The association between childhood adversities and subsequent first onset of psychotic experiences: a cross-national analysis of 23 998 respondents from 17 countries.
Identifieur interne : 000D31 ( PubMed/Corpus ); précédent : 000D30; suivant : 000D32The association between childhood adversities and subsequent first onset of psychotic experiences: a cross-national analysis of 23 998 respondents from 17 countries.
Auteurs : J J Mcgrath ; K A Mclaughlin ; S. Saha ; S. Aguilar-Gaxiola ; A. Al-Hamzawi ; J. Alonso ; R. Bruffaerts ; G. De Girolamo ; P. De Jonge ; O. Esan ; S. Florescu ; O. Gureje ; J M Haro ; C. Hu ; E G Karam ; V. Kovess-Masfety ; S. Lee ; J P Lepine ; C C W. Lim ; M E Medina-Mora ; Z. Mneimneh ; B E Pennell ; M. Piazza ; J. Posada-Villa ; N. Sampson ; M C Viana ; M. Xavier ; E J Bromet ; K S Kendler ; R C KesslerSource :
- Psychological medicine [ 1469-8978 ] ; 2017.
Abstract
Although there is robust evidence linking childhood adversities (CAs) and an increased risk for psychotic experiences (PEs), little is known about whether these associations vary across the life-course and whether mental disorders that emerge prior to PEs explain these associations.
DOI: 10.1017/S0033291716003263
PubMed: 28065209
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">The association between childhood adversities and subsequent first onset of psychotic experiences: a cross-national analysis of 23 998 respondents from 17 countries.</title><author><name sortKey="Mcgrath, J J" sort="Mcgrath, J J" uniqKey="Mcgrath J" first="J J" last="Mcgrath">J J Mcgrath</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, andQueensland Brain Institute,University of Queensland,Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mclaughlin, K A" sort="Mclaughlin, K A" uniqKey="Mclaughlin K" first="K A" last="Mclaughlin">K A Mclaughlin</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Psychology,University of Washington,Seattle,Washington,USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Saha, S" sort="Saha, S" uniqKey="Saha S" first="S" last="Saha">S. Saha</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, andQueensland Brain Institute,University of Queensland,Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aguilar Gaxiola, S" sort="Aguilar Gaxiola, S" uniqKey="Aguilar Gaxiola S" first="S" last="Aguilar-Gaxiola">S. Aguilar-Gaxiola</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Reducing Health Disparities,UC Davis Health System,Sacramento,California,USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Al Hamzawi, A" sort="Al Hamzawi, A" uniqKey="Al Hamzawi A" first="A" last="Al-Hamzawi">A. Al-Hamzawi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>College of Medicine, Al-Qadisiya University,Diwaniya governorate,Iraq.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alonso, J" sort="Alonso, J" uniqKey="Alonso J" first="J" last="Alonso">J. Alonso</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Health Services Research Unit,IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute,Barcelona,Spain.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bruffaerts, R" sort="Bruffaerts, R" uniqKey="Bruffaerts R" first="R" last="Bruffaerts">R. Bruffaerts</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Universitair Psychiatrisch Centrum - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (UPC-KUL),Campus Gasthuisberg,Leuven,Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Girolamo, G" sort="De Girolamo, G" uniqKey="De Girolamo G" first="G" last="De Girolamo">G. De Girolamo</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>IRCCS St John of God Clinical Research Centre,IRCCS Centro S. Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli,Brescia,Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Jonge, P" sort="De Jonge, P" uniqKey="De Jonge P" first="P" last="De Jonge">P. De Jonge</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Developmental Psychology,Research Program Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University of Groningen,Groningen,The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Esan, O" sort="Esan, O" uniqKey="Esan O" first="O" last="Esan">O. Esan</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Psychiatry,University of Ibadan,Nigeria.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Florescu, S" sort="Florescu, S" uniqKey="Florescu S" first="S" last="Florescu">S. Florescu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>National School of Public Health, Management and Professional Development,Bucharest,Romania.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gureje, O" sort="Gureje, O" uniqKey="Gureje O" first="O" last="Gureje">O. Gureje</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Psychiatry,University College Hospital,Ibadan,Nigeria.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haro, J M" sort="Haro, J M" uniqKey="Haro J" first="J M" last="Haro">J M Haro</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Universitat de Barcelona,Barcelona,Spain.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hu, C" sort="Hu, C" uniqKey="Hu C" first="C" last="Hu">C. Hu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Shenzhen Institute of Mental Health & Shenzhen Kangning Hospital,Shenzhen,China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Karam, E G" sort="Karam, E G" uniqKey="Karam E" first="E G" last="Karam">E G Karam</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine,Balamand University,Beirut,Lebanon.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kovess Masfety, V" sort="Kovess Masfety, V" uniqKey="Kovess Masfety V" first="V" last="Kovess-Masfety">V. Kovess-Masfety</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Santé Publique (EHESP), EA 4057 Paris Descartes University,Paris,France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, S" sort="Lee, S" uniqKey="Lee S" first="S" last="Lee">S. Lee</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Psychiatry,Chinese University of Hong Kong,Tai Po,Hong Kong.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lepine, J P" sort="Lepine, J P" uniqKey="Lepine J" first="J P" last="Lepine">J P Lepine</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Hôpital Lariboisière Fernand Widal,Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris INSERM UMR-S 1144,University Paris Diderot and Paris Descartes,Paris,France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lim, C C W" sort="Lim, C C W" uniqKey="Lim C" first="C C W" last="Lim">C C W. Lim</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland,St. Lucia, Queensland,Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Medina Mora, M E" sort="Medina Mora, M E" uniqKey="Medina Mora M" first="M E" last="Medina-Mora">M E Medina-Mora</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente,Mexico City,Mexico.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mneimneh, Z" sort="Mneimneh, Z" uniqKey="Mneimneh Z" first="Z" last="Mneimneh">Z. Mneimneh</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Survey Research Center,Institute for Social Research,University of Michigan,Ann Arbor,Michigan,USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pennell, B E" sort="Pennell, B E" uniqKey="Pennell B" first="B E" last="Pennell">B E Pennell</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Survey Research Center,Institute for Social Research,University of Michigan,Ann Arbor,Michigan,USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Piazza, M" sort="Piazza, M" uniqKey="Piazza M" first="M" last="Piazza">M. Piazza</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Universidad Cayetano Heredia,Lima,Peru.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Posada Villa, J" sort="Posada Villa, J" uniqKey="Posada Villa J" first="J" last="Posada-Villa">J. Posada-Villa</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca University,Bogota,Colombia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sampson, N" sort="Sampson, N" uniqKey="Sampson N" first="N" last="Sampson">N. Sampson</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Health Care Policy,Harvard Medical School,Boston, Massachusetts,USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Viana, M C" sort="Viana, M C" uniqKey="Viana M" first="M C" last="Viana">M C Viana</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Social Medicine,Federal University of Espírito Santo,Vitoria,Brazil.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xavier, M" sort="Xavier, M" uniqKey="Xavier M" first="M" last="Xavier">M. Xavier</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Mental Health,Faculdade de Ciências Médicas,Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC) and Universidade Nova de Lisboa,Campo dos Mártires da Pátria,Lisbon,Portugal.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bromet, E J" sort="Bromet, E J" uniqKey="Bromet E" first="E J" last="Bromet">E J Bromet</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Psychiatry,Stony Brook University School of Medicine,Stony Brook,New York,USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kendler, K S" sort="Kendler, K S" uniqKey="Kendler K" first="K S" last="Kendler">K S Kendler</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Psychiatry,Virginia Commonwealth University,USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kessler, R C" sort="Kessler, R C" uniqKey="Kessler R" first="R C" last="Kessler">R C Kessler</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Health Care Policy,Harvard Medical School,Boston, Massachusetts,USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2017">2017</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:28065209</idno><idno type="pmid">28065209</idno><idno type="doi">10.1017/S0033291716003263</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">000D31</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000D31</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">The association between childhood adversities and subsequent first onset of psychotic experiences: a cross-national analysis of 23 998 respondents from 17 countries.</title><author><name sortKey="Mcgrath, J J" sort="Mcgrath, J J" uniqKey="Mcgrath J" first="J J" last="Mcgrath">J J Mcgrath</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, andQueensland Brain Institute,University of Queensland,Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mclaughlin, K A" sort="Mclaughlin, K A" uniqKey="Mclaughlin K" first="K A" last="Mclaughlin">K A Mclaughlin</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Psychology,University of Washington,Seattle,Washington,USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Saha, S" sort="Saha, S" uniqKey="Saha S" first="S" last="Saha">S. Saha</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, andQueensland Brain Institute,University of Queensland,Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aguilar Gaxiola, S" sort="Aguilar Gaxiola, S" uniqKey="Aguilar Gaxiola S" first="S" last="Aguilar-Gaxiola">S. Aguilar-Gaxiola</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Reducing Health Disparities,UC Davis Health System,Sacramento,California,USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Al Hamzawi, A" sort="Al Hamzawi, A" uniqKey="Al Hamzawi A" first="A" last="Al-Hamzawi">A. Al-Hamzawi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>College of Medicine, Al-Qadisiya University,Diwaniya governorate,Iraq.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alonso, J" sort="Alonso, J" uniqKey="Alonso J" first="J" last="Alonso">J. Alonso</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Health Services Research Unit,IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute,Barcelona,Spain.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bruffaerts, R" sort="Bruffaerts, R" uniqKey="Bruffaerts R" first="R" last="Bruffaerts">R. Bruffaerts</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Universitair Psychiatrisch Centrum - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (UPC-KUL),Campus Gasthuisberg,Leuven,Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Girolamo, G" sort="De Girolamo, G" uniqKey="De Girolamo G" first="G" last="De Girolamo">G. De Girolamo</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>IRCCS St John of God Clinical Research Centre,IRCCS Centro S. Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli,Brescia,Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Jonge, P" sort="De Jonge, P" uniqKey="De Jonge P" first="P" last="De Jonge">P. De Jonge</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Developmental Psychology,Research Program Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University of Groningen,Groningen,The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Esan, O" sort="Esan, O" uniqKey="Esan O" first="O" last="Esan">O. Esan</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Psychiatry,University of Ibadan,Nigeria.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Florescu, S" sort="Florescu, S" uniqKey="Florescu S" first="S" last="Florescu">S. Florescu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>National School of Public Health, Management and Professional Development,Bucharest,Romania.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gureje, O" sort="Gureje, O" uniqKey="Gureje O" first="O" last="Gureje">O. Gureje</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Psychiatry,University College Hospital,Ibadan,Nigeria.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haro, J M" sort="Haro, J M" uniqKey="Haro J" first="J M" last="Haro">J M Haro</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Universitat de Barcelona,Barcelona,Spain.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hu, C" sort="Hu, C" uniqKey="Hu C" first="C" last="Hu">C. Hu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Shenzhen Institute of Mental Health & Shenzhen Kangning Hospital,Shenzhen,China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Karam, E G" sort="Karam, E G" uniqKey="Karam E" first="E G" last="Karam">E G Karam</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine,Balamand University,Beirut,Lebanon.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kovess Masfety, V" sort="Kovess Masfety, V" uniqKey="Kovess Masfety V" first="V" last="Kovess-Masfety">V. Kovess-Masfety</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Santé Publique (EHESP), EA 4057 Paris Descartes University,Paris,France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, S" sort="Lee, S" uniqKey="Lee S" first="S" last="Lee">S. Lee</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Psychiatry,Chinese University of Hong Kong,Tai Po,Hong Kong.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lepine, J P" sort="Lepine, J P" uniqKey="Lepine J" first="J P" last="Lepine">J P Lepine</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Hôpital Lariboisière Fernand Widal,Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris INSERM UMR-S 1144,University Paris Diderot and Paris Descartes,Paris,France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lim, C C W" sort="Lim, C C W" uniqKey="Lim C" first="C C W" last="Lim">C C W. Lim</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland,St. Lucia, Queensland,Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Medina Mora, M E" sort="Medina Mora, M E" uniqKey="Medina Mora M" first="M E" last="Medina-Mora">M E Medina-Mora</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente,Mexico City,Mexico.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mneimneh, Z" sort="Mneimneh, Z" uniqKey="Mneimneh Z" first="Z" last="Mneimneh">Z. Mneimneh</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Survey Research Center,Institute for Social Research,University of Michigan,Ann Arbor,Michigan,USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pennell, B E" sort="Pennell, B E" uniqKey="Pennell B" first="B E" last="Pennell">B E Pennell</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Survey Research Center,Institute for Social Research,University of Michigan,Ann Arbor,Michigan,USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Piazza, M" sort="Piazza, M" uniqKey="Piazza M" first="M" last="Piazza">M. Piazza</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Universidad Cayetano Heredia,Lima,Peru.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Posada Villa, J" sort="Posada Villa, J" uniqKey="Posada Villa J" first="J" last="Posada-Villa">J. Posada-Villa</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca University,Bogota,Colombia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sampson, N" sort="Sampson, N" uniqKey="Sampson N" first="N" last="Sampson">N. Sampson</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Health Care Policy,Harvard Medical School,Boston, Massachusetts,USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Viana, M C" sort="Viana, M C" uniqKey="Viana M" first="M C" last="Viana">M C Viana</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Social Medicine,Federal University of Espírito Santo,Vitoria,Brazil.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xavier, M" sort="Xavier, M" uniqKey="Xavier M" first="M" last="Xavier">M. Xavier</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Mental Health,Faculdade de Ciências Médicas,Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC) and Universidade Nova de Lisboa,Campo dos Mártires da Pátria,Lisbon,Portugal.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bromet, E J" sort="Bromet, E J" uniqKey="Bromet E" first="E J" last="Bromet">E J Bromet</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Psychiatry,Stony Brook University School of Medicine,Stony Brook,New York,USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kendler, K S" sort="Kendler, K S" uniqKey="Kendler K" first="K S" last="Kendler">K S Kendler</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Psychiatry,Virginia Commonwealth University,USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kessler, R C" sort="Kessler, R C" uniqKey="Kessler R" first="R C" last="Kessler">R C Kessler</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Health Care Policy,Harvard Medical School,Boston, Massachusetts,USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Psychological medicine</title><idno type="eISSN">1469-8978</idno><imprint><date when="2017" type="published">2017</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Although there is robust evidence linking childhood adversities (CAs) and an increased risk for psychotic experiences (PEs), little is known about whether these associations vary across the life-course and whether mental disorders that emerge prior to PEs explain these associations.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="In-Process" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">28065209</PMID><DateCreated><Year>2017</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>09</Day></DateCreated><DateRevised><Year>2017</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>01</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1469-8978</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>47</Volume><Issue>7</Issue><PubDate><Year>2017</Year><Month>May</Month></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Psychological medicine</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Psychol Med</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>The association between childhood adversities and subsequent first onset of psychotic experiences: a cross-national analysis of 23 998 respondents from 17 countries.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>1230-1245</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1017/S0033291716003263</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText Label="BACKGROUND" NlmCategory="BACKGROUND">Although there is robust evidence linking childhood adversities (CAs) and an increased risk for psychotic experiences (PEs), little is known about whether these associations vary across the life-course and whether mental disorders that emerge prior to PEs explain these associations.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="METHOD" NlmCategory="METHODS">We assessed CAs, PEs and DSM-IV mental disorders in 23 998 adults in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. Discrete-time survival analysis was used to investigate the associations between CAs and PEs, and the influence of mental disorders on these associations using multivariate logistic models.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="RESULTS" NlmCategory="RESULTS">Exposure to CAs was common, and those who experienced any CAs had increased odds of later PEs [odds ratio (OR) 2.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.9-2.6]. CAs reflecting maladaptive family functioning (MFF), including abuse, neglect, and parent maladjustment, exhibited the strongest associations with PE onset in all life-course stages. Sexual abuse exhibited a strong association with PE onset during childhood (OR 8.5, 95% CI 3.6-20.2), whereas Other CA types were associated with PE onset in adolescence. Associations of other CAs with PEs disappeared in adolescence after adjustment for prior-onset mental disorders. The population attributable risk proportion (PARP) for PEs associated with all CAs was 31% (24% for MFF).</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="CONCLUSIONS" NlmCategory="CONCLUSIONS">Exposure to CAs is associated with PE onset throughout the life-course, although sexual abuse is most strongly associated with childhood-onset PEs. The presence of mental disorders prior to the onset of PEs does not fully explain these associations. The large PARPs suggest that preventing CAs could lead to a meaningful reduction in PEs in the population.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>McGrath</LastName><ForeName>J J</ForeName><Initials>JJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, andQueensland Brain Institute,University of Queensland,Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>McLaughlin</LastName><ForeName>K A</ForeName><Initials>KA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Psychology,University of Washington,Seattle,Washington,USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Saha</LastName><ForeName>S</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, andQueensland Brain Institute,University of Queensland,Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Aguilar-Gaxiola</LastName><ForeName>S</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Center for Reducing Health Disparities,UC Davis Health System,Sacramento,California,USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Al-Hamzawi</LastName><ForeName>A</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>College of Medicine, Al-Qadisiya University,Diwaniya governorate,Iraq.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Alonso</LastName><ForeName>J</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Health Services Research Unit,IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute,Barcelona,Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bruffaerts</LastName><ForeName>R</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Universitair Psychiatrisch Centrum - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (UPC-KUL),Campus Gasthuisberg,Leuven,Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>de Girolamo</LastName><ForeName>G</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>IRCCS St John of God Clinical Research Centre,IRCCS Centro S. Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli,Brescia,Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>de Jonge</LastName><ForeName>P</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Developmental Psychology,Research Program Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University of Groningen,Groningen,The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Esan</LastName><ForeName>O</ForeName><Initials>O</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Psychiatry,University of Ibadan,Nigeria.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Florescu</LastName><ForeName>S</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National School of Public Health, Management and Professional Development,Bucharest,Romania.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gureje</LastName><ForeName>O</ForeName><Initials>O</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Psychiatry,University College Hospital,Ibadan,Nigeria.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Haro</LastName><ForeName>J M</ForeName><Initials>JM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Universitat de Barcelona,Barcelona,Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hu</LastName><ForeName>C</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Shenzhen Institute of Mental Health & Shenzhen Kangning Hospital,Shenzhen,China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Karam</LastName><ForeName>E G</ForeName><Initials>EG</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine,Balamand University,Beirut,Lebanon.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kovess-Masfety</LastName><ForeName>V</ForeName><Initials>V</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Santé Publique (EHESP), EA 4057 Paris Descartes University,Paris,France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lee</LastName><ForeName>S</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Psychiatry,Chinese University of Hong Kong,Tai Po,Hong Kong.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lepine</LastName><ForeName>J P</ForeName><Initials>JP</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Hôpital Lariboisière Fernand Widal,Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris INSERM UMR-S 1144,University Paris Diderot and Paris Descartes,Paris,France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lim</LastName><ForeName>C C W</ForeName><Initials>CC</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland,St. Lucia, Queensland,Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Medina-Mora</LastName><ForeName>M E</ForeName><Initials>ME</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente,Mexico City,Mexico.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mneimneh</LastName><ForeName>Z</ForeName><Initials>Z</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Survey Research Center,Institute for Social Research,University of Michigan,Ann Arbor,Michigan,USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Pennell</LastName><ForeName>B E</ForeName><Initials>BE</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Survey Research Center,Institute for Social Research,University of Michigan,Ann Arbor,Michigan,USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Piazza</LastName><ForeName>M</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Universidad Cayetano Heredia,Lima,Peru.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Posada-Villa</LastName><ForeName>J</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca University,Bogota,Colombia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sampson</LastName><ForeName>N</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Health Care Policy,Harvard Medical School,Boston, Massachusetts,USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Viana</LastName><ForeName>M C</ForeName><Initials>MC</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Social Medicine,Federal University of Espírito Santo,Vitoria,Brazil.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Xavier</LastName><ForeName>M</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Mental Health,Faculdade de Ciências Médicas,Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC) and Universidade Nova de Lisboa,Campo dos Mártires da Pátria,Lisbon,Portugal.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bromet</LastName><ForeName>E J</ForeName><Initials>EJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Psychiatry,Stony Brook University School of Medicine,Stony Brook,New York,USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kendler</LastName><ForeName>K S</ForeName><Initials>KS</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Psychiatry,Virginia Commonwealth University,USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kessler</LastName><ForeName>R C</ForeName><Initials>RC</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Health Care Policy,Harvard Medical School,Boston, Massachusetts,USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><GrantList CompleteYN="Y"><Grant><GrantID>R01 DA016558</GrantID><Acronym>DA</Acronym><Agency>NIDA NIH HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>U01 OH010718</GrantID><Acronym>OH</Acronym><Agency>NIOSH CDC HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>U01 OH010712</GrantID><Acronym>OH</Acronym><Agency>NIOSH CDC HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>R03 TW006481</GrantID><Acronym>TW</Acronym><Agency>FIC NIH HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>R01 MH069864</GrantID><Acronym>MH</Acronym><Agency>NIMH NIH HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>U01 MH060220</GrantID><Acronym>MH</Acronym><Agency>NIMH NIH HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>R01 AG049953</GrantID><Acronym>AG</Acronym><Agency>NIA NIH HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>R01 MH070884</GrantID><Acronym>MH</Acronym><Agency>NIMH NIH HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>R13 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