granada, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Goedhals</LastName><ForeName>Dominique</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medical Microbiology and Virology, National Health Laboratory Service/University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9301,South Africa.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gomes</LastName><ForeName>Perpetua</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratorio de Virologia, Hospital de Egas Moniz, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Lisbon 1449-005, Portugal.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Günthard</LastName><ForeName>Huldrych F</ForeName><Initials>HF</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University Hospital Zurich, Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hamers</LastName><ForeName>Raph L</ForeName><Initials>RL</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Department of Global Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, P.O. Box 22700, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hoffmann</LastName><ForeName>Christopher J</ForeName><Initials>CJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hunt</LastName><ForeName>Gillian</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Sandringham, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Jiamsakul</LastName><ForeName>Awachana</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>The Kirby Institute, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kaleebu</LastName><ForeName>Pontiano</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, P.O. Box 49, Uganda.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kanki</LastName><ForeName>Phyllis</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kantor</LastName><ForeName>Rami</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Infectious Diseases, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kerschberger</LastName><ForeName>Bernhard</ForeName><Initials>B</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Médecins sans Frontières, Mbabane, H100, Swaziland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Marconi</LastName><ForeName>Vincent C</ForeName><Initials>VC</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Emory University School of Medicine, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>D'amour Ndahimana</LastName><ForeName>Jean</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>HIV/AIDS Division, Rwanda Biomedical Center, Kigali, P.O. Box 87, Rwanda.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ndembi</LastName><ForeName>Nicaise</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, P.O. Box 9396, Nigeria.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ngo-Giang-Huong</LastName><ForeName>Nicole</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD), UMI 174 - PHPT, 13572 Marseilles, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rokx</LastName><ForeName>Casper</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Santoro</LastName><ForeName>Maria M</ForeName><Initials>MM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00173 Rome, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Schapiro</LastName><ForeName>Jonathan M</ForeName><Initials>JM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Hemophilia Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv 5262000, Israel.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Schmidt</LastName><ForeName>Daniel</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, HIV/AIDS, STI and Blood Born Infections, Robert Koch-Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Seu</LastName><ForeName>Lillian</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35210, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sigaloff</LastName><ForeName>Kim C E</ForeName><Initials>KCE</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Department of Global Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, P.O. Box 22700, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sirivichayakul</LastName><ForeName>Sunee</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Skhosana</LastName><ForeName>Lindiwe</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, WITS 2050, South Africa.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sunpath</LastName><ForeName>Henry</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Clinical Sciences, University of KwaZulu- Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Tang</LastName><ForeName>Michele</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Yang</LastName><ForeName>Chunfu</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Global HIV/AIDS, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Port-au-Prince, Haiti.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Carmona</LastName><ForeName>Sergio</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, WITS 2050, South Africa.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gupta</LastName><ForeName>Ravindra K</ForeName><Initials>RK</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>UCL, Department of Infection, London WC1E 6BT, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Shafer</LastName><ForeName>Robert W</ForeName><Initials>RW</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><GrantList CompleteYN="Y"><Grant><GrantID>R01 AI108441</GrantID><Acronym>AI</Acronym><Agency>NIAID NIH HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>R24 TW007988</GrantID><Acronym>TW</Acronym><Agency>FIC NIH HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant></GrantList><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate 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PubStatus="received"><Year>2017</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>26</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="revised"><Year>2017</Year><Month>03</Month><Day>07</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2017</Year><Month>03</Month><Day>17</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2017</Year><Month>4</Month><Day>4</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2017</Year><Month>4</Month><Day>4</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2017</Year><Month>4</Month><Day>3</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">28365230</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">S2352-3964(17)30120-2</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.03.024</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC5405160</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></PubmedData></pubmed></record>Pour 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