A kilonova as the electromagnetic counterpart to a gravitational-wave source.
Identifieur interne : 000155 ( PubMed/Corpus ); précédent : 000154; suivant : 000156A kilonova as the electromagnetic counterpart to a gravitational-wave source.
Auteurs : S J Smartt ; T-W Chen ; A. Jerkstrand ; M. Coughlin ; E. Kankare ; S A Sim ; M. Fraser ; C. Inserra ; K. Maguire ; K C Chambers ; M E Huber ; T. Krühler ; G. Leloudas ; M. Magee ; L J Shingles ; K W Smith ; D R Young ; J. Tonry ; R. Kotak ; A. Gal-Yam ; J D Lyman ; D S Homan ; C. Agliozzo ; J P Anderson ; C R Angus ; C. Ashall ; C. Barbarino ; F E Bauer ; M. Berton ; M T Botticella ; M. Bulla ; J. Bulger ; G. Cannizzaro ; Z. Cano ; R. Cartier ; A. Cikota ; P. Clark ; A. De Cia ; M. Della Valle ; L. Denneau ; M. Dennefeld ; L. Dessart ; G. Dimitriadis ; N. Elias-Rosa ; R E Firth ; H. Flewelling ; A. Flörs ; A. Franckowiak ; C. Frohmaier ; L. Galbany ; S. González-Gaitán ; J. Greiner ; M. Gromadzki ; A Nicuesa Guelbenzu ; C P Gutiérrez ; A. Hamanowicz ; L. Hanlon ; J. Harmanen ; K E Heintz ; A. Heinze ; M-S Hernandez ; S T Hodgkin ; I M Hook ; L. Izzo ; P A James ; P G Jonker ; W E Kerzendorf ; S. Klose ; Z. Kostrzewa-Rutkowska ; M. Kowalski ; M. Kromer ; H. Kuncarayakti ; A. Lawrence ; T B Lowe ; E A Magnier ; I. Manulis ; A. Martin-Carrillo ; S. Mattila ; O. Mcbrien ; A. Müller ; J. Nordin ; D. O'Neill ; F. Onori ; J T Palmerio ; A. Pastorello ; F. Patat ; G. Pignata ; Ph Podsiadlowski ; M L Pumo ; S J Prentice ; A. Rau ; A. Razza ; A. Rest ; T. Reynolds ; R. Roy ; A J Ruiter ; K A Rybicki ; L. Salmon ; P. Schady ; A S B. Schultz ; T. Schweyer ; I R Seitenzahl ; M. Smith ; J. Sollerman ; B. Stalder ; C W Stubbs ; M. Sullivan ; H. Szegedi ; F. Taddia ; S. Taubenberger ; G. Terreran ; B. Van Soelen ; J. Vos ; R J Wainscoat ; N A Walton ; C. Waters ; H. Weiland ; M. Willman ; P. Wiseman ; D E Wright ; Ł Wyrzykowski ; O. YaronSource :
- Nature [ 1476-4687 ] ; 2017.
Abstract
Gravitational waves were discovered with the detection of binary black-hole mergers and they should also be detectable from lower-mass neutron-star mergers. These are predicted to eject material rich in heavy radioactive isotopes that can power an electromagnetic signal. This signal is luminous at optical and infrared wavelengths and is called a kilonova. The gravitational-wave source GW170817 arose from a binary neutron-star merger in the nearby Universe with a relatively well confined sky position and distance estimate. Here we report observations and physical modelling of a rapidly fading electromagnetic transient in the galaxy NGC 4993, which is spatially coincident with GW170817 and with a weak, short γ-ray burst. The transient has physical parameters that broadly match the theoretical predictions of blue kilonovae from neutron-star mergers. The emitted electromagnetic radiation can be explained with an ejected mass of 0.04 ± 0.01 solar masses, with an opacity of less than 0.5 square centimetres per gram, at a velocity of 0.2 ± 0.1 times light speed. The power source is constrained to have a power-law slope of -1.2 ± 0.3, consistent with radioactive powering from r-process nuclides. (The r-process is a series of neutron capture reactions that synthesise many of the elements heavier than iron.) We identify line features in the spectra that are consistent with light r-process elements (atomic masses of 90-140). As it fades, the transient rapidly becomes red, and a higher-opacity, lanthanide-rich ejecta component may contribute to the emission. This indicates that neutron-star mergers produce gravitational waves and radioactively powered kilonovae, and are a nucleosynthetic source of the r-process elements.
DOI: 10.1038/nature24303
PubMed: 29094693
Links to Exploration step
pubmed:29094693Le document en format XML
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Jerkstrand</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Max-Planck Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Munich, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Coughlin, M" sort="Coughlin, M" uniqKey="Coughlin M" first="M" last="Coughlin">M. Coughlin</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>LIGO Laboratory West Bridge, Room 257 California Institute of Technology, MC 100-36, Pasadena, California 91125, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kankare, E" sort="Kankare, E" uniqKey="Kankare E" first="E" last="Kankare">E. Kankare</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sim, S A" sort="Sim, S A" uniqKey="Sim S" first="S A" last="Sim">S A Sim</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fraser, M" sort="Fraser, M" uniqKey="Fraser M" first="M" last="Fraser">M. Fraser</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Physics, O'Brien Centre for Science North, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Inserra, C" sort="Inserra, C" uniqKey="Inserra C" first="C" last="Inserra">C. Inserra</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maguire, K" sort="Maguire, K" uniqKey="Maguire K" first="K" last="Maguire">K. Maguire</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chambers, K C" sort="Chambers, K C" uniqKey="Chambers K" first="K C" last="Chambers">K C Chambers</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Huber, M E" sort="Huber, M E" uniqKey="Huber M" first="M E" last="Huber">M E Huber</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kruhler, T" sort="Kruhler, T" uniqKey="Kruhler T" first="T" last="Krühler">T. Krühler</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, Giessenbach-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Munich, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Leloudas, G" sort="Leloudas, G" uniqKey="Leloudas G" first="G" last="Leloudas">G. Leloudas</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Dark Cosmology Centre, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 30, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Magee, M" sort="Magee, M" uniqKey="Magee M" first="M" last="Magee">M. Magee</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shingles, L J" sort="Shingles, L J" uniqKey="Shingles L" first="L J" last="Shingles">L J Shingles</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, K W" sort="Smith, K W" uniqKey="Smith K" first="K W" last="Smith">K W Smith</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Young, D R" sort="Young, D R" uniqKey="Young D" first="D R" last="Young">D R Young</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tonry, J" sort="Tonry, J" uniqKey="Tonry J" first="J" last="Tonry">J. 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Gal-Yam</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lyman, J D" sort="Lyman, J D" uniqKey="Lyman J" first="J D" last="Lyman">J D Lyman</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Homan, D S" sort="Homan, D S" uniqKey="Homan D" first="D S" last="Homan">D S Homan</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Astronomy, SUPA (Scottish Universities Physics Alliance), University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Agliozzo, C" sort="Agliozzo, C" uniqKey="Agliozzo C" first="C" last="Agliozzo">C. Agliozzo</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Departamento de Ciencias Fisicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Avenida de Republica 252, Santiago, Chile.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Anderson, J P" sort="Anderson, J P" uniqKey="Anderson J" first="J P" last="Anderson">J P Anderson</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>European Southern Observatory, Alonso de Córdova 3107, Casilla 19, Santiago, Chile.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Angus, C R" sort="Angus, C R" uniqKey="Angus C" first="C R" last="Angus">C R Angus</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ashall, C" sort="Ashall, C" uniqKey="Ashall C" first="C" last="Ashall">C. 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Galilei', Università di Padova, Vicolo dell'Osservatorio 3, 35122 Padova, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Botticella, M T" sort="Botticella, M T" uniqKey="Botticella M" first="M T" last="Botticella">M T Botticella</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, via Salita Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bulla, M" sort="Bulla, M" uniqKey="Bulla M" first="M" last="Bulla">M. Bulla</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bulger, J" sort="Bulger, J" uniqKey="Bulger J" first="J" last="Bulger">J. 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Cartier</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cikota, A" sort="Cikota, A" uniqKey="Cikota A" first="A" last="Cikota">A. Cikota</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild Strasse 2, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Clark, P" sort="Clark, P" uniqKey="Clark P" first="P" last="Clark">P. Clark</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Cia, A" sort="De Cia, A" uniqKey="De Cia A" first="A" last="De Cia">A. 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Galbany</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>PITT PACC, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gonzalez Gaitan, S" sort="Gonzalez Gaitan, S" uniqKey="Gonzalez Gaitan S" first="S" last="González-Gaitán">S. González-Gaitán</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CENTRA, Instituto Superior Técnico - Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Greiner, J" sort="Greiner, J" uniqKey="Greiner J" first="J" last="Greiner">J. Greiner</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, Giessenbach-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Munich, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gromadzki, M" sort="Gromadzki, M" uniqKey="Gromadzki M" first="M" last="Gromadzki">M. 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Klose</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg, Sternwarte 5, 07778 Tautenburg, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kostrzewa Rutkowska, Z" sort="Kostrzewa Rutkowska, Z" uniqKey="Kostrzewa Rutkowska Z" first="Z" last="Kostrzewa-Rutkowska">Z. Kostrzewa-Rutkowska</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>SRON, Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Sorbonnelaan 2, NL-3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kowalski, M" sort="Kowalski, M" uniqKey="Kowalski M" first="M" last="Kowalski">M. Kowalski</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kromer, M" sort="Kromer, M" uniqKey="Kromer M" first="M" last="Kromer">M. Kromer</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Institut für Theoretische Astrophysik, Philosophenweg 12, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kuncarayakti, H" sort="Kuncarayakti, H" uniqKey="Kuncarayakti H" first="H" last="Kuncarayakti">H. Kuncarayakti</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Tuorla observatory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Väisäläntie 20, FI-21500 Piikkiö, Finland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lawrence, A" sort="Lawrence, A" uniqKey="Lawrence A" first="A" last="Lawrence">A. Lawrence</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Astronomy, SUPA (Scottish Universities Physics Alliance), University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lowe, T B" sort="Lowe, T B" uniqKey="Lowe T" first="T B" last="Lowe">T B Lowe</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Magnier, E A" sort="Magnier, E A" uniqKey="Magnier E" first="E A" last="Magnier">E A Magnier</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Manulis, I" sort="Manulis, I" uniqKey="Manulis I" first="I" last="Manulis">I. Manulis</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martin Carrillo, A" sort="Martin Carrillo, A" uniqKey="Martin Carrillo A" first="A" last="Martin-Carrillo">A. Martin-Carrillo</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Physics, O'Brien Centre for Science North, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mattila, S" sort="Mattila, S" uniqKey="Mattila S" first="S" last="Mattila">S. Mattila</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Tuorla observatory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Väisäläntie 20, FI-21500 Piikkiö, Finland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mcbrien, O" sort="Mcbrien, O" uniqKey="Mcbrien O" first="O" last="Mcbrien">O. Mcbrien</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Muller, A" sort="Muller, A" uniqKey="Muller A" first="A" last="Müller">A. Müller</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nordin, J" sort="Nordin, J" uniqKey="Nordin J" first="J" last="Nordin">J. Nordin</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institut fur Physik, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="O Neill, D" sort="O Neill, D" uniqKey="O Neill D" first="D" last="O'Neill">D. O'Neill</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Onori, F" sort="Onori, F" uniqKey="Onori F" first="F" last="Onori">F. Onori</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>SRON, Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Sorbonnelaan 2, NL-3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Palmerio, J T" sort="Palmerio, J T" uniqKey="Palmerio J" first="J T" last="Palmerio">J T Palmerio</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 6 and CNRS, UMR 7095, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pastorello, A" sort="Pastorello, A" uniqKey="Pastorello A" first="A" last="Pastorello">A. Pastorello</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Patat, F" sort="Patat, F" uniqKey="Patat F" first="F" last="Patat">F. Patat</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild Strasse 2, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pignata, G" sort="Pignata, G" uniqKey="Pignata G" first="G" last="Pignata">G. Pignata</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Departamento de Ciencias Fisicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Avenida de Republica 252, Santiago, Chile.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Podsiadlowski, Ph" sort="Podsiadlowski, Ph" uniqKey="Podsiadlowski P" first="Ph" last="Podsiadlowski">Ph Podsiadlowski</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Astrophysics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pumo, M L" sort="Pumo, M L" uniqKey="Pumo M" first="M L" last="Pumo">M L Pumo</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Prentice, S J" sort="Prentice, S J" uniqKey="Prentice S" first="S J" last="Prentice">S J Prentice</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, IC2, Liverpool Science Park, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rau, A" sort="Rau, A" uniqKey="Rau A" first="A" last="Rau">A. Rau</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, Giessenbach-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Munich, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Razza, A" sort="Razza, A" uniqKey="Razza A" first="A" last="Razza">A. Razza</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>European Southern Observatory, Alonso de Córdova 3107, Casilla 19, Santiago, Chile.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rest, A" sort="Rest, A" uniqKey="Rest A" first="A" last="Rest">A. Rest</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reynolds, T" sort="Reynolds, T" uniqKey="Reynolds T" first="T" last="Reynolds">T. Reynolds</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Tuorla observatory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Väisäläntie 20, FI-21500 Piikkiö, Finland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roy, R" sort="Roy, R" uniqKey="Roy R" first="R" last="Roy">R. Roy</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ruiter, A J" sort="Ruiter, A J" uniqKey="Ruiter A" first="A J" last="Ruiter">A J Ruiter</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Physical, Environmental, and Mathematical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Australian Defence Force Academy, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2600, Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rybicki, K A" sort="Rybicki, K A" uniqKey="Rybicki K" first="K A" last="Rybicki">K A Rybicki</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Warsaw University Astronomical Observatory, Aleje Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa, Poland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Salmon, L" sort="Salmon, L" uniqKey="Salmon L" first="L" last="Salmon">L. Salmon</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Physics, O'Brien Centre for Science North, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schady, P" sort="Schady, P" uniqKey="Schady P" first="P" last="Schady">P. Schady</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, Giessenbach-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Munich, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schultz, A S B" sort="Schultz, A S B" uniqKey="Schultz A" first="A S B" last="Schultz">A S B. Schultz</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schweyer, T" sort="Schweyer, T" uniqKey="Schweyer T" first="T" last="Schweyer">T. Schweyer</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, Giessenbach-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Munich, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Seitenzahl, I R" sort="Seitenzahl, I R" uniqKey="Seitenzahl I" first="I R" last="Seitenzahl">I R Seitenzahl</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Physical, Environmental, and Mathematical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Australian Defence Force Academy, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2600, Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, M" sort="Smith, M" uniqKey="Smith M" first="M" last="Smith">M. Smith</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sollerman, J" sort="Sollerman, J" uniqKey="Sollerman J" first="J" last="Sollerman">J. Sollerman</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stalder, B" sort="Stalder, B" uniqKey="Stalder B" first="B" last="Stalder">B. Stalder</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>LSST, 950 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stubbs, C W" sort="Stubbs, C W" uniqKey="Stubbs C" first="C W" last="Stubbs">C W Stubbs</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sullivan, M" sort="Sullivan, M" uniqKey="Sullivan M" first="M" last="Sullivan">M. Sullivan</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Szegedi, H" sort="Szegedi, H" uniqKey="Szegedi H" first="H" last="Szegedi">H. Szegedi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Physics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Taddia, F" sort="Taddia, F" uniqKey="Taddia F" first="F" last="Taddia">F. Taddia</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Taubenberger, S" sort="Taubenberger, S" uniqKey="Taubenberger S" first="S" last="Taubenberger">S. Taubenberger</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Max-Planck Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Munich, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Terreran, G" sort="Terreran, G" uniqKey="Terreran G" first="G" last="Terreran">G. Terreran</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Soelen, B" sort="Van Soelen, B" uniqKey="Van Soelen B" first="B" last="Van Soelen">B. Van Soelen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Physics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vos, J" sort="Vos, J" uniqKey="Vos J" first="J" last="Vos">J. Vos</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Instituto de Física y Astronomía, Universidad de Valparaiso, Gran Bretaña 1111, Playa Ancha, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wainscoat, R J" sort="Wainscoat, R J" uniqKey="Wainscoat R" first="R J" last="Wainscoat">R J Wainscoat</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Walton, N A" sort="Walton, N A" uniqKey="Walton N" first="N A" last="Walton">N A Walton</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Waters, C" sort="Waters, C" uniqKey="Waters C" first="C" last="Waters">C. Waters</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Weiland, H" sort="Weiland, H" uniqKey="Weiland H" first="H" last="Weiland">H. Weiland</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Willman, M" sort="Willman, M" uniqKey="Willman M" first="M" last="Willman">M. Willman</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wiseman, P" sort="Wiseman, P" uniqKey="Wiseman P" first="P" last="Wiseman">P. Wiseman</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, Giessenbach-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Munich, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wright, D E" sort="Wright, D E" uniqKey="Wright D" first="D E" last="Wright">D E Wright</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, 116 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0149, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wyrzykowski, L" sort="Wyrzykowski, L" uniqKey="Wyrzykowski L" first="Ł" last="Wyrzykowski">Ł Wyrzykowski</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Warsaw University Astronomical Observatory, Aleje Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa, Poland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yaron, O" sort="Yaron, O" uniqKey="Yaron O" first="O" last="Yaron">O. 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Jerkstrand</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Max-Planck Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Munich, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Coughlin, M" sort="Coughlin, M" uniqKey="Coughlin M" first="M" last="Coughlin">M. Coughlin</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>LIGO Laboratory West Bridge, Room 257 California Institute of Technology, MC 100-36, Pasadena, California 91125, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kankare, E" sort="Kankare, E" uniqKey="Kankare E" first="E" last="Kankare">E. Kankare</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sim, S A" sort="Sim, S A" uniqKey="Sim S" first="S A" last="Sim">S A Sim</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fraser, M" sort="Fraser, M" uniqKey="Fraser M" first="M" last="Fraser">M. Fraser</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Physics, O'Brien Centre for Science North, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Inserra, C" sort="Inserra, C" uniqKey="Inserra C" first="C" last="Inserra">C. Inserra</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maguire, K" sort="Maguire, K" uniqKey="Maguire K" first="K" last="Maguire">K. Maguire</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chambers, K C" sort="Chambers, K C" uniqKey="Chambers K" first="K C" last="Chambers">K C Chambers</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Huber, M E" sort="Huber, M E" uniqKey="Huber M" first="M E" last="Huber">M E Huber</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kruhler, T" sort="Kruhler, T" uniqKey="Kruhler T" first="T" last="Krühler">T. Krühler</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, Giessenbach-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Munich, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Leloudas, G" sort="Leloudas, G" uniqKey="Leloudas G" first="G" last="Leloudas">G. Leloudas</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Dark Cosmology Centre, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 30, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Magee, M" sort="Magee, M" uniqKey="Magee M" first="M" last="Magee">M. Magee</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shingles, L J" sort="Shingles, L J" uniqKey="Shingles L" first="L J" last="Shingles">L J Shingles</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, K W" sort="Smith, K W" uniqKey="Smith K" first="K W" last="Smith">K W Smith</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Young, D R" sort="Young, D R" uniqKey="Young D" first="D R" last="Young">D R Young</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tonry, J" sort="Tonry, J" uniqKey="Tonry J" first="J" last="Tonry">J. Tonry</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kotak, R" sort="Kotak, R" uniqKey="Kotak R" first="R" last="Kotak">R. Kotak</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gal Yam, A" sort="Gal Yam, A" uniqKey="Gal Yam A" first="A" last="Gal-Yam">A. Gal-Yam</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lyman, J D" sort="Lyman, J D" uniqKey="Lyman J" first="J D" last="Lyman">J D Lyman</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Homan, D S" sort="Homan, D S" uniqKey="Homan D" first="D S" last="Homan">D S Homan</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Astronomy, SUPA (Scottish Universities Physics Alliance), University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Agliozzo, C" sort="Agliozzo, C" uniqKey="Agliozzo C" first="C" last="Agliozzo">C. Agliozzo</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Departamento de Ciencias Fisicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Avenida de Republica 252, Santiago, Chile.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Anderson, J P" sort="Anderson, J P" uniqKey="Anderson J" first="J P" last="Anderson">J P Anderson</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>European Southern Observatory, Alonso de Córdova 3107, Casilla 19, Santiago, Chile.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Angus, C R" sort="Angus, C R" uniqKey="Angus C" first="C R" last="Angus">C R Angus</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ashall, C" sort="Ashall, C" uniqKey="Ashall C" first="C" last="Ashall">C. Ashall</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, IC2, Liverpool Science Park, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barbarino, C" sort="Barbarino, C" uniqKey="Barbarino C" first="C" last="Barbarino">C. Barbarino</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bauer, F E" sort="Bauer, F E" uniqKey="Bauer F" first="F E" last="Bauer">F E Bauer</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Millennium Institute of Astrophysics (MAS), Nuncio Monseñor Sótero Sanz 100, Providencia, Santiago, Chile.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Berton, M" sort="Berton, M" uniqKey="Berton M" first="M" last="Berton">M. Berton</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia 'G. Galilei', Università di Padova, Vicolo dell'Osservatorio 3, 35122 Padova, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Botticella, M T" sort="Botticella, M T" uniqKey="Botticella M" first="M T" last="Botticella">M T Botticella</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, via Salita Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bulla, M" sort="Bulla, M" uniqKey="Bulla M" first="M" last="Bulla">M. Bulla</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bulger, J" sort="Bulger, J" uniqKey="Bulger J" first="J" last="Bulger">J. Bulger</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cannizzaro, G" sort="Cannizzaro, G" uniqKey="Cannizzaro G" first="G" last="Cannizzaro">G. Cannizzaro</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>SRON, Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Sorbonnelaan 2, NL-3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cano, Z" sort="Cano, Z" uniqKey="Cano Z" first="Z" last="Cano">Z. Cano</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA-CSIC), Glorieta de la Astronomía, E-18008 Granada, Spain.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cartier, R" sort="Cartier, R" uniqKey="Cartier R" first="R" last="Cartier">R. Cartier</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cikota, A" sort="Cikota, A" uniqKey="Cikota A" first="A" last="Cikota">A. Cikota</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild Strasse 2, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Clark, P" sort="Clark, P" uniqKey="Clark P" first="P" last="Clark">P. Clark</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Cia, A" sort="De Cia, A" uniqKey="De Cia A" first="A" last="De Cia">A. De Cia</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild Strasse 2, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Della Valle, M" sort="Della Valle, M" uniqKey="Della Valle M" first="M" last="Della Valle">M. Della Valle</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, via Salita Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Denneau, L" sort="Denneau, L" uniqKey="Denneau L" first="L" last="Denneau">L. Denneau</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dennefeld, M" sort="Dennefeld, M" uniqKey="Dennefeld M" first="M" last="Dennefeld">M. Dennefeld</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>IAP/CNRS and University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dessart, L" sort="Dessart, L" uniqKey="Dessart L" first="L" last="Dessart">L. Dessart</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Unidad Mixta Internacional Franco-Chilena de Astronomía (CNRS UMI 3386), Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile, Camino El Observatorio 1515, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dimitriadis, G" sort="Dimitriadis, G" uniqKey="Dimitriadis G" first="G" last="Dimitriadis">G. Dimitriadis</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Elias Rosa, N" sort="Elias Rosa, N" uniqKey="Elias Rosa N" first="N" last="Elias-Rosa">N. Elias-Rosa</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Viale del Parco Mellini 84, I-00136 Roma, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Firth, R E" sort="Firth, R E" uniqKey="Firth R" first="R E" last="Firth">R E Firth</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Flewelling, H" sort="Flewelling, H" uniqKey="Flewelling H" first="H" last="Flewelling">H. Flewelling</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Flors, A" sort="Flors, A" uniqKey="Flors A" first="A" last="Flörs">A. Flörs</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Max-Planck Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Munich, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Franckowiak, A" sort="Franckowiak, A" uniqKey="Franckowiak A" first="A" last="Franckowiak">A. Franckowiak</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Frohmaier, C" sort="Frohmaier, C" uniqKey="Frohmaier C" first="C" last="Frohmaier">C. Frohmaier</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, Dennis Sciama Building, University of Portsmouth, Burnaby Road, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Galbany, L" sort="Galbany, L" uniqKey="Galbany L" first="L" last="Galbany">L. Galbany</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>PITT PACC, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gonzalez Gaitan, S" sort="Gonzalez Gaitan, S" uniqKey="Gonzalez Gaitan S" first="S" last="González-Gaitán">S. González-Gaitán</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CENTRA, Instituto Superior Técnico - Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Greiner, J" sort="Greiner, J" uniqKey="Greiner J" first="J" last="Greiner">J. Greiner</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, Giessenbach-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Munich, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gromadzki, M" sort="Gromadzki, M" uniqKey="Gromadzki M" first="M" last="Gromadzki">M. Gromadzki</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Warsaw University Astronomical Observatory, Aleje Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa, Poland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guelbenzu, A Nicuesa" sort="Guelbenzu, A Nicuesa" uniqKey="Guelbenzu A" first="A Nicuesa" last="Guelbenzu">A Nicuesa Guelbenzu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg, Sternwarte 5, 07778 Tautenburg, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gutierrez, C P" sort="Gutierrez, C P" uniqKey="Gutierrez C" first="C P" last="Gutiérrez">C P Gutiérrez</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hamanowicz, A" sort="Hamanowicz, A" uniqKey="Hamanowicz A" first="A" last="Hamanowicz">A. Hamanowicz</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild Strasse 2, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hanlon, L" sort="Hanlon, L" uniqKey="Hanlon L" first="L" last="Hanlon">L. Hanlon</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Physics, O'Brien Centre for Science North, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Harmanen, J" sort="Harmanen, J" uniqKey="Harmanen J" first="J" last="Harmanen">J. Harmanen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Tuorla observatory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Väisäläntie 20, FI-21500 Piikkiö, Finland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Heintz, K E" sort="Heintz, K E" uniqKey="Heintz K" first="K E" last="Heintz">K E Heintz</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Dark Cosmology Centre, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 30, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Heinze, A" sort="Heinze, A" uniqKey="Heinze A" first="A" last="Heinze">A. Heinze</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hernandez, M S" sort="Hernandez, M S" uniqKey="Hernandez M" first="M-S" last="Hernandez">M-S Hernandez</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Instituto de Física y Astronomía, Universidad de Valparaiso, Gran Bretaña 1111, Playa Ancha, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hodgkin, S T" sort="Hodgkin, S T" uniqKey="Hodgkin S" first="S T" last="Hodgkin">S T Hodgkin</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hook, I M" sort="Hook, I M" uniqKey="Hook I" first="I M" last="Hook">I M Hook</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Izzo, L" sort="Izzo, L" uniqKey="Izzo L" first="L" last="Izzo">L. Izzo</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA-CSIC), Glorieta de la Astronomía, E-18008 Granada, Spain.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="James, P A" sort="James, P A" uniqKey="James P" first="P A" last="James">P A James</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, IC2, Liverpool Science Park, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jonker, P G" sort="Jonker, P G" uniqKey="Jonker P" first="P G" last="Jonker">P G Jonker</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>SRON, Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Sorbonnelaan 2, NL-3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kerzendorf, W E" sort="Kerzendorf, W E" uniqKey="Kerzendorf W" first="W E" last="Kerzendorf">W E Kerzendorf</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild Strasse 2, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Klose, S" sort="Klose, S" uniqKey="Klose S" first="S" last="Klose">S. Klose</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg, Sternwarte 5, 07778 Tautenburg, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kostrzewa Rutkowska, Z" sort="Kostrzewa Rutkowska, Z" uniqKey="Kostrzewa Rutkowska Z" first="Z" last="Kostrzewa-Rutkowska">Z. Kostrzewa-Rutkowska</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>SRON, Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Sorbonnelaan 2, NL-3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kowalski, M" sort="Kowalski, M" uniqKey="Kowalski M" first="M" last="Kowalski">M. Kowalski</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kromer, M" sort="Kromer, M" uniqKey="Kromer M" first="M" last="Kromer">M. Kromer</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Institut für Theoretische Astrophysik, Philosophenweg 12, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kuncarayakti, H" sort="Kuncarayakti, H" uniqKey="Kuncarayakti H" first="H" last="Kuncarayakti">H. Kuncarayakti</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Tuorla observatory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Väisäläntie 20, FI-21500 Piikkiö, Finland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lawrence, A" sort="Lawrence, A" uniqKey="Lawrence A" first="A" last="Lawrence">A. Lawrence</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Astronomy, SUPA (Scottish Universities Physics Alliance), University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lowe, T B" sort="Lowe, T B" uniqKey="Lowe T" first="T B" last="Lowe">T B Lowe</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Magnier, E A" sort="Magnier, E A" uniqKey="Magnier E" first="E A" last="Magnier">E A Magnier</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Manulis, I" sort="Manulis, I" uniqKey="Manulis I" first="I" last="Manulis">I. Manulis</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martin Carrillo, A" sort="Martin Carrillo, A" uniqKey="Martin Carrillo A" first="A" last="Martin-Carrillo">A. Martin-Carrillo</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Physics, O'Brien Centre for Science North, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mattila, S" sort="Mattila, S" uniqKey="Mattila S" first="S" last="Mattila">S. Mattila</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Tuorla observatory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Väisäläntie 20, FI-21500 Piikkiö, Finland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mcbrien, O" sort="Mcbrien, O" uniqKey="Mcbrien O" first="O" last="Mcbrien">O. Mcbrien</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Muller, A" sort="Muller, A" uniqKey="Muller A" first="A" last="Müller">A. Müller</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nordin, J" sort="Nordin, J" uniqKey="Nordin J" first="J" last="Nordin">J. Nordin</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institut fur Physik, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="O Neill, D" sort="O Neill, D" uniqKey="O Neill D" first="D" last="O'Neill">D. O'Neill</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Onori, F" sort="Onori, F" uniqKey="Onori F" first="F" last="Onori">F. Onori</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>SRON, Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Sorbonnelaan 2, NL-3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Palmerio, J T" sort="Palmerio, J T" uniqKey="Palmerio J" first="J T" last="Palmerio">J T Palmerio</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 6 and CNRS, UMR 7095, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pastorello, A" sort="Pastorello, A" uniqKey="Pastorello A" first="A" last="Pastorello">A. Pastorello</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Patat, F" sort="Patat, F" uniqKey="Patat F" first="F" last="Patat">F. Patat</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild Strasse 2, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pignata, G" sort="Pignata, G" uniqKey="Pignata G" first="G" last="Pignata">G. Pignata</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Departamento de Ciencias Fisicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Avenida de Republica 252, Santiago, Chile.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Podsiadlowski, Ph" sort="Podsiadlowski, Ph" uniqKey="Podsiadlowski P" first="Ph" last="Podsiadlowski">Ph Podsiadlowski</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Astrophysics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pumo, M L" sort="Pumo, M L" uniqKey="Pumo M" first="M L" last="Pumo">M L Pumo</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Prentice, S J" sort="Prentice, S J" uniqKey="Prentice S" first="S J" last="Prentice">S J Prentice</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, IC2, Liverpool Science Park, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rau, A" sort="Rau, A" uniqKey="Rau A" first="A" last="Rau">A. Rau</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, Giessenbach-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Munich, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Razza, A" sort="Razza, A" uniqKey="Razza A" first="A" last="Razza">A. Razza</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>European Southern Observatory, Alonso de Córdova 3107, Casilla 19, Santiago, Chile.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rest, A" sort="Rest, A" uniqKey="Rest A" first="A" last="Rest">A. Rest</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reynolds, T" sort="Reynolds, T" uniqKey="Reynolds T" first="T" last="Reynolds">T. Reynolds</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Tuorla observatory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Väisäläntie 20, FI-21500 Piikkiö, Finland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roy, R" sort="Roy, R" uniqKey="Roy R" first="R" last="Roy">R. Roy</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ruiter, A J" sort="Ruiter, A J" uniqKey="Ruiter A" first="A J" last="Ruiter">A J Ruiter</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Physical, Environmental, and Mathematical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Australian Defence Force Academy, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2600, Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rybicki, K A" sort="Rybicki, K A" uniqKey="Rybicki K" first="K A" last="Rybicki">K A Rybicki</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Warsaw University Astronomical Observatory, Aleje Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa, Poland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Salmon, L" sort="Salmon, L" uniqKey="Salmon L" first="L" last="Salmon">L. Salmon</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Physics, O'Brien Centre for Science North, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schady, P" sort="Schady, P" uniqKey="Schady P" first="P" last="Schady">P. Schady</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, Giessenbach-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Munich, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schultz, A S B" sort="Schultz, A S B" uniqKey="Schultz A" first="A S B" last="Schultz">A S B. Schultz</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schweyer, T" sort="Schweyer, T" uniqKey="Schweyer T" first="T" last="Schweyer">T. Schweyer</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, Giessenbach-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Munich, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Seitenzahl, I R" sort="Seitenzahl, I R" uniqKey="Seitenzahl I" first="I R" last="Seitenzahl">I R Seitenzahl</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Physical, Environmental, and Mathematical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Australian Defence Force Academy, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2600, Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, M" sort="Smith, M" uniqKey="Smith M" first="M" last="Smith">M. Smith</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sollerman, J" sort="Sollerman, J" uniqKey="Sollerman J" first="J" last="Sollerman">J. Sollerman</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stalder, B" sort="Stalder, B" uniqKey="Stalder B" first="B" last="Stalder">B. Stalder</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>LSST, 950 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stubbs, C W" sort="Stubbs, C W" uniqKey="Stubbs C" first="C W" last="Stubbs">C W Stubbs</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sullivan, M" sort="Sullivan, M" uniqKey="Sullivan M" first="M" last="Sullivan">M. Sullivan</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Szegedi, H" sort="Szegedi, H" uniqKey="Szegedi H" first="H" last="Szegedi">H. Szegedi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Physics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Taddia, F" sort="Taddia, F" uniqKey="Taddia F" first="F" last="Taddia">F. Taddia</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Taubenberger, S" sort="Taubenberger, S" uniqKey="Taubenberger S" first="S" last="Taubenberger">S. Taubenberger</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Max-Planck Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Munich, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Terreran, G" sort="Terreran, G" uniqKey="Terreran G" first="G" last="Terreran">G. Terreran</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Soelen, B" sort="Van Soelen, B" uniqKey="Van Soelen B" first="B" last="Van Soelen">B. Van Soelen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Physics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vos, J" sort="Vos, J" uniqKey="Vos J" first="J" last="Vos">J. Vos</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Instituto de Física y Astronomía, Universidad de Valparaiso, Gran Bretaña 1111, Playa Ancha, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wainscoat, R J" sort="Wainscoat, R J" uniqKey="Wainscoat R" first="R J" last="Wainscoat">R J Wainscoat</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Walton, N A" sort="Walton, N A" uniqKey="Walton N" first="N A" last="Walton">N A Walton</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Waters, C" sort="Waters, C" uniqKey="Waters C" first="C" last="Waters">C. Waters</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Weiland, H" sort="Weiland, H" uniqKey="Weiland H" first="H" last="Weiland">H. Weiland</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Willman, M" sort="Willman, M" uniqKey="Willman M" first="M" last="Willman">M. Willman</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wiseman, P" sort="Wiseman, P" uniqKey="Wiseman P" first="P" last="Wiseman">P. Wiseman</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, Giessenbach-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Munich, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wright, D E" sort="Wright, D E" uniqKey="Wright D" first="D E" last="Wright">D E Wright</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, 116 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0149, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wyrzykowski, L" sort="Wyrzykowski, L" uniqKey="Wyrzykowski L" first="Ł" last="Wyrzykowski">Ł Wyrzykowski</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Warsaw University Astronomical Observatory, Aleje Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa, Poland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yaron, O" sort="Yaron, O" uniqKey="Yaron O" first="O" last="Yaron">O. Yaron</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Nature</title><idno type="eISSN">1476-4687</idno><imprint><date when="2017" type="published">2017</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Gravitational waves were discovered with the detection of binary black-hole mergers and they should also be detectable from lower-mass neutron-star mergers. These are predicted to eject material rich in heavy radioactive isotopes that can power an electromagnetic signal. This signal is luminous at optical and infrared wavelengths and is called a kilonova. The gravitational-wave source GW170817 arose from a binary neutron-star merger in the nearby Universe with a relatively well confined sky position and distance estimate. Here we report observations and physical modelling of a rapidly fading electromagnetic transient in the galaxy NGC 4993, which is spatially coincident with GW170817 and with a weak, short γ-ray burst. The transient has physical parameters that broadly match the theoretical predictions of blue kilonovae from neutron-star mergers. The emitted electromagnetic radiation can be explained with an ejected mass of 0.04 ± 0.01 solar masses, with an opacity of less than 0.5 square centimetres per gram, at a velocity of 0.2 ± 0.1 times light speed. The power source is constrained to have a power-law slope of -1.2 ± 0.3, consistent with radioactive powering from r-process nuclides. (The r-process is a series of neutron capture reactions that synthesise many of the elements heavier than iron.) We identify line features in the spectra that are consistent with light r-process elements (atomic masses of 90-140). As it fades, the transient rapidly becomes red, and a higher-opacity, lanthanide-rich ejecta component may contribute to the emission. This indicates that neutron-star mergers produce gravitational waves and radioactively powered kilonovae, and are a nucleosynthetic source of the r-process elements.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="In-Data-Review" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">29094693</PMID><DateCreated><Year>2017</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>02</Day></DateCreated><DateRevised><Year>2017</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>14</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1476-4687</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>551</Volume><Issue>7678</Issue><PubDate><Year>2017</Year><Month>Nov</Month><Day>02</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Nature</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Nature</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>A kilonova as the electromagnetic counterpart to a gravitational-wave source.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>75-79</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1038/nature24303</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Gravitational waves were discovered with the detection of binary black-hole mergers and they should also be detectable from lower-mass neutron-star mergers. These are predicted to eject material rich in heavy radioactive isotopes that can power an electromagnetic signal. This signal is luminous at optical and infrared wavelengths and is called a kilonova. The gravitational-wave source GW170817 arose from a binary neutron-star merger in the nearby Universe with a relatively well confined sky position and distance estimate. Here we report observations and physical modelling of a rapidly fading electromagnetic transient in the galaxy NGC 4993, which is spatially coincident with GW170817 and with a weak, short γ-ray burst. The transient has physical parameters that broadly match the theoretical predictions of blue kilonovae from neutron-star mergers. The emitted electromagnetic radiation can be explained with an ejected mass of 0.04 ± 0.01 solar masses, with an opacity of less than 0.5 square centimetres per gram, at a velocity of 0.2 ± 0.1 times light speed. The power source is constrained to have a power-law slope of -1.2 ± 0.3, consistent with radioactive powering from r-process nuclides. (The r-process is a series of neutron capture reactions that synthesise many of the elements heavier than iron.) We identify line features in the spectra that are consistent with light r-process elements (atomic masses of 90-140). As it fades, the transient rapidly becomes red, and a higher-opacity, lanthanide-rich ejecta component may contribute to the emission. This indicates that neutron-star mergers produce gravitational waves and radioactively powered kilonovae, and are a nucleosynthetic source of the r-process elements.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Smartt</LastName><ForeName>S J</ForeName><Initials>SJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Chen</LastName><ForeName>T-W</ForeName><Initials>TW</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, Giessenbach-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Munich, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Jerkstrand</LastName><ForeName>A</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Max-Planck Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Munich, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Coughlin</LastName><ForeName>M</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>LIGO Laboratory West Bridge, Room 257 California Institute of Technology, MC 100-36, Pasadena, California 91125, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kankare</LastName><ForeName>E</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sim</LastName><ForeName>S A</ForeName><Initials>SA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Fraser</LastName><ForeName>M</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Physics, O'Brien Centre for Science North, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Inserra</LastName><ForeName>C</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Maguire</LastName><ForeName>K</ForeName><Initials>K</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Chambers</LastName><ForeName>K C</ForeName><Initials>KC</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Huber</LastName><ForeName>M E</ForeName><Initials>ME</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Krühler</LastName><ForeName>T</ForeName><Initials>T</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, Giessenbach-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Munich, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Leloudas</LastName><ForeName>G</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Dark Cosmology Centre, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 30, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Magee</LastName><ForeName>M</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Shingles</LastName><ForeName>L J</ForeName><Initials>LJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Smith</LastName><ForeName>K W</ForeName><Initials>KW</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Young</LastName><ForeName>D R</ForeName><Initials>DR</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Tonry</LastName><ForeName>J</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kotak</LastName><ForeName>R</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gal-Yam</LastName><ForeName>A</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lyman</LastName><ForeName>J D</ForeName><Initials>JD</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Homan</LastName><ForeName>D S</ForeName><Initials>DS</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute for Astronomy, SUPA (Scottish Universities Physics Alliance), University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Agliozzo</LastName><ForeName>C</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Departamento de Ciencias Fisicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Avenida de Republica 252, Santiago, Chile.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Millennium Institute of Astrophysics (MAS), Nuncio Monseñor Sótero Sanz 100, Providencia, Santiago, Chile.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Anderson</LastName><ForeName>J P</ForeName><Initials>JP</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>European Southern Observatory, Alonso de Córdova 3107, Casilla 19, Santiago, Chile.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Angus</LastName><ForeName>C R</ForeName><Initials>CR</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ashall</LastName><ForeName>C</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, IC2, Liverpool Science Park, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Barbarino</LastName><ForeName>C</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bauer</LastName><ForeName>F E</ForeName><Initials>FE</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Millennium Institute of Astrophysics (MAS), Nuncio Monseñor Sótero Sanz 100, Providencia, Santiago, Chile.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Instituto de Astrofísica and Centro de Astroingeniería, Facultad de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Santiago 22, Chile.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Space Science Institute, 4750 Walnut Street, Suite 205, Boulder, Colorado 80301, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Berton</LastName><ForeName>M</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia 'G. Galilei', Università di Padova, Vicolo dell'Osservatorio 3, 35122 Padova, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, via E. Bianchi 46, 23807 Merate, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Botticella</LastName><ForeName>M T</ForeName><Initials>MT</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, via Salita Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bulla</LastName><ForeName>M</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bulger</LastName><ForeName>J</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Cannizzaro</LastName><ForeName>G</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>SRON, Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Sorbonnelaan 2, NL-3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University, PO Box 9010, NL-6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Cano</LastName><ForeName>Z</ForeName><Initials>Z</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA-CSIC), Glorieta de la Astronomía, E-18008 Granada, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Cartier</LastName><ForeName>R</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Cikota</LastName><ForeName>A</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild Strasse 2, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Clark</LastName><ForeName>P</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>De Cia</LastName><ForeName>A</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild Strasse 2, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Della Valle</LastName><ForeName>M</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, via Salita Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ICRANet-Pescara, Piazza della Repubblica 10, I-65122 Pescara, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Denneau</LastName><ForeName>L</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Dennefeld</LastName><ForeName>M</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>IAP/CNRS and University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Dessart</LastName><ForeName>L</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Unidad Mixta Internacional Franco-Chilena de Astronomía (CNRS UMI 3386), Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile, Camino El Observatorio 1515, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Dimitriadis</LastName><ForeName>G</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Elias-Rosa</LastName><ForeName>N</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Viale del Parco Mellini 84, I-00136 Roma, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Firth</LastName><ForeName>R E</ForeName><Initials>RE</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Flewelling</LastName><ForeName>H</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Flörs</LastName><ForeName>A</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Max-Planck Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Munich, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild Strasse 2, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Franckowiak</LastName><ForeName>A</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Frohmaier</LastName><ForeName>C</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, Dennis Sciama Building, University of Portsmouth, Burnaby Road, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Galbany</LastName><ForeName>L</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>PITT PACC, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>González-Gaitán</LastName><ForeName>S</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>CENTRA, Instituto Superior Técnico - Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Greiner</LastName><ForeName>J</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, Giessenbach-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Munich, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gromadzki</LastName><ForeName>M</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Warsaw University Astronomical Observatory, Aleje Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa, Poland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Guelbenzu</LastName><ForeName>A Nicuesa</ForeName><Initials>AN</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg, Sternwarte 5, 07778 Tautenburg, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gutiérrez</LastName><ForeName>C P</ForeName><Initials>CP</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hamanowicz</LastName><ForeName>A</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild Strasse 2, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Warsaw University Astronomical Observatory, Aleje Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa, Poland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hanlon</LastName><ForeName>L</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Physics, O'Brien Centre for Science North, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Harmanen</LastName><ForeName>J</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Tuorla observatory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Väisäläntie 20, FI-21500 Piikkiö, Finland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Heintz</LastName><ForeName>K E</ForeName><Initials>KE</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Dark Cosmology Centre, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 30, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centre for Astrophysics and Cosmology, Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhagi 5, 107 Reykjavík, Iceland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Heinze</LastName><ForeName>A</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hernandez</LastName><ForeName>M-S</ForeName><Initials>MS</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Instituto de Física y Astronomía, Universidad de Valparaiso, Gran Bretaña 1111, Playa Ancha, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hodgkin</LastName><ForeName>S T</ForeName><Initials>ST</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hook</LastName><ForeName>I M</ForeName><Initials>IM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Physics, 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ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kuncarayakti</LastName><ForeName>H</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Tuorla observatory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Väisäläntie 20, FI-21500 Piikkiö, Finland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO (FINCA), University of Turku, Väisäläntie 20, 21500 Piikkiö, Finland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lawrence</LastName><ForeName>A</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute for Astronomy, SUPA (Scottish Universities Physics Alliance), University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lowe</LastName><ForeName>T B</ForeName><Initials>TB</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Magnier</LastName><ForeName>E A</ForeName><Initials>EA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Manulis</LastName><ForeName>I</ForeName><Initials>I</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Martin-Carrillo</LastName><ForeName>A</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Physics, O'Brien Centre for Science North, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mattila</LastName><ForeName>S</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Tuorla observatory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Väisäläntie 20, FI-21500 Piikkiö, Finland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>McBrien</LastName><ForeName>O</ForeName><Initials>O</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Müller</LastName><ForeName>A</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Nordin</LastName><ForeName>J</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institut fur Physik, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>O'Neill</LastName><ForeName>D</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Onori</LastName><ForeName>F</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>SRON, Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Sorbonnelaan 2, NL-3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University, PO Box 9010, NL-6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Palmerio</LastName><ForeName>J T</ForeName><Initials>JT</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 6 and CNRS, UMR 7095, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Pastorello</LastName><ForeName>A</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Patat</LastName><ForeName>F</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild Strasse 2, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Pignata</LastName><ForeName>G</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Departamento de Ciencias Fisicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Avenida de Republica 252, Santiago, Chile.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Millennium Institute of Astrophysics (MAS), Nuncio Monseñor Sótero Sanz 100, Providencia, Santiago, Chile.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Podsiadlowski</LastName><ForeName>Ph</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Astrophysics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Pumo</LastName><ForeName>M L</ForeName><Initials>ML</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Università degli studi di Catania, DFA DIEEI, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>INFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Via Santa Sofia 62, 95123 Catania, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Prentice</LastName><ForeName>S J</ForeName><Initials>SJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, IC2, Liverpool Science Park, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rau</LastName><ForeName>A</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, Giessenbach-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Munich, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Razza</LastName><ForeName>A</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>European Southern Observatory, Alonso de Córdova 3107, Casilla 19, Santiago, Chile.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Astronomy, Universidad de Chile, Camino El Observatorio 1515, Las Condes, Santiago de Chile, Chile.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rest</LastName><ForeName>A</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, 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ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ruiter</LastName><ForeName>A J</ForeName><Initials>AJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Physical, Environmental, and Mathematical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Australian Defence Force Academy, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2600, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2611, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ARC Centre of Excellence for All-sky Astrophysics (CAASTRO).</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rybicki</LastName><ForeName>K A</ForeName><Initials>KA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Warsaw University Astronomical Observatory, Aleje Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa, Poland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author 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ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sollerman</LastName><ForeName>J</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Stalder</LastName><ForeName>B</ForeName><Initials>B</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>LSST, 950 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Stubbs</LastName><ForeName>C W</ForeName><Initials>CW</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sullivan</LastName><ForeName>M</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Szegedi</LastName><ForeName>H</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Physics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Taddia</LastName><ForeName>F</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Taubenberger</LastName><ForeName>S</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Max-Planck Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Munich, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild Strasse 2, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author 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PubStatus="received"><Year>2017</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>14</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2017</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>25</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2017</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>3</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2017</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>3</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2017</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>3</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">29094693</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">nature24303</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1038/nature24303</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></PubmedData></pubmed></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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