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A vision and strategy for the virtual physiological human: 2012 update.

Identifieur interne : 003966 ( PubMed/Checkpoint ); précédent : 003965; suivant : 003967

A vision and strategy for the virtual physiological human: 2012 update.

Auteurs : Peter Hunter [Nouvelle-Zélande] ; Tara Chapman [Belgique] ; Peter V. Coveney [Royaume-Uni] ; Bernard De Bono [Royaume-Uni] ; Vanessa Diaz [Royaume-Uni] ; John Fenner [Royaume-Uni] ; Alejandro F. Frangi [Royaume-Uni] ; Peter Harris [Australie] ; Rod Hose [Royaume-Uni] ; Peter Kohl [Royaume-Uni] ; Pat Lawford [Royaume-Uni] ; Keith Mccormack [Royaume-Uni] ; Miriam Mendes [Royaume-Uni] ; Stig Omholt [Norvège] ; Alfio Quarteroni [Italie] ; Nour Shublaq [Royaume-Uni] ; John Sk R [Suède] ; Karl Stroetmann [Allemagne] ; Jesper Tegner [Suède] ; S Randall Thomas [France] ; Ioannis Tollis [Grèce] ; Ioannis Tsamardinos [Grèce] ; Johannes H G M. Van Beek [Pays-Bas] ; Marco Viceconti [Italie]

Source :

RBID : pubmed:24427536

Abstract

European funding under Framework 7 (FP7) for the virtual physiological human (VPH) project has been in place now for 5 years. The VPH Network of Excellence (NoE) has been set up to help develop common standards, open source software, freely accessible data and model repositories, and various training and dissemination activities for the project. It is also working to coordinate the many clinically targeted projects that have been funded under the FP7 calls. An initial vision for the VPH was defined by the FP6 STEP project in 2006. In 2010, we wrote an assessment of the accomplishments of the first two years of the VPH in which we considered the biomedical science, healthcare and information and communications technology challenges facing the project (Hunter et al. 2010 Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 368, 2595-2614 (doi:10.1098/rsta.2010.0048)). We proposed that a not-for-profit professional umbrella organization, the VPH Institute, should be established as a means of sustaining the VPH vision beyond the time-frame of the NoE. Here, we update and extend this assessment and in particular address the following issues raised in response to Hunter et al.: (i) a vision for the VPH updated in the light of progress made so far, (ii) biomedical science and healthcare challenges that the VPH initiative can address while also providing innovation opportunities for the European industry, and (iii) external changes needed in regulatory policy and business models to realize the full potential that the VPH has to offer to industry, clinics and society generally.

DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2013.0004
PubMed: 24427536


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pubmed:24427536

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<name sortKey="Harris, Peter" sort="Harris, Peter" uniqKey="Harris P" first="Peter" last="Harris">Peter Harris</name>
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<name sortKey="Hose, Rod" sort="Hose, Rod" uniqKey="Hose R" first="Rod" last="Hose">Rod Hose</name>
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<name sortKey="Kohl, Peter" sort="Kohl, Peter" uniqKey="Kohl P" first="Peter" last="Kohl">Peter Kohl</name>
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<name sortKey="Lawford, Pat" sort="Lawford, Pat" uniqKey="Lawford P" first="Pat" last="Lawford">Pat Lawford</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Switzerland ; Politecnico di Milano , Milan , Italy.</nlm:affiliation>
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<name sortKey="Shublaq, Nour" sort="Shublaq, Nour" uniqKey="Shublaq N" first="Nour" last="Shublaq">Nour Shublaq</name>
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<name sortKey="Sk R, John" sort="Sk R, John" uniqKey="Sk R J" first="John" last="Sk R">John Sk R</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Department of LIME , Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of LIME , Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm </wicri:regionArea>
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<name sortKey="Stroetmann, Karl" sort="Stroetmann, Karl" uniqKey="Stroetmann K" first="Karl" last="Stroetmann">Karl Stroetmann</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Empirica Communication and Technology Research , Bonn , Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
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<name sortKey="Tegner, Jesper" sort="Tegner, Jesper" uniqKey="Tegner J" first="Jesper" last="Tegner">Jesper Tegner</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine, Unit for Computational Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine , Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden.</nlm:affiliation>
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<wicri:regionArea>Department of Medicine, Unit for Computational Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine , Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm </wicri:regionArea>
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<name sortKey="Thomas, S Randall" sort="Thomas, S Randall" uniqKey="Thomas S" first="S Randall" last="Thomas">S Randall Thomas</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>IR4M CNRS UMR8081, Institut Gustave-Roussy, Dept Imagerie/Echographie, Orsay , France ; Université Paris-Sud, CNRS , Orsay , France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>IR4M CNRS UMR8081, Institut Gustave-Roussy, Dept Imagerie/Echographie, Orsay , France ; Université Paris-Sud, CNRS , Orsay </wicri:regionArea>
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<name sortKey="Tollis, Ioannis" sort="Tollis, Ioannis" uniqKey="Tollis I" first="Ioannis" last="Tollis">Ioannis Tollis</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Computational Medicine Laboratory , Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH) , Heraklion, Crete, Greece ; Computer Science Department , University of Crete , Heraklion, Crete, Greece.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Computational Medicine Laboratory , Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH) , Heraklion, Crete, Greece ; Computer Science Department , University of Crete , Heraklion, Crete</wicri:regionArea>
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<name sortKey="Tsamardinos, Ioannis" sort="Tsamardinos, Ioannis" uniqKey="Tsamardinos I" first="Ioannis" last="Tsamardinos">Ioannis Tsamardinos</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Bioinformatics Laboratory, Institute of Computer Science , Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH) , Heraklion, Crete, Greece ; Computer Science Department , University of Crete , Heraklion, Crete, Greece.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Bioinformatics Laboratory, Institute of Computer Science , Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH) , Heraklion, Crete, Greece ; Computer Science Department , University of Crete , Heraklion, Crete</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Crete</wicri:noRegion>
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<name sortKey="Van Beek, Johannes H G M" sort="Van Beek, Johannes H G M" uniqKey="Van Beek J" first="Johannes H G M" last="Van Beek">Johannes H G M. Van Beek</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Section Medical Genomics, Department of Clinical Genetics , VU University Medical Centre , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation>
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<name sortKey="Viceconti, Marco" sort="Viceconti, Marco" uniqKey="Viceconti M" first="Marco" last="Viceconti">Marco Viceconti</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>INSIGNEO Institute for in silico medicine , University of Sheffield , Sheffield , UK ; Laboratorio di Tecnologia Medica, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna , Italy.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>INSIGNEO Institute for in silico medicine , University of Sheffield , Sheffield , UK ; Laboratorio di Tecnologia Medica, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna </wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Bologna </wicri:noRegion>
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<nlm:affiliation>Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics , University of Oxford , Oxford , UK ; Auckland Bioengineering Institute (ABI) , University of Auckland , New Zealand.</nlm:affiliation>
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<wicri:regionArea>Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics , University of Oxford , Oxford , UK ; Auckland Bioengineering Institute (ABI) , University of Auckland </wicri:regionArea>
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<name sortKey="Chapman, Tara" sort="Chapman, Tara" uniqKey="Chapman T" first="Tara" last="Chapman">Tara Chapman</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Anatomy, Biomechanics and Organogenesis, Faculty of Medicine , Université Libre de Bruxelles , Belgium ; Laboratory of Anthropology and Prehistory, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels </wicri:regionArea>
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<name sortKey="Coveney, Peter V" sort="Coveney, Peter V" uniqKey="Coveney P" first="Peter V" last="Coveney">Peter V. Coveney</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Centre for Computational Science , University College London , London , UK.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centre for Computational Science , University College London , London </wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>London </wicri:noRegion>
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<name sortKey="De Bono, Bernard" sort="De Bono, Bernard" uniqKey="De Bono B" first="Bernard" last="De Bono">Bernard De Bono</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Auckland Bioengineering Institute (ABI) , University of Auckland , New Zealand ; CHIME Institute, Archway Campus, University College London , London, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Auckland Bioengineering Institute (ABI) , University of Auckland , New Zealand ; CHIME Institute, Archway Campus, University College London , London</wicri:regionArea>
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<settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
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<name sortKey="Diaz, Vanessa" sort="Diaz, Vanessa" uniqKey="Diaz V" first="Vanessa" last="Diaz">Vanessa Diaz</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Department of Mechanical Engineering , University College London , London , UK.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Mechanical Engineering , University College London , London </wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>London </wicri:noRegion>
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<name sortKey="Fenner, John" sort="Fenner, John" uniqKey="Fenner J" first="John" last="Fenner">John Fenner</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Department of Cardiovascular Science (Medical Physics Group), Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health , University of Sheffield , Sheffield , UK.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Cardiovascular Science (Medical Physics Group), Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health , University of Sheffield , Sheffield </wicri:regionArea>
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<name sortKey="Frangi, Alejandro F" sort="Frangi, Alejandro F" uniqKey="Frangi A" first="Alejandro F" last="Frangi">Alejandro F. Frangi</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Networking Biomedical Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona , Spain ; Center for Computational Imaging and Simulation Technologies in Biomedicine (CISTIB), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Networking Biomedical Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona , Spain ; Center for Computational Imaging and Simulation Technologies in Biomedicine (CISTIB), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Sheffield</wicri:noRegion>
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<author>
<name sortKey="Harris, Peter" sort="Harris, Peter" uniqKey="Harris P" first="Peter" last="Harris">Peter Harris</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences , The University of Melbourne , Australia.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences , The University of Melbourne </wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>The University of Melbourne </wicri:noRegion>
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<name sortKey="Hose, Rod" sort="Hose, Rod" uniqKey="Hose R" first="Rod" last="Hose">Rod Hose</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Department of Cardiovascular Science (Medical Physics Group), Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health , University of Sheffield , Sheffield , UK.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Cardiovascular Science (Medical Physics Group), Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health , University of Sheffield , Sheffield </wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Sheffield </wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
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<author>
<name sortKey="Kohl, Peter" sort="Kohl, Peter" uniqKey="Kohl P" first="Peter" last="Kohl">Peter Kohl</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Computer Science , University of Oxford , Oxford , UK ; National Heart and Lung Institute , Imperial College London , London , UK.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
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<wicri:regionArea>Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Switzerland ; Politecnico di Milano , Milan </wicri:regionArea>
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<name sortKey="Sk R, John" sort="Sk R, John" uniqKey="Sk R J" first="John" last="Sk R">John Sk R</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Department of LIME , Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden.</nlm:affiliation>
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<wicri:regionArea>Department of LIME , Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm </wicri:regionArea>
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<author>
<name sortKey="Stroetmann, Karl" sort="Stroetmann, Karl" uniqKey="Stroetmann K" first="Karl" last="Stroetmann">Karl Stroetmann</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Empirica Communication and Technology Research , Bonn , Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Empirica Communication and Technology Research , Bonn </wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Bonn </wicri:noRegion>
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<name sortKey="Tegner, Jesper" sort="Tegner, Jesper" uniqKey="Tegner J" first="Jesper" last="Tegner">Jesper Tegner</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine, Unit for Computational Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine , Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Medicine, Unit for Computational Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine , Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm </wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Stockholm </wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Thomas, S Randall" sort="Thomas, S Randall" uniqKey="Thomas S" first="S Randall" last="Thomas">S Randall Thomas</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>IR4M CNRS UMR8081, Institut Gustave-Roussy, Dept Imagerie/Echographie, Orsay , France ; Université Paris-Sud, CNRS , Orsay , France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>IR4M CNRS UMR8081, Institut Gustave-Roussy, Dept Imagerie/Echographie, Orsay , France ; Université Paris-Sud, CNRS , Orsay </wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Orsay </wicri:noRegion>
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<author>
<name sortKey="Tollis, Ioannis" sort="Tollis, Ioannis" uniqKey="Tollis I" first="Ioannis" last="Tollis">Ioannis Tollis</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Computational Medicine Laboratory , Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH) , Heraklion, Crete, Greece ; Computer Science Department , University of Crete , Heraklion, Crete, Greece.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Computational Medicine Laboratory , Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH) , Heraklion, Crete, Greece ; Computer Science Department , University of Crete , Heraklion, Crete</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Crete</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Tsamardinos, Ioannis" sort="Tsamardinos, Ioannis" uniqKey="Tsamardinos I" first="Ioannis" last="Tsamardinos">Ioannis Tsamardinos</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Bioinformatics Laboratory, Institute of Computer Science , Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH) , Heraklion, Crete, Greece ; Computer Science Department , University of Crete , Heraklion, Crete, Greece.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Bioinformatics Laboratory, Institute of Computer Science , Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH) , Heraklion, Crete, Greece ; Computer Science Department , University of Crete , Heraklion, Crete</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Crete</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Van Beek, Johannes H G M" sort="Van Beek, Johannes H G M" uniqKey="Van Beek J" first="Johannes H G M" last="Van Beek">Johannes H G M. Van Beek</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Section Medical Genomics, Department of Clinical Genetics , VU University Medical Centre , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation>
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<wicri:regionArea>Section Medical Genomics, Department of Clinical Genetics , VU University Medical Centre , Amsterdam </wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Amsterdam </wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
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<author>
<name sortKey="Viceconti, Marco" sort="Viceconti, Marco" uniqKey="Viceconti M" first="Marco" last="Viceconti">Marco Viceconti</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>INSIGNEO Institute for in silico medicine , University of Sheffield , Sheffield , UK ; Laboratorio di Tecnologia Medica, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna , Italy.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>INSIGNEO Institute for in silico medicine , University of Sheffield , Sheffield , UK ; Laboratorio di Tecnologia Medica, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna </wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Bologna </wicri:noRegion>
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<title level="j">Interface focus</title>
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<div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">European funding under Framework 7 (FP7) for the virtual physiological human (VPH) project has been in place now for 5 years. The VPH Network of Excellence (NoE) has been set up to help develop common standards, open source software, freely accessible data and model repositories, and various training and dissemination activities for the project. It is also working to coordinate the many clinically targeted projects that have been funded under the FP7 calls. An initial vision for the VPH was defined by the FP6 STEP project in 2006. In 2010, we wrote an assessment of the accomplishments of the first two years of the VPH in which we considered the biomedical science, healthcare and information and communications technology challenges facing the project (Hunter et al. 2010 Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 368, 2595-2614 (doi:10.1098/rsta.2010.0048)). We proposed that a not-for-profit professional umbrella organization, the VPH Institute, should be established as a means of sustaining the VPH vision beyond the time-frame of the NoE. Here, we update and extend this assessment and in particular address the following issues raised in response to Hunter et al.: (i) a vision for the VPH updated in the light of progress made so far, (ii) biomedical science and healthcare challenges that the VPH initiative can address while also providing innovation opportunities for the European industry, and (iii) external changes needed in regulatory policy and business models to realize the full potential that the VPH has to offer to industry, clinics and society generally.</div>
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<AbstractText>European funding under Framework 7 (FP7) for the virtual physiological human (VPH) project has been in place now for 5 years. The VPH Network of Excellence (NoE) has been set up to help develop common standards, open source software, freely accessible data and model repositories, and various training and dissemination activities for the project. It is also working to coordinate the many clinically targeted projects that have been funded under the FP7 calls. An initial vision for the VPH was defined by the FP6 STEP project in 2006. In 2010, we wrote an assessment of the accomplishments of the first two years of the VPH in which we considered the biomedical science, healthcare and information and communications technology challenges facing the project (Hunter et al. 2010 Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 368, 2595-2614 (doi:10.1098/rsta.2010.0048)). We proposed that a not-for-profit professional umbrella organization, the VPH Institute, should be established as a means of sustaining the VPH vision beyond the time-frame of the NoE. Here, we update and extend this assessment and in particular address the following issues raised in response to Hunter et al.: (i) a vision for the VPH updated in the light of progress made so far, (ii) biomedical science and healthcare challenges that the VPH initiative can address while also providing innovation opportunities for the European industry, and (iii) external changes needed in regulatory policy and business models to realize the full potential that the VPH has to offer to industry, clinics and society generally.</AbstractText>
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<Initials>P</Initials>
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<Affiliation>Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics , University of Oxford , Oxford , UK ; Auckland Bioengineering Institute (ABI) , University of Auckland , New Zealand.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Chapman</LastName>
<ForeName>Tara</ForeName>
<Initials>T</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Laboratory of Anatomy, Biomechanics and Organogenesis, Faculty of Medicine , Université Libre de Bruxelles , Belgium ; Laboratory of Anthropology and Prehistory, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels , Belgium.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
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<LastName>Coveney</LastName>
<ForeName>Peter V</ForeName>
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<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Centre for Computational Science , University College London , London , UK.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
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<LastName>de Bono</LastName>
<ForeName>Bernard</ForeName>
<Initials>B</Initials>
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<Affiliation>Auckland Bioengineering Institute (ABI) , University of Auckland , New Zealand ; CHIME Institute, Archway Campus, University College London , London, UK.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
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<LastName>Diaz</LastName>
<ForeName>Vanessa</ForeName>
<Initials>V</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Mechanical Engineering , University College London , London , UK.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Fenner</LastName>
<ForeName>John</ForeName>
<Initials>J</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Cardiovascular Science (Medical Physics Group), Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health , University of Sheffield , Sheffield , UK.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
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<LastName>Frangi</LastName>
<ForeName>Alejandro F</ForeName>
<Initials>AF</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Networking Biomedical Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona , Spain ; Center for Computational Imaging and Simulation Technologies in Biomedicine (CISTIB), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
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<LastName>Harris</LastName>
<ForeName>Peter</ForeName>
<Initials>P</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences , The University of Melbourne , Australia.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Hose</LastName>
<ForeName>Rod</ForeName>
<Initials>R</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Cardiovascular Science (Medical Physics Group), Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health , University of Sheffield , Sheffield , UK.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Kohl</LastName>
<ForeName>Peter</ForeName>
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<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Computer Science , University of Oxford , Oxford , UK ; National Heart and Lung Institute , Imperial College London , London , UK.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Lawford</LastName>
<ForeName>Pat</ForeName>
<Initials>P</Initials>
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</AffiliationInfo>
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<LastName>McCormack</LastName>
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<AffiliationInfo>
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</AffiliationInfo>
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<LastName>Mendes</LastName>
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<Initials>M</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
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</AffiliationInfo>
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<ForeName>Stig</ForeName>
<Initials>S</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Cardiac Exercise Research Group, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim , Norway.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Quarteroni</LastName>
<ForeName>Alfio</ForeName>
<Initials>A</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Switzerland ; Politecnico di Milano , Milan , Italy.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Shublaq</LastName>
<ForeName>Nour</ForeName>
<Initials>N</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Centre for Computational Science , University College London , London , UK.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
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<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Skår</LastName>
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</AffiliationInfo>
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<LastName>Stroetmann</LastName>
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<LastName>Tegner</LastName>
<ForeName>Jesper</ForeName>
<Initials>J</Initials>
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</AffiliationInfo>
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<LastName>Thomas</LastName>
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<Initials>SR</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>IR4M CNRS UMR8081, Institut Gustave-Roussy, Dept Imagerie/Echographie, Orsay , France ; Université Paris-Sud, CNRS , Orsay , France.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
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<LastName>Tollis</LastName>
<ForeName>Ioannis</ForeName>
<Initials>I</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Computational Medicine Laboratory , Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH) , Heraklion, Crete, Greece ; Computer Science Department , University of Crete , Heraklion, Crete, Greece.</Affiliation>
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<LastName>Tsamardinos</LastName>
<ForeName>Ioannis</ForeName>
<Initials>I</Initials>
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</AffiliationInfo>
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<Initials>JH</Initials>
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</AffiliationInfo>
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<LastName>Viceconti</LastName>
<ForeName>Marco</ForeName>
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<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>INSIGNEO Institute for in silico medicine , University of Sheffield , Sheffield , UK ; Laboratorio di Tecnologia Medica, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna , Italy.</Affiliation>
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