Snowball Earth climate dynamics and Cryogenian geology-geobiology.
Identifieur interne : 000130 ( PubMed/Corpus ); précédent : 000129; suivant : 000131Snowball Earth climate dynamics and Cryogenian geology-geobiology.
Auteurs : Paul F. Hoffman ; Dorian S. Abbot ; Yosef Ashkenazy ; Douglas I. Benn ; Jochen J. Brocks ; Phoebe A. Cohen ; Grant M. Cox ; Jessica R. Creveling ; Yannick Donnadieu ; Douglas H. Erwin ; Ian J. Fairchild ; David Ferreira ; Jason C. Goodman ; Galen P. Halverson ; Malte F. Jansen ; Guillaume Le Hir ; Gordon D. Love ; Francis A. Macdonald ; Adam C. Maloof ; Camille A. Partin ; Gilles Ramstein ; Brian E J. Rose ; Catherine V. Rose ; Peter M. Sadler ; Eli Tziperman ; Aiko Voigt ; Stephen G. WarrenSource :
- Science advances [ 2375-2548 ] ; 2017.
Abstract
Geological evidence indicates that grounded ice sheets reached sea level at all latitudes during two long-lived Cryogenian (58 and ≥5 My) glaciations. Combined uranium-lead and rhenium-osmium dating suggests that the older (Sturtian) glacial onset and both terminations were globally synchronous. Geochemical data imply that CO2 was 10(2) PAL (present atmospheric level) at the younger termination, consistent with a global ice cover. Sturtian glaciation followed breakup of a tropical supercontinent, and its onset coincided with the equatorial emplacement of a large igneous province. Modeling shows that the small thermal inertia of a globally frozen surface reverses the annual mean tropical atmospheric circulation, producing an equatorial desert and net snow and frost accumulation elsewhere. Oceanic ice thickens, forming a sea glacier that flows gravitationally toward the equator, sustained by the hydrologic cycle and by basal freezing and melting. Tropical ice sheets flow faster as CO2 rises but lose mass and become sensitive to orbital changes. Equatorial dust accumulation engenders supraglacial oligotrophic meltwater ecosystems, favorable for cyanobacteria and certain eukaryotes. Meltwater flushing through cracks enables organic burial and submarine deposition of airborne volcanic ash. The subglacial ocean is turbulent and well mixed, in response to geothermal heating and heat loss through the ice cover, increasing with latitude. Terminal carbonate deposits, unique to Cryogenian glaciations, are products of intense weathering and ocean stratification. Whole-ocean warming and collapsing peripheral bulges allow marine coastal flooding to continue long after ice-sheet disappearance. The evolutionary legacy of Snowball Earth is perceptible in fossils and living organisms.
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1600983
PubMed: 29134193
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Abbot</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ashkenazy, Yosef" sort="Ashkenazy, Yosef" uniqKey="Ashkenazy Y" first="Yosef" last="Ashkenazy">Yosef Ashkenazy</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Solar Energy and Environmental Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, 84990, Israel.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Benn, Douglas I" sort="Benn, Douglas I" uniqKey="Benn D" first="Douglas I" last="Benn">Douglas I. Benn</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Geography and Sustainable Development, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 8YA, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brocks, Jochen J" sort="Brocks, Jochen J" uniqKey="Brocks J" first="Jochen J" last="Brocks">Jochen J. Brocks</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cohen, Phoebe A" sort="Cohen, Phoebe A" uniqKey="Cohen P" first="Phoebe A" last="Cohen">Phoebe A. Cohen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Geosciences, Williams College, Williamstown, MA 01267, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cox, Grant M" sort="Cox, Grant M" uniqKey="Cox G" first="Grant M" last="Cox">Grant M. Cox</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Tectonics, Resources and Exploration (TRaX), Department of Earth Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Creveling, Jessica R" sort="Creveling, Jessica R" uniqKey="Creveling J" first="Jessica R" last="Creveling">Jessica R. Creveling</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-5503, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Donnadieu, Yannick" sort="Donnadieu, Yannick" uniqKey="Donnadieu Y" first="Yannick" last="Donnadieu">Yannick Donnadieu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Erwin, Douglas H" sort="Erwin, Douglas H" uniqKey="Erwin D" first="Douglas H" last="Erwin">Douglas H. Erwin</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Paleobiology, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, MRC 121, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fairchild, Ian J" sort="Fairchild, Ian J" uniqKey="Fairchild I" first="Ian J" last="Fairchild">Ian J. Fairchild</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ferreira, David" sort="Ferreira, David" uniqKey="Ferreira D" first="David" last="Ferreira">David Ferreira</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6BB, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goodman, Jason C" sort="Goodman, Jason C" uniqKey="Goodman J" first="Jason C" last="Goodman">Jason C. Goodman</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Environmental Science, Wheaton College, Norton, MA 02766, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Halverson, Galen P" sort="Halverson, Galen P" uniqKey="Halverson G" first="Galen P" last="Halverson">Galen P. Halverson</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 0E8, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jansen, Malte F" sort="Jansen, Malte F" uniqKey="Jansen M" first="Malte F" last="Jansen">Malte F. Jansen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Le Hir, Guillaume" sort="Le Hir, Guillaume" uniqKey="Le Hir G" first="Guillaume" last="Le Hir">Guillaume Le Hir</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, 1, rue Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Love, Gordon D" sort="Love, Gordon D" uniqKey="Love G" first="Gordon D" last="Love">Gordon D. Love</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Earth Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Macdonald, Francis A" sort="Macdonald, Francis A" uniqKey="Macdonald F" first="Francis A" last="Macdonald">Francis A. Macdonald</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maloof, Adam C" sort="Maloof, Adam C" uniqKey="Maloof A" first="Adam C" last="Maloof">Adam C. Maloof</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Partin, Camille A" sort="Partin, Camille A" uniqKey="Partin C" first="Camille A" last="Partin">Camille A. Partin</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ramstein, Gilles" sort="Ramstein, Gilles" uniqKey="Ramstein G" first="Gilles" last="Ramstein">Gilles Ramstein</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rose, Brian E J" sort="Rose, Brian E J" uniqKey="Rose B" first="Brian E J" last="Rose">Brian E J. Rose</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, NY 12222, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rose, Catherine V" sort="Rose, Catherine V" uniqKey="Rose C" first="Catherine V" last="Rose">Catherine V. Rose</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Geology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sadler, Peter M" sort="Sadler, Peter M" uniqKey="Sadler P" first="Peter M" last="Sadler">Peter M. Sadler</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Earth Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tziperman, Eli" sort="Tziperman, Eli" uniqKey="Tziperman E" first="Eli" last="Tziperman">Eli Tziperman</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Voigt, Aiko" sort="Voigt, Aiko" uniqKey="Voigt A" first="Aiko" last="Voigt">Aiko Voigt</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Department of Troposphere Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Warren, Stephen G" sort="Warren, Stephen G" uniqKey="Warren S" first="Stephen G" last="Warren">Stephen G. Warren</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1640, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2017">2017</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:29134193</idno><idno type="pmid">29134193</idno><idno type="doi">10.1126/sciadv.1600983</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">000130</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000130</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Snowball Earth climate dynamics and Cryogenian geology-geobiology.</title><author><name sortKey="Hoffman, Paul F" sort="Hoffman, Paul F" uniqKey="Hoffman P" first="Paul F" last="Hoffman">Paul F. Hoffman</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Abbot, Dorian S" sort="Abbot, Dorian S" uniqKey="Abbot D" first="Dorian S" last="Abbot">Dorian S. Abbot</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ashkenazy, Yosef" sort="Ashkenazy, Yosef" uniqKey="Ashkenazy Y" first="Yosef" last="Ashkenazy">Yosef Ashkenazy</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Solar Energy and Environmental Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, 84990, Israel.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Benn, Douglas I" sort="Benn, Douglas I" uniqKey="Benn D" first="Douglas I" last="Benn">Douglas I. Benn</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Geography and Sustainable Development, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 8YA, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brocks, Jochen J" sort="Brocks, Jochen J" uniqKey="Brocks J" first="Jochen J" last="Brocks">Jochen J. Brocks</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cohen, Phoebe A" sort="Cohen, Phoebe A" uniqKey="Cohen P" first="Phoebe A" last="Cohen">Phoebe A. Cohen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Geosciences, Williams College, Williamstown, MA 01267, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cox, Grant M" sort="Cox, Grant M" uniqKey="Cox G" first="Grant M" last="Cox">Grant M. Cox</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Tectonics, Resources and Exploration (TRaX), Department of Earth Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Creveling, Jessica R" sort="Creveling, Jessica R" uniqKey="Creveling J" first="Jessica R" last="Creveling">Jessica R. Creveling</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-5503, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Donnadieu, Yannick" sort="Donnadieu, Yannick" uniqKey="Donnadieu Y" first="Yannick" last="Donnadieu">Yannick Donnadieu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Erwin, Douglas H" sort="Erwin, Douglas H" uniqKey="Erwin D" first="Douglas H" last="Erwin">Douglas H. Erwin</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Paleobiology, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, MRC 121, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fairchild, Ian J" sort="Fairchild, Ian J" uniqKey="Fairchild I" first="Ian J" last="Fairchild">Ian J. Fairchild</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ferreira, David" sort="Ferreira, David" uniqKey="Ferreira D" first="David" last="Ferreira">David Ferreira</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6BB, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goodman, Jason C" sort="Goodman, Jason C" uniqKey="Goodman J" first="Jason C" last="Goodman">Jason C. Goodman</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Environmental Science, Wheaton College, Norton, MA 02766, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Halverson, Galen P" sort="Halverson, Galen P" uniqKey="Halverson G" first="Galen P" last="Halverson">Galen P. Halverson</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 0E8, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jansen, Malte F" sort="Jansen, Malte F" uniqKey="Jansen M" first="Malte F" last="Jansen">Malte F. Jansen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Le Hir, Guillaume" sort="Le Hir, Guillaume" uniqKey="Le Hir G" first="Guillaume" last="Le Hir">Guillaume Le Hir</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, 1, rue Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Love, Gordon D" sort="Love, Gordon D" uniqKey="Love G" first="Gordon D" last="Love">Gordon D. Love</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Earth Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Macdonald, Francis A" sort="Macdonald, Francis A" uniqKey="Macdonald F" first="Francis A" last="Macdonald">Francis A. Macdonald</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maloof, Adam C" sort="Maloof, Adam C" uniqKey="Maloof A" first="Adam C" last="Maloof">Adam C. Maloof</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Partin, Camille A" sort="Partin, Camille A" uniqKey="Partin C" first="Camille A" last="Partin">Camille A. Partin</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ramstein, Gilles" sort="Ramstein, Gilles" uniqKey="Ramstein G" first="Gilles" last="Ramstein">Gilles Ramstein</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rose, Brian E J" sort="Rose, Brian E J" uniqKey="Rose B" first="Brian E J" last="Rose">Brian E J. Rose</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, NY 12222, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rose, Catherine V" sort="Rose, Catherine V" uniqKey="Rose C" first="Catherine V" last="Rose">Catherine V. Rose</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Geology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sadler, Peter M" sort="Sadler, Peter M" uniqKey="Sadler P" first="Peter M" last="Sadler">Peter M. Sadler</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Earth Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tziperman, Eli" sort="Tziperman, Eli" uniqKey="Tziperman E" first="Eli" last="Tziperman">Eli Tziperman</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Voigt, Aiko" sort="Voigt, Aiko" uniqKey="Voigt A" first="Aiko" last="Voigt">Aiko Voigt</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Department of Troposphere Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Warren, Stephen G" sort="Warren, Stephen G" uniqKey="Warren S" first="Stephen G" last="Warren">Stephen G. Warren</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1640, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Science advances</title><idno type="eISSN">2375-2548</idno><imprint><date when="2017" type="published">2017</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Geological evidence indicates that grounded ice sheets reached sea level at all latitudes during two long-lived Cryogenian (58 and ≥5 My) glaciations. Combined uranium-lead and rhenium-osmium dating suggests that the older (Sturtian) glacial onset and both terminations were globally synchronous. Geochemical data imply that CO2 was 10(2) PAL (present atmospheric level) at the younger termination, consistent with a global ice cover. Sturtian glaciation followed breakup of a tropical supercontinent, and its onset coincided with the equatorial emplacement of a large igneous province. Modeling shows that the small thermal inertia of a globally frozen surface reverses the annual mean tropical atmospheric circulation, producing an equatorial desert and net snow and frost accumulation elsewhere. Oceanic ice thickens, forming a sea glacier that flows gravitationally toward the equator, sustained by the hydrologic cycle and by basal freezing and melting. Tropical ice sheets flow faster as CO2 rises but lose mass and become sensitive to orbital changes. Equatorial dust accumulation engenders supraglacial oligotrophic meltwater ecosystems, favorable for cyanobacteria and certain eukaryotes. Meltwater flushing through cracks enables organic burial and submarine deposition of airborne volcanic ash. The subglacial ocean is turbulent and well mixed, in response to geothermal heating and heat loss through the ice cover, increasing with latitude. Terminal carbonate deposits, unique to Cryogenian glaciations, are products of intense weathering and ocean stratification. Whole-ocean warming and collapsing peripheral bulges allow marine coastal flooding to continue long after ice-sheet disappearance. The evolutionary legacy of Snowball Earth is perceptible in fossils and living organisms.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="In-Data-Review" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">29134193</PMID><DateCreated><Year>2017</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>14</Day></DateCreated><DateRevised><Year>2017</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>16</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic-eCollection"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">2375-2548</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>3</Volume><Issue>11</Issue><PubDate><Year>2017</Year><Month>Nov</Month></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Science advances</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Sci Adv</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Snowball Earth climate dynamics and Cryogenian geology-geobiology.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>e1600983</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1126/sciadv.1600983</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Geological evidence indicates that grounded ice sheets reached sea level at all latitudes during two long-lived Cryogenian (58 and ≥5 My) glaciations. Combined uranium-lead and rhenium-osmium dating suggests that the older (Sturtian) glacial onset and both terminations were globally synchronous. Geochemical data imply that CO2 was 10(2) PAL (present atmospheric level) at the younger termination, consistent with a global ice cover. Sturtian glaciation followed breakup of a tropical supercontinent, and its onset coincided with the equatorial emplacement of a large igneous province. Modeling shows that the small thermal inertia of a globally frozen surface reverses the annual mean tropical atmospheric circulation, producing an equatorial desert and net snow and frost accumulation elsewhere. Oceanic ice thickens, forming a sea glacier that flows gravitationally toward the equator, sustained by the hydrologic cycle and by basal freezing and melting. Tropical ice sheets flow faster as CO2 rises but lose mass and become sensitive to orbital changes. Equatorial dust accumulation engenders supraglacial oligotrophic meltwater ecosystems, favorable for cyanobacteria and certain eukaryotes. Meltwater flushing through cracks enables organic burial and submarine deposition of airborne volcanic ash. The subglacial ocean is turbulent and well mixed, in response to geothermal heating and heat loss through the ice cover, increasing with latitude. Terminal carbonate deposits, unique to Cryogenian glaciations, are products of intense weathering and ocean stratification. Whole-ocean warming and collapsing peripheral bulges allow marine coastal flooding to continue long after ice-sheet disappearance. The evolutionary legacy of Snowball Earth is perceptible in fossils and living organisms.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hoffman</LastName><ForeName>Paul F</ForeName><Initials>PF</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Abbot</LastName><ForeName>Dorian S</ForeName><Initials>DS</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ashkenazy</LastName><ForeName>Yosef</ForeName><Initials>Y</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0001-9405-068X</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Solar Energy and Environmental Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, 84990, Israel.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Benn</LastName><ForeName>Douglas I</ForeName><Initials>DI</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-3604-0886</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Geography and Sustainable Development, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 8YA, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Brocks</LastName><ForeName>Jochen J</ForeName><Initials>JJ</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-8430-8744</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Cohen</LastName><ForeName>Phoebe A</ForeName><Initials>PA</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0001-5517-1577</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Geosciences, Williams College, Williamstown, MA 01267, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Cox</LastName><ForeName>Grant M</ForeName><Initials>GM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centre for Tectonics, Resources and Exploration (TRaX), Department of Earth Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Applied Geology, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6845, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Creveling</LastName><ForeName>Jessica R</ForeName><Initials>JR</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-8890-9440</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-5503, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Donnadieu</LastName><ForeName>Yannick</ForeName><Initials>Y</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, L'Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), Centre Européen de Recherche et D'enseignement de Géosciences de L'environnement (CEREGE), 13545 Aix-en-Provence, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Erwin</LastName><ForeName>Douglas H</ForeName><Initials>DH</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0003-2518-5614</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Paleobiology, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, MRC 121, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Fairchild</LastName><ForeName>Ian J</ForeName><Initials>IJ</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0003-4822-2895</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ferreira</LastName><ForeName>David</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0003-3243-9774</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6BB, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Goodman</LastName><ForeName>Jason C</ForeName><Initials>JC</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-6755-2710</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Environmental Science, Wheaton College, Norton, MA 02766, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Halverson</LastName><ForeName>Galen P</ForeName><Initials>GP</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0003-3061-7928</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 0E8, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Jansen</LastName><ForeName>Malte F</ForeName><Initials>MF</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Le Hir</LastName><ForeName>Guillaume</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, 1, rue Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Love</LastName><ForeName>Gordon D</ForeName><Initials>GD</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-6516-014X</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Earth Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Macdonald</LastName><ForeName>Francis A</ForeName><Initials>FA</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0001-8416-4894</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Maloof</LastName><ForeName>Adam C</ForeName><Initials>AC</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0003-0032-6628</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Partin</LastName><ForeName>Camille A</ForeName><Initials>CA</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-1544-7994</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ramstein</LastName><ForeName>Gilles</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rose</LastName><ForeName>Brian E J</ForeName><Initials>BEJ</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-9961-3821</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, NY 12222, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rose</LastName><ForeName>Catherine V</ForeName><Initials>CV</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Geology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sadler</LastName><ForeName>Peter M</ForeName><Initials>PM</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-7728-0042</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Earth Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Tziperman</LastName><ForeName>Eli</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-7998-5775</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Voigt</LastName><ForeName>Aiko</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-7394-8252</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Department of Troposphere Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, P.O. 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