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Reconstructing Asian faunal introductions to eastern Africa from multi-proxy biomolecular and archaeological datasets.

Identifieur interne : 000786 ( PubMed/Corpus ); précédent : 000785; suivant : 000787

Reconstructing Asian faunal introductions to eastern Africa from multi-proxy biomolecular and archaeological datasets.

Auteurs : Mary E. Prendergast ; Michael Buckley ; Alison Crowther ; Laurent Frantz ; Heidi Eager ; Ophélie Lebrasseur ; Rainer Hutterer ; Ardern Hulme-Beaman ; Wim Van Neer ; Katerina Douka ; Margaret-Ashley Veall ; Eriéndira M. Quintana Morales ; Verena J. Schuenemann ; Ella Reiter ; Richard Allen ; Evangelos A. Dimopoulos ; Richard M. Helm ; Ceri Shipton ; Ogeto Mwebi ; Christiane Denys ; Mark Horton ; Stephanie Wynne-Jones ; Jeffrey Fleisher ; Chantal Radimilahy ; Henry Wright ; Jeremy B. Searle ; Johannes Krause ; Greger Larson ; Nicole L. Boivin

Source :

RBID : pubmed:28817590

English descriptors

Abstract

Human-mediated biological exchange has had global social and ecological impacts. In sub-Saharan Africa, several domestic and commensal animals were introduced from Asia in the pre-modern period; however, the timing and nature of these introductions remain contentious. One model supports introduction to the eastern African coast after the mid-first millennium CE, while another posits introduction dating back to 3000 BCE. These distinct scenarios have implications for understanding the emergence of long-distance maritime connectivity, and the ecological and economic impacts of introduced species. Resolution of this longstanding debate requires new efforts, given the lack of well-dated fauna from high-precision excavations, and ambiguous osteomorphological identifications. We analysed faunal remains from 22 eastern African sites spanning a wide geographic and chronological range, and applied biomolecular techniques to confirm identifications of two Asian taxa: domestic chicken (Gallus gallus) and black rat (Rattus rattus). Our approach included ancient DNA (aDNA) analysis aided by BLAST-based bioinformatics, Zooarchaeology by Mass Spectrometry (ZooMS) collagen fingerprinting, and direct AMS (accelerator mass spectrometry) radiocarbon dating. Our results support a late, mid-first millennium CE introduction of these species. We discuss the implications of our findings for models of biological exchange, and emphasize the applicability of our approach to tropical areas with poor bone preservation.

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182565
PubMed: 28817590

Links to Exploration step

pubmed:28817590

Le document en format XML

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<name sortKey="Eager, Heidi" sort="Eager, Heidi" uniqKey="Eager H" first="Heidi" last="Eager">Heidi Eager</name>
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<name sortKey="Lebrasseur, Ophelie" sort="Lebrasseur, Ophelie" uniqKey="Lebrasseur O" first="Ophélie" last="Lebrasseur">Ophélie Lebrasseur</name>
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<name sortKey="Douka, Katerina" sort="Douka, Katerina" uniqKey="Douka K" first="Katerina" last="Douka">Katerina Douka</name>
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<name sortKey="Veall, Margaret Ashley" sort="Veall, Margaret Ashley" uniqKey="Veall M" first="Margaret-Ashley" last="Veall">Margaret-Ashley Veall</name>
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<name sortKey="Quintana Morales, Eriendira M" sort="Quintana Morales, Eriendira M" uniqKey="Quintana Morales E" first="Eriéndira M" last="Quintana Morales">Eriéndira M. Quintana Morales</name>
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<name sortKey="Schuenemann, Verena J" sort="Schuenemann, Verena J" uniqKey="Schuenemann V" first="Verena J" last="Schuenemann">Verena J. Schuenemann</name>
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<name sortKey="Reiter, Ella" sort="Reiter, Ella" uniqKey="Reiter E" first="Ella" last="Reiter">Ella Reiter</name>
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<name sortKey="Allen, Richard" sort="Allen, Richard" uniqKey="Allen R" first="Richard" last="Allen">Richard Allen</name>
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<name sortKey="Dimopoulos, Evangelos A" sort="Dimopoulos, Evangelos A" uniqKey="Dimopoulos E" first="Evangelos A" last="Dimopoulos">Evangelos A. Dimopoulos</name>
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<name sortKey="Helm, Richard M" sort="Helm, Richard M" uniqKey="Helm R" first="Richard M" last="Helm">Richard M. Helm</name>
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<name sortKey="Shipton, Ceri" sort="Shipton, Ceri" uniqKey="Shipton C" first="Ceri" last="Shipton">Ceri Shipton</name>
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<name sortKey="Mwebi, Ogeto" sort="Mwebi, Ogeto" uniqKey="Mwebi O" first="Ogeto" last="Mwebi">Ogeto Mwebi</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Dept. Zoology, Osteology Section, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya.</nlm:affiliation>
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<name sortKey="Denys, Christiane" sort="Denys, Christiane" uniqKey="Denys C" first="Christiane" last="Denys">Christiane Denys</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Dept. Systématique & Evolution, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation>
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<name sortKey="Horton, Mark" sort="Horton, Mark" uniqKey="Horton M" first="Mark" last="Horton">Mark Horton</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Dept. Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation>
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<name sortKey="Wynne Jones, Stephanie" sort="Wynne Jones, Stephanie" uniqKey="Wynne Jones S" first="Stephanie" last="Wynne-Jones">Stephanie Wynne-Jones</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Dept. Archaeology, University of York, York, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation>
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<name sortKey="Fleisher, Jeffrey" sort="Fleisher, Jeffrey" uniqKey="Fleisher J" first="Jeffrey" last="Fleisher">Jeffrey Fleisher</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Musée d'Art et d'Archéologie, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar.</nlm:affiliation>
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<name sortKey="Wright, Henry" sort="Wright, Henry" uniqKey="Wright H" first="Henry" last="Wright">Henry Wright</name>
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<name sortKey="Searle, Jeremy B" sort="Searle, Jeremy B" uniqKey="Searle J" first="Jeremy B" last="Searle">Jeremy B. Searle</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Dept. Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
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<name sortKey="Krause, Johannes" sort="Krause, Johannes" uniqKey="Krause J" first="Johannes" last="Krause">Johannes Krause</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
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<name sortKey="Larson, Greger" sort="Larson, Greger" uniqKey="Larson G" first="Greger" last="Larson">Greger Larson</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Palaeogenomics & Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation>
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<name sortKey="Boivin, Nicole L" sort="Boivin, Nicole L" uniqKey="Boivin N" first="Nicole L" last="Boivin">Nicole L. Boivin</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
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<nlm:affiliation>Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
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<name sortKey="Buckley, Michael" sort="Buckley, Michael" uniqKey="Buckley M" first="Michael" last="Buckley">Michael Buckley</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation>
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<name sortKey="Crowther, Alison" sort="Crowther, Alison" uniqKey="Crowther A" first="Alison" last="Crowther">Alison Crowther</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>School of Social Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Queensland, Australia.</nlm:affiliation>
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<name sortKey="Frantz, Laurent" sort="Frantz, Laurent" uniqKey="Frantz L" first="Laurent" last="Frantz">Laurent Frantz</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Palaeogenomics & Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
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<name sortKey="Eager, Heidi" sort="Eager, Heidi" uniqKey="Eager H" first="Heidi" last="Eager">Heidi Eager</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Dept. Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lebrasseur, Ophelie" sort="Lebrasseur, Ophelie" uniqKey="Lebrasseur O" first="Ophélie" last="Lebrasseur">Ophélie Lebrasseur</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Palaeogenomics & Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hutterer, Rainer" sort="Hutterer, Rainer" uniqKey="Hutterer R" first="Rainer" last="Hutterer">Rainer Hutterer</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:affiliation>Dept. Vertebrates, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
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<name sortKey="Hulme Beaman, Ardern" sort="Hulme Beaman, Ardern" uniqKey="Hulme Beaman A" first="Ardern" last="Hulme-Beaman">Ardern Hulme-Beaman</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:affiliation>Dept. Archaeology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Van Neer, Wim" sort="Van Neer, Wim" uniqKey="Van Neer W" first="Wim" last="Van Neer">Wim Van Neer</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:affiliation>Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
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<author>
<name sortKey="Douka, Katerina" sort="Douka, Katerina" uniqKey="Douka K" first="Katerina" last="Douka">Katerina Douka</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:affiliation>Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Veall, Margaret Ashley" sort="Veall, Margaret Ashley" uniqKey="Veall M" first="Margaret-Ashley" last="Veall">Margaret-Ashley Veall</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:affiliation>Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Quintana Morales, Eriendira M" sort="Quintana Morales, Eriendira M" uniqKey="Quintana Morales E" first="Eriéndira M" last="Quintana Morales">Eriéndira M. Quintana Morales</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:affiliation>Dept. Anthropology, Rice University, Houston, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Schuenemann, Verena J" sort="Schuenemann, Verena J" uniqKey="Schuenemann V" first="Verena J" last="Schuenemann">Verena J. Schuenemann</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:affiliation>Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Reiter, Ella" sort="Reiter, Ella" uniqKey="Reiter E" first="Ella" last="Reiter">Ella Reiter</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:affiliation>Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Allen, Richard" sort="Allen, Richard" uniqKey="Allen R" first="Richard" last="Allen">Richard Allen</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:affiliation>Palaeogenomics & Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Dimopoulos, Evangelos A" sort="Dimopoulos, Evangelos A" uniqKey="Dimopoulos E" first="Evangelos A" last="Dimopoulos">Evangelos A. Dimopoulos</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:affiliation>Palaeogenomics & Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Helm, Richard M" sort="Helm, Richard M" uniqKey="Helm R" first="Richard M" last="Helm">Richard M. Helm</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:affiliation>Canterbury Archaeological Trust, Canterbury, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Shipton, Ceri" sort="Shipton, Ceri" uniqKey="Shipton C" first="Ceri" last="Shipton">Ceri Shipton</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:affiliation>McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Mwebi, Ogeto" sort="Mwebi, Ogeto" uniqKey="Mwebi O" first="Ogeto" last="Mwebi">Ogeto Mwebi</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:affiliation>Dept. Zoology, Osteology Section, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Denys, Christiane" sort="Denys, Christiane" uniqKey="Denys C" first="Christiane" last="Denys">Christiane Denys</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:affiliation>Dept. Systématique & Evolution, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Horton, Mark" sort="Horton, Mark" uniqKey="Horton M" first="Mark" last="Horton">Mark Horton</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:affiliation>Dept. Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wynne Jones, Stephanie" sort="Wynne Jones, Stephanie" uniqKey="Wynne Jones S" first="Stephanie" last="Wynne-Jones">Stephanie Wynne-Jones</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:affiliation>Dept. Archaeology, University of York, York, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Fleisher, Jeffrey" sort="Fleisher, Jeffrey" uniqKey="Fleisher J" first="Jeffrey" last="Fleisher">Jeffrey Fleisher</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Dept. Anthropology, Rice University, Houston, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Radimilahy, Chantal" sort="Radimilahy, Chantal" uniqKey="Radimilahy C" first="Chantal" last="Radimilahy">Chantal Radimilahy</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Musée d'Art et d'Archéologie, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
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<author>
<name sortKey="Wright, Henry" sort="Wright, Henry" uniqKey="Wright H" first="Henry" last="Wright">Henry Wright</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:affiliation>Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Searle, Jeremy B" sort="Searle, Jeremy B" uniqKey="Searle J" first="Jeremy B" last="Searle">Jeremy B. Searle</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:affiliation>Dept. Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Krause, Johannes" sort="Krause, Johannes" uniqKey="Krause J" first="Johannes" last="Krause">Johannes Krause</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:affiliation>Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Larson, Greger" sort="Larson, Greger" uniqKey="Larson G" first="Greger" last="Larson">Greger Larson</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:affiliation>Palaeogenomics & Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Boivin, Nicole L" sort="Boivin, Nicole L" uniqKey="Boivin N" first="Nicole L" last="Boivin">Nicole L. Boivin</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:affiliation>Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
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<title level="j">PloS one</title>
<idno type="eISSN">1932-6203</idno>
<imprint>
<date when="2017" type="published">2017</date>
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<term>Africa</term>
<term>Animals</term>
<term>Animals, Domestic (genetics)</term>
<term>Archaeology</term>
<term>Asia</term>
<term>Chickens</term>
<term>Collagen (analysis)</term>
<term>Collagen (genetics)</term>
<term>DNA Fingerprinting</term>
<term>History, Ancient</term>
<term>Introduced Species (history)</term>
<term>Radiometric Dating</term>
<term>Rats</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="analysis" xml:lang="en">
<term>Collagen</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en">
<term>Animals, Domestic</term>
<term>Collagen</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="history" xml:lang="en">
<term>Introduced Species</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en">
<term>Africa</term>
<term>Animals</term>
<term>Archaeology</term>
<term>Asia</term>
<term>Chickens</term>
<term>DNA Fingerprinting</term>
<term>History, Ancient</term>
<term>Radiometric Dating</term>
<term>Rats</term>
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<front>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Human-mediated biological exchange has had global social and ecological impacts. In sub-Saharan Africa, several domestic and commensal animals were introduced from Asia in the pre-modern period; however, the timing and nature of these introductions remain contentious. One model supports introduction to the eastern African coast after the mid-first millennium CE, while another posits introduction dating back to 3000 BCE. These distinct scenarios have implications for understanding the emergence of long-distance maritime connectivity, and the ecological and economic impacts of introduced species. Resolution of this longstanding debate requires new efforts, given the lack of well-dated fauna from high-precision excavations, and ambiguous osteomorphological identifications. We analysed faunal remains from 22 eastern African sites spanning a wide geographic and chronological range, and applied biomolecular techniques to confirm identifications of two Asian taxa: domestic chicken (Gallus gallus) and black rat (Rattus rattus). Our approach included ancient DNA (aDNA) analysis aided by BLAST-based bioinformatics, Zooarchaeology by Mass Spectrometry (ZooMS) collagen fingerprinting, and direct AMS (accelerator mass spectrometry) radiocarbon dating. Our results support a late, mid-first millennium CE introduction of these species. We discuss the implications of our findings for models of biological exchange, and emphasize the applicability of our approach to tropical areas with poor bone preservation.</div>
</front>
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<ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1932-6203</ISSN>
<JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet">
<Volume>12</Volume>
<Issue>8</Issue>
<PubDate>
<Year>2017</Year>
</PubDate>
</JournalIssue>
<Title>PloS one</Title>
<ISOAbbreviation>PLoS ONE</ISOAbbreviation>
</Journal>
<ArticleTitle>Reconstructing Asian faunal introductions to eastern Africa from multi-proxy biomolecular and archaeological datasets.</ArticleTitle>
<Pagination>
<MedlinePgn>e0182565</MedlinePgn>
</Pagination>
<ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1371/journal.pone.0182565</ELocationID>
<Abstract>
<AbstractText>Human-mediated biological exchange has had global social and ecological impacts. In sub-Saharan Africa, several domestic and commensal animals were introduced from Asia in the pre-modern period; however, the timing and nature of these introductions remain contentious. One model supports introduction to the eastern African coast after the mid-first millennium CE, while another posits introduction dating back to 3000 BCE. These distinct scenarios have implications for understanding the emergence of long-distance maritime connectivity, and the ecological and economic impacts of introduced species. Resolution of this longstanding debate requires new efforts, given the lack of well-dated fauna from high-precision excavations, and ambiguous osteomorphological identifications. We analysed faunal remains from 22 eastern African sites spanning a wide geographic and chronological range, and applied biomolecular techniques to confirm identifications of two Asian taxa: domestic chicken (Gallus gallus) and black rat (Rattus rattus). Our approach included ancient DNA (aDNA) analysis aided by BLAST-based bioinformatics, Zooarchaeology by Mass Spectrometry (ZooMS) collagen fingerprinting, and direct AMS (accelerator mass spectrometry) radiocarbon dating. Our results support a late, mid-first millennium CE introduction of these species. We discuss the implications of our findings for models of biological exchange, and emphasize the applicability of our approach to tropical areas with poor bone preservation.</AbstractText>
</Abstract>
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<LastName>Prendergast</LastName>
<ForeName>Mary E</ForeName>
<Initials>ME</Initials>
<Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0275-6795</Identifier>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
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<LastName>Buckley</LastName>
<ForeName>Michael</ForeName>
<Initials>M</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
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<LastName>Crowther</LastName>
<ForeName>Alison</ForeName>
<Initials>A</Initials>
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<Affiliation>School of Social Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Queensland, Australia.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
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<LastName>Frantz</LastName>
<ForeName>Laurent</ForeName>
<Initials>L</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Palaeogenomics & Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, United Kingdom.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
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<LastName>Eager</LastName>
<ForeName>Heidi</ForeName>
<Initials>H</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Dept. Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
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<ForeName>Ophélie</ForeName>
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</AffiliationInfo>
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<ForeName>Rainer</ForeName>
<Initials>R</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Dept. Vertebrates, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
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<ForeName>Ardern</ForeName>
<Initials>A</Initials>
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<Affiliation>Dept. Archaeology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
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<ForeName>Wim</ForeName>
<Initials>W</Initials>
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<Affiliation>Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Dept. Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>Katerina</ForeName>
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<ForeName>Margaret-Ashley</ForeName>
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</AffiliationInfo>
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<LastName>Quintana Morales</LastName>
<ForeName>Eriéndira M</ForeName>
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<Affiliation>Dept. Anthropology, Rice University, Houston, United States of America.</Affiliation>
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<Initials>C</Initials>
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<Affiliation>McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom.</Affiliation>
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<Affiliation>British Institute in Eastern Africa, Nairobi, Kenya.</Affiliation>
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<Affiliation>Dept. Zoology, Osteology Section, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya.</Affiliation>
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<LastName>Denys</LastName>
<ForeName>Christiane</ForeName>
<Initials>C</Initials>
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<LastName>Horton</LastName>
<ForeName>Mark</ForeName>
<Initials>M</Initials>
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<Affiliation>Dept. Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.</Affiliation>
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<LastName>Wynne-Jones</LastName>
<ForeName>Stephanie</ForeName>
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<Initials>J</Initials>
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<ForeName>Chantal</ForeName>
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<Affiliation>Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe NM, United States of America.</Affiliation>
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