Environmental Electrokinetics for a sustainable subsurface.
Identifieur interne : 000747 ( PubMed/Corpus ); précédent : 000746; suivant : 000748Environmental Electrokinetics for a sustainable subsurface.
Auteurs : A T Lima ; A. Hofmann ; D. Reynolds ; C J Ptacek ; P. Van Cappellen ; L M Ottosen ; S. Pamukcu ; A. Alshawabekh ; D M O'Carroll ; C. Riis ; E. Cox ; D B Gent ; R. Landis ; J. Wang ; A I A. Chowdhury ; E L Secord ; A. Sanchez-HachairSource :
- Chemosphere [ 1879-1298 ] ; 2017.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- MESH :
- chemical , analysis : Soil Pollutants.
- chemical : Soil.
- methods : Environmental Restoration and Remediation.
- Biodegradation, Environmental, Electrochemical Techniques, Groundwater.
Abstract
Soil and groundwater are key components in the sustainable management of the subsurface environment. Source contamination is one of its main threats and is commonly addressed using established remediation techniques such as in-situ chemical oxidation (ISCO), in-situ chemical reduction (ISCR; most notably using zero-valent iron [ZVI]), enhanced in-situ bioremediation (EISB), phytoremediation, soil-washing, pump-and-treat, soil vapour extraction (SVE), thermal treatment, and excavation and disposal. Decades of field applications have shown that these techniques can successfully treat or control contaminants in higher permeability subsurface materials such as sands, but achieve only limited success at sites where low permeability soils, such as silts and clays, prevail. Electrokinetics (EK), a soil remediation technique mostly recognized in in-situ treatment of low permeability soils, has, for the last decade, been combined with more conventional techniques and can significantly enhance the performance of several of these remediation technologies, including ISCO, ISCR, EISB and phytoremediation. Herein, we discuss the use of emerging EK techniques in tandem with conventional remediation techniques, to achieve improved remediation performance. Furthermore, we highlight new EK applications that may come to play a role in the sustainable treatment of the contaminated subsurface.
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.143
PubMed: 28433930
Links to Exploration step
pubmed:28433930Le document en format XML
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Reynolds</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Geosyntec Consultants, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ptacek, C J" sort="Ptacek, C J" uniqKey="Ptacek C" first="C J" last="Ptacek">C J Ptacek</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Water Institute, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Cappellen, P" sort="Van Cappellen, P" uniqKey="Van Cappellen P" first="P" last="Van Cappellen">P. 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Alshawabekh</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="O Carroll, D M" sort="O Carroll, D M" uniqKey="O Carroll D" first="D M" last="O'Carroll">D M O'Carroll</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Connected Water Initiative, University of New South Wales, Manly Vale, NSW, 2093, Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Riis, C" sort="Riis, C" uniqKey="Riis C" first="C" last="Riis">C. Riis</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>NIRAS, Sortemosevej 19, 3450 Alleroed, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cox, E" sort="Cox, E" uniqKey="Cox E" first="E" last="Cox">E. Cox</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Geosyntec Consultants, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gent, D B" sort="Gent, D B" uniqKey="Gent D" first="D B" last="Gent">D B Gent</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Environmental Laboratory, USACE Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Landis, R" sort="Landis, R" uniqKey="Landis R" first="R" last="Landis">R. Landis</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>RichLand Consulting, LLC, Wilmington, DE, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, J" sort="Wang, J" uniqKey="Wang J" first="J" last="Wang">J. Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Geosyntec Consultants, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chowdhury, A I A" sort="Chowdhury, A I A" uniqKey="Chowdhury A" first="A I A" last="Chowdhury">A I A. Chowdhury</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Secord, E L" sort="Secord, E L" uniqKey="Secord E" first="E L" last="Secord">E L Secord</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Ecohydrology Research Group, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Water Institute, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sanchez Hachair, A" sort="Sanchez Hachair, A" uniqKey="Sanchez Hachair A" first="A" last="Sanchez-Hachair">A. Sanchez-Hachair</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Lille, CNRS, UMR 8187, LOG, Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2017">2017</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:28433930</idno><idno type="pmid">28433930</idno><idno type="doi">10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.143</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">000747</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000747</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Environmental Electrokinetics for a sustainable subsurface.</title><author><name sortKey="Lima, A T" sort="Lima, A T" uniqKey="Lima A" first="A T" last="Lima">A T Lima</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Ecohydrology Research Group, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Water Institute, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada; Department of Environmental Engineering, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil. Electronic address: lima.at@gmail.com.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hofmann, A" sort="Hofmann, A" uniqKey="Hofmann A" first="A" last="Hofmann">A. Hofmann</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Lille, CNRS, UMR 8187, LOG, Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reynolds, D" sort="Reynolds, D" uniqKey="Reynolds D" first="D" last="Reynolds">D. Reynolds</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Geosyntec Consultants, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ptacek, C J" sort="Ptacek, C J" uniqKey="Ptacek C" first="C J" last="Ptacek">C J Ptacek</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Water Institute, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Cappellen, P" sort="Van Cappellen, P" uniqKey="Van Cappellen P" first="P" last="Van Cappellen">P. Van Cappellen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Ecohydrology Research Group, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Water Institute, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ottosen, L M" sort="Ottosen, L M" uniqKey="Ottosen L" first="L M" last="Ottosen">L M Ottosen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pamukcu, S" sort="Pamukcu, S" uniqKey="Pamukcu S" first="S" last="Pamukcu">S. Pamukcu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alshawabekh, A" sort="Alshawabekh, A" uniqKey="Alshawabekh A" first="A" last="Alshawabekh">A. Alshawabekh</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="O Carroll, D M" sort="O Carroll, D M" uniqKey="O Carroll D" first="D M" last="O'Carroll">D M O'Carroll</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Connected Water Initiative, University of New South Wales, Manly Vale, NSW, 2093, Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Riis, C" sort="Riis, C" uniqKey="Riis C" first="C" last="Riis">C. Riis</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>NIRAS, Sortemosevej 19, 3450 Alleroed, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cox, E" sort="Cox, E" uniqKey="Cox E" first="E" last="Cox">E. Cox</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Geosyntec Consultants, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gent, D B" sort="Gent, D B" uniqKey="Gent D" first="D B" last="Gent">D B Gent</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Environmental Laboratory, USACE Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Landis, R" sort="Landis, R" uniqKey="Landis R" first="R" last="Landis">R. Landis</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>RichLand Consulting, LLC, Wilmington, DE, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, J" sort="Wang, J" uniqKey="Wang J" first="J" last="Wang">J. Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Geosyntec Consultants, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chowdhury, A I A" sort="Chowdhury, A I A" uniqKey="Chowdhury A" first="A I A" last="Chowdhury">A I A. Chowdhury</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Secord, E L" sort="Secord, E L" uniqKey="Secord E" first="E L" last="Secord">E L Secord</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Ecohydrology Research Group, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Water Institute, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sanchez Hachair, A" sort="Sanchez Hachair, A" uniqKey="Sanchez Hachair A" first="A" last="Sanchez-Hachair">A. Sanchez-Hachair</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Lille, CNRS, UMR 8187, LOG, Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Chemosphere</title><idno type="eISSN">1879-1298</idno><imprint><date when="2017" type="published">2017</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Biodegradation, Environmental</term><term>Electrochemical Techniques</term><term>Environmental Restoration and Remediation (methods)</term><term>Groundwater</term><term>Soil</term><term>Soil Pollutants (analysis)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="analysis" xml:lang="en"><term>Soil Pollutants</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" xml:lang="en"><term>Soil</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="methods" xml:lang="en"><term>Environmental Restoration and Remediation</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Biodegradation, Environmental</term><term>Electrochemical Techniques</term><term>Groundwater</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Soil and groundwater are key components in the sustainable management of the subsurface environment. Source contamination is one of its main threats and is commonly addressed using established remediation techniques such as in-situ chemical oxidation (ISCO), in-situ chemical reduction (ISCR; most notably using zero-valent iron [ZVI]), enhanced in-situ bioremediation (EISB), phytoremediation, soil-washing, pump-and-treat, soil vapour extraction (SVE), thermal treatment, and excavation and disposal. Decades of field applications have shown that these techniques can successfully treat or control contaminants in higher permeability subsurface materials such as sands, but achieve only limited success at sites where low permeability soils, such as silts and clays, prevail. Electrokinetics (EK), a soil remediation technique mostly recognized in in-situ treatment of low permeability soils, has, for the last decade, been combined with more conventional techniques and can significantly enhance the performance of several of these remediation technologies, including ISCO, ISCR, EISB and phytoremediation. Herein, we discuss the use of emerging EK techniques in tandem with conventional remediation techniques, to achieve improved remediation performance. Furthermore, we highlight new EK applications that may come to play a role in the sustainable treatment of the contaminated subsurface.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">28433930</PMID><DateCreated><Year>2017</Year><Month>04</Month><Day>23</Day></DateCreated><DateCompleted><Year>2017</Year><Month>08</Month><Day>02</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2017</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>16</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1879-1298</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>181</Volume><PubDate><Year>2017</Year><Month>Aug</Month></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Chemosphere</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Chemosphere</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Environmental Electrokinetics for a sustainable subsurface.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>122-133</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="pii" ValidYN="Y">S0045-6535(17)30504-0</ELocationID><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.143</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Soil and groundwater are key components in the sustainable management of the subsurface environment. Source contamination is one of its main threats and is commonly addressed using established remediation techniques such as in-situ chemical oxidation (ISCO), in-situ chemical reduction (ISCR; most notably using zero-valent iron [ZVI]), enhanced in-situ bioremediation (EISB), phytoremediation, soil-washing, pump-and-treat, soil vapour extraction (SVE), thermal treatment, and excavation and disposal. Decades of field applications have shown that these techniques can successfully treat or control contaminants in higher permeability subsurface materials such as sands, but achieve only limited success at sites where low permeability soils, such as silts and clays, prevail. Electrokinetics (EK), a soil remediation technique mostly recognized in in-situ treatment of low permeability soils, has, for the last decade, been combined with more conventional techniques and can significantly enhance the performance of several of these remediation technologies, including ISCO, ISCR, EISB and phytoremediation. Herein, we discuss the use of emerging EK techniques in tandem with conventional remediation techniques, to achieve improved remediation performance. Furthermore, we highlight new EK applications that may come to play a role in the sustainable treatment of the contaminated subsurface.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lima</LastName><ForeName>A T</ForeName><Initials>AT</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Ecohydrology Research Group, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Water Institute, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada; Department of Environmental Engineering, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil. Electronic address: lima.at@gmail.com.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hofmann</LastName><ForeName>A</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Lille, CNRS, UMR 8187, LOG, Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Reynolds</LastName><ForeName>D</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Geosyntec Consultants, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ptacek</LastName><ForeName>C J</ForeName><Initials>CJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Water Institute, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Van Cappellen</LastName><ForeName>P</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Ecohydrology Research Group, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Water Institute, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ottosen</LastName><ForeName>L M</ForeName><Initials>LM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Pamukcu</LastName><ForeName>S</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Alshawabekh</LastName><ForeName>A</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>O'Carroll</LastName><ForeName>D M</ForeName><Initials>DM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Connected Water Initiative, University of New South Wales, Manly Vale, NSW, 2093, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Riis</LastName><ForeName>C</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>NIRAS, Sortemosevej 19, 3450 Alleroed, Denmark.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Cox</LastName><ForeName>E</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Geosyntec Consultants, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gent</LastName><ForeName>D B</ForeName><Initials>DB</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Environmental Laboratory, USACE Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Landis</LastName><ForeName>R</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>RichLand Consulting, LLC, Wilmington, DE, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wang</LastName><ForeName>J</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Geosyntec Consultants, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Chowdhury</LastName><ForeName>A I A</ForeName><Initials>AIA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Secord</LastName><ForeName>E L</ForeName><Initials>EL</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Ecohydrology Research Group, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Water Institute, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sanchez-Hachair</LastName><ForeName>A</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Lille, CNRS, UMR 8187, LOG, Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D016454">Review</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2017</Year><Month>04</Month><Day>11</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>England</Country><MedlineTA>Chemosphere</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>0320657</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0045-6535</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D012987">Soil</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D012989">Soil Pollutants</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D001673" MajorTopicYN="Y">Biodegradation, Environmental</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D055664" MajorTopicYN="N">Electrochemical Techniques</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D052918" MajorTopicYN="N">Environmental Restoration and Remediation</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000379" MajorTopicYN="Y">methods</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D060587" MajorTopicYN="N">Groundwater</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D012987" MajorTopicYN="N">Soil</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D012989" MajorTopicYN="N">Soil Pollutants</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000032" MajorTopicYN="N">analysis</QualifierName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Bioremediation</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Electrokinetics</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">ISCO</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Landfill</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Nano zero valent iron (nZVI)</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Phyto-remediation</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Plume migration</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Remediation</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Subsurface contamination</Keyword></KeywordList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2017</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>31</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="revised"><Year>2017</Year><Month>03</Month><Day>27</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2017</Year><Month>03</Month><Day>28</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2017</Year><Month>4</Month><Day>24</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate 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